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Journal articles on the topic 'Fiscal policy. Risk sharing. European union'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 11 March 2023

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1

Bilbiie, Florin, Tommaso Monacelli, and Roberto Perotti. "Fiscal Policy in Europe: Controversies over Rules, Mutual Insurance, and Centralization." Journal of Economic Perspectives 35, no. 2 (2021): 77–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/jep.35.2.77.

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We discuss the main fiscal policy issues in Europe, focusing on two that are at the core of the current debate. The first is that the government deficit and debt were, from the outset, the key objects of contention in the debate that led to the creation of the Eurozone, and they still are. The second issue is that a currency union implies the loss of a country-specific instrument, a national monetary policy. This puts a higher burden on fiscal policy as a tool to counteract shocks, a burden that might be even heavier now that the European Central Bank has arguably reached the Zero Lower Bound.

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Mertens, Daniel, and Matthias Thiemann. "Market-based but state-led: The role of public development banks in shaping market-based finance in the European Union." Competition & Change 22, no. 2 (2018): 184–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1024529418758479.

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This paper examines the European Union’s strategy of governing the economy through financial markets by focusing on the largely unacknowledged role of public development banks, including the multilateral European Investment Bank. It argues that these state-owned financial institutions have moved into a key position in the recent evolution of the European financial system and economic governance. Since the crisis, policy makers have used them to address the intrinsic volatility and excess liquidity of contemporary financial markets, as well as offset the constraints on public investment imposed

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van Kampen, Catherine, Elizabeth M. Zechenter, Sophia Murashkovsky Romma, and Robert Jeffrey Powell. "A Survey of Immigration Models and Refugee Protection Schemes and their Consequences: The Case of Ukrainian Refugees." Journal of Human Trafficking, Enslavement and Conflict-Related Sexual Violence 3, no. 2 (2022): 141–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.7590/266644722x16710255213792.

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After its illegal occupation and annexation of Crimea in 2014 and continued military support for separatists in the Donbas, Russia escalated its war against Ukraine in February 2022 with direct ground attacks by Russian military forces on Ukraine's eastern, northern and southern borders, a blockade of Ukraine's coast and aerial attacks throughout the country. Millions of Ukrainians fled, including thousands of international students residing in Ukraine. Countries around the world responded to the resulting refugee crisis with varying policies. Many of Ukraine's neighboring countries enacted mo

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Morgan, Kimberly J. "European Social Policy Embraces Solidarity in a Crisis." Current History 120, no. 824 (2021): 87–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/curh.2021.120.824.87.

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Governments in Europe responded to the COVID-19 pandemic by expanding their welfare systems to protect health, jobs, and incomes. The varied initiatives embody the principle of solidarity and demonstrate how welfare programs serve as a form of collective insurance against risk. But the twin health and economic crises also exposed gaps in coverage for many, including migrants and gig economy workers. Fiscal austerity, enforced by the European Union, has long constrained efforts to close those gaps.

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Kopits, George. "Can fiscal sovereignty be reconciled with fiscal discipline?" Acta Oeconomica 62, no. 2 (2012): 141–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/aoecon.62.2012.2.1.

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Over the past two decades, international bond markets have become the chief disciplinarian of fiscal policy, displacing the International Monetary Fund and the European Union in this role. This trend culminated in the wake of the global financial crisis, as countries that had indulged in moral hazard and fiscal profligacy during the Great Moderation were vulnerable to a sharp rise in sovereign risk premium and in some cases to loss of market access. The article compares the response of new governments in Hungary and United Kingdom to restore policy credibility. A major lesson is that governmen

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Boitan, Iustina Alina, and Kamilla Marchewka-Bartkowiak. "The EU Fiscal Risk Matrix – from government debt to climate liabilities." Studia BAS 3, no. 67 (2021): 45–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.31268/studiabas.2021.26.

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The aim of the article is to identify the main components of government overall liabilities based on the Fiscal Risk Matrix classification introduced by the World Bank in 1999, and to estimate the amount and structure of these liabilities in European Union countries (EU Fiscal Risk Matrix). The climate liabilities definition and methodology included in the EU Fiscal Risk Matrix is also a novelty of the research. The study covered EU member states in the period 2018–2019, taking into account available data from the Eurostat database. On this basis, the EU Fiscal Risk Matrix was developed with t

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Boitan, Iustina Alina, and Kamilla Marchewka-Bartkowiak. "The EU Fiscal Risk Matrix – from government debt to climate liabilities." Studia BAS 3, no. 67 (2021): 45–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.31268/studiabas.2021.26.

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The aim of the article is to identify the main components of government overall liabilities based on the Fiscal Risk Matrix classification introduced by the World Bank in 1999, and to estimate the amount and structure of these liabilities in European Union countries (EU Fiscal Risk Matrix). The climate liabilities definition and methodology included in the EU Fiscal Risk Matrix is also a novelty of the research. The study covered EU member states in the period 2018–2019, taking into account available data from the Eurostat database. On this basis, the EU Fiscal Risk Matrix was developed with t

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Zahariadis, Nikolaos. "Complexity, coupling and policy effectiveness: the European response to the Greek sovereign debt crisis." Journal of Public Policy 32, no. 2 (2012): 99–116. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0143814x12000062.

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AbstractWhat is the impact of Greece's fiscal meltdown on the effectiveness of Europe's response? Using Perrow's normal accidents theory, I argue that efforts to reduce the likelihood of a Greek default activated conflicting centripetal and centrifugal modes of governance. Greater centralisation in decision-making at the European Union level improves policy effectiveness because it addresses problems of contagion but it simultaneously raises the risk of overall failure by increasing diagnosis, coordination and compliance costs. Three episodes are explored: the first bailout in May 2010, the mi

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Tofan, Mihaela, Mihaela Onofrei, and Anca-Florentina Vatamanu. "Fiscal Responsibility Legal Framework—New Paradigm for Fiscal Discipline in the EU." Risks 8, no. 3 (2020): 79. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/risks8030079.

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This paper aims at studying the legal aspects of the European Union (EU)’s fiscal policy, analyzing the statute of fiscal responsibility legal framework, the different measures undertaken in the last years with respect to European trends in fiscal governance and their implications for challenges in public finance sustainability. The research started from the presupposition that there is a lack of mechanisms capable of enforcing the area of public finance sustainability, and the implication of the events that created the economic conjuncture of recent years reveals that the solidity of public f

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Chiang, Thomas C. "US policy uncertainty and stock returns: evidence in the US and its spillovers to the European Union, China and Japan." Journal of Risk Finance 21, no. 5 (2020): 621–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jrf-10-2019-0190.

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Purpose Recent empirical studies by Antonakakis, Chatziantoniou and Filis (2013), Brogaard and Detzel (2015) and Christou et al. (2017) present evidence, which supports the notion that a rise in economic policy uncertainty (EPU) will lead to a decline in stock prices. The purpose of this paper is to examine US categorical policy uncertainty on stock returns while controlling for implied volatility and downside risk. In addition to the domestic impacts of policy uncertainty, this paper also presents evidence that changes in US policy uncertainty promptly propagates to the global stock markets.

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Fei, Jiaming. "Analysis of EMU as a Viable Common Currency Area." BCP Business & Management 18 (April 13, 2022): 28–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.54691/bcpbm.v18i.532.

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The euro crisis has significantly influenced Europe's progress, but many experts continue to doubt the European Monetary Union's long-term viability. Those without independent monetary policy will be unable to support their economies through currency devaluation if an economic crisis occurs. Countries that are not experiencing a situation would also be affected. Overall, the EMU benefits individual countries while also benefiting the entire EU. Each nation has distinct benefits from utilizing the euro, notably during the financial crisis. A monetary union without a fiscal union would be a cata

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Fei, Jiaming. "The Analysis of EMU as a Viable Common Currency Area." BCP Business & Management 18 (April 13, 2022): 436–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.54691/bcpbm.v18i.582.

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The euro crisis has significantly influenced Europe's progress, but many experts continue to doubt the European Monetary Union's long-term viability. Those without independent monetary policy will be unable to support their economies through currency devaluation if an economic crisis occurs. Countries that are not experiencing a situation would also be affected. Overall, the EMU benefits individual countries while also benefiting the entire EU. Each nation has distinct benefits from utilizing the euro, notably during the financial crisis. A monetary union without a fiscal union would be a cata

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Dodig, Nina, and Hansjörg Herr. "Current account imbalances in the EMU: An assessment of official policy responses." Panoeconomicus 62, no. 2 (2015): 193–216. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/pan1502193d.

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To handle the sovereign debt crisis in general and macroeconomic imbalances in particular the leading EU institutions and the Troika (European Central Bank, European Commission and International Monetary Fund) adopted two broad approaches: The short-term approach is based on enhancing the Stability and Growth Pact and to impose fiscal austerity on crisis countries. The medium- to long-term strategy consists of internal devaluation via reducing wage costs. Both approaches were combined with structural adjustment programs in the spirit of the Washington Consensus. The Troika?s policy implies an

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Cascini, Fidelia, Flavia Beccia, Francesco A. Causio, et al. "Is blockchain the breakthrough we are looking for to facilitate genomic data sharing? The European Union perspective." DIGITAL HEALTH 8 (January 2022): 205520762211142. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/20552076221114225.

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The recent progress of genomics research is providing unprecedented insight into human genetic variance, susceptibility to disease and risk stratification. Current trends predict that a massive amount of genomic data will be produced in the upcoming years which, when coupled with the fast-paced development of the field, will create new social, ethical, and legal challenges. In the complex legislative environment of the European Union, genomic data sharing policies will have to weigh the benefits of scientific discovery against the ethical risks posed by the act of sharing sensitive data. In th

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SILVIA, STEPHEN J. "Is the Euro Working? The Euro and European Labour Markets." Journal of Public Policy 24, no. 2 (2004): 147–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0143814x0400008x.

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Now that time has passed since the introduction of the euro as a commercial currency, it is possible to assess many arguments made in the abstract during the 1990s about European monetary union. This article shows that the euro zone still falls short as an optimal currency area in most respects. In particular, it undertakes an empirical analysis of the labour market and finds no progress toward flexibility or integration. These results challenge assertions of ‘endogenous currency area’ proponents that the euro area would become optimal ‘after the fact’, and that labour markets would serve as t

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Dullien, Sebastian, Sabine Stephan, and Thomas Theobald. "EUROPEAN FISCAL RULES AS A LIABILITY IN THE TRANSATLANTIC TRADE CONFLICT: LESSONS FROM NiGEM SIMULATIONS." National Institute Economic Review 254 (November 2020): R54—R66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/nie.2020.41.

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Under the Trump administration, a transatlantic trade conflict has been escalating step by step. First, it was about tariffs on steel and aluminium, then about retaliation for the French digital tax, which is suspended until the end of the year. Most recently, the US administration threatened the European Union with tariffs on cars and car parts because of Canadian seafood being subject to lower import duties. As simulations with NiGEM show, a further escalation of the transatlantic trade conflict has the potential to slow down economic growth significantly in the countries involved. This is a

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Munteanu, Bogdan. "European Monetary Measures to Support Economic Recovery." European Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies 4, no. 2 (2017): 101. http://dx.doi.org/10.26417/ejms.v4i2.p101-105.

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The present article aims to look at the current monetary measures deployed by ECB to address the economic context of below expectations economic growth and inflation, taking into account the expression of monetary policy via the Expanded Asset Purchase Programme. This tool is used to push financial liquidity into the economies of the European Union, in a banking system affected by the crisis and which has been shown to be still at risk by the latest stress tests conducted by the European Banking Authority. The article points out why monetary measures are important to support the economic recov

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Vasilakopoulos, Konstantinos, Christos Tzovas, and Apostolos Ballas. "Banks’ risk and the impact of audit quality on income smoothing." Journal of Accounting and Management Information Systems 20, no. 3 (2021): 425–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.24818/jamis.2021.03003.

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Research question: This paper investigates the impact that specific audit quality dimensions have upon European Union Banks’ income smoothing behavior. Motivation: Although previous studies have investigated the characteristics of audit quality, little is known about the audit quality in the banking sector. Excessive risk taking and business complexity may further impair auditors’ work and an audit’s outcome may be conditioned upon banks’ risk. Idea: We examine whether auditors’ independence influences bank managers’ decision to smooth income and whether this attribute depends on bank risk and

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Gourinchas, Pierre-Olivier, Philippe Martin, and Todd Messer. "The Economics of Sovereign Debt, Bailouts and the Eurozone Crisis." International Finance Discussion Paper, no. 1351 (August 2022): 1–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.17016/ifdp.2022.1351.

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Despite a formal 'no-bailout clause; we estimate significant net present value transfers from the European Union to Cyprus, Greece, Ireland, Portugal, and Spain, ranging from roughly 0.5% (Ireland) to a whopping 43% (Greece) of2010 output during the Eurozone crisis. We propose a model to analyze and understand bailouts in a monetary union, and the large observed differences across countries. We characterize bailout size and likelihood as a function of the economic fundamentals (economic activity, debt-to-gdp ratio, default costs). Our model embeds a 'Southern view' of the crisis (transfers did

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Radojevic, Dragana. "The New European Union Directive on Environmental Liability." Medjunarodni problemi 57, no. 1-2 (2005): 177–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/medjp0502177r.

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The New EU Directive on Environmental Liability provides for the system of liability for damage to the environment provoked by human activity. The Directive further provides for direct application of polluter-pays principles, the concept of environmental damage and a variety of preventive and remedial actions. The underlying principle of the Directive is the establishment of financial liability of the operators whose actions provoke environmental damage or the danger of occurrence of the environmental damage, all with the aim to stimulate such operators to adopt appropriate measures and proced

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Pappas, Anastasios, and Ioannis Kostakis. "The Driving Factors of EMU Government Bond Yields: The Role of Debt, Liquidity and Fiscal Councils." International Journal of Financial Studies 8, no. 3 (2020): 53. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijfs8030053.

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This study presents empirical evidence about the determinants of long-term government bond yields for 19 economies of the European Monetary Union (EMU) over the period 1995–2018 within a multivariate panel framework. The fixed effects estimators reveal that the relationship between public debt to the GDP ratio and yields is non-linear. We observe a threshold, which is determined to be at the area 90% of the ratio of public debt to GDP. Beyond that, area government borrowing costs increase as the public debt rises. Furthermore, we find evidence that a GDP decline and the downgrades of sovereign

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Sheild Johansson, Miranda. "From ‘beasts of burden’ to ‘backbone of society’: The fiscal forging of a new Bolivian middle class." Critique of Anthropology 42, no. 4 (2022): 381–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0308275x221139154.

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The recently re-branded and highly digitalised Bolivian Tax Office, Servicio de Impuestos Nacionales (SIN), works to consolidate various socio-economic groups, such as the Aymara bourgeoisie (wealthy traders who identify as all or part indigenous), into a new middle class. SIN’s motivations to do so are bound up in broader international financial logics where the development of an archetypal European middle class – the so-called backbone of society – is considered key to a healthy tax profile. The efforts to forge a new middle class involves the deliberate projection of SIN as an accountable,

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Khlif, Hichem, Kamran Ahmed, and Manzurul Alam. "Accounting Regulations and IFRS Adoption in Francophone North African Countries: The Experience of Algeria, Morocco, and Tunisia." International Journal of Accounting 55, no. 01 (2020): 2050004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1094406020500043.

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This paper traces the historical developments of accounting regulations in Algeria, Morocco, and Tunisia and uses institutional theory to identify factors affecting International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) adoption as the national accounting standards in these countries. We find that the extent of convergence with IFRS in Algeria is higher compared to Morocco and Tunisia. This has been mostly due to greater foreign investor flows from Western countries in Algeria during the last decade, the dominant position of international Big-4 audit firms, and strong trade relationship of Algeria

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Battino, Silvia, and Salvatore Lampreu. "The Role of the Sharing Economy for a Sustainable and Innovative Development of Rural Areas: A Case Study in Sardinia (Italy)." Sustainability 11, no. 11 (2019): 3004. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11113004.

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Depopulation is a problem felt in many regions of the European Union, mainly affecting inland and rural areas. In many cases, these areas are characterized by economic, social, and infrastructural marginalization. Their rehabilitation is desirable in view of a better balance of social and infrastructural management. This said, there are no proven solutions for depopulation that can be applied to all territories in the same way. On the contrary, if we examine progress in the fields of ITC and digitization, we can gather interesting suggestions on how to deal with this issue. This essay intends

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Blouchoutzi, Anastasia, Dimitra Manou, and Jason Papathanasiou. "A PROMETHEE MCDM Application in Social Inclusion: The Case of Foreign-Born Population in the EU." Systems 9, no. 2 (2021): 45. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/systems9020045.

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Since the migrant surge in 2015, social inclusion has become a crucial issue to be addressed effectively by the European Union, given that 39% of the population born outside of the EU member states faces the risk of poverty or social exclusion. Adding to that, the COVID-19 pandemic has severely affected migrant households worldwide, rendering migrant integration an urgent matter for national governments. Discrimination, racism, xenophobia, and radicalization are all societal threats emerging in periods of massive migrant flows and need appropriate policy measures to be employed in migrant host

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Топић-Павковић, Бранка. "Међузависност ризика неплаћања јавног дуга и солвентности земаља чланица монетарне уније // The Correlation between the Risk of Default and Solvency of Member States of the Monetary Union". ACTA ECONOMICA 13, № 23 (2018): 69. http://dx.doi.org/10.7251/ace1523069t.

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Резиме: Дужничка криза у земљама Европске монетарне уније истакла је значај вођења одговорне фискалне политике, посебно у оквиру питања одрживости јавног дуга и солвентности земаља чланица. Општа правила за контролу нивоа јавног дуга, уведена у ЕУ, предвиђају обавезујуће мјере за све чланице када њихов јавни дуг пређе границу од 60% БДП-а, као и правила о максималном износу удјела дефицита у БДП-у. Интензитет дужничке кризе одређен је повјерењем инвеститора које зависи од економских фундамената, али и процјене да ли ће влада досљедно измиривати своје обавезе. Циљ истраживања јесте да утврдимо

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Podolianchuk, Olena. "TAX AND ACCOUNTING SYSTEMS OF SMALL AGRICULTURAL EN-TERPRISES IN THE CONDITIONS OF EUROPEAN INTEGRATION." Three Seas Economic Journal 2, no. 3 (2021): 95–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.30525/2661-5150/2021-3-13.

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Globalization processes around the world affect the activities of economic entities, which in turn leads to changes in their accounting and taxation systems. The article is devoted to the study of the peculiarities of the application of the simplified system of accounting and taxation of agrarian businesses of small businesses in order to identify problematic aspects and areas of state support for their functioning in the context of European integration. A study of the main aspects of the Association Agreement between Ukraine, on the one hand, and the European Union, the European Atomic Energy

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Řezník, Tomáš, Milan Konečný, and Karel Charvát. "Innovative Geospatial and Cartographic Approaches to Identification, Analysis, and Visualisation of Land Degradation." Abstracts of the ICA 1 (July 15, 2019): 1–2. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/ica-abs-1-312-2019.

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<p><strong>Abstract.</strong> Land degradation has increasingly been recognised as a serious environmental problem throughout the whole world. Six major threats may be identified that place soil fertility at risk, namely, soil erosion, loss of organic matter, soil biodiversity, soil compaction, soil salinity, and soil pollution. Several of those risks could be effectively identified, analysed, visualised and consequently limited by approaches originating from the geospatial domain.</p><p>The China – European Union research and innovation project “SIEUSOIL” (SIno-E

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Gómez-Sánchez, Pío-Iván Iván. "Personal reflections 25 years after the International Conference on Population and Development in Cairo." Revista Colombiana de Enfermería 18, no. 3 (2019): e012. http://dx.doi.org/10.18270/rce.v18i3.2659.

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In my postgraduate formation during the last years of the 80’s, we had close to thirty hospital beds in a pavilion called “sépticas” (1). In Colombia, where abortion was completely penalized, the pavilion was mostly filled with women with insecure, complicated abortions. The focus we received was technical: management of intensive care; performance of hysterectomies, colostomies, bowel resection, etc. In those times, some nurses were nuns and limited themselves to interrogating the patients to get them to “confess” what they had done to themselves in order to abort. It always disturbed me that

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Anghel, Dan Gabriel, Iustina Alina Boitan, and Kamilla Marchewka-Bartkowiak. "Growing fiscal risk in European Union resulting from government contingent liabilities in the pandemic crisis – assessment and policy recommendations." Economic Research-Ekonomska Istraživanja, June 29, 2021, 1–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1331677x.2021.1941178.

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Cepparulo, Alessandra, Giuseppe Eusepi, and Luisa Giuriato. "Public Finance, Fiscal Rules and Public–Private Partnerships: Lessons for Post-COVID-19 Investment Plans." Comparative Economic Studies, February 27, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/s41294-023-00213-x.

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AbstractWe explore the distribution of public–private partnerships (PPPs) among the European Union countries, with a special focus on fiscal rules and budgetary constraints while controlling for empirically identified drivers. While offering the opportunity to increase innovation and efficiency in the public sector infrastructure, PPPs allow governments to relax their budget and borrowing constraints. We find that the state of public finances influences the government’s choice of PPPs and makes them more appealing for reasons other than efficiency. Stringent numerical rules on the budget balan

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"Book Reviews." Journal of Economic Literature 52, no. 4 (2014): 1172–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/jel.52.4.1160.r7.

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Ugo Troiano of the University of Michigan reviews “The Global Debt Crisis: Haunting U. S. and European Federalism”, by Paul E. Peterson and Daniel J. Nadler. The Econlit abstract of this book begins: “Eleven papers, previously presented at a conference held at Harvard University in August 2012, and revised prior to publication, examine the structural flaws in federal systems of government across the globe that have led to economic and political turmoil and present solutions to preserve and restore federal systems that meet the needs of struggling communities. Papers discuss federalism's emergi

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Minssen, Timo, Neethu Rajam, and Marcel Bogers. "Clinical trial data transparency and GDPR compliance: Implications for data sharing and open innovation." Science and Public Policy, March 4, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/scipol/scaa014.

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Abstract Recent European Union (EU) initiatives and legislation have considerably increased public access to clinical trials data (CTD). These developments are generally much welcomed for the enhancement of science, trust, and open innovation. However, they also raise many questions and concerns, not least at the interface between CTD transparency and other areas of evolving EU law on the protection of trade secrets, IPRs, and privacy. This article focuses on privacy issues and on the interrelation between developments in transparency and the EU’s new General Data Protection Regulation 2016/67

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Luo, Chih-Mei. "The COVID-19 Crisis: The EU Recovery Fund and its Implications for European Integration – a Paradigm Shift." European Review, March 19, 2021, 1–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s106279872100003x.

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The EU’s latest decision on adopting the recovery fund was revolutionary, both quantitatively and qualitatively. It would also dominate the EU’s economic governance of the decade of the 2020s. This article is an attempt to evaluate whether the EU’s recovery fund was the right policy answers to the post-COVID-19 EU economy or not, and explore its meanings and implications for European integration. This article argues that COVID-19 hit the EU at a time of health and social precariousness, and proved the conventional economic governance unsustainable. Necessities for game-changing in the post-COV

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Palea, Vera. "Accounting for sustainable finance: Does fair value measurement fit for long-term equity investments?" Meditari Accountancy Research ahead-of-print, ahead-of-print (2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/medar-07-2020-0965.

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PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to discuss whether fair value accounting fits for long-term equity investments, which are considered key to retool economies according to sustainability criteria. In doing so, the paper focuses on the European Union and addresses the European Commission’s (2018a) concern that current accounting rules are unfit for achieving the United Nations Sustainable Development goals and the targets of the Paris Agreement on climate change.Design/methodology/approachThe paper grounds in a wide literature review on the effects of fair value accounting on investors’ asset

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Tambor, M., and M. Pavlova. "Financial protection against out-of-pocket health expenditure in Poland." European Journal of Public Health 30, Supplement_5 (2020). http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/eurpub/ckaa165.392.

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Abstract Background Protecting people against financial hardship associated with using health care, is crucial for achieving universal health coverage. Despite the significant improvement happening in the last two decades, household out-of-pocket payments in Poland account for 23% of current spending on health, which is more than in many European Union countries. This implies an incased risk of financial hardship for Polish households. Methods The aim of this study was to assess the extent to which people in Poland experience financial hardship when they use health services. The analysis draws

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Boros, Eszter, and Gábor Sztanó. "The evolution of European bailout arrangements and its impact on sovereign bond yields in the aftermath of the euro crisis." Society and Economy, November 3, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/204.2020.00024.

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AbstractThe 2010–2012 euro crisis prompted a wave of institutional reforms in the European Economic and Monetary Union (EMU), and one of the most remarkable changes was the creation of a permanent bailout facility for troubled sovereigns. The birth of the European Stability Mechanism (ESM) in 2012 was preceded by harsh debates, reflecting a conflict between a German view of country-level responsibility and French-Italian calls for more risk sharing. These tensions have remained ever since, which was also highlighted by conflicts regarding the ESMs overhaul at the end of 2019. Concerns of Italy

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Ferretti, Federico. "Not-So-Big and Big Credit Data Between Traditional Consumer Finance, FinTechs, and the Banking Union: Old and New Challenges in an Enduring EU Policy and Legal Conundrum." Global Jurist 18, no. 1 (2017). http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/gj-2017-0020.

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Abstract This paper discusses the role and usage of traditional and non-traditional consumer data in the retail financial markets of the European Union in the context of the economic theories, policies, and law within which they work. Across Europe there is no common practice of using the credit data of consumers, which can be exploited for several purposes. Traditionally, they are used by the lending industry as a risk-management tool to underwrite borrowing decisions or price risks, but they can also be used as a practice of creditworthiness assessment. In some Member States, consumer data a

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Scheibner, James, Marcello Ienca, and Effy Vayena. "Health data privacy through homomorphic encryption and distributed ledger computing: an ethical-legal qualitative expert assessment study." BMC Medical Ethics 23, no. 1 (2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12910-022-00852-2.

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Abstract Background Increasingly, hospitals and research institutes are developing technical solutions for sharing patient data in a privacy preserving manner. Two of these technical solutions are homomorphic encryption and distributed ledger technology. Homomorphic encryption allows computations to be performed on data without this data ever being decrypted. Therefore, homomorphic encryption represents a potential solution for conducting feasibility studies on cohorts of sensitive patient data stored in distributed locations. Distributed ledger technology provides a permanent record on all tr

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"2016 External Sector Report." Policy Papers 2016, no. 5 (2016). http://dx.doi.org/10.5089/9781498345545.007.

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After narrowing in the aftermath of the global financial crisis and remaining broadly unchanged in recent years, global imbalances increased moderately in 2015, amid a reconfiguration of current accounts and exchange rates. Shifts in 2015 were driven primarily by the uneven strength of the recovery in advanced economies, the redistributive effects of the sharp fall in commodity prices, and tighter external financing conditions for emerging markets (EMs). A relatively stronger U.S. outlook led to a further appreciation of the USD and a depreciation of the yen and the euro. The sharp decline in

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Broka, Anna, and Anu Toots. "Locating Central and Eastern European emerging welfare regimes: is the youth welfare citizenship typology useful?" International Journal of Sociology and Social Policy ahead-of-print, ahead-of-print (2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijssp-04-2021-0104.

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PurposeThe authors’ aim is to establish the variance of youth welfare citizenship regimes in Central and Eastern Europe (CEE) and to revisit the applicability of the regime approach to the emerging welfare regimes (EWRs).Design/methodology/approachThe empirical analysis follows the descriptive case study strategy aiming to discover diversity of youth welfare citizenship patterns. The case selection is made within the CEE country group, which includes countries in Central Europe, the Baltics, Eastern Europe and Southeast Europe, all sharing the communist past. The subdivision of these countries

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Pearce, Lynne. "Diaspora." M/C Journal 14, no. 2 (2011). http://dx.doi.org/10.5204/mcj.373.

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For the past twenty years, academics and other social commentators have, by and large, shared the view that the phase of modernity through which we are currently passing is defined by two interrelated catalysts of change: the physical movement of people and the virtual movement of information around the globe. As we enter the second decade of the new millennium, it is certainly a timely moment to reflect upon the ways in which the prognoses of the scholars and scientists writing in the late twentieth century have come to pass, especially since—during the time this special issue has been in pre

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Gill, Nicholas. "Longing for Stillness: The Forced Movement of Asylum Seekers." M/C Journal 12, no. 1 (2009). http://dx.doi.org/10.5204/mcj.123.

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IntroductionBritish initiatives to manage both the number of arrivals of asylum seekers and the experiences of those who arrive have burgeoned in recent years. The budget dedicated to asylum seeker management increased from £357 million in 1998-1999 to £1.71 billion in 2004-2005, making the Immigration and Nationality Directorate (IND) the second largest concern of the Home Office behind the Prison Service in 2005 (Back et al). The IND was replaced in April 2007 by the Border and Immigration Agency (BIA), whose expenditure exceeded £2 billion in 2007-2008 (BIA). Perhaps as a consequence the nu

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