Academic literature on the topic 'Fabric layups'
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Journal articles on the topic "Fabric layups":
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Giżyński, Maciej. "Effect of transverse reinforcement on cracking of CFRP composite laminates under static and fatigue loads." Journal of Composite Materials 54, no. 25 (April 21, 2020): 3755–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0021998320919801.
Abstract:
Several CFRP laminates with various layups, possessing two distinctive forms of transverse reinforcement either UD 90° or fabric 0°/90°, were tested in both static and fatigue tests. All examined layups were considered to be used in the wingbox design of the multipurpose turboprop aircraft. In-situ microscopic observations were carried out during the tests. Static tensile tests allowed to find the strength of the laminas, stress, and strains at which cracks started to propagate, crack density during the test. The microscopic observations allowed to establish cracks’ growth paths. The first crack in laminates having fabric 0°/90° laminas usually was observed for higher stress and strain than in laminates with UD 90° laminas. Also, the later ones showed a tendency to significantly delaminate along the interface between UD 90° and UD 45° laminas. The fatigue test was carried out in order to find how to distinguish damage growth in both families of laminates that affects their fatigue life. As an outcome, S-N lines were determined. During the test the microscopic observations were made, which allowed to show crack and delamination growth during successive load cycles. The microscopic observations showed that cyclic loading leads to the fast growth of delaminations at the interface of fabric 0°/90°ply or UD 90° laminas.
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van Hoorn, Niels, Christos Kassapoglou, Sergio Turteltaub, and Wouter van den Brink. "Experimental damage tolerance evaluation of thick fabric carbon/epoxy laminates under low-velocity and high-velocity impact and compression-after-impact." Journal of Composite Materials 56, no. 5 (January 3, 2022): 761–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/00219983211060501.
Abstract:
Impact experiments of thick fabric carbon/epoxy laminate specimens, with small thickness ratio, are conducted at distinct energy levels and thicknesses to characterise the damage process. These specimens and loading conditions are representative of a new generation of critical structural components in aviation, such as wing spars, landing gear beams and fittings, that are increasingly being made entirely from composites. The tests address the need to better understand the damage process for specimens with a small thickness ratio since existing experimental impact data for large thickness ratio (thin laminates) may not be directly applicable. Two energy levels, two different fabric layups and two impact methods (drop-weight and gas-cannon) were used. Data from high-speed cameras were processed in a novel way, providing the force during impact. C-scans and micrographs were used to characterise damage. The results show that specimens with a thickness ratio of 5 (20 mm thick) experience more bending compared to specimens with a ratio 2.5 (40 mm thick). For gas-cannon impacts, this results in a higher delaminated area. The drop-weight impacts show almost no differences in damage size for the thickness range analysed. The influence of layup on the global impact response is negligible, but locally it can result in significant variations in dent depth. The dent depth scales linearly with the impact energy and the delaminated area linearly with the impact velocity. There is no clear correlation between the compression-after-impact failure mechanisms and the residual strength. Impact damage, at the current energy levels, showed a minimal reduction of residual strength.
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Rios, C. R., S. L. Ogin, C. Lekakou, and K. H. Leong. "A study of damage development in a weft knitted fabric reinforced composite. Part 2: Stress–strain and early cyclic behaviour of composite laminates with realistic fabric layups." Composites Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing 38, no. 7 (July 2007): 1794–808. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesa.2006.02.022.
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Delavari, Koorosh, and Dariush Semnani. "Effects of Processing Variables on the Mechanical Behavior of Thermoplastic Polypropylene/Glass Composite Reinforced with Weft-knitted Fabric with Various Layups." Fibers and Polymers 22, no. 7 (April 26, 2021): 2006–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12221-021-0008-z.
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Köhler, F., IF Villegas, C. Dransfeld, and A. Herrmann. "Static ultrasonic welding of carbon fibre unidirectional thermoplastic materials and the influence of heat generation and heat transfer." Journal of Composite Materials 55, no. 15 (January 7, 2021): 2087–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0021998320976818.
Abstract:
Ultrasonic welding is a promising technology to join fibre-reinforced thermoplastic composites. While current studies are mostly limited to fabric materials the applicability to unidirectional materials, as found in aerospace structures, would offer opportunities for joining primary aircraft structures. However, due to the highly anisotropic flow of a molten unidirectional ply undesired squeeze flow phenomena can occur at the edges of the weld overlap. This paper investigates how the fibre orientation in the plies adjacent to the weld line influences the welding process and the appearance of edge defects. Ultrasonic welding experiments with different layups and energy director configurations were carried out while monitoring temperatures at different locations inside and outside the weld overlap. The joints were characterized by single lap shear tests, analysis of corresponding fracture surfaces and microscopic cross-sections. Results showed that the anisotropic flow and the anisotropic thermal conductivity of the plies adjacent to the weld line have a distinct effect on the appearance and location of edge defects. By using energy directors that cover only part of the weld overlap area a new approach was developed to mitigate edge defects caused by the highly directional properties of the unidirectional plies.
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Pinto, Thiago Henrique Lara, Waseem Gul, Libardo Andrés González Torres, Carlos Alberto Cimini, and Sung Kyu Ha. "Experimental and Numerical Comparison of Impact Behavior between Thermoplastic and Thermoset Composite for Wind Turbine Blades." Materials 14, no. 21 (October 25, 2021): 6377. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14216377.
Abstract:
Damage generated due to low velocity impact in composite plates was evaluated focusing on the design and structural integrity of wind turbine blades. Impact properties of composite plates manufactured with thermoplastic and thermoset resins for different energy levels were measured and compared. Specimens were fabricated using VARTM (vacuum assisted resin transfer molding), using both matrix systems in conjunction with carbon, glass and carbon/glass hybrid fibers in the NCF (non-crimp fabric) architecture. Resin systems used were ELIUM 188O (thermoplastic) from Arkema Co., Ltd. and a standard epoxy reference, EPR-L20 from Hexion Co., Ltd. (thermoset). Auxiliary numerical finite element analyses were performed to better understand the tests physics. These models were then compared with the experimental results to verify their predictive capacity, given the intrinsic limitations due to their simplicity. Based in the presented results, it is possible to observe that ELIUM is capable to replace a conventional thermoset matrix. The thermoplastic panels presented similar results compared to its thermoset counterparts, with even a trend of less impact damage. Additionally, for both thermoplastic and thermoset resin systems, glass layups showed the lowest levels of damage while carbon panels presented the highest damage levels. Hybrid laminates can be applied as a compromise solution.
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Eryuruk, Selin Hanife. "Effect of Fabric Layers on Thermal Comfort Properties of Multilayered Thermal Protective Fabrics." Autex Research Journal 19, no. 3 (September 1, 2019): 271–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/aut-2018-0051.
Abstract:
Abstract Thermal protective clothings are produced from multilayered textile materials. Fabric layers need to allow enough evaporation of perspiration, ventilation, and also thermal protection from fire. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of different fabric layers and their different combinations on the thermal properties of multilayered fabric samples. Three-layered fabric combinations were created using two types of outer shell fabrics, four types of moisture barrier fabrics with membrane, and two types of thermal barrier fabrics. Sixteen different fabric combinations that simulate three-layered thermal protective clothing were studied. As a result of the study, it was found that thermal and moisture comfort properties were significantly affected by different fabric layers.
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Haghighat, Ezzatollah, Seyed Mohammad Etrati, and Saeed Shaikhzadeh Najar. "Evaluation of Woven Denim Fabric Sewability based on Needle Penetration Force." Journal of Engineered Fibers and Fabrics 9, no. 2 (June 2014): 155892501400900. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/155892501400900206.
Abstract:
This paper investigates the sewability of the woven denim fabrics based on needle penetration force (NPF). For this purpose, the effects of fabric weight, number of fabric layers, needle size, and the interaction effect of these parameters on NPF in twill denim fabrics were investigated. In addition, the influence of weave pattern on NPF was studied. The statistical analysis results show that NPF is influenced by these parameters. Fabric weight has a greater effect on NPF than other parameters. With increasing fabric weight, number of fabric layers, and needle size, the NPF increases. The trend of this increase is nonlinear as predicted by a cubic regression equation. The fabric sewability is also influenced by the mentioned parameters. The fabric sewability becomes poor with increasing fabric weight, needle size, and number of fabric layers. Generally, lighter fabrics sewn with finer needles have better sewability.
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Akgun, Mine, Behcet Becerir, and Halil Rifat Alpay. "Effect of Fabric Layers on the Relationship between Fabric Constructional Parameters and Percentage Reflectance Values of Polyester Fabrics." Journal of Textiles 2014 (October 16, 2014): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/267530.
Abstract:
This paper focused on the assessment of the relation between constructional properties and percentage reflectance values of fabrics woven from polyester yarns through fabric layer numbers. Reflectance measurements were conducted on pretreated but undyed fabric samples at five different fabric layers. Twelve polyester fabrics having different constructional parameters were used and fabrics differed from each other by their weft yarn densities, weave patterns, and weft yarn filament fineness. Warp yarn properties (type, count, and density) were the same at all the fabrics. Percentage reflectance values of the fabrics changed according to yarn density, weave pattern, and filament fineness in accordance with fabric layer numbers during reflectance measurement. Percentage reflectance values gradually increased as fabric layer numbers increased. The highest reflectance values were obtained at 16 layers of fabric. The effects of single constructional parameters on reflectance values disappeared as fabric layer numbers increased. Percentage reflectance values were analyzed according to ANOVA (Analysis of Variance) and statistical results revealed the cross relations obtained. Light-trap phenomenon was discussed according to reflectance characteristics of woven fabrics.
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Nasreen, Adeela, Muhammad Umair, Khubab Shaker, Syed Talha Ali Hamdani, and Yasir Nawab. "Development and characterization of three-dimensional woven fabric for ultra violet protection." International Journal of Clothing Science and Technology 30, no. 4 (August 6, 2018): 536–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijcst-02-2018-0013.
Abstract:
Purpose The purpose of this paper is to investigate the effect of materials, three dimensional (3D) structure and number of fabric layers on ultraviolet protection factor (UPF), air permeability and thickness of fabrics. Design/methodology/approach Total 24 fabrics samples were developed using two 3D structures and two weft materials. In warp direction cotton (CT) yarn and in weft direction polypropylene (PP) and polyester (PET) were used. Air permeability, thickness and UPF testings were performed and relationship among fabric layers, air permeability, thickness and UPF was developed. Findings UPF and thickness of fabrics increases with number of fabric layers, whereas air permeability decreases with the increase in number of fabric layers. Furthermore, change of multilayer structure from angle interlock to orthogonal interlock having same base weave does not give significant effect on UPF. However, change of material from polyester (PET) to polypropylene (PP) has a dominant effect on UPF. Minimum of three layers of cotton/polyester fabric, without any aid of ultraviolet radiation (UV) resistant coating, are required to achieve good. Cotton/polyester fabrics are more appropriate for outdoor application due to their long-term resistance with sunlight exposure. Originality/value Long-term exposure to UV is detrimental. So, there is need of proper selection of material and fabric to achieve ultraviolet protection. 3D fabrics have yarns in X, Y as well as in Z directions which provide better ultraviolet protection as compared to two dimensional (2D) fabrics. In literature, mostly work was done on ultraviolet protection of 2D fabrics and surface coating of fabrics. There is limited work found on UPF of 3D woven fabrics.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Fabric layups":
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Bancora, Simone. "Characterization of fabric layups by pressure print analysis and simulation of dual-scale flow based on topological skeletonization : application to composite materials processing." Thesis, Ecole centrale de Nantes, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021ECDN0049.
Abstract:
Dans cette thèse, nous nous intéressons aux préformes fibreuses dans le cadre du procédé Resin Transfer Moulding (RTM). L'objectif de la thèse est double : proposer une nouvelle méthodologie pour obtenir des données géométriques à la mésoéchelle des préformes et fournir un nouveau modèle numérique capable de prédire la perméabilité ou d'effectuer des simulations d’écoulement efficaces à la méso-échelle. Dans la première partie, l'accent est mis sur l'acquisition de données géométriques : nous proposons une nouvelle méthodologie basée sur l'analyse du champ de pression supporté par une préforme sèche sous compactage. Un film sensible à la pression mesure le champ de pression par un empilement de plis contre les parois du moule. Profitant de l’architecture périodique des textiles, les empreintes révélées par le champ de pression sont interprétées par analyse spectrale de Moiré pour mesurer l'orientation et la distribution spatiale de chaque couche dans l’empilement. Dans la seconde partie, le modèle numérique de la préforme est utilisé pour effectuer des simulations numériques d'écoulement à l'échelle des fils, afin d’en caractériser la perméabilité ou d’effectuer directement des simulations de remplissage. La géométrie 3D de l’empilement est remplacée par un squelette préservant les propriétés topologiques nécessaires à la résolution numérique du problème d'écoulement bidimensionnel, réduisant considérablement le coût de calcul par rapport à une approche 3D complète. Ce modèle de réduction du volume poreux en squelette est d'abord formulé dans sa version simple échelle (écoulement inter-mèche), puis étendu en double échelle (écoulement inter- et intra-mèche). Le potentiel du modèle est illustré à travers plusieurs cas tests. Cette recherche propose une méthodologie allant de l'acquisition de données géométriques à la simulation numérique double-échelle de l'écoulement au sein dans un empilement de tissusIn this work, we study continuous fiber preforms in the context of Resin Transfer Moulding (RTM) processes. The aim of the thesis is two-fold: propose a new methodology to obtain mesoscale geometrical data from preforms and provide a new numerical model able to predict permeability or perform mesoscale filling simulations in a computationally efficient way. In the first part, the focus is on the acquisition of geometrical data from preforms: we propose a novel methodology based on the analysis of the pressure field experienced by a dry preform under compaction. By using a commercial pressure-sensitive film, the pressure field exerted by a stack of layers against mould walls is captured and analyzed. Taking advantage of the periodic morphology of textiles, geometric patterns revealed by the pressure field are interpreted according to spectral Moiré analysis to recover the orientation and spatial distribution of each individual layer in the stack. In the second part, the reconstructed digital architecture of the preform is used to carry out numerical flow simulations at the scale of the yarns, to characterize permeability of the stack or directly perform filling simulations. The stack geometry is replaced by a skeletonized representation of the same, on which a two-dimensional flow problem can be solved numerically, greatly reducing the computational cost when compared to a full 3D approach. This “medial skeleton” model is first formulated in its single-scale version (flow in channels) and then extended to dual-scale (flow in channels and yarns). The model potential is illustrated through several test cases. This research establishes a pathway going from the non-destructive acquisition of data to the simulation of the dual-scale flow inside a multi-layer layup of textiles
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Christensen, David M. "Method for the Simulated Layup of Composite Fabrics." BYU ScholarsArchive, 2012. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/3559.
Abstract:
Due to the complexity of designing advanced composite parts, many software tools have been developed to aid the designer and reduce design cycle time. Draping is one of those tools and is used to predict the fiber angles throughout the part. This application of draping is to simulate the actual hand layup process that a technician would go through while creating a multi-layered laminate composite part. This method is the first to use plies as an underlying surface for draping instead of just using an offset mold surface. This method can visualize full 3D ply geometry taking into account the thicknesses of the underlying plies and their drop-off regions which a designer could use to avoid superimposing ply drop-offs. Physical testing showed that this method predicts ply drop-off regions reasonably well and allows the designer to visualize the final shape of the laminate. The method also provides for re-ordering of the plies while keeping their cut-out shape the same because of its reverse-process draping technique. Three methods of draping were explored in order to find the best method. Multiple test parts were created with specific features that are difficult to drape. The method to drop fabric to the surface was the most versatile while a method published by Wang was the best for convex surfaces and superior to spread-type draping. No one method worked well for all surfaces.
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Azevedo, Diana Marli Soares. "Definição de layouts fabris numa unidade gráfica." Master's thesis, Universidade de Aveiro, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10773/9068.
Abstract:
Mestrado em Engenharia e Gestão IndustrialO presente projeto descreve o desenvolvimento de um trabalho com vista à implementação de uma Unidade Gráfica. É implementado o layout orientado por processo devido às caraterísticas do processo produtivo inerente a uma Unidade Gráfica. Antes da implementação do layout orientado por processo, é produzido o processo produtivo de uma Unidade Gráfica isto, através de pesquisa e visitas de estudo realizadas a Unidades Gráficas. Após a realização do processo produtivo é feito um estudo de capacidades produtivas para se poder definir o equipamento (máquinas) e, a partir desta definição de máquinas é definido o tipo de layout apropriado a esta indústria. Por último, é desenhado o layout da Unidade Gráfica através do software de desenho AUTOCAD.
This assignment describes the development of a project elaborated for the implementation of a Printers Shop. The type of layout used/implemented is the process layout due to the characteristics of the production process inherent to all Printers. Before the implementation of the process layout, the production process of a Printers’ is produced through research on and study visits to several Printers. After completion of the production process, a study of productive capacities is undergone in order to set the equipment (machines) and, from this definition of machines, the kind of layout appropriate to this industry is defined. Finally, the printers’ layout is drawn up with the help of a design software, AUTOCAD.
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Hou, Xiaoda. "Modeling Firefighter Apparel with Integrated Carbon Nanotube Fabric Layers for Cooling." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2021. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1627667847579806.
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Alali, Moussa. "Contribution à l'étude de tissus multicouches : CAO et propriétés mécaniques." Thesis, Mulhouse, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012MULH8493/document.
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Dans ce travail, nous avons décrit mathématiquement les tissus double et triple couches en s’appuyant sur un ensemble des matrices binaires et des équations mathématiques et développé des modules mathématiques programmables, pour générer : 1- Un double tissu lié par chaînes de liage supplémentaire ; 2- Un triple tissu lié par les chaînes de la couche intermédiaires. Ces deux modules mathématiques ont a été vérifiés par un logiciel développé spécifiquement à l’aide de « Visual Basic ». Les deux tissus sont générés automatiquement avec tous les points de liage éventuels. Puis nous avons développé un troisième module mathématique programmé par « Visual Basic » pour classer les points de liage générés. Ce classement se fonde sur la définition de deux termes : l’armure de liage et le taux de liage. Ce module a été vérifié sur un tissu triple couches lié par les chaînes de la couche intermédiaire, dont tous les armures de liage ont été générésautomatiquement par le logiciel développé. Par ailleurs, nous avons développé une procédure pour regrouper les armures de liage suivant la répartition des points de liage dans l’armure du tissu. Pour ce but, nous avons appliqué deux méthodes : la méthode du moment d’inertie des points de liage autour du centre du tissu, tandis que la deuxième méthode est la méthode du plus proche voisin où nous avons calculé l’indice de dispersion des points de liage dans l’armure. L’un des objectifs de ce travail est de comprendre l’action des paramètres de l’étoffe (distribution des points de liage ou armure de liage, armures de différentes couches et le duitage) sur les propriétés mécaniques et physiques d’un tissu triple couche à double liage. Pour cela, nous avons choisi trois tissus, dont l’armure de la couche intermédiaire est variée entre toile, sergé, et cannelé. À l’aide du logiciel créé, nous avons généré les différentes possibilités de liage (armures de liage). Nous avons fixé la densité de liage à (25%), puis nous avons choisi 3 armures de liage ayant une répartition différente. Trois duitages (16, 20, et 24 duites/cm) ont été choisi pour réaliser les tissus. À l’aide de la méthode des plans d’expériences, nous avons limité le nombre de tissus à 9 tissus différents. 15 propriétés ont été évaluées à savoir : l'embuvage, le retrait, la masse surfacique, la perméabilité, la rigidité de cisaillement, la compression: (l'énergie de compression, la résilience, la compressibilité, l’épaisseur), la flexion: (la rigidité de flexion, le module d'Yong), la traction: (laforce de rupture, l'allongement maximal, l'énergie de rupture, le module d'Young). Les résultats des tests ont été analysés par analyse de variance et analyse en composantes principales (ACP) à l'aide du logiciel JMP, afin de calculer l’influence de chaque paramètre sur les propriétés physiques et mécaniques, et d'estimer les coefficients du modèle statistique qui nouspermet d’obtenir les propriétés théoriques des tissus que nous n’avons pas testé. Nous avons constaté que le liage est le paramètre qui a le moins d’influence sur les propriétés des tissusLn this work, we described mathematically the double and triple layers fabrics based on a set of binary matrices and mathematical equations. Mathematical modules developed and programmed by Visual Basic to generate: 1- A double layers fabric stitched by additional warps ; 2- A triple layer fabric stitched by the intermediate layer warps. Both fabrics are automatically generated with all the stitches possible. Then we developed a third mathematical module, programmed by "Visual Basic" to classify all stitches generated. ln addition, we developed a procedure to regroup the stitching weaves according to the distribution of stitches in the weave. For this purpose, we applied two methods : the moment of inertia of stitches around the center of the fabric, and the method of the nearest neighbor. Then, using the developed softwares and the method of design of experiments, we studied the effect of the following parameters (distribution of stitches, the stitching weaves and the weft density) on the mechanical and physical properties of triple layers fabric. Finally, the test results were analyzed by using the JMP software to calculate the influence of each parameter on the physical and mechanical properties, and estimate the coefficients of the statistical model which allows us to obtain the theoretical properties of fabrics we have not tested, We found that the stitches distribution is the parameter that has the least influence on the properties of fabrics
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Frade, Ana Beatriz Tavares. "A simulação como ferramenta de apoio à decisão na reorganização de um layout fabril." Master's thesis, Universidade de Aveiro, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10773/23060.
Abstract:
Mestrado em Engenharia e Gestão IndustrialA análise e avaliação periódica dos layouts fabris tem-se tornado, cada vez mais, uma preocupação das empresas. Por este motivo, a Cifial decidiu analisar o layout atual da área de preparação de superfícies de uma das suas fábricas. O objetivo principal consistiu na identificação de desperdícios e de oportunidades de melhoria, tendo como foco a diminuição do lead time, redução de WIP e melhoria da eficiência da área produtiva. De modo a efetuar uma análise quantitativa com um considerável número de medidas de desempenho recorreu-se à simulação, avaliando-se o cenário atual e cenários alternativos com potenciais melhorias. Após a definição da proposta final de alteração de layout pode-se concluir que, com as modificações sugeridas, poder-se-ia obter uma redução de cerca de 56% em WIP, 7% de melhoria na taxa de utilização dos recursos e uma diminuição de 34% no lead time. É de salientar que o investimento necessário para a alteração do layout terá retorno financeiro ao fim de 5 meses.
The analysis and periodic evaluation of factory layouts has become a concern for business leaders. For this reason, Cifial has decided to start an analysis to the current layout of the surface preparation area in one of its factories. The main objective was to identify wastes and improvement opportunities, focusing on the reduction of lead time and WIP and on the improvement of the efficiency of the productive area. In order to perform a quantitative analysis with a considerable number of key performance indicators, simulation was used to evaluate the current scenario and possible alternative layouts with potential improvements. After the definition of the final layout proposal, it can be concluded that, with the layout modification, there could be a reduction of 56% on WIP, 7% more resource schedule utilization and a decrease of 34% on lead time. It is noteworthy that the necessary investment for the layout alteration will have its financial return after 5 months.
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Colja, Monika. "PEELING GARMENTS : Flat garment construction between fabric layers using the printing process as a construction method and the reference of a peeling wallpaper to create expressive dress." Thesis, Högskolan i Borås, Akademin för textil, teknik och ekonomi, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hb:diva-23822.
Abstract:
This work is a proposal for an alternative approach to working with print, making the printing process a key element within designing. It is an investigation into flat garment construction between fabric layers, as this enables for the printing to be used in place of sewing. Additionally, working with multiple textile layers connects with the reference of the peeling wallpaper, which is used as a base for material and form developments. The aim of the work is to develop a more holistic approach and new expressions in garment-making in relation to the application of printing processes within textile layers. The main objective is to present a new perspective of the relationship between garment pattern and print, bringing the later forward. Not only does the surface print, through the interaction of colour and texture provide an important element in terms of creating expression, but it additionally acts as a construction element. Moreover, by using the process of printing to create form the element of print becomes integrated into the process of garment-making.
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de, Frias Lopez Ricardo. "Granular Materials for Transport Infrastructures : Mechanical performance of coarse–fine mixtures for unbound layers through DEM analysis." Licentiate thesis, KTH, Jord- och bergmekanik, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-195598.
Abstract:
Granular materials are widely used as unbound layers within the infrastructure system playing a significant role on performance and maintenance. However, fields like pavement and railway engineering still heavily rely on empirically-based models owing to the complex behaviour of these materials, which partly stems from their discrete nature. In this sense, the discrete element method (DEM) presents a numerical alternative to study the behaviour of discrete systems with explicit consideration of the processes at particulate level governing the macroscopic response. This thesis aims at providing micromechanical insight into the effect of different particle sizes on the load-bearing structure of granular materials and its influence on the resilient modulus and permanent deformation response, both of which are greatly influenced by the stress level. In order to accomplish this, binary mixtures of elastic spheres under axisymmetric stress are studied using DEM as the simplest expression for gap-graded materials, which in turn also can be seen as a simplification of more complex mixtures. First, the effect of the fines content on the force transmission at contact level was studied. Results were used to define a soil fabric classification system where the roles of the coarse and fine fractions were defined and quantified in terms of force transmission. A behavioural correspondence between numerical mixtures and granular materials was established, where the mixtures were able to reproduce some of the most significant features regarding the resilient modulus and permanent strain dependency on stress level for granular materials. A good correlation between soil fabric and performance was also found. Generally, higher resilient modulus and lower deformation values were observed for interactive fabrics, whereas the opposite held for instable fabrics. Mixtures of elastic spheres are far from granular materials, where numerous additional factors should be considered. Nevertheless, it is the author’s belief that this work provides insight into the soil fabric structure and its effect on the macroscopic response of granular materials.Grus i form av krossat bergmaterial används i stor utsträckning som obundna bär- och förstärkningslager inom tranportinfrastrukturen och spelar där en viktig roll för verkningsätt, drift och underhåll. Det finns emellertid begränsad kunskap om de fundamentala mekanismerna på partikelnivå (d.v.s. enskilda gruskorn), mekanismer som styr det makromekaniska verkningssättet. Områden såsom väg- och järnvägsbyggnad bygger fortfarande väsentligen på empiriskta baserade modeller p.g.a. dessa materials komplexa uppträdande under belastning. Denna komplexitet beror delvis på den diskreta naturen hos problemet vilket innebär att traditionell matematisk modellering som vore materialen homogena och kontinuerliga, blir inadekvat. Mot denna bakgrund utgör den s.k. diskreta elementmetoden (DEM) ett numeriskt alternativ för att studera verkningssätt hos diskreta system där man explicit beaktar mekanismerna på partikelnivå. Denna avhandling, som baseras på tre vetenskapliga bidrag, syftar till att ge mikromekaniska insikter vad gäller effekten av olika partikelstorlekar på bärförmågan hos grusmateral och dess inverkan på styvhet och motstånd mot permanenta deformationer. Båda dessa parametrar påverkas kraftigt av spänningsnivån och kan studeras genom triaxialförsök. För att undersöka detta studerades med hjälp av DEM binära blandningar av elastiska kulor – den enklaste modellen av grusmaterial med språng i fördelningskurvan – som utsattes för axialsymmetrisk belastning. Denna modell kan i sin tur ses som en förenkling av mer komplexa blandningar. Inledningsvis studerades effekten av finpartikelinnehållet på partikelkontakternas kraftöverföring. Resultaten användes för att klassificera olika typer av skelettstrukturer i grusmaterialet där den finare och den grövre fraktionens roller kvantifierades med utgångspunkt från kraftöverföringen i stället för från det makromekaniska verkningssättet. Resultaten visade en korrelation vad gäller verkningssättet mellan numeriska blandningar och grusmaterial, där de numeriska blandningarna kunde reproducera några av grusmaterials viktigaste kännetecken vad gäller spänningsberoendet för styvheten vid avlastning och motståndet mot permanent deformation. Vidare visades att styvheten kunde bestämmas ur första belastningscykeln vilket underlättar att övervinna de begränsningar avseende beräkningstid som annars förknippas med DEM. God överensstämmelse mellan grusmaterialets skelettstruktur och verkningssätt kunde också observeras. Generellt observerades högre styvhet och mindre permanenta deformationer för interaktiva skelettstrukturer medan det motsatta gällde för instabila strukturer. Numeriska blandningar av elastiska kulor är långt från verkliga grusmaterial, för vilka ett stort antal ytterligare faktorer måste beaktas. Icke desto mindre är det författarens övertygelse att detta arbete ger insikter i grusmaterialets skelettstruktur och dess effekter på det makromekaniska verkningssättet hos grusmaterial.
QC 20161116
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Huang, Kuo-Cheng, and 黃國城. "The Study of Electromagnetic Shielding Effect With Double-layers Metallic Fabrics." Thesis, 2012. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/68333170687390801666.
Abstract:
碩士萬能科技大學
材料科技研究所
100
Abstract This study investigates the performance of stainless steel / PET staple fiber weaved double-layer fabrics which develop for electromagnetic shielding applications.All samples were prepared by automatic rapier weaving machine. The influences of fiber blending ratio, weft density and wove structure were cross validated. Each factor has been set into multi-variation for comparison, which are five levels of metal fiber blending ratio (3%, 5%, 10%, 20%, 30%), three volumes of weft density (40 picks/inch, 60 picks/inch, 80 picks/inch) and three types of woven structures (plain/plain, plain/twill, twill/twill). The electromagnetic shielding effectiveness (EMSE) at the bandwidth 300 MHz to 2.45 GHz were measured utilizing a linear network analyzer system. The experiment results show that higher metal content and larger weft density under the same woven structure could perform better EMSE, especially for high frequency tests. However, varying the woven structure didn’t appear a significant effect for EMSE. This research demonstrated that stainless steel / PET blended fiber is a good material for anti-electromagnetic wave, and double-layer weaving also helps since increasing fabric thickness is advantaged to EMSE.The designed double-layer fabrics could attenuate EMSE over 30dB, which has conformed to the requirement of anti-static and anti- electromagnetic materials for industry application. Key words: Stainless steel staple fiber; Double-layer fabrics; Electromagnetic shielding effect; Rapier automatically weaving machine
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Reith, Geoffrey. "Environmental Reconstructions From Structures and Fabrics Within Thick Mudstone Layers (Fluid Muds), Tilje Formation (Jurassic), Norwegian Continental Shelf." Thesis, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/1974/8281.
Abstract:
The Jurassic Tilje Formation located on the Norwegian continental shelf contains many thick (>10 mm) and macroscopically homogenous mudstone layers. These mudstone layers are interpreted to have accumulated rapidly from “fluid-mud,” a highly concentrated aqueous suspension of fine-grained sediment. Fluid muds in the Tilje are recognized in tidal-fluvial channel, mouth-bar and distal delta-front environments. From detailed thin-section work it is clear that these mudstone layers are not homogenous. Three facies are observed: unstratified mudstone (UM), some of which contain “floating” coarse grains, planar-laminated mudstone (PLM) and cross-laminated mudstone (CLM). Each facies represents deposition at differing suspended-sediment concentrations (SSC) (UM−high SSC, PLM−low-moderate SSC and CLM−low SSC).
The thickest mudstone layers are always associated with underlying dune-scale cross-bedding, which has led to a proposed model where fluid mud can accumulate and is protected from the over-riding flow in the troughs of large dunes. This model is most relevant to tidal-fluvial channels where large dunes occur in the deepest water and in terminal distributary channels in mouth bars.
The vertical stacking of facies within a single mudstone layer allows reconstruction of changes of the near-bed SSC values and current velocities that reflect deceleration and acceleration of the tidal currents over the tidal cycle or waning wave energy following a storm. Based on repeating patters termed “vertical successions” and “succession combinations,” individual tidal cycles can be observed within single mudstone layers and the relative strength of subordinate and dominant currents can be
ii
inferred.
To aide in the understanding of how mud can accumulate over the complete range of SSCs, current velocities and grain sizes, a preliminary three-dimensional bedform phase diagram has been constructed for fine-grained sediment based on recent flumes studies. The phase diagram can be applied to mudrocks beyond the Tilje Formation.Thesis (Master, Geological Sciences & Geological Engineering) -- Queen's University, 2013-09-15 17:14:19.827
Books on the topic "Fabric layups":
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Lyn, Salvador Mari, and University of California, Los Angeles. Fowler Museum of Cultural History., eds. The art of being Kuna: Layers of meaning among the Kuna of Panama. Los Angeles: UCLA Fowler Museum of Cultural History, 1997.
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(Editor), Mari Lyn Salvador, and Los Angeles Fowler Museum of Cultural histor University of California (Corporate Author), eds. The Art of Being Kuna: Layers of Meaning Among the Kuna of Panama. University of Washington Press, 1997.
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(Editor), Mari Lyn Salvador, and Los Angeles Fowler Museum of Cultural histor University of California (Corporate Author), eds. The Art of Being Kuna: Layers of Meaning Among the Kuna of Panama. University of Washington Press, 1997.
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Parker, Philip M. The World Market for Fabrics of Layers of Parallel Synthetic Filament Yarns, Superimposed on Each Other at Acute or Right Angles with Their Layers Bonded: A 2007 Global Trade Perspective. ICON Group International, Inc., 2006.
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The World Market for Fabrics of Layers of Parallel Synthetic Filament Yarns, Superimposed on Each Other at Acute or Right Angles with Their Layers Bonded: A 2004 Global Trade Perspective. Icon Group International, Inc., 2005.
Book chapters on the topic "Fabric layups":
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Achillopoulou, Dimitra V., Antonino Montalbano, and Fabien Choffat. "Interface Response of CFRP Fabrics for Concrete Substrates Enhanced with Toughened Epoxy Adhesive Layers." In Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering, 1632–44. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-88166-5_142.
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Răzvan Rădulescu, Ion, Lilioara Surdu, Emilia Visileanu, Bogdana Mitu, and Cristian Morari. "Life Cycle Assessment of Flexible Electromagnetic Shields." In Electromagnetic Compatibility [Working Title]. IntechOpen, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.99772.
Abstract:
Nowadays, fiber based flexible electromagnetic shields have widespread applications in ensuring Electromagnetic Compatibility (EMC). Shielding is a solution of EMC, and the main methods to estimate shielding effectiveness are represented by the circuit method and the impedance method. Magnetron sputtering of metallic layers represents a novel technique to impart electric conductive properties to fabrics. Coating of fabrics represents a second main option to manufacture textile shields beside the insertion of conductive yarns in the fabric structure. Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) is often used to assess a comparatively modern with a classical manufacturing process in order to prove its eco-friendly character. This chapter comparatively assesses flexible EM shields manufactured of fabrics with inserted conductive yarns with and without magnetron plasma coating. The copper plasma coating of cotton fabrics with inserted silver yarns increases shielding effectiveness (EMSE) by 8–10 dB. In order to keep for the LCA study the same functional unit of 50 dB at 100 MHz for one sqm of fabric, the fabric structure is modeled with a reduced distance between the inserted conductive yarns. Results of the LCA study show a substantial impact on the environment for the plasma coated fabric upon using a laboratory scale deposition set-up.
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Peng, Xi, and Jiu Zhou. "Innovative Design on Digital Jacquard with 2:1 Weft-Backed Structure." In Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence and Applications. IOS Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/faia220024.
Abstract:
In order to inherit and innovate traditional weft-backed structure jacquard fabric, a design principle and method of digital jacquard with 2:1 weft-backed structure was proposed. Based on the in-depth analysis of the characteristics of the traditional 2:1 weft-backed structure, four digital structural models (A1, A2, B1 and B2) with shaded weave were built by using digital jacquard technology. It lays a theoretical foundation for the creation of four kinds of digital jacquard fabrics with colour shading effects. In addition, the combined application of model A1 and model B1 was taken as an example to illustrate the design method. The resulting fabric had a delicate and natural colour shading effect. And its main and minor motifs were clearly distinguished. Meanwhile, the colour expression was increased while the yarn utilisation and production efficiency were improved. The principle and method proposed in this paper can create a wide variety of digital jacquard fabrics with colour shading effects, which provides ideas for the structural innovation and variety design of traditional jacquard fabrics.
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Ghaddar, N., K. Ghali, and B. Jones. "Convection and ventilation in fabric layers." In Thermal and Moisture Transport in Fibrous Materials, 271–307. Elsevier, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1533/9781845692261.2.271.
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Ghaddar, N., K. Ghali, and B. Jones. "Convection and ventilation in fabric layers." In Thermal and moisture transport in fibrous materials. CRC Press, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781439824351.ch8.
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"Reinforcement of bituminous layers with fabrics and geonets." In Reflective Cracking in Pavements, 544–55. CRC Press, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781482271799-69.
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Panaïté, Oana. "A Primal Scene: The Colonial Fortune." In The Colonial Fortune in Contemporary Fiction in French. Liverpool University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.5949/liverpool/9781786940292.003.0001.
Abstract:
The introduction presents an overview of the primary and secondary sources examined in the book. The premise of the study is that contemporary texts written by authors from and outside the Hexagon, though distinct in style, thematic concerns and ideological stances, share a number of discursive and narrative features crystallized around the proprioceptive and remanent dimensions of the colonial. Through dissemination, empathy, indirection, obliqueness and mediation, the colonial situates contemporary narratives in a larger historical framework while also reminding readers of the many layers and force fields that constitute their textual fabric.
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Suddhiprakarn, A., and I. Kheoruenromne. "Fabric features of laterite and plinthite layers of ultisols in northeast Thailand." In Soil Micromorpohlogy: Studies in Management and Genesis, 51–64. Elsevier, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0166-2481(08)70397-0.
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Budasz, Rogério. "Uses." In Opera in the Tropics, 297–356. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190215828.003.0007.
Abstract:
This chapter investigates the uses and functions of musical theater within the sociopolitical fabric of Portuguese America. It examines its role in the narratives produced in the context of civic festivals and literary academies and how these texts and practices engaged individuals from all layers of colonial society as subjects of the Portuguese empire. It also considers the civilian and political uses of theater as an ideological tool, a means of acquiring and maintaining symbolic capital, and in some cases even a distraction from the wrongdoings of colonial administrators. The last section of the chapter deals with the presence of the Portuguese court in Rio de Janeiro at the dawn of independence, when theater became the locus of political and aesthetic controversies that placed newly arrived Portuguese and local Brazilians on opposite sides. The controversy surrounding the drama O juramento dos numes is at the core of this discussion.
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Brenner, Neil. "Afterword: New Spaces of Urbanization." In New Urban Spaces, 334–94. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190627188.003.0010.
Abstract:
This chapter presents the elements of a reinvigorated approach to critical urban theory that could help decipher the multiplication of urban transformations within and beyond major metropolitan regions under early twenty-first-century capitalism. It also advances a systematic critique of the narrowly city-centric conceptions of urbanization that underpin influential recent declarations of a majority-urban world. In thus proceeding, this chapter introduces new layers of meaning, and additional sociospatial dimensions, to the scale-attuned theorization of the capitalist urban fabric elaborated in the book’s previous chapters, especially with reference to the spatiotemporal dynamics of extended urbanization. A central challenge, within this framework, is to connect the restructuring of major cities and metropolitan regions to the colossal, if variegated, social, infrastructural, and ecological transformations that are unfolding in the world’s industrializing hinterlands to support the restless metabolism of capitalist urbanization. The chapter concludes by emphasizing the importance of a (reinvented) critical urban theory to the collective project of imagining, and ultimately pursuing, alternative forms and pathways of urbanization.
Conference papers on the topic "Fabric layups":
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Avila, Raudel O., Md S. Islam, and Pavana Prabhakar. "Thermal Gradient on Hybrid Composite Propellant Tank Materials at Cryogenic Temperatures." In ASME 2016 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2016-65727.
Abstract:
Cryogenic tanks are devices that are commonly used to store extremely low temperature fluids, usually in their liquid state. Cryogenic fuel tanks carry cryogenic propellants such as liquid oxygen, liquid methane or liquid hydrogen, at subfreezing temperatures in its condensed form in order to generate highly combustible liquids. This type of tank is exposed to an extremely cold temperature in its interior and to ambient temperature on its external surface resulting in large temperature gradient across the thickness of the wall. In this paper, hybrid textile composites with carbon and Kevlar® fabric are explored as means to reduce the influence of thermal gradient in order to enhance the material performance when cryogenic propellant fuels are stored in spacecraft applications. Previous initial studies of tensile and flexural tests have indicated that carbon and Kevlar® textile composites are suitable materials for cryogenic temperatures. The pristine mechanical properties of carbon composites changed within a maximum of 3–4% after initial cryogenic exposure during the fueling stage, while 17% for Kevlar® composites. Computational models of hybrid carbon-Kevlar® composites were subjected to cryogenic temperature (77 K) to investigate the effect of exposure for extended periods and to aid in the design of optimum layups for the same. Six optimal combinations were selected that resulted in low interface stresses and lower number of peak stresses through the thickness of the laminate. These layups were deduced to perform better compared to other layups due to lesser susceptibility to delamination type failure upon cryogenic exposure. Experimental investigation of the chosen hybrid composites has revealed few optimum combinations for use in tanks. As a next step, computational analysis of cryogenic exposure to only one surface of hybrid composites was performed to simulate the composite wall containing the liquid fuel. Based on the suggestions from the computational models, experiments to determine optimum designs of the composite wall were conducted. An ABS plastic insulating holder was computationally designed and 3D printed to hold the specimens such that only one surface is exposed to LN2. A total of eight composite layups were exposed to liquid nitrogen using the plastic holder to study their response to thermal gradient cryogenic exposure. Based on the results obtained computationally and supported by experiments, optimum hybrid layups of composites to sustain cryogenic exposure were determined.
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Radulescu, Ion Razvan, Emilia Visileanu, Razvan Scarlat, Catalin Constantin, and Bogdana Mitu. "Comparative life cycle assessment study for fabric based electromagnetic shielding." In The 8th International Conference on Advanced Materials and Systems. INCDTP - Leather and Footwear Research Institute (ICPI), Bucharest, Romania, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.24264/icams-2020.iv.18.
Abstract:
Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) studies represent the scientific approach for elaborating modern policies and supporting management decisions in the field of Sustainable Production and Consumption. The goal of many LCA studies undertaken for research are related to an exhaustive comparison of a modern, innovative product or process with respect to an initial, conventional one. This paper deals with such an approach for fabric based electromagnetic shielding. Electrically conductive textile fabrics are used in applications of electromagnetic shielding. Two basic types of technology for imparting electro- conductive properties to textiles are available, namely: insertion of conductive yarns in the fabric structure and coating with conductive layers. Magnetron plasma coating is a modern technology for achieving thin metallic layers on fabrics. Therefore, we focused the LCA study to the comparison between cotton woven fabrics with inserted conductive yarns out of stainless steel in warp and weft direction and cotton fabrics coated with thin layers of copper by magnetron plasma laboratory equipment. Functional unit of the comparative study was one square meter of EM textile shield with 5.2 dB at 1 GHz. A modelling of the fabric with inserted conductive yarns was performed in order to reach same shielding effectiveness at a certain frequency, as in the case of the coated fabric. Inventory data was collected for the fabric with conductive yarns from the textile company SC Majutex SRL, while for the plasma coated fabric from INFLPR. Impact assessment was performed by INCDTP, by using the LCA software SimaPro7 and the data basis EcoInvent 3.0. Interpretation of results shows that weaving of conductive yarns has a smaller impact on the environment than magnetron plasma coating using laboratory equipment, in a ratio of 1:2. This fact is explained by the industrial process of weaving as compared to laboratory process of coating, whereas brings the idea that upon utilization of industrial magnetron equipment for coating one may achieve in the end better environmental impact due to the process optimization for large area plasma processing.
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Hwang, Hyun-Sik, Brendan A. Patterson, Mohammad H. Malakooti, and Henry A. Sodano. "Modification of Pullout Behavior of Kevlar Fabric by Zinc Oxide Nanowire Reinforcement." In ASME 2013 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2013-66836.
Abstract:
The future development of body armor is to develop a lightweight, and wearable garment system without a loss of ballistic impact resistance. High performance fabrics, such as Kevlar, have been utilized for body armor due to their high energy absorption and lightweight characteristics. However, additional reinforcement is necessary for Kevlar fabric to meet the protection requirements for body armor against typical ballistic threats. Thick layers of fabric or embedded ceramic plates have been used to meet these requirements at the expense of increased weight of the armor and reduced mobility of the user. Thus, much research has been conducted on this topic to increase the ballistic impact resistance of Kevlar fabrics, mainly focused on the understanding and modeling of ballistic impact behavior. Due to the significant effect of damage mechanisms on ballistic impact response, these mechanisms should vastly be studied to better understand the ballistic impact response of Kevlar. When a projectile impacts a woven fabric, the imparted energy is dissipated through several damage mechanisms including tow pullout, local tow failure at the point of impact, and remote tow failure. Among those mechanisms, tow pullout is especially critical in the case of a penetrator with a blunt face impacting a fabric with non-penetrating velocities and is strongly influenced by friction between tows. In this work, we employed a novel method to increase the friction between Kevlar tows by synthesizing zinc oxide nanowires onto the fabric surface. As a result, vertically-aligned zinc oxide nanowires were grown on the fabric surface and tailored to achieve an optimum ballistic performance response reaching an enhancement of up to 390% in tow pullout peak load compared to untreated fabrics. Additionally, the effect of various surface functionalization processes and nanowire morphology is investigated so that an optimum process is developed for an efficient ballistic performance response.
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Tang, Wenzhong, and Michael Keefe. "Stress Analyses and Structural Modifications of Fabric Composite Seams." In ASME 2002 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2002-39487.
Abstract:
An adhesively bonded seam is a common method of joining coated fabrics in the manufacturing of inflatables. In this paper, Nylon and Polyester seams are studied both experimentally and numerically. In the numerical analyses, the seam components are described with layered models containing fabric composite layers. The in-plane and out-of-plane elastic constants of the fabric composite layers are derived using the crimp model and a stacked model respectively. An existing finite element code, ANSYS 5.7 is used to perform two-dimensional stress analyses of the seams under tension. In the analyses, a stress concentration factor is defined to evaluate the strength of the seams in comparison with their base fabric laminates. Numerical data show that Nylon seams are almost as strong as their base laminate but there is strength degradation in Polyester seams, which agrees well with test results. Finally, two structural modifications are proposed to improve the strength of the Polyester seams. The modifications are evaluated by both simulations and tests.
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Tehrani, Mehran, Ayoub Y. Boroujeni, Majid Manteghi, Zhixian Zhou, and Marwan Al-Haik. "Integration of Carbon Nanotubes Into a Fiberglass Reinforced Polymer Composite and its Effects on Electromagnetic Shielding and Mechanical Properties." In ASME 2013 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2013-65202.
Abstract:
Electromagnetic (EM) waves, such as electronic noise and radio frequency interference can be regarded as an invisible electronic pollution which justifies a very active quest for effective electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding materials. Highly conductive materials of adequate thickness are the primary solutions to shield against EMI. Equipment cases and basic structure of space aircraft and launch vehicles have traditionally been made of aluminum, steel and other electrically conductive metals. However, in recent years composite materials have been used for electronic equipment manufacturing because of their lightweight, high strength, and ease of fabrication. Despite these benefits, composite materials are not as electrically conductive as traditional metals, especially in terms of electrical grounding purposes and shielding. Therefore, extra effort must be taken to resolve these shortcomings. The present work demonstrates a study on developing hybrid composites based on fiberglass with surface grown carbon nanotubes (CNTs) for EMI applications. The choice of fiberglass is primarily because it naturally possesses poor electrical conductivity, hence growing CNTs over glass fiber surface can significantly improve the conductivity. The fabrics were sputter-coated with a thin layer of SiO2 thermal barrier prior to growing of CNTs. The CNTs were grown on the surface of woven fiberglass fabrics utilizing a relatively low temperature technique. Raw fiberglass fabric, SiO2 coated fabric, and SiO2 coated fabric which was subjected to the identical heat treatment as the samples with CNTs were also prepared. Two-layers composite specimens based on different surface treated fiberglass fabrics were fabricated and their EMI shielding effectiveness (SE) was measured. The EMI SE of the hybrid CNT-fiberglass composites was shown to be 5–10 times of the reference samples. However, the tensile mechanical properties of the composites based on the different above mentioned fibers revealed significant degradation due to the elevated CNT growth temperature and the addition of coating layer and CNTs. To further probe the structure of the hybrid composites and the inter-connectivity of the CNTs from one interface to another, sets of 20-layers composites based on different surface treated fabrics were also fabricated and characterized.
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David, N. V., A. Zurina, M. R. Aziz, M. N. Rafiq, M. Syafiq, and Raja Sundram. "Ballistic Penetration Performance of a Unidirectional Woven Basalt Fiber Laminated Protective Armor." In ASME 2019 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2019-11162.
Abstract:
Abstract Contemporary military and other law enforcement operations are technology-driven with weapons and ammunition that demand a flexible, damage- and moisture-resistant, and lightweight protective materials with superior energy absorbing capacity. Ballistic fabrics made from high performance synthetic fibers such as para-aramid and natural fibers including basalt, and composites utilizing these fabrics, are among the leading materials for armor systems. Basalt fibers, which are extracted from igneous volcanic rocks, are natural fibers with mechanical and thermo-physical properties that are generally comparable or superior to glass and other synthetic fibers at a lower cost. This gives basalt-based composites an edge over existing materials for potential application as anti-ballistic protective panels. The aim of the present study is to experimentally determine the V50 performance and penetration resistance of a unidirectional woven basalt fiber laminated epoxy system at three different combinations of ply orientations [0, 45 and 90 degrees at both CW and CCW directions] consisting of 48 layers of the woven fabric. The V50 performance test was conducted in accordance to the MIL-STD-662F standard using the Universal Test Gun model UZ-2002. The V50 ballistic velocity are computed based on a minimum of six shots including three complete penetrations and three partial penetrations. The optimum number of layers of the basalt fabric to sustain the reference penetration velocity of 367 m/s corresponding to threat level II of the NIJ Standard-0101.04 are calculated for the current test specimen for future development.
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Barua, Bipul, and Mrinal C. Saha. "Manufacturing and Flexure Properties Characterization of Hybrid Nano-/Micro-Fiber Reinforced Epoxy Composites." In ASME 2011 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2011-64191.
Abstract:
We report an approach for the deposition of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) on carbon fabrics (CFs) en route for the development of hybrid nano-/micro-fiber composite structures. Ultrasonic atomization process was utilized for the direct deposition of CNTs on the surface of carbon fiber fabric. A dilute solution of CNTs was prepared by dispersing very small amount of multi walled CNTs (MWNT) in N,N-Dimethylformamide (DMF) using a low frequency ultrasonic water bath. The dispersed solution was then fed into the ultrasonic atomizer probe using a syringe pump and sprayed directly on the carbon fiber fabric rested on a hot plate. The dispersion of MWNTs in DMF solvent was characterized using UV spectroscopy and the distribution of CNTs on CF was characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Vacuum assisted resin transfer molding (VRTM) was used to manufacture composite laminates using several layers of CNTs hybrid CF fabrics. We prepared hybrid composite laminates containing 0.03-wt% of CNTs. Dispersion of CNTs in DMF and distribution of CNTs on CFs was found to be very good which we believed to be resulted in about 15% improvement in flexure strength and about 12% improvement in strain to failure compared to neat composites. Such improvements in composite properties with only 0.03% CNTs are very promising in hybrid composite structures.
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David, N. V., M. J. Jori Roslan, M. Qhairul Amri, I. Joel Ryan, and Raja Sundram. "V50 Ballistic Performance of Unidirectional Woven Basalt Fiber Laminated Composites." In ASME 2017 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2017-70903.
Abstract:
Ballistic fabrics made from high performance fibers such as para-aramid (synthetic) and basalt (natural) fibers, and composites utilizing these fabrics, are among the leading materials for soft body armor systems. Modern military and other law enforcement operations are technology-driven with weapons and ammunition that demand a flexible, damage- and moisture-resistant, and lightweight ballistic fabrics with superior energy absorbing capacity. Basalt fibers, which are extracted from igneous volcanic rocks, are natural fibers with mechanical and thermo-physical properties that are generally comparable or superior to glass and other synthetic fibers at a lower cost. This gives basalt-based composites an edge over contemporary materials for potential application as anti-ballistic body armor. The aim of the present study is to experimentally determine the V50 performance and penetration resistance of unidirectional woven basalt fiber laminated composites with three different combinations of ply orientations [0°, 45° and 90°] at both CW and CCW directions and number of layers namely, B1 (7 layers), B2 (12 layers) and B3 (16 layers). The V50 performance test was conducted in accordance to the MIL-STD-662F standard using the Universal Test Gun (Prototypa UZ-2002). The V50 ballistic velocity is computed based on a minimum of six shots including three complete penetrations (CP) and three partial penetrations. The MIL-STD-662F standard stipulates that the value of ballistic limit protection should be less than 38 m/s for the purpose of computing V50. The V50 value for sample B1, that yielded to CP at 192 m/s and 172 m/s clean through to the witness plate, could not be determined. The V50 for samples B2 and B3 are 117 m/s and 153 m/s, respectively. The optimum number of layers of the basalt fabric to sustain the reference penetration velocity of 367 m/s corresponding to threat Level II of the NIJ Standard-0101.04 is calculated for each specimen for further study. The tensile properties and Shore-D hardness levels of the three samples are also measured and reported.
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Hayakawa, Tohru, Zhiyuan Zhang, Yuqiu Yang, and Hiroyuki Hamada. "An Investigation on the Mechanical Property of Unidirectional Basalt Fiber Composites." In ASME 2011 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2011-62821.
Abstract:
Due to its low price and high mechanical property, basalt fiber (BF) is emerging as a novel reinforcement for fiber reinforced polymer (FRP) instead of glass fiber. The research about basalt fiber reinforced composites (BFRP) is insufficient in particularly for the long term life. Therefore, in order to apply BFRP into practical use, the current study was focused on mechanical property and their durable property. Firstly, one layer and six layers laminated unidirectional basalt fiber fabric reinforced unsaturated polyester were made by hand-layup method and tested by tensile, 3-point bending, short span bending and drill hole experiments. On the other hand, for the unidirectional basalt fiber fabric reinforced epoxy which are expected to be used in civil engineering, water and alkali solution immersion at various temperatures were carried out. The evolution of the mechanical properties along with ageing time was investigated. The results indicate that it is needed to improve the interface property between basalt fiber and polymer through surface treatment for enhanced durability performance.
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Sharma, A., S. K. S. Boetcher, W. A. Aissa, and M. J. Traum. "Impact of Interstitial Mass Transport Resistance on Water Vapor Diffusion Through Southern Mills Defender™ 750 Fabric Layers." In ASME/JSME 2011 8th Thermal Engineering Joint Conference. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ajtec2011-44485.
Abstract:
Textiles maintain wearer comfort by allowing evaporated sweat to permeate through, providing thermal management and keeping skin dry. Each textile layer presents a resistance to mass transport consistent with its physical structure (i.e., thickness, porosity, and tortuosity). However, when textiles are layered, water vapor transport becomes more complex because diffusing molecules must traverse interstitial spaces between layers. Interstitial mass transport resistances of significant magnitude can reduce rates of water vapor transport through layered textile stacks. The prevailing textile mass transport resistance interrogation method is ASTM F1868: “Standard Test Method for Thermal and Evaporative Resistance of Clothing Materials Using a Sweating Hot Plate.” A self-calibrating element of this method is to measure one, two, three, and four fabric layers. Each newly added layer is prescribed to increase the stack mass transport resistance by the integer resistance presented by a single layer with no interstitial resistance consideration. Four improvements to ASTM F1868 are recommended: 1) gravimetric mass transport measurement, 2) a Stefan flow model, 3) correct accounting for apparatus mass transport resistances, and 4) recognizing and measuring interstitial mass transport resistances. These improvements were implemented and evaluated by running tests using Southern Mills Defender™ 750 fabric, the calibration standard used for ASTM F1868, on a new gravimetric experimental apparatus. The mass transport resistance of one fabric layer measured via the gravimetric method is related to the ASTM F1868 value through working fluid properties. Using the gravimetric approach, mass transport resistance for a single layer of calibration fabric was measured at 60.3 ± 14.4 s/m, which is consistent with the prescribed result from ASTM F1868 (after the conversion factor), 73.1 ± 7.3 s/m. The diffusion coefficient for water vapor in air in the fabric pores measured by gravimetric experiment, (2.02 ± 0.59) × 10−5 m2/s, agrees (within experimental uncertainty) with the theoretical value for the experimental conditions, 2.54 × 10−5 m2/s. However, for stacks of two or more calibration fabric layers, the gravimetric approach does not agree with the prescribed ASTM F1868 result due to interstitial mass transport resistance between fabric layers. The measured interstitial resistance value is 23.6 s/m, 39.1% of a single fabric layer, a value too significant to be ignored in engineering analysis.
Reports on the topic "Fabric layups":
1
Qamhia, Issam, and Erol Tutumluer. Review of Improved Subgrade and Stabilized Subbases to Evaluate Performance of Concrete Pavements. Illinois Center for Transportation, May 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.36501/0197-9191/21-016.
Abstract:
This report presents findings on the evaluation of foundation layers under concrete pavements in the state of Illinois. It also provides recommendations and scenarios where unbound granular layers can be safely used under concrete pavements as economical and well-performing subbase layers. The current practice and mechanistic design methods for constructing concrete pavements in Illinois was first evaluated, including historical studies that led to the current design procedures and policies. The performance of concrete pavements with unbound granular layers in Illinois were then evaluated, and several case studies of well-performing concrete pavements with granular subbases, high traffic levels, and low distress levels and severity were realized. Next, the practices of surrounding states were evaluated, and several Midwest states, i.e., Wisconsin, Minnesota, Iowa, and Michigan, were found to regularly use unbound granular layers under concrete pavements with no issues. A literature review on the most recent requirements and recommendations for designing granular subbases under concrete pavements was then presented. It is concluded that subbase layers under concrete pavements are mainly used to provide uniform support and prevent pumping. Based on the case study evaluations and literature, a stable, drainable, and durable daylighted granular subbase design is recommended for traffic factors up to 10.0. Stability is ensured by limiting the ratio of gravel-to-sand fractions in the aggregate mix between 1.3 and 1.9. Drainability requirements can be met by limiting the percentage of fines passing the No. 200 sieve (0.075 mm) to 4% and by checking the quality of drainage is at least fair based on the time required to drain 50% of the water. Lastly, a geotextile fabric is recommended for use below the granular subbase for separation to ensure drainability throughout design life.