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Journal articles on the topic 'External account'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 28 May 2022

Last updated: 31 July 2025

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1

Zhukovsky, Vladimir Cheslavovich. "Synchrotron Radiation Taking External Influences into Account." Symmetry 14, no. 10 (2022): 2207. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sym14102207.

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In this paper, we demonstrate how various external forces influence the effect of the radiation of a charged particle. As a particular example, we obtained a solution to the Dirac equation for an electron in a constant homogeneous magnetic field and by taking into account the anomalous magnetic moment and influence of possible Lorentz invariance violation in minimal CPT-odd form. Based on the solution found, we calculated the synchrotron radiation (SR) characteristics and predicted possible observable effects attributable to the Lorentz invariance violation. As another example, we calculated t

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2

International Monetary Fund. "Fiscal Expansion and External Current Account Balance." IMF Working Papers 88, no. 100 (1988): i. http://dx.doi.org/10.5089/9781451948622.001.

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Adler, Gustavo, Daniel Garcia-Macia, and Signe Krogstrup. "The Measurement of External Accounts." IMF Working Papers 19, no. 132 (2019): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.5089/9781498317450.001.

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Growing international integration in trade and finance can challenge the measurement of external accounts. This paper presents a unified conceptual framework for identifying sources of mismeasurement of foreign investment income in current account balances. The framework allows to derive a precise definition of measurement distortions and an empirical strategy for estimating their importance. As an application, we empirically estimate two specific distortions related to inflation and retained earnings on portfolio equity for a broad set of countries. We find these may explain a non-trivial sha

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4

Pitchford, J. D. "Current Account Deficits, External Liabilities and Economic Policy." IMF Working Papers 92, no. 54 (1992): i. http://dx.doi.org/10.5089/9781451847437.001.

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5

Wong, Anna. "China’s Current Account: External Rebalancing or Capital Flight?" International Finance Discussion Paper 2017, no. 1208 (2017): 1–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.17016/ifdp.2017.1208.

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6

Rossini, Gianpaolo, and Paolo Zanghieri. "Current account composition and sustainability of external debt." Applied Economics 41, no. 5 (2009): 677–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00036840601007427.

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7

Brake, Elizabeth. "Justice and Virtue in Kant's Account of Marriage." Kantian Review 9 (March 2005): 58–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1369415400002004.

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All duties are either duties of right (officia iuris), that is, duties for which external lawgiving is possible, or duties of virtue (officia virtutis s. ethica), for which external lawgiving is not possible. - Duties of virtue cannot be subject to external lawgiving simply because they have to do with an end which (or the having of which) is also a duty. No external lawgiving can bring about someone's setting an end for himself (because this is an internal act of the mind), although it may prescribe external actions that lead to an end without the subject making it his end. (Immanuel Kant, Th

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Kong, Duk Ahm, and Sakthivel. "Does Exchange Rate Influence External Trade?" Foreign Trade Review 36, no. 1-2 (2001): 34–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0015732515010103.

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External sector reforms, such as trade liberalisation, exchange rate reforms, etc. are vital elements in the economic reforms agenda of any liberalising economy. Does devaluation/depreciation act as an effective instrument in curing the ills of external payment account? This study essentially attempts to investigate the impact of depreciation/devaluation on Indian trade accounts. The study employs monthly data on trade and effective exchange rate series, culled out from IMF and RBI statistics, for the period spanning 1984 to 1998, in effect capturing both pre and postreform period. An examinat

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Obravyt, Viktoriia, and Viktoriia Koilo. "Comparative analysis of internal and external national debt of Ukraine taking into account the impact factors." Public and Municipal Finance 6, no. 1 (2017): 46–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.21511/pmf.06(1).2017.05.

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In this paper, scientific and methodological approaches as for interpreting the notion “national debt of the country” as a whole are systematized, the essence of “internal national debt” and “external national debt” in particular is clarified. Critical analysis of the state and dynamics of the national debt of Ukraine during 2006-2015 was performed. Dynamics of the extent of internal and external national debt of the country was studied and their comparative analysis was performed. Detailed structure of both internal part of the debt and its external part is presented. With the help of correla

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10

Enokizono, M. "Boundary element method taking into account external power source." IEEE Transactions on Magnetics 24, no. 4 (1988): 2133–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/20.3416.

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11

Raynauld, Andre. "The impact of external shocks on the current account." Atlantic Economic Journal 18, no. 1 (1990): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02316933.

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12

McMahon, Joe, and Eileen Denza. "II. External Relations." International and Comparative Law Quarterly 51, no. 4 (2002): 990–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/iclq/51.4.990.

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The last account of developments in the external relations of the European Union, described how the Treaty of Amsterdam, which had just entered into force, had reformed the Common Foreign and Security Policy. Three years on one can begin to assess the impact of these changes.

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13

Farfal, Patrick. "Taking handicap into account: Systemic features." Acta Europeana Systemica 4 (July 14, 2020): 75–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.14428/aes.v4i1.57243.

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Because of many features of handicap, such as the number of actors and interactions, the complexity of the field, handicap must be considered from a system point of view, and dealt with as any system. That makes it possible to build a comprehensive response to the question of the inclusion and full citizenship of people with disabilities, better than some fragmentary solutions often proposed. The paper emphasizes relationships inside the disability field and external relationships with the environment, namely valid people in everyday life and workfield; the consideration of those external rela

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Zildzovic, Emir. "The sustainability of Serbia's external position: The impact of fiscal adjustment and external shocks." Ekonomski anali 60, no. 204 (2015): 31–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/eka1504031z.

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This paper studies the impact of fiscal policy and external shocks on the sustainability of Serbia?s external position. The key determinants of Serbia's current account balance are identified using model averaging techniques and are compared with estimates obtained for other small open economies (Poland, Georgia, Morocco, Ukraine, and Estonia). The paper uses estimated influences of macrovariables on the current account balance to generate a rich set of possible outcomes for the external position of the country. The results suggest the importance of fiscal policy for the reduction of external

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15

Beitz, Charles R. "Internal and external." Canadian Journal of Philosophy 44, no. 2 (2014): 225–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00455091.2014.930581.

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James's Fairness in Trade seeks to offer an account of fair trade that is “internal” to an existing practice he describes as “mutual market reliance.” This paper distinguishes several senses of the distinction between “internal” and “external” that occur in the book and asks how, in its various senses, the distinction shapes and influences judgments about the fairness of the practice.

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Alekseev, Maksim, Ivan Vozhakov, and Sergey Lezhnin. "Simulating the boiling fluid outflow taking into account external condensation." EPJ Web of Conferences 196 (2019): 00031. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/201919600031.

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This paper considers the axisymmetric problem of condensation at a boiling liquid outflow in a closed region filled with steam. It has been found that the unsteady condensation is due to the formation of a complex structure of lateral pressure surges, Mach disk, barrel shocks and a wall, on which the pressure exceeds the local saturation pressure.

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Lane, Philip R. "Evolution of the external account under international capital market frictions." Economics Letters 59, no. 3 (1998): 347–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0165-1765(98)00016-0.

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Maienborn, Claudia. "Modification and underspecification : a free variable account of locative modifiers." ZAS Papers in Linguistics 17 (January 1, 2000): 153–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.21248/zaspil.17.2000.45.

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The present paper offers evidence that there are two variants of adverbial modification that differ with respect to the way in which a modifier is linked to the verb's eventuality argument. So-called external modifiers relate to the full eventuality, whereas internal modifiers relate to some integral part of it. The choice between external and internal modification is shown to be dependent on the modifier's syntactic base position. External modifiers are base-generated at the VP periphery, whereas internal modifiers are base generated at the V periphery. These observations are accounted for by

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19

Velmurugan., PS, and Ranjan Sahoo Jyoti. "Public Debt, Current Account Deficit and Economic Growth: A Study on Indian Context." International Journal of Recent Technology and Engineering (IJRTE) 9, no. 3 (2020): 594–601. https://doi.org/10.35940/ijrte.B4072.099320.

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External debt and internal debt form main components of the public debt structure in India. India’s debt profile shows increasing external debt and simultaneously increasing the deficit in current account which have impact on economic growth of India. Our study assesses the impact of India’s Gross External Debt (GED), Internal Debt (IND) and Current Account Deficit (CAD) on economic growth (GDP) by using time series data from 1998-99 to 2018-19. We intend to find long-run as well as short run relationship between the variables with the help of Eviews software. Stationarity of data

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Ahmed, Rafiq, Syed Tehseen Jawaid, Aftab Hussain Tabasam, Muhammad Shahid Iqbal, Francis Komla Gamli-Dovene, and Muhammad Javed Iqbal. "Modelling the determinants and Sustainability of Current Account of Pakistan." Zagreb International Review of Economics and Business 26, no. 2 (2023): 97–112. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/zireb-2023-0016.

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Abstract The study investigated the determinants of the current account deficit from 1976 to 2020 for the economy of Pakistan, and its sustainability. The persistent deficit is necessary to be sustainable if it will be paid off shortly otherwise it will pile up external debt. The conventional methodology concluded that current account deficit (CAD) of Pakistan is unsustainable, albeit one measure suggests sustainability. There is cointegration among variables and domestic saving, external debt, fiscal deficit and trade deficit has positive whereas exchange rate and worker’s remittances have a

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Shastri, Shruti, A. K. Giri, and Geetilaxmi Mohapatra. "An empirical assessment of current accounts sustainability for major South Asian economies." South Asian Journal of Business Studies 7, no. 2 (2018): 172–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/sajbs-05-2017-0064.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to assess the sustainability of current accounts for five major South Asian economies, namely, India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka and Nepal, for the period 1985–2016. Design/methodology/approach The study employs the intertemporal solvency model of Hakkio and Rush (1991) and Husted (1992). Autoregressive Distributed Lag bounds test, Gregory and Hansen’s test and Carrion-i-Silvestre and Sanso’s test are used to assess the cointegration between current account inflows and outflows. The coefficients of long-run relationship are obtained using dynamic ordin

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Nurmalindah, Nurmalindah, and Sugiharso Safuan. "Analisis Keseimbangan Eksternal Indonesia: Pendekatan Intertemporal Model of Current Account." Jurnal Ekonomi dan Pembangunan Indonesia 13, no. 2 (2013): 196–213. http://dx.doi.org/10.21002/jepi.v13i2.192.

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Current account balance has an important role of measuring the direction and the amount of international loan. This study analyzes Indonesian external balance due to its solvency condition of external debt and sustainability of current account balance during 1970{2007 by intertemporal-model approach of current account. The results of cointegration test and bivariate autoregressive (VAR) indicate that solvency condition holds, but not for the sustainability condition of current account balance. It means that Indonesia has capability to payback its external debt.AbstrakDalam hubungannya dengan u

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23

Loehr, William. "Current account balances in Central America 1974–1984: external and domestic influences." Journal of Latin American Studies 19, no. 1 (1987): 87–111. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022216x00017156.

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SummaryThis paper examines the sensitivity of current account balances to several important variables. Variables are classified as external and domestic. External variables are those over which Central American countries have little or no control. In this study external variables are real interest rates in world capital markets, the terms of trade, and growth in the developed countries. Low real interest rates, improved terms of trade and rapid growth in the developed countries would be expected to improve current account balances. Domestic variables include budget deficits and real exchange r

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24

Makin, Anthony J. "Feasible Limits for External Deficits and Debt." Global Economy Journal 5, no. 1 (2005): 1850030. http://dx.doi.org/10.2202/1524-5861.1043.

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Large current account deficits and foreign debt levels remain a source of concern for international financial markets and policymakers. Yet, exactly what an “excessive” external deficit or liability position for an advanced economy is at any time has never been adequately defined. This article addresses the question by proposing new methods for assessing the proximity of current account deficits and the associated foreign debt to their upper bounds. It contends that productive investment fundamentally sets the feasible limit for current account deficits, whereas the capital to output ratio ult

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Raji, Rahman Olanrewaju. "Testing the Validity of the Triple Deficit Hypothesis for Nigeria." Econometric Research in Finance 4, no. 2 (2019): 89–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.33119/erfin.2019.4.2.2.

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This paper tests the validity of the triple deficit hypothesis in Nigeria by examining the causal relationship among current account deficit, financial account deficit, and fiscal deficit within a five-variate ARDL framework complemented with GMM framework for the period 2008-2017 using quarterly data. The paper obviates the variable omission bias that characterizes most existing studies. The ARDL-bound testing technique confirms that there is the presence of a long-run bi-causal relationship between current account and financial account deficits in Nigeria. The results based on the model and

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Behar, Alberto, and Ramin Hassan. "The Current Account Income Balance: External Adjustment Channel or Vulnerability Amplifier?" IMF Working Papers 2022, no. 106 (2022): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.5089/9798400207488.001.

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27

Brissimis, Sophocles N., George Hondroyiannis, Christos Papazoglou, Nicholas T. Tsaveas, and Melina A. Vasardani. "Current account determinants and external sustainability in periods of structural change." Economic Change and Restructuring 45, no. 1-2 (2011): 71–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10644-011-9107-y.

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28

Ibhagui, Oyakhilome Wallace, and Duncan Watson. "External debt and current account adjustments: The role of trade openness." Cogent Economics & Finance 6, no. 1 (2018): 1446247. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/23322039.2018.1446247.

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29

Semmler, Willi, and Ibrahim Tahri. "Current account imbalances: A new approach to assess external debt sustainability." Economic Modelling 62 (April 2017): 161–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.econmod.2016.12.005.

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30

Baikov, V. I., and I. Yu Kostareva. "Permeability of a Membrane with External-Diffusional Resistance Taken into Account." Journal of Engineering Physics and Thermophysics 78, no. 2 (2005): 281–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10891-005-0058-x.

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31

Lane, Philip R. "A Financial Perspective on the UK Current Account Deficit." National Institute Economic Review 234 (November 2015): F67—F72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002795011523400114.

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A drop in net FDI investment income has been the primary factor in the recent deterioration in the measured UK current account balance, with the trade balance relatively stable. We argue that financial engineering (with little net impact on the underlying international investment position for the UK) may have contributed to the decline in net FDI investment income, such that the headline current account balance cannot be interpreted as a sufficient indicator of the state of the UK's external position. A more granular analysis of cross-border financial linkages than is possible with currently-p

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Bulus, Yusuf D., Nnaemeka E. Ohaegbu, Olufunmilayo S. Tajudeen, Chinecherem D. Okoronkwo, and Danjuma S. Yusuf. "Fiscal Deficit Expansion and External Sector Imbalance in Nigeria: Implications for Monetary Policy." International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science VII, no. V (2023): 1687–703. http://dx.doi.org/10.47772/ijriss.2023.70631.

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The recent phenomenon of increasing deficit financing as a preferred fiscal instrument by resource-rich emerging economies calls for an understanding of an optimal level of deficit financing and the fleeting effects on aspects of international accounts, to allay external sector imbalances. This paper fills the void by using the Structural Vector Autoregressive (SVAR) framework to examine the interrelationship between fiscal deficit and external sector and the implications for monetary policy in Nigeria. In furtherance of the above, the study incorporates three key monetary policy transmission

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Carvalho, Vinícius Spirandelli, and Carlos Gilbert Conte Filho. "Determinants of current account balances: an empirical investigation using dynamic panel data." REVISTA DELOS 18, no. 67 (2025): e5249. https://doi.org/10.55905/rdelosv18.n67-164.

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This study investigates the influence of theoretical and empirical determinants on the dynamics of current account balances across seventy-four economies, analyzed in two groups: emerging economies and Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) countries. To achieve this objective, we employ a dynamic panel data methodology using Difference Generalized Method of Moments (GMM) models. The results suggest that, for emerging economies, improved external integration and reduced public debt positively affect external adjustment. A 1% improvement in these fundamentals is associate

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Singh, Rajendra. "How to Live with External Evidence in Phonology: A Note on the Challenge of Interference." Canadian Journal of Linguistics/Revue canadienne de linguistique 33, no. 4 (1988): 423–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0008413100013219.

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As far as phonology and morphology are concerned, the available evidence indicates that the role of L1 in shaping interlanguage is confined to those of its rules that are needed to account for its global alternations, alternations that are independent of its morphology (cf. Cearly 1974, Dressler 1985, Kilbury 1981, Singh and Ford 1982, 1987, Singh and Martohardjono 1989, Wode 1978, and Wurzel 1977, among others). The rules needed to account for the local, morphologically dependent alternations of L1 or the ones needed to account for its word-formation processes do not play such a role. Interfe

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35

Gasser-Wingate, Marc. "Aristotle on Self-Sufficiency, External Goods, and Contemplation." Archiv für Geschichte der Philosophie 102, no. 1 (2020): 1–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/agph-2020-1001.

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AbstractAristotle tells us that contemplation is the most self-sufficient form of virtuous activity: we can contemplate alone, and with minimal resources, while moral virtues like courage require other individuals to be courageous towards, or courageous with. This is hard to square with the rest of his discussion of self-sufficiency in the Ethics: Aristotle doesn‘t generally seek to minimize the number of resources necessary for a flourishing human life, and seems happy to grant that such a life will be self-sufficient despite requiring a lot of external goods. In this paper I develop an inter

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36

Reddy, Tamma, and T. Sita Ramaiah. "The Impact of Current Account Deficit on Economic Growth: An ARDL Approach." Journal of International Business and Economy 21, no. 1 (2020): 76–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.51240/jibe.2020.1.5.

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In this study, we examine the linkages between External debt, Exchange rate, Current account deficit, and GDP at Factor cost for India over the period of 1975-76 to 2018- 19 using the Unit root test and Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL). The results of the unit root test reveal that GDP growth rate and External debt are integrated at the level I(0); while the Current Account deficit and Exchange rate are integrated at first order I(1). The results of the ARDL technique reveal that the current account deficit has a positive and significant impact on Real GDP. It clearly reflects the role of

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Akmal, Rizdky Nst, Macia Sari Maya, Ramadhani Alya, Cyintia Maramis Bella, Khaira Nst Hafiza, and Rio Ghazali M. "Analysis of factors affecting bad debts." World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews 19, no. 1 (2023): 1202–5. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10303511.

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The purpose of this study is to find out what factors cause bad debts. The results of this study show that from the accounts receivable report. The amount of bad debts is very high and continues to increase. The factors that cause bad debts are internal factors in the form of weak credit administration systems, weak credit supervision systems, weak credit information systems and irregularities or fraud committed during the credit implementation process. Where the rules, standards, and procedures that have been established are not carried out properly. In addition to in

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Grigoryeva, Ludmila. "Transient responses in Piezoceramic Multilayer Actuators Taking into Account External Viscoelastic Layer." Strength of Materials and Theory of Structures, no. 105 (November 30, 2020): 255–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.32347/2410-2547.2020.105.255-266.

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The work develops a generalized approach to the study of thickness (radial) vibrations arising in the piezoceramic plates, cylinders, spheres under electrical loads. The state of the problem and the main approaches, used in the problems of studying the oscillations of electroelastic bodies, are described. The use of multilayer elements with electroded interface surfaces and variable direction of polarization of the layers increases the conversion efficiency of electrical energy into mechanical energy, so multilayer piezoceramic plates, cylinders, spheres with changing polarization directions w

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Gourary, M. M., М. М. Zharov, S. G. Rusakov, and S. L. Ulyanov. "Model Order Reduction of Electrical Circuits Taking Account of External Networks Characteristics." INFORMACIONNYE TEHNOLOGII 24, no. 9 (2018): 563–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.17587/it.24.563-572.

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Lu, J., S. Yamada, and K. Bessho. "Harmonic balance finite element method taking account of external circuits and motion." IEEE Transactions on Magnetics 27, no. 5 (1991): 4024–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/20.104984.

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Yamankaradeniz, Nurettin. "Minimization of thermal insulation thickness taking into account condensation on external walls." Advances in Mechanical Engineering 7, no. 9 (2015): 168781401560480. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1687814015604803.

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Edwards, Jessie K., Stephen R. Cole, and Matthew P. Fox. "Flexibly Accounting for Exposure Misclassification With External Validation Data." American Journal of Epidemiology 189, no. 8 (2020): 850–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/aje/kwaa011.

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Abstract Measurement error is common in epidemiology, but few studies use quantitative methods to account for bias due to mismeasurement. One potential barrier is that some intuitive approaches that readily combine with methods to account for other sources of bias, like multiple imputation for measurement error (MIME), rely on internal validation data, which are rarely available. Here, we present a reparameterized imputation approach for measurement error (RIME) that can be used with internal or external validation data. We illustrate the advantages of RIME over a naive approach that ignores m

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Samardžić, Tanja, and Paola Merlo. "The probability of external causation: An empirical account of crosslinguistic variation in lexical causatives." Linguistics 56, no. 5 (2018): 895–938. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ling-2018-0001.

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AbstractThis corpus-driven computational study addresses the question of why some verbs in some languages participate in the causative alternation while their counterparts in other languages do not. The results of this study suggest that the lexical property that underlies this variation is the probability of external causation. Alternating verbs are distributed on a scale of increasing probability for an external causer to occur. The probability of external causation can be empirically assessed in two ways, among others: first, by observing the typological distribution of causative and antica

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Singh, Dr Preeti. "INDIA’S CURRENT ACCOUNT DEFICIT SINCE 90S: THE WAY OUT." International Journal of Research in Commerce and Management Studies 05, no. 03 (2023): 97–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.38193/ijrcms.2023.5307.

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Despite no consensus among economists on the threshold limit of the current account deficit, an everwidening current account deficit has always been an issue of concern for policymakers. An imbalance in merchandise trade that is not covered by invisible earnings leads to current account deficits. With the exception of a few years, the Indian economy has faced deficits in its current account since the 1980s due to excessive imports accompanied by sluggish growth in exports. A large current account deficit was a key reason among many for the severe balance of payments crisis in 1991. Having no o

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Bublyk, Yevhen, Svitlana Brus, and Oleksii Shpanel-Yukhta. "Prospects and obstacles to the restructuring of Ukraine’s external state obligations in the conditions of war." Ekonomìka ì prognozuvannâ 2022, no. 2 (2022): 7–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/eip2022.02.007.

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The article analyzes the structure of Ukraine’s external debt liabilities for the period from 2011 to 2021 and in the period since the beginning of the full-scale invasion. It is determined that the amount of state external liabilities, taking into account projected data, may exceed 70% of this country’s GDP, which will become the dominant form of both attracting financial resources to the state budget and threatening the state security. The authors provide an assessment of the difficulties of restructuring the external debt in terms of the specific weight of the creditor and the weight of sho

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Bublyk, Yevhen, Svitlana Brus, and Oleksii Shpanel-Yukhta. "Prospects and obstacles to the restructuring of Ukraine’s external state obligations in the conditions of war." Economy and forecasting 2022, no. 2 (2022): 5–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/econforecast2022.02.005.

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The article analyzes the structure of Ukraine’s external debt liabilities for the period from 2011 to 2021 and in the period since the beginning of the full-scale invasion. It is determined that the amount of state external liabilities, taking into account projected data, may exceed 70% of this country’s GDP, which will become the dominant form of both attracting financial resources to the state budget and threatening the state security. The authors provide an assessment of the difficulties of restructuring the external debt in terms of the specific weight of the creditor and the weight of sho

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Cuddington, John T., and Carlos Asilis. "Fiscal Policy, the Current Account and the External Debt Problem in the Dominican Republic." Journal of Latin American Studies 22, no. 1-2 (1990): 331–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022216x00015480.

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Although the Dominican Republic had one of the highest economic growth rates in the world between 1969 and 1973, its growth performance and external position deteriorated sharply in the 1970s. By 1985 it had an external debt/GDP ratio of 76.6%, well above the average of 62.3% for the Latin American and Caribbean region as a whole.1 The Dominican debt crisis that emerged in the 1980s, like the crisis in many other debtridden Less Developed Countries (LDCs), was in part caused by adverse external conditions; in part, however, it was the result of domestic policy choices. Among the latter, large

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Dovgun, A. Ya, Yu O. Ushenko, and O. V. Olar. "Stabilization of diffusion stochastic dynamic information systems with account of external random disturbances." Optoelectronic Information-Power Technologies 44, no. 2 (2023): 13–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.31649/1681-7893-2022-44-2-13-18.

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Conditions for optimal stabilization of diffusive stochastic dynamic systems with external disturbances have been obtained. The purpose of this work is to find the stabilization conditions of diffusive stochastic dynamic systems with external random disturbances. The research topic is relevant because the results of the work will allow to investigate the stabilization of dynamic stochastic systems of a random structure, which makes it possible in many cases to stabilize an unstable stochastic system when certain conditions are met.

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Malska, M., and Y. Zanko. "Development tourist market taking into account meet consumer needs." Visnyk of the Lviv University. Series Geography 2, no. 43 (2013): 239–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.30970/vgg.2013.43.1719.

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The features of services in tourism with regard to satisfaction of consumer problems of the population. Describe the needs of consumers is the classification of these needs. Singled internal and external factors influence consumers’ needs in the field of tourism. Keywords: tourism market, tourism, tourist activity, the consumer market, economic activity, income consumers.

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Wetherick, N. E. "The Evolution of Intellect: A Brief Account." History & Philosophy of Psychology 7, no. 1 (2005): 45–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.53841/bpshpp.2005.7.1.45.

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Organisms depend for their survival on luck and on their capacity to extract predictive rules from their own personal environment to supplement whatever innate response tendencies they were endowed with. This capacity I call “intellect” which is here a technical term applicable to all organisms. To complete the evolutionary project it will be as necessary to show how human intellect evolved from that of lower animal species as to account for human bodily structure in the same terms. The first task of intellect is to extract predictive rules from the environment – this is possible, in principle

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