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Journal articles on the topic 'Female mammals'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 2 June 2025

Last updated: 31 July 2025

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1

Packer, Craig, Marc Tatar, and Anthony Collins. "Reproductive cessation in female mammals." Nature 392, no. 6678 (1998): 807–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/33910.

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2

Clutton-Brock, Tim, and Katherine McAuliffe. "Female Mate Choice in Mammals." Quarterly Review of Biology 84, no. 1 (2009): 3–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/596461.

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3

Firman, Renée C. "Of mice and women: advances in mammalian sperm competition with a focus on the female perspective." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 375, no. 1813 (2020): 20200082. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2020.0082.

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Although initially lagging behind discoveries being made in other taxa, mammalian sperm competition is now a productive and advancing field of research. Sperm competition in mammals is not merely a ‘sprint-race’ between the gametes of rival males, but rather a race over hurdles; those hurdles being the anatomical and physiological barriers provided by the female reproductive tract, as well as the egg and its vestments. With this in mind, in this review, I discuss progress in the field while focusing on the female perspective. I highlight ways by which sperm competition can have positive effect

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4

Charlton, Benjamin D., David Reby, and Karen McComb. "Female red deer prefer the roars of larger males." Biology Letters 3, no. 4 (2007): 382–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2007.0244.

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Surprisingly little is known about the role of acoustic cues in mammal female mate choice. Here, we examine the response of female red deer ( Cervus elaphus ) to male roars in which an acoustic cue to body size, the formants, has been re-scaled to simulate different size callers. Our results show that oestrous red deer hinds prefer roars simulating larger callers and constitute the first evidence that female mammals use an acoustic cue to body size in a mate choice context. We go on to suggest that sexual selection through female mating preferences may have provided an additional selection pre

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5

Drea, Christine M. "Endocrine Mediators of Masculinization in Female Mammals." Current Directions in Psychological Science 18, no. 4 (2009): 221–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8721.2009.01640.x.

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Most mammal species show traditional patterns of sexual dimorphism (e.g., greater male size and aggression), the proximal mechanism of which involves the male's greater pre- and postnatal exposure to circulating androgens. But in several species, females diverge from the traditional pattern, converging on the male form or even reversing sexual dimorphisms. Such “masculinized” females might show elongation of the clitoris, enhanced body size, and aggressively mediated social dominance over males, and they are interesting case studies for examining the role of androgens in females. This review a

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Lynch, Emily C., Virpi Lummaa, Win Htut, and Mirkka Lahdenperä. "Evolutionary significance of maternal kinship in a long-lived mammal." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 374, no. 1780 (2019): 20180067. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2018.0067.

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Preferential treatment of kin is widespread across social species and is considered a central prerequisite to the evolution of cooperation through kin selection. Though it is well known that, among most social mammals, females will remain within their natal group and often bias social behaviour towards female maternal kin, less is known about the fitness consequences of these relationships. We test the fitness benefits of living with maternal sisters, measured by age-specific female reproduction, using an unusually large database of a semi-captive Asian elephant ( Elephas maximus ) population.

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Lukas, Dieter, and Elise Huchard. "The evolution of infanticide by females in mammals." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 374, no. 1780 (2019): 20180075. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2018.0075.

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In most mammalian species, females regularly interact with kin, which is expected to reduce aggressive competitive behaviour among females. It may thus be difficult to understand why infanticide by females has been reported in numerous species and is sometimes perpetrated by groupmates. Here, we investigate the evolutionary determinants of infanticide by females by combining a quantitative analysis of the taxonomic distribution of infanticide with a qualitative synthesis of the circumstances of infanticidal attacks in published reports. Our results show that female infanticide is widespread ac

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8

Hurnik, J. F. "Sexual Behavior of Female Domestic Mammals." Veterinary Clinics of North America: Food Animal Practice 3, no. 2 (1987): 423–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0749-0720(15)31162-2.

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9

Wolff, Jerry O. "Why Are Female Small Mammals Territorial?" Oikos 68, no. 2 (1993): 364. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3544853.

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10

Schai-Braun, Stéphanie C., Peter Steiger, Thomas Ruf, Walter Arnold, and Klaus Hackländer. "Maternal effects on reproduction in the precocial European hare (Lepus europaeus)." PLOS ONE 16, no. 2 (2021): e0247174. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0247174.

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In female mammals, reproduction, and in particular lactation, is the energetically most exigent life-history phase. Reproduction is strongly controlled by body reserves and food availability, so females with better body condition or food supply are believed to have higher reproductive output. Additionally, the growth and mortality of young mammals depends on their postnatal development. Therefore, the degree of precociality affects energetic demands for both mothers and young. To study the reproductive performance of the precocial European hare (Lepus europaeus), we analysed relationships betw

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11

French, Jeffrey A., Aaryn C. Mustoe, Jon Cavanaugh, and Andrew K. Birnie. "The influence of androgenic steroid hormones on female aggression in ‘atypical’ mammals." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 368, no. 1631 (2013): 20130084. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2013.0084.

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Dimorphism on dominance and agonistic behaviour in mammals tends to be strongly biased toward males. In this review, we focus on a select few species of mammals in which females are as or more aggressive than males, and/or are dominant to males, and explore the role of androgenic hormones in mediating this important difference. While the data are not as clear-cut as those published on traditional laboratory mammals, our review highlights important endocrine substrates for both organizational and activational influences of steroids on female aggressive behaviour. We highlight areas in which fur

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12

Kalbitzer, Urs, Mackenzie L. Bergstrom, Sarah D. Carnegie, et al. "Female sociality and sexual conflict shape offspring survival in a Neotropical primate." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 114, no. 8 (2017): 1892–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1608625114.

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Most mammals live in social groups in which members form differentiated social relationships. Individuals may vary in their degree of sociality, and this variation can be associated with differential fitness. In some species, for example, female sociality has a positive effect on infant survival. However, investigations of such cases are still rare, and no previous study has considered how male infanticide might constrain effects of female sociality on infant survival. Infanticide is part of the male reproductive strategy in many mammals, and it has the potential to override, or even reverse,

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13

Renfree, Marilyn B., Shunsuke Suzuki, and Tomoko Kaneko-Ishino. "The origin and evolution of genomic imprinting and viviparity in mammals." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 368, no. 1609 (2013): 20120151. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2012.0151.

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Genomic imprinting is widespread in eutherian mammals. Marsupial mammals also have genomic imprinting, but in fewer loci. It has long been thought that genomic imprinting is somehow related to placentation and/or viviparity in mammals, although neither is restricted to mammals. Most imprinted genes are expressed in the placenta. There is no evidence for genomic imprinting in the egg-laying monotreme mammals, despite their short-lived placenta that transfers nutrients from mother to embryo. Post natal genomic imprinting also occurs, especially in the brain. However, little attention has been pa

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14

Brain, Paul F. "Aggression in female mammals: Is it really rare?" Behavioral and Brain Sciences 22, no. 2 (1999): 218. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0140525x9926181x.

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The view that female mammals are more docile appears to arise in part from imposing human values on animal studies. Many reports of sexual dimorphism in physical aggression favouring the male in laboratory rodents appear to select circumstances where that expectation is supported. Other situations that favour the expression of conflict in females have been (until recently) relatively little studied. Although female rodents generally do not show the “ritualised” forms of conflict that characterise male sexual competition, they can use notably damaging strategies (especially if they are of short

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15

Gómez, José María, Miguel Verdú, and Adela González-Megías. "Killing conspecific adults in mammals." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 288, no. 1955 (2021): 20211080. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2021.1080.

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Mammals kill both conspecific infants and adults. Whereas infanticide has been profusely studied, the killing of non-infants (adulticide) has seldom attracted the attention of researchers. Mammals kill conspecific adults by at least four, non-exclusive reasons: during intrasexual aggression for mating opportunities, to defend valuable resources, to protect their progeny and to prey upon conspecifics. In this study, we test which reason is most likely to explain male and female adulticide in mammals. For this, we recorded the presence of adulticide, the ecological and behavioural traits, and th

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16

de Villena, Fernando Pardo-Manuel, and Carmen Sapienza. "Female Meiosis Drives Karyotypic Evolution in Mammals." Genetics 159, no. 3 (2001): 1179–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/genetics/159.3.1179.

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Abstract Speciation is often accompanied by changes in chromosomal number or form even though such changes significantly reduce the fertility of hybrid intermediates. We have addressed this evolutionary paradox by expanding the principle that nonrandom segregation of chromosomes takes place whenever human or mouse females are heterozygous carriers of Robertsonian translocations, a common form of chromosome rearrangement in mammals. Our analysis of 1170 mammalian karyotypes provides strong evidence that karyotypic evolution is driven by nonrandom segregation during female meiosis. The pertinent

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17

Wade, George N., and Jill E. Schneider. "Metabolic fuels and reproduction in female mammals." Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews 16, no. 2 (1992): 235–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0149-7634(05)80183-6.

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18

Coombes, Holly A., Paula Stockley, and Jane L. Hurst. "Female Chemical Signalling Underlying Reproduction in Mammals." Journal of Chemical Ecology 44, no. 9 (2018): 851–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10886-018-0981-x.

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19

Plard, Floriane, Jean-Michel Gaillard, Christophe Bonenfant, et al. "Parturition date for a given female is highly repeatable within five roe deer populations." Biology Letters 9, no. 1 (2013): 20120841. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2012.0841.

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Births are highly synchronized among females in many mammal populations in temperate areas. Although laying date for a given female is also repeatable within populations of birds, limited evidence suggests low repeatability of parturition date for individual females in mammals, and between-population variability in repeatability has never, to our knowledge, been assessed. We quantified the repeatability of parturition date for individual females in five populations of roe deer, which we found to vary between 0.54 and 0.93. Each year, some females gave birth consistently earlier in the year, wh

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20

Cooper, Natalie, Alexander L. Bond, Joshua L. Davis, Roberto Portela Miguez, Louise Tomsett, and Kristofer M. Helgen. "Sex biases in bird and mammal natural history collections." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 286, no. 1913 (2019): 20192025. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2019.2025.

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Natural history specimens are widely used across ecology, evolutionary biology and conservation. Although biological sex may influence all of these areas, it is often overlooked in large-scale studies using museum specimens. If collections are biased towards one sex, studies may not be representative of the species. Here, we investigate sex ratios in over two million bird and mammal specimen records from five large international museums. We found a slight bias towards males in birds (40% females) and mammals (48% females), but this varied among orders. The proportion of female specimens has no

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21

Ludwig, David F., D. A. Crossley, Mary Jo Hayes, D. Mallow, and M. C. Wicht. "PEST CHIGGER, EUTROMBICULA ALFREDDUGESI INFESTATION OF SMALL MAMMALS IN PIEDMONT HABITATS OF GEORGIA1 (ACARINA: TROMBICULIDAE)." Journal of Entomological Science 20, no. 1 (1985): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.18474/0749-8004-20.1.1.

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More than 2600 Eutrombicula alfreddugesi larvae were taken from 40 of 596 individual small mammals of 20 species over a 23 month period. Mammals were infested during June, July, and August only, with maximum rate of infestation in June and severity of infestation in July. Male and female Sigmodon hispidus had equal rates and severities of infestation during the chigger season. Infrapopulations of E. alfreddugesi are positively associated with host body size. Amount of time spent in arboreal activity by mammal species played no role in determining pest chigger infestation.

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22

Akhmadiev, G. "Regression phenomenon of immune function during pregnancy in female mammals." Bulletin of Science and Practice, no. 4 (April 15, 2017): 56–60. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.546263.

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The decrease immunobiological protection of mammals is chemical, man-made and biogenic (immunogenic) organic matter, leading to long-term stress. Permanent stresses lead to psychophysiological disorders: cerebral cortex and the hypothalamus–pituitary–adrenal system and thereby arise and immunodeficiency, and this subsequently leads to the occurrence of diseases of different aetiology, exhibit immune regression function in female mammals during pregnancy. We have found previously unknown phenomenon of regression of immune function of mammals, consists in the fact that in the body as an immunobi

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23

Lukas, Dieter, and Tim Clutton-Brock. "Monotocy and the evolution of plural breeding in mammals." Behavioral Ecology 31, no. 4 (2020): 943–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/beheco/araa039.

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Abstract In many mammals, breeding females are intolerant of each other and seldom associate closely but, in some, they aggregate in groups that vary in size, stability, and kinship structure. Aggregation frequently increases competition for food, and interspecific differences in female sociality among mammals are commonly attributed to contrasts in ecological parameters, including variation in activity timing, the distribution of resources, as well as the risk of predation. However, there is increasing indication that differences in female sociality are also associated with phylogenetic relat

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24

Gao, Yan Ru (Ellen), Kirsty A. Walters, Reena Desai, Hong Zhou, David J. Handelsman та Ulla Simanainen. "Androgen Receptor Inactivation Resulted in Acceleration in Pubertal Mammary Gland Growth, Upregulation of ERα Expression, and Wnt/β-Catenin Signaling in Female Mice". Endocrinology 155, № 12 (2014): 4951–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/en.2014-1226.

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The androgen receptor (AR) is widely expressed in mammary cells of female mammals including humans and mice, indicating a possible role for AR-mediated androgen actions in breast development, function, and pathology, although the specific mechanisms remain unclear. To elucidate the mechanisms of androgen action in mammary gland physiology and development, we used AR-knockout (ARΔex3KO) female mice with a universally expressed, transcriptionally inactive AR protein harboring an in-frame deletion of its second zinc finger. Although in sexually mature wild-type (WT) and ARex3ΔKO females, the mamm

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25

Nagy, Martina, Linus Günther, Mirjam Knörnschild, and Frieder Mayer. "Female‐biased dispersal in a bat with a female‐defence mating strategy." Molecular Ecology 22, no. 6 (2013): 1733–45. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13441218.

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(Uploaded by Plazi for the Bat Literature Project) The ultimate causes for predominant male-biased dispersal (MBD) in mammals and female-biased dispersal (FBD) in birds are still subject to much debate. Studying exceptions to general patterns of dispersal, for example, FBD in mammals, provides a valuable opportunity to test the validity of proposed evolutionary pressures. We used long-term behavioural and genetic data on individually banded Proboscis bats (Rhynchonycteris naso) to show that this species is one of the rare mammalian exceptions with FBD. Our results suggest that all females disp

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26

Nagy, Martina, Linus Günther, Mirjam Knörnschild, and Frieder Mayer. "Female‐biased dispersal in a bat with a female‐defence mating strategy." Molecular Ecology 22, no. 6 (2013): 1733–45. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13441218.

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(Uploaded by Plazi for the Bat Literature Project) The ultimate causes for predominant male-biased dispersal (MBD) in mammals and female-biased dispersal (FBD) in birds are still subject to much debate. Studying exceptions to general patterns of dispersal, for example, FBD in mammals, provides a valuable opportunity to test the validity of proposed evolutionary pressures. We used long-term behavioural and genetic data on individually banded Proboscis bats (Rhynchonycteris naso) to show that this species is one of the rare mammalian exceptions with FBD. Our results suggest that all females disp

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27

Nagy, Martina, Linus Günther, Mirjam Knörnschild, and Frieder Mayer. "Female‐biased dispersal in a bat with a female‐defence mating strategy." Molecular Ecology 22, no. 6 (2013): 1733–45. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13441218.

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(Uploaded by Plazi for the Bat Literature Project) The ultimate causes for predominant male-biased dispersal (MBD) in mammals and female-biased dispersal (FBD) in birds are still subject to much debate. Studying exceptions to general patterns of dispersal, for example, FBD in mammals, provides a valuable opportunity to test the validity of proposed evolutionary pressures. We used long-term behavioural and genetic data on individually banded Proboscis bats (Rhynchonycteris naso) to show that this species is one of the rare mammalian exceptions with FBD. Our results suggest that all females disp

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28

Nagy, Martina, Linus Günther, Mirjam Knörnschild, and Frieder Mayer. "Female‐biased dispersal in a bat with a female‐defence mating strategy." Molecular Ecology 22, no. 6 (2013): 1733–45. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13441218.

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(Uploaded by Plazi for the Bat Literature Project) The ultimate causes for predominant male-biased dispersal (MBD) in mammals and female-biased dispersal (FBD) in birds are still subject to much debate. Studying exceptions to general patterns of dispersal, for example, FBD in mammals, provides a valuable opportunity to test the validity of proposed evolutionary pressures. We used long-term behavioural and genetic data on individually banded Proboscis bats (Rhynchonycteris naso) to show that this species is one of the rare mammalian exceptions with FBD. Our results suggest that all females disp

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29

Nagy, Martina, Linus Günther, Mirjam Knörnschild, and Frieder Mayer. "Female‐biased dispersal in a bat with a female‐defence mating strategy." Molecular Ecology 22, no. 6 (2013): 1733–45. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13441218.

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(Uploaded by Plazi for the Bat Literature Project) The ultimate causes for predominant male-biased dispersal (MBD) in mammals and female-biased dispersal (FBD) in birds are still subject to much debate. Studying exceptions to general patterns of dispersal, for example, FBD in mammals, provides a valuable opportunity to test the validity of proposed evolutionary pressures. We used long-term behavioural and genetic data on individually banded Proboscis bats (Rhynchonycteris naso) to show that this species is one of the rare mammalian exceptions with FBD. Our results suggest that all females disp

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30

Orbach, Dara N., Charlotte A. Brassey, James D. Gardiner, and Patricia L. R. Brennan. "3D genital shape complexity in female marine mammals." Ecology and Evolution 11, no. 7 (2021): 3210–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ece3.7269.

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31

Charles, Krista. "Male and female mammals kill for different reasons." New Scientist 251, no. 3345 (2021): 22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0262-4079(21)01322-1.

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32

Clutton-Brock, T., and E. Huchard. "Social competition and its consequences in female mammals." Journal of Zoology 289, no. 3 (2013): 151–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jzo.12023.

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33

Stockley, Paula, and Jakob Bro-Jørgensen. "Female competition and its evolutionary consequences in mammals." Biological Reviews 86, no. 2 (2011): 341–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-185x.2010.00149.x.

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34

Clutton-Brock, T. H. "Female transfer and inbreeding avoidance in social mammals." Nature 337, no. 6202 (1989): 70–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/337070a0.

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35

Charnov, E. L. "Evolution of life history variation among female mammals." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 88, no. 4 (1991): 1134–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.88.4.1134.

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36

Takahashi, Lorey K. "Hormonal regulation of sociosexual behavior in female mammals." Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews 14, no. 4 (1990): 403–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0149-7634(05)80062-4.

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37

Jiang, Zongyong. "Aquaporins in the female reproductive system of mammals." Frontiers in Bioscience 20, no. 5 (2015): 838–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.2741/4341.

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38

Borsani, Giuseppe, and Andrea Ballabio. "X chromosome gene dosage compensation in female mammals." Seminars in Developmental Biology 4, no. 2 (1993): 129–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/sedb.1993.1015.

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39

Solomon, Nancy G., Brian Keane, Lana R. Knoch, and Paula J. Hogan. "Multiple paternity in socially monogamous prairie voles (Microtus ochrogaster)." Canadian Journal of Zoology 82, no. 10 (2004): 1667–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z04-142.

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Prairie voles (Microtus ochrogaster (Wagner, 1842)) exhibit behavioral, morphological, and neuroendocrinological traits associated with monogamy and are considered a model system to examine the biological foundations of monogamy in mammals. We examined allelic polymorphism at microsatellite loci to assess mating exclusivity in wild prairie voles sampled in east-central Illinois and found evidence of multiple paternity in five of nine litters (56%) analyzed. Thus, a female in this socially monogamous mammal with extensive mechanisms for pair bonding does not always mate solely with its partner

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40

Wallen, Kim. "Ovarian influences on female development: Revolutionary or evolutionary?" Behavioral and Brain Sciences 21, no. 3 (1998): 339–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0140525x9836121x.

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The Fitch & Denenberg target article focuses almost exclusively on short gestation mammals, which differ substantially from long-gestation mammals in the timing and type of hormonal contribution to their sexual differentiation. Conclusions regarding the role of ovaries in female sexual differentiation may accordingly apply to only a limited number of species. Specific criticisms of the organizational effects of hormones stem from an incomplete reading of the original literature. The mechanisms proposed in this target article reflect an extension of the principle of hormonal organization, n

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Mattison, Siobhán M., Mary K. Shenk, Melissa Emery Thompson, Monique Borgerhoff Mulder, and Laura Fortunato. "The evolution of female-biased kinship in humans and other mammals." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 374, no. 1780 (2019): 20190007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2019.0007.

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Female-biased kinship (FBK) arises in numerous species and in diverse human cultures, suggesting deep evolutionary roots to female-oriented social structures. The significance of FBK has been debated for centuries in human studies, where it has often been described as difficult to explain. At the same time, studies of FBK in non-human animals point to its apparent benefits for longevity, social complexity and reproduction. Are female-biased social systems evolutionarily stable and under what circumstances? What are the causes and consequences of FBK? The purpose of this theme issue is to conso

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42

Schulte-Hostedde, A. I., J. S. Millar, and G. J. Hickling. "Sexual dimorphism in body composition of small mammals." Canadian Journal of Zoology 79, no. 6 (2001): 1016–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z01-076.

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Differences in reproductive roles between the sexes may lead to sexual dimorphism in body composition. Body size and composition of three species of small mammals (bushy-tailed wood rats (Neotoma cinerea Ord), deer mice (Peromyscus maniculatus Wagner), and red-backed voles (Clethrionomys gapperi Vigors)) were analyzed to test the predictions that (i) males will have more muscle mass than females and (ii) females will have more fat than males. Results supported the first prediction but not the second. For all three species, males had more lean dry mass relative to body size than females, but fe

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43

Jiménez, Rafael, Miguel Burgos, and Francisco J. Barrionuevo. "Sex Maintenance in Mammals." Genes 12, no. 7 (2021): 999. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/genes12070999.

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The crucial event in mammalian sexual differentiation occurs at the embryonic stage of sex determination, when the bipotential gonads differentiate as either testes or ovaries, according to the sex chromosome constitution of the embryo, XY or XX, respectively. Once differentiated, testes produce sexual hormones that induce the subsequent differentiation of the male reproductive tract. On the other hand, the lack of masculinizing hormones in XX embryos permits the formation of the female reproductive tract. It was long assumed that once the gonad is differentiated, this developmental decision i

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44

Gracanin, Ana, and Katarina M. Mikac. "The Use of Selfie Camera Traps to Estimate Home Range and Movement Patterns of Small Mammals in a Fragmented Landscape." Animals 12, no. 7 (2022): 912. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani12070912.

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The use of camera traps to track individual mammals to estimate home range and movement patterns, has not been previously applied to small mammal species. Our aim was to evaluate the use of camera trapping, using the selfie trap method, to record movements of small mammals within and between fragments of habitat. In a fragmented landscape, 164 cameras were set up across four survey areas, with cameras left to record continuously for 28 nights. Live trapping was performed prior to ear mark animals to facilitate individual identification on camera. Four small mammal species (sugar glider; Petaur

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Shevchenko, A. I., S. V. Pavlova, E. V. Dementyeva, D. V. Golubeva, and S. M. Zakian. "Chromatin modifications during X-chromosome inactivation in female mammals." Russian Journal of Genetics 42, no. 9 (2006): 1019–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s1022795406090080.

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46

Kobayashi, Akio, and Richard R. Behringer. "Developmental genetics of the female reproductive tract in mammals." Nature Reviews Genetics 4, no. 12 (2003): 969–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrg1225.

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Wolff, J. O., and J. A. Peterson. "An offspring-defense hypothesis for territoriality in female mammals." Ethology Ecology & Evolution 10, no. 3 (1998): 227–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08927014.1998.9522854.

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Lemaître, Jean-François, and Jean-Michel Gaillard. "Polyandry Has No Detectable Mortality Cost in Female Mammals." PLoS ONE 8, no. 6 (2013): e66670. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0066670.

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Snell, Daniel M., and James M. A. Turner. "Sex Chromosome Effects on Male–Female Differences in Mammals." Current Biology 28, no. 22 (2018): R1313—R1324. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2018.09.018.

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Morina, Daniel L., Steve Demarais, Bronson K. Strickland, and Jamie E. Larson. "While males fight, females choose: male phenotypic quality informs female mate choice in mammals." Animal Behaviour 138 (April 2018): 69–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.anbehav.2018.02.004.

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