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Journal articles on the topic 'Foam Formulation'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 5 June 2025

Last updated: 2 August 2025

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1

Wright, Harry Charles, Duncan Drummond Cameron, and Anthony John Ryan. "Rational Design of a Polyurethane Foam." Polymers 14, no. 23 (2022): 5111. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym14235111.

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Polyurethane (PU) foams are exceptionally versatile due to the nature of PU bond formation and the large variety of polymeric backbones and formulation components such as catalysts and surfactants. This versatility introduces a challenge, namely a near unlimited number of variables for formulating foams. In addition to this, PU foam development requires expert knowledge, not only in polyurethane chemistry but also in the art of evaluating the resulting foams. In this work, we demonstrate that a rational experimental design framework in conjunction with a design of experiments (DoE) approach re

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Kiss, Gabriel, Gerlinde Rusu, Geza Bandur, Iosif Hulka, Daniel Romecki, and Francisc Péter. "Advances in Low-Density Flexible Polyurethane Foams by Optimized Incorporation of High Amount of Recycled Polyol." Polymers 13, no. 11 (2021): 1736. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13111736.

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An industrially manufactured recycled polyol, obtained by acidolysis process, was for the first time proved to be a possible replacement of the reference fossil-based polyol in a low-density formulation suitable for industrial production of flexible polyurethane foams. The influence of increasing recycled polyol amounts on the properties of the polyurethane foam has been studied, also performing foam emission tests to evaluate the environmental impact. Using 10 pbw recycled polyol in the standard formulation, significant differences of the physical properties were not observed, but increase of

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3

Alfeche, Fortia Louise Adeliene M., Roger G. Dingcong, Leanne Christie C. Mendija, et al. "In Silico Investigation of the Impact of Reaction Kinetics on the Physico-Mechanical Properties of Coconut-Oil-Based Rigid Polyurethane Foam." Sustainability 15, no. 9 (2023): 7148. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su15097148.

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Conventionally, designing rigid polyurethane foams (RPUFs) with improved physico-mechanical properties from new, bio-based polyols is performed by modifying foam formulations via experimentation. However, experimental endeavors are very resource-dependent, costly, cumbersome, time-intensive, waste-producing, and present higher health risks. In this study, an RPUF formulation utilizing a coconut-oil (CO)-based polyol with improved physico-mechanical properties was approximated through a computational alternative in the lens of the gel time of the RPUF formation. In the RPUF formation of most bi

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Kiss, Gabriel, Gerlinde Rusu, Francisc Peter, Ionuț Tănase, and Geza Bandur. "Recovery of Flexible Polyurethane Foam Waste for Efficient Reuse in Industrial Formulations." Polymers 12, no. 7 (2020): 1533. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym12071533.

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Ester polyurethane (PU) foam waste was reacted at atmospheric pressure in an autoclave and using microwaves with diethylene glycol (DEG) at different PU/DEG ratios in the presence of diethanolamine as a catalyst to find the glycolysis conditions that allow for the improved recovery of the PU foam waste and enable the recycling of the whole glycolysis product in foam formulations suitable for industrial application. The recycled polyol was characterized by dynamic viscosity, hydroxyl number, water content, and density, while thermal stability was assessed using thermogravimetric analysis. In th

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Vu, Van Tuan, Thi Huyen Trang Vu, and Thi Huong Trieu. "Study on the preparation of green tea hand wash gel." Ministry of Science and Technology, Vietnam 66, no. 7 (2024): 51–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.31276/vjst.66(7).51-54.

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Green tea exhibits beneficial effects on the skin, such as deodorization, antibacterial properties, sun protection, and antioxidant activity. Formulating hand wash from green tea leverages these advantages in personal hygiene products. This study was conducted to investigate the ratios of surfactants, thickeners, and moisturizers in the formulation of hand wash gel containing green tea. Nine different formulations with surfactant ratios ranging from 9-15%, thickener ratios 1-2%, and moisturizer ratios 5-9% were examined. Sensory characteristics, pH, dirt dispersion ability, viscosity, foam hei

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Anastasia, Desy Siska, Rahmi Septiani, and Isnindar Isnindar. "The Effect of Cocamide Dea on the Characteristics of Ginger and Celery Extract Shampoo Preparations." Majalah Obat Tradisional 29, no. 3 (2024): 249. https://doi.org/10.22146/mot.88466.

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Ginger and celery extracts are recognized anti-dandruff agents. Managing dandruff can be accomplished by creating a cleanser formulation. Shampoo contains an essential cleansing ingredient known as surfactant. SLS enables good foams, but at >10% concentration, it irritates skin. Adding a nonionic surfactant like cocamide DEA reduces irritation. This study examined how cocamide DEA concentrations affected the physical qualities and hedonic evaluation of a shampoo containing ginger and celery extracts. The shampoo was produced in three formulas with differing cocamide DEA concentrations: F1 (

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Henry, Christián, Akash Gondaliya, Mark Thies, and Mojgan Nejad. "Studying the Suitability of Nineteen Lignins as Partial Polyol Replacement in Rigid Polyurethane/Polyisocyanurate Foam." Molecules 27, no. 8 (2022): 2535. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules27082535.

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In this study, nineteen unmodified lignins from various sources (hardwood, softwood, wheat straw, and corn stover) and isolation processes (kraft, soda, organosolv, sulfite, and enzymatic hydrolysis) were used to replace 30 wt.% of petroleum-based polyol in rigid polyurethane/polyisocyanurate (PUR/PIR) foam formulations. Lignin samples were characterized by measuring their ash content, hydroxyl content (Phosphorus Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy), impurities (Inductively Coupled Plasma), and pH. After foam formulation, properties of lignin-based foams were evaluated and compared with a

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Paiva, Yaroslávia Ferreira, Rossana Maria Feitosa de Figueirêdo, Alexandre José de Melo Queiroz, et al. "Tropical Red Fruit Blends: The Effect of Combination of Additives on Foaming, Drying and Thermodynamic Properties." Processes 11, no. 3 (2023): 888. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr11030888.

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Blends combine advantageous characteristics of each species, resulting in products with different flavors and nutritional substances. Moreover, transforming them into powder provides numerous advantages. This work evaluated the properties of three blended foam formulations made from the pulps of tropical red fruits (acerola, guava and pitanga) to determine the foam layer drying kinetics and thermodynamic properties. The foam formulations were prepared by mixing the three pulps in equal proportions (1:1:1), all added with 6% albumin and 1% stabilizing agent. The foams were analyzed for density,

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Dabrowski, Miriam Lucia, Martin Hamann, and Cosima Stubenrauch. "Formulation and polymerization of foamed 1,4-BDDMA-in-water emulsions." RSC Advances 10, no. 15 (2020): 8917–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0ra00254b.

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Meghdadi, Alireza, Stephen A. Jones, Venisha A. Patel, Andrew L. Lewis, Timothy M. Millar, and Dario Carugo. "Foam-in-Vein: Characterisation of Blood Displacement Efficacy of Liquid Sclerosing Foams." Biomolecules 12, no. 12 (2022): 1725. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biom12121725.

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Sclerotherapy is among the least invasive and most commonly utilised treatment options for varicose veins. Nonetheless, it does not cure varicosities permanently and recurrence rates are of up to 64%. Although sclerosing foams have been extensively characterised with respect to their bench-top properties, such as bubble size distribution and half-life, little is known about their flow behaviour within the venous environment during treatment. Additionally, current methods of foam characterisation do not recapitulate the end-point administration conditions, hindering optimisation of therapeutic

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Kumar, Mohit, Devesh Kumar, Shubham Singh, Shruti Chopra, Syed Mahmood, and Amit Bhatia. "Quality by Design Perspective for Designing Foam-based Formulation: Current State of Art." Current Pharmaceutical Design 30, no. 6 (2024): 410–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/0113816128289965240123074111.

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Abstract: Foam-based delivery systems contain one or more active ingredients and dispersed solid or liquid components that transform into gaseous form when the valve is actuated. Foams are an attractive and effective delivery approach for medical, cosmetic, and pharmaceutical uses. The foams-based delivery systems are gaining attention due to ease of application as they allow direct application onto the affected area of skin without using any applicator or finger, hence increasing the compliance and satisfaction of the patients. In order to develop foam-based delivery systems with desired qual

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Kuranchie, Charles, Abu Yaya, Fred Aboagye-Antwi, and Yaw Delali Bensah. "Synthesis and Morphology of Flexible Polyurethane Foams Containing Neem Oil and Clove Powder." International Journal of Polymer Science 2024 (January 5, 2024): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2024/5047916.

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Polyurethane foams are a versatile class of polymeric materials whose physico-chemical structure and properties can be modified by incorporating additives. This study examined the effect of naturally occurring insect-repelling additives such as neem oil (NO) and clove powder (CP) on the formulation and morphology of flexible polyurethane foam (FPUF) composites. The foams were prepared by the prepolymer method using a box test as applied in the foam industry. The composite material was formulated by varying the isocyanate index (103 and 108) as an excess amount of isocyanate was required to rea

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Bogdan, Cătălina, Diana Antonia Safta, Sonia Iurian, Dyana Roxana Petrușcă, and Mirela-Liliana Moldovan. "QbD Approach in Cosmetic Cleansers Research: The Development of a Moisturizing Cleansing Foam Focusing on Thickener, Surfactants, and Polyols Content." Gels 10, no. 8 (2024): 484. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/gels10080484.

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Cleansing products, particularly innovative cosmetic foams, must efficiently remove impurities with minimal impact on the skin barrier and have a favorable sensory profile. The choice of product ingredients is crucial to ensure the optimal characteristics. The current study aims to provide a comprehensive framework for understanding the variability in the characteristics of a cleansing foam to achieve desired properties. The novelty of this study lies in the combination of ingredients for their potential synergistic and complementary effects in cleansing dry skin, as well as the application of

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14

Rudnicka, Lidia, Małgorzata Olszewska, Mohamad Goldust, et al. "Efficacy and Safety of Different Formulations of Calcipotriol/Betamethasone Dipropionate in Psoriasis: Gel, Foam, and Ointment." Journal of Clinical Medicine 10, no. 23 (2021): 5589. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm10235589.

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Preparations containing calcipotriol combined with betamethasone dipropionate (in the forms of ointment, gel, and foam) are available for the topical treatment of psoriasis. This review summarizes the differences in the efficacy and safety of these formulations, as well as the preferences of patients with various forms of psoriasis (plaque, scalp, and nail psoriasis). It has been documented that foams provide higher bioavailability, resulting in increased efficacy in plaque psoriasis compared to ointments and gels. Gels or foams are preferred by patients for their different practical qualities

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Serrano, Angel, Ana M. Borreguero, Juan Catalá, Juan F. Rodríguez, and Manuel Carmona. "Effect of Foaming Formulation and Operating Pressure on Thermoregulating Polyurethane Foams." Polymers 13, no. 14 (2021): 2328. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13142328.

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The synthesis of rigid polyurethane (RPU) foams containing thermoregulatory microcapsules has been carried out under reduced pressure conditions with a new foaming formulation to reduce the final composite densities. These optimized RPU foams were able to overpass the drawbacks exhibited by the previous composites over the studied temperature range, working as insulating and thermal energy storage materials. The change in the formulation allowed to decrease the final foam density and enhance their mechanical strength. The effect of the operating pressure (atmospheric, 800 mbar, and 700 mbar) a

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Lu, Weimiao, Jiewang Ye, Lianghai Zhu, Zhenfu Jin, and Yuji Matsumoto. "Intumescent Flame Retardant Mechanism of Lignosulfonate as a Char Forming Agent in Rigid Polyurethane Foam." Polymers 13, no. 10 (2021): 1585. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13101585.

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Intumescent flame retardants (IFR) have been widely used to improve flame retardancy of rigid polyurethane (RPU) foams and the most commonly used char forming agent is pentaerythritol (PER). Lignosulfonate (LS) is a natural macromolecule with substantial aromatic structures and abundant hydroxyl groups, and carbon content higher than PER. The flame retardancy and its mechanism of LS as char forming agent instead of PER in IFR formulation were investigated by scanning electron microscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, limiting oxygen index testing and cone calorimeter test. The results showed LS

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Gottlieb, Alice B., Rosanne Odom Ford, and Mary C. Spellman. "The Efficacy and Tolerability of Clobetasol Propionate Foam 0.05% in the Treatment of Mild to Moderate Plaque-Type Psoriasis of Nonscalp Regions." Journal of Cutaneous Medicine and Surgery 7, no. 3 (2003): 185–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/120347540300700301.

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Background: Clobetasol propionate foam 0.05% (Connetics Corporation, Palo Alto, CA) is approved by the United States Food and Drug Administration for the treatment of corticosteroid-responsive scalp dermatoses, but there is only limited data available for its efficacy and tolerability in treating dermatoses which affect nonscalp sites. Objective: The efficacy and tolerability of clobetasol propionate foam (clobetasol foam) in treating psoriatic lesions at nonscalp sites was evaluated in a multicenter, randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled study of 279 patients with mild to moderate pl

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Lewis, C., Y. Rodlum, B. Misaen, S. Changchum, and G. L. A. Sims. "Effect of Compound Formulation and Processing Conditions on Properties of Extruded EPDM and NR/EPDM Foams." Cellular Polymers 22, no. 1 (2003): 43–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/026248930302200103.

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The effects of compound formulations and processing conditions on the structure and properties of extruded EPDM and EPDM/NR blends of tube foams were investigated. The foam tubes were prepared by mixing a compound in a two roll mill, extruding the compound through a cold feed extruder and finally vulcanizing the extrudate in a circulating hot air oven. In previous results, the EPDM grade, blowing agent type, composition of EPDM blend and processing conditions were found to affect the cell structure and the physical properties of the resultant EPDM foams. An extended work was carried out using

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Ana Yulyana, Annisya Maulidia Putri, and Eko Mugiyanto. "Development and Optimization of Facial Wash Gel with Okra Fruit (Abelmoschus esculentus) Extract: a Study on HPMC Concentration Variations." Journal of Natural Product for Degenerative Diseases 2, no. 2 (2025): 72–85. https://doi.org/10.58511/jnpdd.v2i2.8392.

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The stability of facial wash gel formulations is influenced by the concentration of Hydroxypropyl Methylcellulose (HPMC), which plays a crucial role in determining viscosity, homogeneity, spreadability, and foam stability. This study aimed to evaluate and optimize the physical stability of facial wash gel containing okra extract 3% (Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench) by varying HPMC concentrations (1, 1.5, and 2%). The formulations were assessed for homogeneity, syneresis, pH stability, viscosity, spreadability, and foam stability over a 28-day storage period at room temperature (25°C). Stati

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Falhi, Jumana M., and Hanan J. Kassab. "Factors Aff ecting Foam Stability of Clotrimazole Vaginal Foam." INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF DRUG DELIVERY TECHNOLOGY 13, no. 01 (2023): 268–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.25258/ijddt.13.1.43.

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Clotrimazole (CLT) is a broad-spectrum antifungal, synthetic imidazole derivative, used for Candida albicans the major cause of vaginitis. Vulvovaginal candidiasis (VVC) symptoms can cause discomfort and lower a women’s quality of life. Foams are used to apply formulation without the use of fi ngertips, the more stable the foam the better for coverage of larger surface area. CLT 2% vaginal foam were prepared as an O/W emulsion using Tween 20 and Span 20, Lemon oil, PEG 400, SLS, cetyl alcohol, and the formulas were evaluated for foamability and foam stability, foam density, cycles of freezing

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Auguścik-Królikowska, Monika, Joanna Ryszkowska, Maria Kurańska, et al. "Composites of Open-Cell Viscoelastic Foams with Blackcurrant Pomace." Materials 14, no. 4 (2021): 934. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14040934.

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Taking into account the circular economy guidelines and results of life cycle analyses of various materials, it was proposed to use a blackcurrant pomace filler in the production process of viscoelastic polyurethane (PUR) foams intended for application as mattresses, pillows, or elements for orthopedics. Open-cell viscoelastic PUR foams containing 10–60 per hundred polyols (php) blackcurrant pomace were prepared. It was found that after introducing the filler to the PUR foam formulation, the speed of the first stage of the foaming process significantly decreases, the maximum temperature achiev

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Beaufils-Marquet, Manon, Pierre Blanchet, Atif Hussain, and Véronic Landry. "Investigation of cellulose filaments as filler in rigid insulating polyurethane foam." BioResources 18, no. 3 (2023): 6086–117. http://dx.doi.org/10.15376/biores.18.3.6086-6117.

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Cellulose is a biopolymer that has broad potential applications including in building insulation, and it was studied for its potential as a filler material. A closed-cell polyurethane foam insulation formulation was developed, and cellulose filaments (CFs) were introduced at varying percentages. The viscosity and morphology of the formulations were studied, as were different foam properties, such as water vapor permeability, reaction kinetics, density, porosity, thermal conductivity, and compressive strength foams as a function of cellulose filaments content. A commercial foam was also tested

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Mumtaz, Mudassar, Isa Mohd Tan, Muhammad Mushtaq, and Muhammad Sagir. "Advances in Evaluation of Surfactant Performances at High Temperature by Static Foam Tests." Advanced Materials Research 1133 (January 2016): 634–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1133.634.

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—Foam stability and mobility reduction are the key parameters for foam assisted enhanced oil recovery. The harsh conditions such as high temperature, pressure and salinity present in an oil reservoir tend to destabilise the foam leading to poor sweep efficiency. Screening for the best performing foaming recipes has been performed to ascertain foam stability in the presence and absence of oil. Static foam test has been performed in order to study the foam stability and foam oil interactions at 90°C. Two anionic surfactants, alpha olefin sulphonate (AOS14-16) and methyl ester sulphonate (MES16-1

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Torres, Tiago, and Paulo Filipe. "New Calcipotriol/Betamethasone Dipropionate Foam Formulation for the Treatment of Psoriasis: An Overview." Journal of the Portuguese Society of Dermatology and Venereology 76, no. 1 (2018): 53–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.29021/spdv.76.1.879.

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Psoriasis is a chronic, inflammatory, immune-mediated, potentially disfiguring and disabling skin disorder, affecting over 100 million individuals worldwide. Calcipotriol plus betamethasone fixed-combination (0.005% Cal/0.064% BD) is the recommended topical treatment for psoriasis. However, topical treatments are associated to lack of efficacy and low adhesion rates due to poor cosmetic characteristics’ formulations, and vehicle issues. To answer the need for improving patients’ acceptability and adherence, an innovative Cal/BD aerosol foam formulation was developed for the topical treatment o

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Dong, Pengfei, Maura Puerto, Guoqing Jian, et al. "Low-IFT Foaming System for Enhanced Oil Recovery in Highly Heterogeneous/Fractured Oil-Wet Carbonate Reservoirs." SPE Journal 23, no. 06 (2018): 2243–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/184569-pa.

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Summary Oil recovery in heterogeneous carbonate reservoirs is typically inefficient because of the presence of high-permeability fracture networks and unfavorable capillary forces within the oil-wet matrix. Foam, as a mobility-control agent, has been proposed to mitigate the effect of reservoir heterogeneity by diverting injected fluids from the high-permeability fractured zones into the low-permeability unswept rock matrix, hence improving the sweep efficiency. This paper describes the use of a low-interfacial-tension (low-IFT) foaming formulation to improve oil recovery in highly heterogeneo

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Ain, Nurul H., Maznee TI Tuan Noor, Mohd Azmil Mohd Noor, et al. "Structure–property performance of natural palm olein polyol in the viscoelastic polyurethane foam." Journal of Cellular Plastics 53, no. 1 (2016): 65–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0021955x16639031.

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Structure–property behavior of the palm olein-based natural oil polyol (E-135 NOP) was investigated in viscoelastic “memory” foams. In a model viscoelastic foam formulation, the E-135 NOP with pendant hydroxyls was used as a drop-in replacement for the well-defined model polyether polyol with terminal hydroxyls, Poly-G® 76-120. Both polyols have comparable equivalent weight and concentrations of primary and secondary hydroxyls. The data showed that replacing Poly-G® 76-120 polyether polyol with the E-135 NOP did not significantly impact the foaming reactivity. Increasing the E-135 NOP concentr

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Amir, N., Mohamed Syakir Mohamed Hisham, and Kamal Ariff Zainal Abidin. "Study of Physical Properties and Shock Absorption Abilities of Starch Polymer Foam as Cushioning Material for Packaging." MATEC Web of Conferences 225 (2018): 06010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201822506010.

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Lack of information about the formulation and fabrication process of starch polymer foam and lack of study in the shock absorption ability of starch polymer foam were the reasons this research was executed. In this project starch polymer foam was produced to be used as cushioning material for packaging. Starch polymer foam were developed from starch, polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), urea, citric acid, and deionised water. Water amount with drying and curing process were the variables manipulated to produce the best starch polymer foam. It was determined then, that the optimized ratio of starch:PVA:cit

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Caesa Anjarini, Saniyya, Darini Kurniawari, Setia Budi, and Mia Audina. "FORMULASI DAN EVALUASI SEDIAAN FACIAL WASH EKSTRAK MIMBA (Azadirachta indica A.Juss)." Jurnal Insan Farmasi Indonesia 6, no. 2 (2023): 289–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.36387/jifi.v6i2.1519.

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Neem extract is known to have antibacterial activity against acne-causing bacteria. Neem extract is made into facial wash preparations to develop herbal plants into more modern preparations. This study aims to determine the optimal formulation from the results of the physical evaluation and hedonity test and then find out that there are differences from the results of the physical evaluation of neem extract (Azadirachta indica A.Juss) facial wash preparation. The research method used was a pre-experimental laboratory one-shot case study. Physical evaluation tests included organoleptic tests, h

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Monteiro, Sandra, Nuno Ferreira, Diana Paiva, et al. "Formulation and Characterization of a Composite Coating Formulation Based on Acrylic Foam and Cork Granules." Coatings 12, no. 6 (2022): 732. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/coatings12060732.

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Cork, the bark of Quercus suber L., in addition to presenting several notable physical-mechanical properties, possesses a distinctive look and feel that make it attractive for interior surfaces, such as in furniture, wall paneling, or flooring. This work envisaged the development of a coating based on cork granules, a subproduct from the wine stopper industry, capable of creating a smooth surface similar to natural cork. In order to avoid the high rugosity that characterizes surfaces coated with paints that incorporate cork granules, a new solution was developed, based on a foamed acrylic bind

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Muslim, Opa Fajar, A. L. Juwono, Dwi Novriadi, and Tulus. "Physical Properties of Polyethylene and Ethylene Vinyl Acetate Foam Mixtures." Materials Science Forum 1028 (April 2021): 255–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.1028.255.

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Previous studies on the physical properties of each Polyethylene (PE) or Ethylene Vinyl Acetate (EVA) foam have been widely reported. The current challenge is how to understand the combination of PE and EVA foam in order to obtain appropriate properties in various applications. Therefore, an experimental breakthrough in order to understand the physical mechanism on the PE:EVA mixed foam in order to maintain many appropriate properties due to their applications was studied. The physical properties of a combination of PE and EVA foam with Azodicarbonamide (ADC) as blowing agent and the addition

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Mendake, Rupali A., Shriyog V. Amalkar, Pooja Ramdas Hatwar, and Ravindra L. Bakal. "Formulation and Evaluation of Polyherbal Soap." Journal of Drug Delivery and Therapeutics 14, no. 11 (2024): 99–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.22270/jddt.v14.i11.6892.

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The aim of the study is to formulate and evaluate Polyherbal soap using coconut oil, beeswax, NaOH(lye), Glycerine, Neem, aloe vera, Turmeric, Tulsi, Sandalwood powder, orange peel powder, Multani mitti, Reetha, Honey and Vitamin E capsule. The herbal formulation was prepared then evaluation of the analysis of Physical parameter, pH, Foam height, Foam retention time, Moiture content, Alcohol insoluble matter etc. Various study found that, these herbal plant extract proven to anti-bacterial activity, anti-inflammatory activity, anti-fungal activity etc. The finding for the herbal soap reveals t

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Zhang, Jiancheng, Zeyao Shi, Meiqi Zhang, and Liusuo Wu. "Application of Alkyl Amidopropyl Betaine in Fire Fighting Foam Extinguishing Agent." MATEC Web of Conferences 380 (2023): 01012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/202338001012.

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In order to improve the fire extinguishing performance of foam fire extinguishing agents in nonpolar liquid fires, the application of alkyl amidopropyl betaine with different chain lengths in aqueous film-forming foam fire extinguishing agents was studied. The relationship between the structure of alkylamidopropyl betaine and surface tension, foaming property and foam stability was analyzed. On this basis, different foam fire extinguishing agent formulations were formed, and then the surface tension, foam performance and fire extinguishing performance of each formulation were tested. The resul

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Mouna A, Ashok Kumar BS, Sufiya Sulatana, Brunda MA, and Bindu MA. "Preparation and evaluation of polyherbal hand wash." International Journal of Scholarly Research in Biology and Pharmacy 1, no. 2 (2022): 007–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.56781/ijsrbp.2022.1.2.0028.

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The main objective is to prepare polyherbal Hand wash formulation by using methanolic extract of Azadirachta indica and Mimosa pudica, Aloe vera, Sodium lauryl sulphate, Glycerine, Methyl paraben, Sandalwood oil and Water. The developed hand wash formulations were subjected for evaluation. Formulated polyherbal hand wash was evaluated by the parameters like: colour, fragrance grittiness, pH, spreadability, foam retention, washability, foam height, viscosity and skin irritation test respectively. All parameters are within the standards.

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Senel, Engin, Tugrul Purnak, and Ceren Sahin. "Liquid formulation of minoxidil versus its foam formulation." Indian Journal of Dermatology 56, no. 4 (2011): 462. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/0019-5154.84714.

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Cunningham, A., B. Eling, and D. J. Sparrow. "A Study of the Low Smoke Potential, Flame Resistance and Processibility of High Index Polyisocyanurate Rigid Foam." Cellular Polymers 6, no. 6 (1987): 42–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/026248938700600604.

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Recent advances in our isocyanate and catalyst development programmes have stimulated a re-examination of the rigid polyisocyanurate (PIR) foams, and a study has been undertaken to explore the limits of flame resistance, low smoke emission and processibility in these systems. An experimental investigation was therefore carried out to determine the influence of the main PIR formulation parameters on fire and smoke performance of the derived foam. The results demonstrated that low smoke values can be obtained in non fire retarded PIR foams at isocyanate indices of approximately 400. However, to

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Hamaguchi, Masugu, Hideki Miwake, Ryoichi Nakatake, and Noriyoshi Arai. "Predicting the Performance of Functional Materials Composed of Polymeric Multicomponent Systems Using Artificial Intelligence—Formulations of Cleansing Foams as an Example." Polymers 15, no. 21 (2023): 4216. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym15214216.

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Cleansing foam is a common multicomponent polymeric functional material. It contains ingredients in innumerable combinations, which makes formulation optimization challenging. In this study, we used artificial intelligence (AI) with machine learning to develop a cleansing capability prediction system that considers the effects of self-assembled structures and chemical properties of ingredients. Over 500 cleansing foam samples were prepared and tested. Molecular descriptors and Hansen solubility index were used to estimate the cleansing capabilities of each formulation set. We used five machine

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Dedy, Rahmad, D. K. Putri, A. Akbar, and D. Hasni. "PHYSICAL, MECHANICAL, MORPHOLOGICAL, BIODEGRADABILITY, THERMAL, AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF RHIZOPUS OLIGOSPORUS MYCELIUM FOAM MADE WITH COCONUT AND COFFEE WASTE AS SUBSTRATES." RASAYAN Journal of Chemistry 18, no. 03 (2025): 1243–51. https://doi.org/10.31788/rjc.2025.1839144.

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By knowing the dangers of using Styrofoam as food packaging, this research aims to obtain 100% biodegradable food packaging by using coconut fiber (CF) and coffee pulp (CP) as substrate formulation in fungal fermentation to produce mycelium foam with the help of Rhizopus oligosporus as a starter. Five ratios of CF and CP are designed for substrate formulation, categorized as an independent factor with three replications. ANOVA tests show that different level of substrate formulation has a significant influence (P≤0.01) on physical, mechanical properties, and biodegradability of biofoam. LSD te

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Farajzadeh, Rouhollah, Sebastian Vincent-Bonnieu, and Nacera Bourada Bourada. "Effect of Gas Permeability and Solubility on Foam." Journal of Soft Matter 2014 (November 30, 2014): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/145352.

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We perform a study on the influence of gas permeability and solubility on the drainage and stability of foam stabilized with an anionic surfactant. Our study compares the foam stability for four pure gases and two gas mixtures while previous works only compared two pure gases. Drainage and foam-volume-decay rates are calculated from the experimental data and analysed. We find good agreement with existing theory as the foam stability is strongly influenced by the properties of the gas phase, in particular its solubility in the aqueous phase (measured by Henry’s solubility constant, kH) and perm

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Pinto, Susana C., Paula A. A. P. Marques, Romeu Vicente, Luís Godinho, and Isabel Duarte. "Hybrid Structures Made of Polyurethane/Graphene Nanocomposite Foams Embedded within Aluminum Open-Cell Foam." Metals 10, no. 6 (2020): 768. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met10060768.

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This paper focuses on the development of hybrid structures containing two different classes of porous materials, nanocomposite foams made of polyurethane combined with graphene-based materials, and aluminum open-cell foams (Al-OC). Prior to the hybrid structures preparation, the nanocomposite foam formulation was optimized. The optimization consisted of studying the effect of the addition of graphene oxide (GO) and graphene nanoplatelets (GNPs) at different loadings (1.0, 2.5 and 5.0 wt%) during the polyurethane foam (PUF) formation, and their effect on the final nanocomposite properties. Glob

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Kanchan, Jamkar* Ashwini Pande Shital Mule Vinayak Pitale Ravi kute. "Formulation And Evaluation Of A Novel Polyherbal Shampoo." International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 2, no. 9 (2024): 1301–10. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13838061.

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This study presents the formulation and evaluation of a novel polyherbal shampoo designed to leverage the beneficial properties of various natural ingredients. A total of three formulations were developed using the decoction method, incorporating key herbal components such as Hibiscus, Neem, Amla, Aloe Vera, and Shikakai. Each formulation underwent comprehensive physicochemical evaluations, including assessments of physical appearance, pH, solid content, foaming ability, foam stability, dirt dispersion, skin sensitization, and stability studies. The results revealed that all formulations exhib

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Aprilliani, Fenny, Irna Dwi Destiana, Endang Warsiki, and Koerunisa Azahra. "The Utilization of Sugarcane Bagasse and Pineapple Peel on The Physical and Mechanical Properties of Biodegradable Foam." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1513, no. 1 (2025): 012006. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1513/1/012006.

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Abstract Biodegradable foam is a type of packaging that can help reduce the use of Styrofoam and other plastic packaging by utilizing natural fibers. Pineapple peel waste can be effectively used as a fiber resource to produce biodegradable foam. To enhance the mechanical properties, sugarcane bagasse was added in different formulations. During the process, cassava starch was used as a binding material. This research aimed to determine the physical and mechanical properties of biodegradable foam. The combinations of bagasse and pineapple peel used were P1= 5:25%, P2= 10:20%, P3= 15:15%, P4= 20:

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Torres, Xavier M., John R. Stockdale, Adam Pacheco, et al. "Relationship Between Filler Type, Thermomechanical Properties, and Aging of RTV Silicone Foams." Polymers 17, no. 14 (2025): 1998. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym17141998.

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Room-temperature vulcanizing (RTV) silicone foams are used in many industrial applications that require the material to perform over long time periods. However, mechanical properties tend to deteriorate when these foams age under a compressive load. The chemical aging is attributed to the presence of unreacted functional groups of the prepolymers, residues from acid, and catalytically active tin (II) species. Here, an optimized thermal treatment of an RTV foam that achieves completion of curing reactions and deactivation of reactive species is proposed. Foams that were thermally aged for three

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Falusi, Fanni, Szilvia Berkó, Anita Kovács, and Mária Budai-Szűcs. "Application of Xanthan Gum and Hyaluronic Acid as Dermal Foam Stabilizers." Gels 8, no. 7 (2022): 413. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/gels8070413.

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Foams are increasingly popular in the field of dermatology due to their many advantages such as easy spreading, good skin sensation, and applicability in special skin conditions. One of the critical points of foam formulation is the choice of the appropriate stabilizing ingredients. One of the stability-increasing strategies is retarding the liquid drainage of liquid films from the foam structure. Therefore, our aim was the application of different hydrogel-forming polymers in order to retain the stabilizing liquid film. Dexpanthenol and niacinamide-containing foams were formulated, where xant

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Kirpluks, Mikelis, Ugis Cabulis, Viesturs Zeltins, Laura Stiebra, and Andris Avots. "Rigid Polyurethane Foam Thermal Insulation Protected with Mineral Intumescent Mat." Autex Research Journal 14, no. 4 (2014): 259–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/aut-2014-0026.

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Abstract One of the biggest disadvantages of rigid polyurethane (PU) foams is its low thermal resistance, high flammability and high smoke production. Greatest advantage of this thermal insulation material is its low thermal conductivity (λ), which at 18-28 mW/(m•K) is superior to other materials. To lower the flammability of PU foams, different flame retardants (FR) are used. Usually, industrially viable are halogenated liquid FRs but recent trends in EU regulations show that they are not desirable any more. Main concern is toxicity of smoke and health hazard form volatiles in PU foam materia

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Jiang, Kun, Yingchun Li, Heyun Wang, et al. "Preparation and Properties of a Lightweight, High-Strength, and Heat-Resistant Rigid Cross-Linked PVC Foam." Polymers 15, no. 11 (2023): 2471. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym15112471.

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A rigid poly(vinyl chloride) foam with a cross-linked network structure was prepared by adding 3-glycidoxypropyltriethoxysilane (KH-561) into the universal formulation. The resulting foam had excellent heat resistance because of the increasing degree of cross-linking and number of Si–O bonds with a high heat resistance. The as-prepared foam was verified using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), energy-dispersive spectrometry (EDS) and foam residue (gel) analysis, which demonstrated that KH-561 was successfully grafted and cross-linked on the PVC chains. Finally, the effects of diff

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Thuy, Nguyen Thi, and Pham Ngoc Lan. "A Study on Making Rigid Polyurethane Foams from Vietnam Rubber Seed Oil-Based Polyol by Using Water as a Single Blowing Agent." International Journal of Polymer Science 2021 (January 16, 2021): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/6638109.

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In this work, for making rigid polyurethane foams, only water was used to serve as a blowing agent. Vietnam rubber seed oil-based polyol was also used. Following our previous research results, water content was fixed at 4 wt.% and glycerol content at 3 wt.%, as compared to biopolyol. The effect of the NCO/OH ratio, main catalyst (dibutyltin dilaurate), cocatalyst (triethylamine), and surfactant content as well as the surfactants on performances of foams was investigated through compressive strength, density, cell size, and size distribution. A suitable formulation for making foam by using biop

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Mansour, Omar, Beatrice Cattoz, Manon Beaube, et al. "Segregation versus Interdigitation in Highly Dynamic Polymer/Surfactant Layers." Polymers 11, no. 1 (2019): 109. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym11010109.

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Many polymer/surfactant formulations involve a trapped kinetic state that provides some beneficial character to the formulation. However, the vast majority of studies on formulations focus on equilibrium states. Here, nanoscale structures present at dynamic interfaces in the form of air-in-water foams are explored, stabilised by mixtures of commonly used non-ionic, surface active block copolymers (Pluronic®) and small molecule ionic surfactants (sodium dodecylsulfate, SDS, and dodecyltrimethylammonium bromide, C12TAB). Transient foams formed from binary mixtures of these surfactants shows cons

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Chang, Wangjun, Weishou Hu, Xiaojun Wang, Xuefan Gu, Shijun Chen, and Gang Chen. "Study on an all-in-one foaming agent with corrosion inhibition for air foam flooding." Tenside Surfactants Detergents 61, no. 2 (2024): 158–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/tsd-2023-2574.

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Abstract Foam has been widely used in drilling, well washing, and oil driving during the development of oil and gas fields. Although air foams have been successfully employed as an enhanced oil medium, the oxygen they contain can seriously corrode piping systems, which can have a negative influence on output. This work used a combination of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), dodecyl aminopropyl betaine (LAB), sodium dodecylbenzene sulfonate (SDBS), and cosurfactants to solve the problem above. The corrosion inhibitor hydrazine hydrate (N₂H₄·H₂O) was added as corrosion inhibitor. The foaming (air)-c

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Sims, G. L. A., and C. Khunniteekool. "Compression Moulded Ethylene Homo and Copolymer Foams I. Effect of Formulation." Cellular Polymers 15, no. 1 (1996): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0262489319961501001.

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Various foam formulations based on polyethylene and ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymers were investigated. Interactions between crosslinking and blowing agent concentrations were systematically studied for each base polymer using a two-stage compression moulding technique to manufacture the foams and the effects on physical properties were determined. Initial studies progressively increased blowing agent concentration, whilst maintaining a fixed crosslinking agent level, resulting in density and relative density reduction as expected. However, it was observed that at any specific blowing agent c

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Paciorek-Sadowska, Joanna, Marcin Borowicz, Janusz Datta, Łukasz Piszczyk, Paulina Kosmela, and Iwona Zarzyka. "Polyurethane Nanocomposites with Open-Cell Structure Modified with Aluminosilicate Nano-Filler." Materials 17, no. 22 (2024): 5641. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma17225641.

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Nanocomposite flexible polyurethane foams (nFPUfs) were obtained by modifying the polyurethane formulation by adding a halloysite nano-filler in the amount of one to five parts by weight per hundred parts of used polyol (php). Flexible polyurethane (PU) foams with an open-cell structure and with a beneficial SAG factor were obtained. Premixes with nano-filler had a lower reactivity than the reference PU system. This favored the production of smaller cells, but with a more rounded shape in comparison with the REF foam without the nano-filler. During the study, the morphology and physical and me

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