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Journal articles on the topic 'Formal structure'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 25 July 2025

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1

Bart, Christopher K. "Product strategy and formal structure." Strategic Management Journal 7, no. 4 (1986): 293–312. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/smj.4250070402.

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2

Lupton, Nathaniel, and Paul Beamish. "Organizational structure and knowledge-practice diffusion in the MNC." Journal of Knowledge Management 18, no. 4 (2014): 710–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jkm-11-2013-0448.

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Purpose – This study aims to examine the interaction of formal and informal cross-border knowledge-sharing practices of four large multinational corporations (MNCs) in aerospace, software, IT services and telecommunications industries. The goal was to determine the manner in which coordination and control mechanisms facilitated knowledge transfer. Design/methodology/approach – Case studies comprised secondary data and semi-structured interviews with corporate headquarters and subsidiary managers in large MNCs conducted in the USA, Canada, Mexico, China, India and Eastern Europe. Findings – The

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3

Biggar, Oliver, Mohammad Zamani, and Iman Shames. "On Modularity in Reactive Control Architectures, with an Application to Formal Verification." ACM Transactions on Cyber-Physical Systems 6, no. 2 (2022): 1–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3511606.

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Modularity is a central principle throughout the design process for cyber-physical systems. Modularity reduces complexity and increases reuse of behavior. In this article we pose and answer the following question: how can we identify independent “modules” within the structure of reactive control architectures? To this end, we propose a graph-structured control architecture we call a decision structure and show how it generalizes some reactive control architectures that are popular in Artificial Intelligence (AI) and robotics, specifically Teleo-Reactive programs (TRs), Decision Trees (DTs), Be

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4

Carolina, ȚURCANU. "CERTAIN ASPECTS OF MANAGING NON-FORMAL EDUCATION OF ADULTS." STUDIA UNIVERSITATIS MOLDAVIAE Științe ale Educației, no. 5(155) (2022): 12–16. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6617005.

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This article addresses the issue of managing non-formal education of adults in the Republic of Moldova. It is found that at the national level no efficient system of leadership/management of this subsector of education has been structured. At the same time, it is noted that the diversity of forms, structures, unclear legal affiliation of many structures providing respective services, makes the management process in this area very difficult, having a regulatory framework that does not ensure the relevance of functioning and quality of non-formal education of adults. In this sense, a concept and

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5

MALDZHIEVA, VYARA MALDZHIEVA. "ФОРМАЛНО ОПИСАНИЕ НА СЛОВООБРАЗУВАТЕЛНИТЕ СТРУКТУРИ В НОРМАТИВНАТА ГРАМАТИКА НА БЪЛГАРСКИЯ ЕЗИК / FORMAL DESCRIPTION OF WORD-FORMATION STRUCTURES IN BULGARIAN NORMATIVE GRAMMAR". Journal of Bulgarian Language 69, № 01 (2022): 13–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.47810/bl.69.22.01.02.

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This work proposes principles for the formal description of word-formation structures in a synchronic study within the framework of normative grammar. One of the basic postulates of normative grammar is the independence of the de-scription of form and meaning, which is motivated by relative, though sufficient, au-tonomy of the structure of meaning (semantic structure) and of the formal structure of complex language units. This study takes for granted the existence of structural isomorphism between clauses and derived lexemes. In the context of the description of word-formation phenomena, this

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6

Ilman, V. M. "PROPERTIES OF FORMAL STRUCTURES AND SUBSTRUCTURES." Science and Transport Progress, no. 14 (February 25, 2007): 99–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.15802/stp2007/17863.

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For designing of systems, it has been prposed to use a three-component formal structure with a set of elements, a signature and axiomatics. Some properties of the structures and their substructures have been presented. The problem of recovering the formally grammatical structures with the help of language substructures has been considered.

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7

Cattaneo, Alberto S., Benoit Dherin, and Giovanni Felder. "Formal Lagrangian Operad." International Journal of Mathematics and Mathematical Sciences 2010 (2010): 1–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2010/643605.

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Given a symplectic manifoldM, we may define an operad structure on the the spacesOkof the Lagrangian submanifolds of(M¯)k×Mvia symplectic reduction. IfMis also a symplectic groupoid, then its multiplication space is an associative product in this operad. Following this idea, we provide a deformation theory for symplectic groupoids analog to the deformation theory of algebras. It turns out that the semiclassical part of Kontsevich's deformation ofC∞(ℝd) is a deformation of the trivial symplectic groupoid structure ofT∗ℝd.

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8

Tienda Palop, Lydia de. "The formal structure of practical rationality." Pensamiento. Revista de Investigación e Información Filosófica 77, Extra 295 (2021): 491–500. http://dx.doi.org/10.14422/pen.v77.i295.y2021.004.

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The concept of rationality is strongly normative. Indeed, qualifying an action as rational implies demarcating spaces of inclusion and exclusion that have a practical impact. However, the notion of rationality is not fully explained. In this article I intend to clarify the constitutive elements of the formal structure of practical rationality in order to facilitate its conceptualisation.

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9

Fairchild, Kim, Greg Meredith, and Alan Wexelblat. "A formal structure for automatic icons." Interacting with Computers 1, no. 2 (1989): 131–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0953-5438(89)90021-0.

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10

Nagy, Gábor P. "Tangential structure of formal Bruck loops." Publicationes Mathematicae Debrecen 61, no. 1-2 (2002): 87–118. http://dx.doi.org/10.5486/pmd.2002.2579.

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11

Lida, Ulfah Mey. "Struktur Isi Argumen dalam Teks Argumentasi Siswa Tahap Operasi Formal." Diglosia: Jurnal Kajian Bahasa, Sastra, dan Pengajarannya 5, no. 2 (2022): 377–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.30872/diglosia.v5i2.318.

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Text is the embodiment of one's ideas in written language that can be read and understood by the reading community. Argumentation is basically an embodiment of discourse. This study was conducted to determine the structure of the argument content in the students' argumentative essays in the formal operation stage by describing the research findings. The approach used in this study is a qualitative approach with the Miles and Huberman analysis model. The data of this research is in the form of a fragment of the student's argumentative text. This data was obtained from students' assignments to w

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12

Magnot, Jean-Pierre. "On diffeological principal bundles of non-formal pseudo-differential operators over formal ones." Proceedings of the International Geometry Center 16, no. 2 (2023): 125–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.15673/pigc.v16i2.2298.

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We describe the structure of diffeological bundle of non formal classical pseudo-differential operators over formal ones, and its structure group. For this, we give results on diffeological principal bundles with (a priori) no local trivialization including an Ambrose-Singer theorem, use the smoothing connections alrealy exhibited by the author in previous works, and finish with open questions.

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13

Thamm, Robert. "Social Structure and Emotion." Sociological Perspectives 35, no. 4 (1992): 649–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1389303.

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This paper explores the possibility of developing a general and formal social-action theory of labeling emotions. The theory is based upon the assumption that there is an underlying formal structural social-action system of expectations and sanctions that significantly influence how actors label their emotions. Some permutations of the four basic expectation-sanction states are elaborated, hypothetically labeled, and tested over a 14-year period. The “constructionist” view of the necessity of a cultural context in labeling emotions is challenged by removing the “moral” content from the survey

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14

Pylypenko, Halyna, and Oksana Tsurkan. "Functional types of agricultural landscapes, peculiarities of their mapping." Visnyk of the Lviv University. Series Geography, no. 48 (December 23, 2014): 280–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.30970/vgg.2014.48.1352.

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A formal solution of applied agrolandscape maps’ preparation using GIS-technologies on example of agrolandscape is presented. Four types of agro landscapes are featured taking into consideration landscape structure of territory and features of land use. A new format of disclosing agrolandscape map content is offered. Key words: steppe agrolandscape, nature-comfortable, adapted-balanced, inert-depressive, stressed-unbalanced types of agrolandscape structures.

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15

Clement, Julien, David Krackhardt, and Bill Mcevily. "Linking Formal Organization and Informal Social Structure." Academy of Management Proceedings 2017, no. 1 (2017): 12565. http://dx.doi.org/10.5465/ambpp.2017.12565symposium.

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16

Eigenfeldt, Arne. "Generating Structure – Towards Large-Scale Formal Generation." Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Interactive Digital Entertainment 10, no. 5 (2021): 2–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1609/aiide.v10i5.12764.

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Metacreative systems have been very successful at generating event-to-event musical details and generating short forms. However, large-scale formal decisions have tended to remain in the hands of a human, either through an operator guiding an improvisational system along in performance, or the assemblage of shorter generated sections into longer forms. This paper will describe the open problem of large-scale generative form, and the author’s attempts at delegating such decisions to a metacreative system by describing several of his generative systems and their approach to structure. The author

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17

Lange, Klaus-Jörn. "COMPLEXITY AND STRUCTURE IN FORMAL LANGUAGE THEORY." Fundamenta Informaticae 25, no. 3,4 (1996): 327–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/fi-1996-253408.

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18

Kusliy, Petr S. "Formal Semantics and the Structure of Meaning." Russian Journal of Philosophical Sciences 63, no. 8 (2020): 34–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.30727/0235-1188-2020-63-8-34-46.

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The article discusses the reasons why modern formal semantics of natural language is an integral part of a larger philosophical research program for the study of the nature of intentionality. The purpose of this article is to show how research in the field of formal semantics of natural language became the implementation of a large philosophical research program that is focused on the nature of intentional objects, which since the time of F. Brentano have been considered an integral part of mental phenomena. Mental phenomena are opposed to physical phenomena due to their inherent intentionalit

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19

Leal, Wilmer, and Guillermo Restrepo. "Formal structure of periodic system of elements." Proceedings of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 475, no. 2224 (2019): 20180581. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspa.2018.0581.

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For more than 150 years, the structure of the periodic system of the chemical elements has intensively motivated research in different areas of chemistry and physics. However, there is still no unified picture of what a periodic system is. Herein, based on the relations of order and similarity, we report a formal mathematical structure for the periodic system, which corresponds to an ordered hypergraph. It is shown that the current periodic system of chemical elements is an instance of the general structure. The definition is used to devise a tailored periodic system of polarizability of singl

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20

Morita, Tohru. "Formal Structure of the Cluster Variation Method." Progress of Theoretical Physics Supplement 115 (1994): 27–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1143/ptps.115.27.

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21

Atmanspacher, Harald. "Levels of unconsciousness and their formal structure." Journal of Analytical Psychology 59, no. 3 (2014): 385–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1468-5922.12087.

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22

Nowakowska, Maria. "On a formal structure of a dialogue." Synthese 63, no. 3 (1985): 343–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00485600.

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23

Powichrowski, Tomasz. "The Formal Structure of the Eucharistic Prayer." Rocznik Teologii Katolickiej 6 (2007): 129–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.15290/rtk.2007.06.12.

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24

钟, 茂生. "Formal Description for the Argumentative Discourse Structure." Modern Linguistics 05, no. 04 (2017): 340–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.12677/ml.2017.54046.

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25

MacGillivray, Brian H. "Heuristics Structure and Pervade Formal Risk Assessment." Risk Analysis 34, no. 4 (2013): 771–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/risa.12136.

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26

CAO, HUAI-DONG, and JIAN ZHOU. "FORMAL FROBENIUS MANIFOLD STRUCTURE ON EQUIVARIANT COHOMOLOGY." Communications in Contemporary Mathematics 01, no. 04 (1999): 535–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219199799000201.

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For a closed Kähler manifold with a Hamiltonian action of a connected compact Lie group by holomorphic isometries, we construct a formal Frobenius manifold structure on the equivariant cohomology by exploiting a natural DGBV algebra structure on the Cartan model.

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27

Cooper, Paul R. "STRUCTURE RECOGNITION BY CONNECTIONIST RELAXATION: FORMAL ANALYSIS." Computational Intelligence 8, no. 1 (1992): 25–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8640.1992.tb00336.x.

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28

Papadima, Stefan. "The cellular structure of formal homotopy types." Journal of Pure and Applied Algebra 35 (1985): 171–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0022-4049(85)90039-8.

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29

Rasheed, Khansaa, and Mohammed Salman. "Integration of Formal Structure in Urban Centers." Iraqi Journal of Architecture and Planning 17, no. 1 (2018): 31–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.36041/iqjap.2018.160070.

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30

Roberts, David, and Andrew Hansen. "A Formal Game for Eliciting Story Structure from Authors." Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Interactive Digital Entertainment 8, no. 2 (2021): 32–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1609/aiide.v8i2.12537.

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We address the problem of determining the structure of a set of plot points for an interactive narrative. To do so, we define a formal two-player game where a computer can play with an author to learn the structural representation of the story. This technique will allow for authors unfamiliar, or uncomfortable, with mathematical structures to create the inputs interactive narrative algorithms require. We include the underlying mathematical theory as a foundation of our approach, and characterize it's effectiveness through a series of simulation experiments. Results indicate there is promise in

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31

Levin, Harry, and Peter Garrett. "Sentence structure and formality." Language in Society 19, no. 4 (1990): 511–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0047404500014792.

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ABSTRACTThe evidence is practically unequivocal that left-branching (LB) sentences are more difficult to process than right-branching (RB) sentences. In this study, the hypothesis was tested that LB sentences are judged to be more formal than RB ones and that center-branching (CB) sentences would behave like LB ones. Three groups of subjects, university students in England, Wales, and the United States, ordered three versions of 18 sentences in terms of their formality. LB and CB sentences were considered more formal than RB ones by all three groups of students. LB and CB types did not differ

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32

Moschovakis, Yiannis N. "The formal language of recursion." Journal of Symbolic Logic 54, no. 4 (1989): 1216–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022481200041086.

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This is the first of a sequence of papers in which we will develop a foundation for the theory of computation based on a precise, mathematical notion of abstract algorithm. To understand the aim of this program, one should keep in mind clearly the distinction between an algorithm and the object (typically a function) computed by that algorithm. The theory of computable functions (on the integers and on abstract structures) is obviously relevant to this work, but we will focus on making rigorous and identifying the mathematical properties of the finer (intensional) notion of algorithm.It is cha

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33

Candra, Mutiara. "Pengaruh Struktur Kewenangan, Karakteristik Sistem Informasi Keuangan Daerah dan Perilaku Manajer Terhadap Kesadaran Akan Biaya (Studi Empiris Pada Pemerintah Kota Solok)." Ekonomis: Journal of Economics and Business 4, no. 1 (2020): 200. http://dx.doi.org/10.33087/ekonomis.v4i1.115.

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This research aimed to identify and to get empirical evidence of the effect of the structure of authority that is broken down into formal and informal authority structures, the characteristics of regional financial information systems and managers' behavior on cost consciousness. This study was 37 SKPD registered in Solok city with a total sample of 74 people consisting of leaders and treasurer office / agency / office at SKPD in Solok city. Dependent variable in this research is the cost consciousness and independent variable that is authority structure (structure of formal authority and stru

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34

Niewiadomska, Eliza, and Adam Grabowski. "Introduction to Formal Preference Spaces." Formalized Mathematics 21, no. 3 (2013): 223–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/forma-2013-0024.

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Summary In the article the formal characterization of preference spaces [1] is given. As the preference relation is one of the very basic notions of mathematical economics [9], it prepares some ground for a more thorough formalization of consumer theory (although some work has already been done - see [17]). There was an attempt to formalize similar results in Mizar, but this work seems still unfinished [18]. There are many approaches to preferences in literature. We modelled them in a rather illustrative way (similar structures were considered in [8]): either the consumer (strictly) prefers an

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35

ƏSƏDOVA, L. Ş. "MÜASİR İNGİLİS DİLİNDƏ RƏSMİ VƏ QEYRİ-RƏSMİ YAZIŞMALARIN LİNQVİSTİK XÜSUSİYYƏTLƏRİ." Actual Problems of study of humanities 2, no. 2024 (2024): 23–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.62021/0026-0028.2024.2.023.

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Linguistic Features of Formal and Informal Letter Writing in Modern English Summary Letter writing is an important communication skill in both personal and professional settings. There are different types of letters, including informal letters to friends and family, and formal letters used in business and academic spheres. The article deals with understanding that the differences between informal and formal letters, the appropriate tone, language, and format are essential for effective letter writing. Formal and informal language serve different purposes. It`s important to know when formal or

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36

Sborshikov, Sergey, and Alexey Bobin. "Formal description model management of cluster structures in construction." MATEC Web of Conferences 251 (2018): 05032. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201825105032.

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Modern organizational forms organization of construction production are cluster structures. Currently, work is underway to develop, formalize and describe the processes of interaction and management within these structures. This article provides a theoretical description of the cluster structure management model based on the system technical management model through logistic interpretation. This work defines and describes a number of limitations for the developed model.

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37

Naomi, D. Butterfield. "Formal Research Writing - Organizations using Lateral Relationships." European Business Review 2017, no. 10 (2017): 10. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1000847.

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The structures that subscribe to different organization play a major role and determine how information flows throughout an organization as well as the reporting structure within the organization. In some organization, decision making rely with the top management, and in other organizations, decision making responsibilities may be distributed within the organization. The latter part is what mainly constitutes a lateral structural arrangement where various departments work hand in hand in achieving a common organizational goal rather than working as distinct or separate entities

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38

Lasnik, Howard. "Syntactic Structures: formal considerations 60 years later." Revista Linguíʃtica 13, no. 2 (2017): 35. http://dx.doi.org/10.31513/linguistica.2017.v13n2a14026.

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Chomsky (1955), The Logical Structure of Linguistic Theory (henceforth LSLT), laid out in great detail the formal foundations for a rigorous new way of looking at language scientifcally, transformational generative grammar. This awesome accomplishment was announced to the world in Chomsky (1957), Syntactic Structures (henceforth SS), a publication that revolutionized the feld, or really, created a new feld. Needless to say, syntactic theory has undergone vast changes since then, but certain fundamental ideas, and even a few technical details, persist. In this article, I will brieﬂy discuss som

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39

Hoverman, J. Russell. "So Much Data, So Little Knowledge: Using Formal Logic to Aggregate Data and Interpret Information." American Society of Clinical Oncology Educational Book, no. 38 (May 2018): e2-e5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/edbk_209527.

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Formal logic is the use of symbols to structure how we make inferences such that the structure can be applied beyond specific cases. The structure of clinical trials and the values equation (value = outcomes/cost) lend themselves to evaluation using formal logic. Doing this demonstrates the unique position of randomized clinical trials as a defensible format for gathering information and identifies the shortcomings of historical controls and meta-analyses and retrospective studies using large databases. A practical example using literature on maintenance therapy in metastatic colorectal cancer

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40

Tsitsiashvili, G. Sh, V. E. Lelyukhin, O. V. Kolesnikova, and M. A. Osipova. "Formal design of structure process in machining parts." Applied Mathematical Sciences 11 (2017): 1573–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.12988/ams.2017.75167.

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41

Biris, Ioan. "The Formal Structure of Experience in Carnap’s Aufbau." Balkan Journal of Philosophy 2, no. 2 (2010): 149–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/bjp2010227.

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42

Zellers, Margaret, and Brechtje Post. "Combining Formal and Functional Approaches to Topic Structure." Language and Speech 55, no. 1 (2012): 119–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0023830911428872.

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43

Granger, Michel, and Mathias Schulze. "On the formal structure of logarithmic vector fields." Compositio Mathematica 142, no. 03 (2006): 765–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1112/s0010437x06001916.

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44

Kirsch, J. L., and R. A. Kirsch. "The Structure of Paintings: Formal Grammar and Design." Environment and Planning B: Planning and Design 13, no. 2 (1986): 163–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/b130163.

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45

Yannakoudakis, E. J. "A Formal Coding Structure for Database Record Processing." Kybernetes 18, no. 1 (1989): 60–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/eb005808.

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46

MCCRAE, JULIAN. "Simplifying the Formal Structure of UK Income Tax." Fiscal Studies 18, no. 3 (1997): 319–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-5890.1997.tb00267.x.

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47

Polanyi, Livia. "A formal model of the structure of discourse." Journal of Pragmatics 12, no. 5-6 (1988): 601–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0378-2166(88)90050-1.

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48

Stevenson, William B. "Formal structure and networks of interaction within organizations." Social Science Research 19, no. 2 (1990): 113–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0049-089x(90)90017-d.

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49

Wang, Lidong, Xiaodong Liu, and Jiannong Cao. "A new algebraic structure for formal concept analysis." Information Sciences 180, no. 24 (2010): 4865–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ins.2010.08.020.

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50

Stevenson, William B. "Organizational growth and hierarchical change in formal structure." Journal of Mathematical Sociology 11, no. 4 (1985): 287–306. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0022250x.1985.9989995.

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