Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Frontières – Afrique'
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Fedangai, Jean. "Genèse et évolution des frontières africaines contemporaines : les frontières de l'Afrique équatoriale française, 1885-1945." Aix-Marseille 1, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986AIX10023.
Galley, Kossi Kouma Elavagno. "Le règlement juridictionnel des différends territoriaux en Afrique." Toulouse 1, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998TOU10052.
Zniber, Omar. "Succession d'États et traités de frontières terrestres en Afrique." Paris 2, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986PA020051.
Delmote, Gilles. "Ponts et frontières entre Espagne et monde arabe." Paris 8, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999PA081584.
Dille, Bibata. "Frontières et développement régional : impacts économique et social de la frontière Niger-Nigéria sur le développement de la région de Konni." Lyon 2, 2000. http://theses.univ-lyon2.fr/documents/lyon2/2000/dille_b.
The development is no longer a purely quantitative concept. More social aspects are now taken into account and more importance is given to the regional dimension of the entities under observation. The socio-economic characteristics as well as the socio-cultural conditions of regions and their historical and geographical context play a very important role in the developing processes. .
Hien, Pierre Claver. "Le jeu des frontières en Afrique occidentale : cent ans de situations conflictuelles au Burkina Faso actuel (1886-1986)." Paris 1, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996PA010614.
Until the European intervention, the pre-colonial geopolitics of the country forming the present time Burkina Faso (ex-upper volta) permitted to identify powerful kingdoms in the east and "stateless" socities in the west. Borders were delimitted by the hydrography and relief elements or by magico-religious methods and equalled to among other things the scope of a king's autority, the scope of a chief or a landlord of a village. For the various groups, conflicts were a ground for looting, a regulator of the established internal order and of the politico-military relations at a sub-regional scale. The creation of the colony of upper volta in 1919 resulted in an international franco-british boundary (upper volta-gold coast) and in colonial borders which were just simple administrative boundaries. The creation of the territorial state centred on the former mossi kingdoms gave rise to conflicting situations in connection with either the world conflicts or with the delation of the colony of upper volta from 1932 to 1947. Concurrently, the populations, devided by the border lines, got refuge among the british or were defrauding and smuggling at the border and this never caused an armed conflict. From 1960, Burkina Faso became independent and its six boundaries became state borders. Border conflicts with rather complex causes opposed Burkina Faso to Ghana in 1964 and to Mali in 1974 and 1985. However, the present time borders remain a reality well illustrated by the absence of separatism in a country which accounts more than 60 ethnical groups
Gaudin, Anne. "L'équité et les délimitations maritimes et terrestres en Afrique." Bordeaux 1, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993BOR1D013.
The african continent is an exemple of problems of integration or equity in law and specially in international law. Maritime delimitations in africa are based on equity, through an autonomous corpus of equitable principles elaborated by the judge. African states have restrained the use of equity for terrestrial boundaries by the adoption of the rule of territorial statu quo. However, the difficulties of application of the uti possidetis principle have lead the judge to a still restrained use of equity
Dellal, Abou-El-Kacim. "L' eau et la frontière au Maghreb : "vers une culture de la paix" bleue." Aix-Marseille 1, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000AIX10114.
The problematic exploitation of border-line rivers, the use of underground water sources in the Lower Sahara and the pollution of cross-border waterways are issues currently of great importance in the Maghreb. The present study, which addresses the questions globally by using an integrated approach, aims to clarify and broaden our knowlegge of the matter in the hope of resolving these shared problems, encouraging a rational managment of such rare and unstable resources and establishing more active co-operation. Tackling the question of water appears indispensable if peace is to be maintained an consolidated in the region
Onana, Mfege André Hubert. "La frontière, enjeu stratégique entre le Cameroun et ses voisins de 1960 à nos jours." Montpellier 3, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002MON30024.
Tollimi, Abakar. "Le règlement des conflits frontaliers en Afrique : les limites des instruments juridiques de l'OUA (UA)." Paris 1, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005PA010296.
Bennafla, Karine. "La restructuration des espaces frontaliers en afrique centrale." Strasbourg 1, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000STR1GE01.
Sougué, Edmond. "Nouvelles territorialités urbaines transfrontalières en Afrique de l’Ouest : processus d’émergence et de construction." Thesis, Toulouse 2, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016TOU20050/document.
The borders are becoming the subject of recent attentions in the world. In Europe the issue of openness and integration seemed completely solved with Schengen agreement. But, migrant crisis recalled the need of borders controls. In West Africa, integration is building. The problem of migration reminds how border, a geographic, political and institutional subject, can divide or connect spaces. This thesis studied the dynamics that transcend the borders and that participate in cross-border territorial creation. It has proven that towns and borders become more relevant in geography and spatial planning to understand cross-border territorial systems. The socio-cultural relationship, informal cooperation between local actors, the cross-border trade and the daily cross-border migration are the fundamentals of this transboundary system. Border towns are carriers of this dynamic by creating nodes of networks and by interconnecting spaces. They emit, receive and make transit cross-border flows. Local cross-border cooperation’s initiatives observed in West Africa are based on these elements. So, these cross-borders cooperations constitute a form of bottom up territorialisation. The thesis also shows that institutional policies (regional integration, decentralization, national border policies) have mixed responses on strengthening borders processes. However, security issues reinforce the situation in some border areas becoming fully refuge spaces
Moussa, Ibrahim Adamou. "L’insécurité transfrontalière en Afrique de l’Ouest : le cas de la frontière entre le Niger et le Nigeria." Thesis, Université Côte d'Azur (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019AZUR0020/document.
Like the great transformations of international relations, the notions of security, insecurity and border have been deeply transformed, especially due to the advent of the phenomenon labelled as terrorism in many places of the world. This doctoral dissertation explores this situation at the border between Niger and Nigeria. The region has been subjected to cross-border insecurity imposed inter alia by the organization Boko Haram, which acts on a transnational scale without considering the state borders in the Lake Chad Basin region. Thus, this security crisis has been the subject of a number of reactions at national or bilateral levels or from regional and international organizations. The diversified management of this shock wave highlights the contradictions that animate international relations and the complexity in handling this transboundary insecurity that is shifting, poorly known and poorly publicized
Kasse, Mamadou. "La problèmatique des conflits en Afrique Noire : étude comparative des conflits." Artois, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004ARTO0303.
Conflict resolution in sub-Saharan Africa is confronted with a lot of complex causes and the way African states are managed which in most cases are in a state of total decay leading ineluctably to conflicting situations. The conflicts are classified according to the following typology ; internal conflicts bearing on ethnic, identity or political character, on the one hand and frontier or external, on the other hand, consecutive to the questioning of the Berlin agreements. The consequences of conflicts on the political , economic stability of African countries, The involvement of neighbouring and European countries and of the international community as a whole, the relations between Africa, Europe and the United States of Africa are underlined as well as the solutions based on new mechanisms for the prevention and settlement of conflicts. An evaluation of such mechanism raises the issue on whether they ar operational or not, whence the necessity to perfect them gradually
Maman, David. "Analyse multicentrique du devenir des patients vivants avec le VIH dans les cohortes suivies par Médecins Sans Frontières France en Afrique subsaharienne." Thesis, Lyon 1, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015LYO10146.
Almost two third of individuals living with HIV are in sub-Saharan Africa. In these resource limited countries, the optimal CD4 cell count level to initiate antiretroviral treatment (ART) is still debated. We studied long term immune reconstitution on ART and its association with survival in four HIV programs supported by Médecins Sans Frontières in sub-Saharan Africa between 2001 and 2010. We used mixed models to account for repeated CD4 measurements in the modelling of the immune reconstitution and the survival analysis. In the first part modelling immune response to ART, we showed that women achieved a better immune reconstitution compared to men and that the immune reconstitution capacity is the same for each level of CD4 at ART initiation. The second study showed that survival is improved for patient with an updated CD4 above 500 cells/μL compared to those with CD4 levels between 350-499 cells/μL. Furthermore, gender, age and adherence are independently associated with mortality. As a conclusion, women have a better immune reconstitution and achieved quicker
Lefebvre, Camille. "Territoires et frontières : du Soudan central à la République du Niger : 1800-1964." Paris 1, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008PA010711.
Rogez, Mathilde. "La frontière dans les romans de Mark Behr et de J. M. Coetzee." Paris 10, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008PA100104.
Outmost line of an advancing colonial frontier, last border of the apartheid regime under attack from all sides, multifarious lines drawn by the social, economic and geographic segregation: the notion of frontier lies at the core of Mark Behr’s and J. M. Coetzee’s novels. They echo the obsession for division in a society which borrowed from F. J. Turner’s ‘Frontier Theory’ to build an exclusive sense of national identity. The warped mirror of the text, however, gives a distorted image of this myth of the frontier. The fixed, but unstable, discourse of ideology is undermined by the plurivocal discourse of the novel. Playing on the ambivalences between ‘frontier’ and ‘border’, the novels show how the history of permanent confrontation reconstructed by the myth can only lead to failure. The people on the other side of the frontier cannot be erased from either history, territory, imagination or text. They also reappear in the landscape: whereas the myth uses frames, maps, or pictures to exert control, the varying visual and narrative points of view in the novels promote a constant decentring of aesthetic perspective, which actually stems from the instability of the eye/I itself. On the frontier, the subject is indeed confronted to the ‘wilderness’, an ambiguous space of danger and loss, which also holds the promise of salvation—a space which, in fact, lies within the self. To write is therefore to welcome alterity: the text becomes a continual play with metaphors and modes of expression, a permanent translation between spaces and languages—and an invitation to the reader to pursue this dialogue further and to other writers to give voice(s) to a really ‘new’ South Africa
Tankoano, Boubacar. "Le principe de l'intangibilité des frontières et le règlement des différends frontaliers en Afrique de l'Ouest (uti-possidetis juris et réalités du droit international contemporain)." Paris 1, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994PA010262.
Sanka, Jean-Louis. "Frontières, politiques, dynamiques territoriales et environnement en Afrique de l'Ouest : le cas des Rivières du Sud : Gambie, Casamance (Sénégal), Guinée Bissau, Guinée Conakry." Thesis, Bordeaux 3, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013BOR30045.
The territorial and regionalization question become two central paradigms for the political powers and the specialists of the human and social sciences. In Africa, the link between these two realities refers inevitably to territories, identities, States, globalization and to the development of news phenomena (trans-nationalization). For the researchers, the study of these phenomena raises a whole series of conceptual and methodological preoccupations, while for the decision-makers; it refers to geopolitical and economic opportunities. In the territorial question, the arrangement worries are translated by town and country planning policies known under the name of "communitary", and those of responsibility and liberties are traduced by the policies of free movement of people and goods, the harmonization of the standards. In terms of regionalization processes, the question of the scales and models of intervention to be promoted is more than alarming after the failure of what is called integration from the bottom. The socioeconomic changes in contemporary Africa lead societies to do make new link between the local and global situations without crossing by the formerly necessary national stage. These are two spatial dimensions that are found perfectly in western Africa, both fragmented and advanced integration space. Africa is also a continent where the border areas play important economic and social role more than political one. Can the socio-economic activity consequently involve the policy? Border areas which are also rich shambles, grouping a multitude of actors, play this role. The border itself is in constant transformation. The changes which it undergoes are of different levels: social, economic, political and even geographical. Trade, movements, social and cultural links are the factual elements that cause the decomposition of the border. They are invariants that are empirically observed first. The synergy between networks and the territorialities is an advantage for trade and regionalization from below
Ndong, Beka II Poliny. "Les activités transfrontalières illicites entre le Gabon, le Cameroun et la Guinée-Equatoriale. Logiques spatiales, acteurs et enjeux." Thesis, Reims, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016REIML013.
Illegal border activity between Gabon, Cameroon and Equatorial Guinea are the main topic of this thesis. These activities are defined as all activities contrary to various national and international legislation which authors and impacts across borders of several states. This thesis is a questioning of circumvention practices and lawlessness through an analysis on the illegal flow of people and goods. new practice at the border triangle Gabon/Cameroon/Equatorial Guinea, illicit cross-border activities are the work of a border population composed of three distinct stakeholders (local population, border guards and ground transportation) in common which is to be linked to the frontier by their place of residence and/or origin and by their professional activity. My analysis shows that the practice of illegal border activity follows two logics : economic survival (for the case of the local population) and social advancement (in the case of state agents and land carriers). Given this logic, the main hypothesis of this thesis is that the boundary - beyond being an interstate limit and because it induces differential - is a speculation tool to draw pecuniary profits. Therefore, the objective of this thesis is to show that the transgression of the border allows the border population to obtain financial resources to be facing economic insecurity or otherwise socially establish its reputation
Mbolo, Jean-Marie. "Une histoire socioculturelle des sociabilités corporelles et sportives des immigrés africains subsahariens en région bordelaise (1960-2010)." Thesis, Bordeaux 2, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012BOR22024.
While the question of "living together" is still a central issue in French society, this thesis recounts the creation in the Bordeaux region of social and professional sporting activities among sub-Saharan African immigrants in the post-colonial period. The dynamic of this activity has changed over time. While the 1960s were a relatively quiet period in this respect, several types of sociability based on many ethno-national, national, ethnic and generational interfaces have come to exist since the 1970s. The various projects for immigration associated with several types of immigration waves, together with the influence of transnational links between countries from which the immigrants came and France, primarily explain this historical trend. This research project adds to the French historiography of the subject under study. It shows that the logic of the community has a strong impact on sports and physical practices, with the exception of the descendants of the immigrants who tend to shun this tendency. The findings show that that the relationship between sport andimmigration is by no means linear but is subject to the complexity of contemporary migration flows and to the sustainable settlement of the populations involved
Augé, Benjamin. "Produire du pétrole en zone de conflit : cas de l'Afrique médiane." Paris 8, 2012. http://octaviana.fr/document/172757290#?c=0&m=0&s=0&cv=0.
Oil exploration has been changing at break-neck speed since the oil price began to spike around the year 2000. Exploration is now taking place in around 40 countries on the continent. No barriers or difficulties whatsoever stand in the way of companies turning up to search for new reserves, a key raw material to fuel the continuous growth of the global economy. In Africa, western majors are joined by companies from Asia, Russia and Brazil. But on a continent where conflicts are widespread, oil extraction can superimpose itself on unstable situations. This doctoral thesis aims to explain how oil exploration/production can exacerbate pre-existing tensions. To focus on this particular issue, examples will be cited from across Africa but we will look at greater depth at central-east Africa, a vast area composed of the Great Lakes region and eastern Africa. In the 1990s this region was plagued by two wars that raged in Democratic Republic of Congo. Coalition forces fought over a country whose mineral resources are still being looted by neighboring nations and local militias at the expense of the Congolese government. Oil exploration around the borders of eastern Congo has fuelled new conflicts with former adversaries (Rwanda and Uganda). Elsewhere, the theft of crude by Angola around the mouth of the Congo River has been the price that Joseph Kabila's family has had to pay to remain in power. South Sudan, which broke away from the North in 2011, has created a dangerous precedent; the move demonstrated that the 19th century borders of Africa are not definitive. And the role of oil in the process has been decisive
Walther, Olivier. "Affaires de patrons, usages de la frontière. Géographie des réseaux marchands entre Niger, Bénin et Nigeria." Phd thesis, Université de Rouen, 2006. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00650975.
Pinauldt, Géraldine. "L'or vivant des Somali : des frontières, des troupeaux et des hommes face à la mondialisation des normes : un regard géopolitique sur les exportations de bétail de la Corne de l'Afrique." Paris 8, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA084124.
Between 1998 and 2009, Horn of Africa's main livestock importer, Saudi Arabia, imposed a ban on its livestock for sanitary reasons. Since 1991, all the states of the Horn of Africa underwent major territorial and political changes. Livestock trade being one of the main income source, it is an issue for direct or indirect territorial control at different scales. Somaliland, who disunited from Somalia in 1991, is a central element of this commercial system. Its port Berbera is used as an outlet for 80% of the exported livestock. With the introduction of new sanitary standards, and since Somaliland's very existence lies in opposition to persistent geopolitical representations, livestock trade becomes a tool used to destabilize Somaliland. Meanwhile, the introduction of those standards grants Ethiopia access to international fundings which can be used either to rebalance its territory to the east or to increase an unequal development which takes its roots in its stormy history with the Somali world. Globalisation of sanitary standards leads to new trade requirements whereas state regulations and territorial control have not yet been achieved in the region. The point of this thesis is to show how the requirements/constraints become tools that in turn serve geopolitical strategies born from sociospatial representations. Mobile Somali livestock traders' networked sociability enables them to keep a grip on the trade and its geopolitical translations. Acting as ties connecting the territories and the scales, the traders provide an understanding to the complex regional problematics
KIBONGUI, FOULA ROGER. "Les etats africains et le reglement pacifique des differends internationaux." Paris 1, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997PA010289.
After having attained the international sovereignty, the african states have adopted the principle of the pacific settlement of disputes, a principle that can no longer be ignored bicause of the ban on the resort to force. Throught this study, the author tries to show how the african states intend to settle pacifically the disputes they are involved in. For this purpose, he underscores the juridical means that those states can bring into play to settle their disputes. Among those means there is the united nation charter, the a. U. O. Charter and the bilateral and multilateral conventions that were signed by those african states. In a second part dealing with the classification of the disputes, the author distinguishes on the one hand, the inter-african disputes, and on the other hand, the disputes between african states and entities outside the african continent : the states and private persons. Lastly, the author ends his study by emphasizing the implementation of the principle of the pacific settlement of disputes. The first distinctive feature of this implementation is that the inter-african disputes are sorted out within a strictly african context. The second one is that the african states commit themselves to resort to the jurisdictional settlement only in case of a failure of the regional settlement or in case of a dispute between an african state and an entity outside the african continent
Kamara, Mactar. "L'Organisation de l'Unité Africaine (OUA) / Union Africaine et le règlement des conflits territoriaux et frontaliers : contribution à l'étude de l'Uti possidetis en droit international public." Paris 1, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002PA010280.
Mendes, Pereira Figueiredo Neto Pedro Miguel. "Un monde en mouvement : un régime de la pensée et d'action parmi des réfugiés et rapatriés angolais (camp de Meheba, Zambie)." Paris, EHESS, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016EHES0697.
O deslocamento populacional — forçado, induzido ou voluntário — encontra-se arraigado nos territórios que hoje compõem Angola e respectivas franjas. A escravatura, o trabalho forçado, a violência e os pesados impostos, o processo de ocupação territorial, as políticas coloniais e outras mais recentes, mas sobretudo os continuados conflitos inter-relacionados, estiveram na base de profundas transformações demográficas. Ao longo do tempo, a incerteza estrutural contribuiu para que o movimento — enquanto constrangimento e estratégia — se consolidasse como condição central na vida das populações locais. Através de métodos etnográficos adaptados ao contexto do terreno, procurei compreender como se articula o movimento de “refugiados” e “repatriados angolanos”. Nesse sentido, e partindo do campo de refugiados de Meheba, Zâmbia, acompanhei directa e indirectamente os respectivos percursos entre a Zâmbia e Angola. O resultado foi a elaboração de um regime de pensamento e de acção, organizado através das unidades socioespaciais envolvidas — a saber, “o campo” (de refugiados), “o mato”, “a cidade”, “a estrada” e “a fronteira”. Tais unidades socioespaciais, cuja substância é produto — e produtora — de eventos, ideias e ideais de (i)mobilidade, constituem o que eu chamo de “horizontes operativos”. Assim, trata-se de compreender o que ocorre nestas unidades socioespaciais, que significados encerram, qual o seu carácter, que identidades form(ul)am, que comportamentos e expectativas (pre-)supõem, e como estimulam e são estimulados pela (i)mobilidade nas suas várias expressões
Forced, induced and/or voluntary, displacement lies deeply rooted in the territories that today comprise Angola and its fringes. Colonial occupation and slavery, violence, forced labour and high taxes, the nationalist strife, but above all, the successive interrelated conflicts, have had tremendous demographic implications. Over time, structural uncertainty contributed to the way movement — understood as a constraint and as a strategy — became integrated in the regional social landscape. The Meheba Refugee Settlement, Zambia, was the departure point of a sprawling ethnography. By following the paths of Angolan refugees and returnees between Zambia and Angola, I sought to understand how movement is articulated and perceived. More than an element of analysis, mobility became a research resource; the elaboration of a régime de la pensée et d’action, structured according to the socio-spatial units involved, was its outcome. These socio-spatial units, whose substance is the product and producer of events, ideas and ideals of (im)mobility, constitute what I call “operative horizons”. In the present essay, these are the (refugee) “camp”, “the bush”, “the town”, “the road” and “the border”. Therefore, it is my aim to examine what takes place in these units, the meanings these horizons have attached as well as their intrinsic nature, the identities they shape and formulate, the behaviors and expectations they imply and foresee, and how they stimulate and are stimulated by the various expressions of (im)mobility
Béringue, Yves. "La frontière entre Soudan français (Mali) et Guinée : d'une limite intra-impériale vers une frontière interétatique (1878-1956)." Thesis, Paris 1, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019PA01H006/document.
"The two lungs of one and the same body" is a metaphor commonly used to refer to the states of Mali and Guinea, indicating the absurd and arbitrary nature of their separation. Their common border is a 858-kilometer long line, inherited from the administrative boundary between two colonies of French West Africa. Though never clearly demarcated nor actually materialized, it stems from the territorial division of French West Africa, the purpose of which was simply to create manageable geographical units, not future states. This thesis proposes to consider the border between Mali and Guinea (former French Sudan) in its entirety, from the territorial conquest initiated by the French in 1878, up to 1956 with the establishment of autonomous territories within the AOF (French West Africa). It proposes to write its history: its construction and then administration by the French but, above all, the story of its appropriation by the communities which live in the border territories. Analysing the populations' trans-territorial habits and the forms of exploitation of the imposed spatial framework enables us to grasp its historicity, to gradually erase the phantom nature of this line and imagine the processes of spatial appropriation from the bottom up and how this helped generate new identities and caused the border to take root on the eve of the upheavals of independence
Dione, Ibrahima. "Polarisation des structures de soins de la Haute Casamance : entre construction nationale des systèmes de santé et recours aux soins transfrontalier." Phd thesis, Université d'Angers, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00945314.
Sénéchal, Antoine. "Par-delà le déclin et l’échec, une histoire aux confins de la Monarchie Hispanique : le préside d’Oran et de Mers el-Kébir des années 1670 aux années 1700." Thesis, Paris, EHESS, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020EHES0032.
Conquered by the Hispanic Monarchy at the very beginning of the 16th century, the places of Oran and Mers el-Kébir hosted an original border experience at the gates of the Maghreb. From its early moments to the present days, that presidio has been suffering from an ambiguous and biased consideration. Indeed, several historic records and the predominant historiographical discourses have both strengthened the solution of the concepts of decline, failure, crisis or obsolescence to describe and analyze the Hispanic undertaking and experience in Oran and the more general situation of the Spanish Empire at the turn of the 17th and 18th century. Everything would have been said then; there would be no need to linger deeply over what happened after that chronological turn.The first purpose of work consists in decrypting the scientific principles, the creation of hierarchies or the bias more ideological on which these discourses have been based, in order to unveil the filters laid upon the history of the presidio of Oran and Mers el-Kébir. A correlation and an entanglement, far from being insignificant, can in that case be perceived between the discourses about Spain or the Hispanic Monarchy, about the Mediterranean and about North Africa which defend the idea of a crisis or a decline since the end of the 16th century. An investigation freed from those filters has been undertaken mainly among the Spanish archives and libraries, in the light of the more or less recent historiographical advances which discuss the established knowledge about the Mediterranean, the Hispanic Monarchy, the North-African societies or the great Islamic powers of the Early Modern times. The pieces of archives read provide other accounts than decline, failure or crisis.From the zenith of the first Hispanic occupation of Oran and Mers el-Kébir, namely at the turn of the 17th and the 18th centuries, a period which has been quite avoided by the researches, this investigation suggests an alternative history first based on a Mediterranean (and Iberian-North-African) insight and then on an Hispanic one and based on conception of border situations and phenomena mindful of the effects of porosity and uncertainty. Contrary to most of the conclusions of the paradigm of the “occupation restreinte”, another image of the Hispanic border undertaking and experiences has been revealed. To go beyond the geographical and historiographical enclaving of that presidio, this investigation pays attention to the different manifestations and expansions of the “kingdom of Oran”, a wide human and material system into which entered the Hispanic project in West Algeria. Given the fundamental instability and uncertainty of that crossroad region of the Western Mediterranean, the Hispanic Monarchy under Charles II of Habsburg and Philippe V of Bourbon, itself subjected to the vicissitudes of a long and jolting resilience, embarked on a project of border domination which had been adjusted to its own resources and to the circumstances endured. Far from being anachronistic and incoherent, that border project deserves a deeper analysis of its results. So that the presidio of Oran and Mers el-Kébir had never been abandoned nor isolated from the Spanish Empire. To that extent, this investigation suggests a first approach of the galaxy of the varied forces compromised in the conservation of the presidio until the defeat during the siege of 1707-1708
El, Arabi Sofia. "Géographie de la dispersion des migrations subsahariennes au Maroc : le cas de deux villes-refuge, Tiznit et Taza." Thesis, Sorbonne université, 2020. http://accesdistant.sorbonne-universite.fr/login?url=http://theses.paris-sorbonne.fr/2020SORUL082.pdf.
This thesis deals with the repercussions of the policy of externalization of the European Union's border security measures in Morocco in the post-migration crisis context of 2015. We analyze the Moroccan strategy of forced displacement of sub-Saharan migrants wishing to reach Europe from the north of the country to medium-sized cities located further south. By introducing the concept of "dispersal", this research aims to understand the process of "bordering" through the forced relocation of sub-Saharan migrants in Morocco. Based on an empirical study within the framework of action research and a participatory method, this research was conducted comparatively in the medium-sized cities of Tiznit and Taza. Our thesis questions and analyzes the logics of dispersal, the nature of the relationships established between migrants and locals, but also the effects of this new modality of "bordering" on individuals and places. Thus, our thesis documents the effects of dispersal as a policy of plural "vulnerability" that is cushioned by "refuge-cities" under the seal of hospitality ethics. Thus, the stakes of overcoming security in favor of a "civility of transit" that is woven between natives and dispersed migrants, in the absence of state reception policies, are at stake. Dispersal brings to light unexpected reactions from civil societies that feed the reconfiguration of the reception mission in these refuge-cities. However, these palliative actions remain particularly fragile due to the absence of real concerted public policies
Scheele, Isabell. "Togo allemand - Dahomey français : relations transcoloniales à l'apogée de l'impérialisme européen." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017AIXM0319.
The PhD dissertation analyses the relations between German Togo and French Dahomey during the German colonial period (1884-1914). It defends the thesis according to which French-German relations in the Golf of Benin were characterized by an imbalance. The French colony was enlarged and developed faster, due to higher financial and political support. The German policy was aimed at limiting colonisation to the protection of the German trade establishments that were already implanted overseas. Set up as a model colony, Togo was supposed to sustain itself by its own means, without major financial support. The faint endorsement led some German officials to develop feelings of frustration and bitterness toward the government. The French-German relations in West Africa were characterised by general cordiality, a repeated cooperation and a high-valued solidarity between white men. Nevertheless, the colonial officials on the spot perceived each other as rivals. In Berlin and Paris, preventing a French-German conflict in Africa was, at least before the Moroccan crisis (1905 and 1911) seen as priority, which put a brake on local rivalries. The local rulers tried to take advantage of European rivalries. Their attempts in doing so were rarely successful; nevertheless, it allowed them to maintain a certain agency in the process of border demarcation. In Togo, the perception of the German past is nowadays rather positive, and the transport and telecommunication infrastructure largely contribute to this valorization. The present investigation however reveals that the development of infrastructures was much slower in Togo than in neighbouring French Dahomey
Mamadou, Koné Mahaman Moustapha. "Marchands ouest-africains et marchés frontaliers : construction d'une communauté d'affaires." Thesis, Bordeaux 3, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015BOR30075/document.
The objective of this thesis is to study the historical and geographical construction of border urban West African diasporas through the economic dynamics that drive these business communities. Who are the border traders? Where do they come from, what motivates them? How they are organized to build their wealth? Based on the life stories of thirty seven among the richest traders settled in the border area of Gaya-Malanville and Kamba-Birni-N'Konni Illela, this thesis tries to give answers to these questions. The study shows that these traders most were in their early labor migrants. Following a journey rich in experiences, having helped to build social and financial capital, they settled in the border towns where they have managed to mobilize this capital to take advantage of the border position and build their wealth. The thesis describes these actors of border trade organized in flexible networks, thereby giving the 'business community' and 'urban diaspora "meaningful
Waberi, Abdourahman Ali. "Fragments d'un discours africain : Approches critique et historique des littératures subsahariennes, francophones et transnationales de 1980 à aujourd'hui." Thesis, Paris 10, 2012. http://bdr.parisnanterre.fr.faraway.parisnanterre.fr/theses/intranet/2012PA100096.pdf.
This work is examined through the paradigm of the double consciousness, as it was unveiled by Paul Gilroy, and remains inscribed in the historical period synonymous of the discredit of African independences on one hand and at the end of migration policy in France on the other hand. Besides, it explores the contexts that have given birth to new literary and artistic expressions, transnational and diasporic, coming from Francophone Africa. These new literary and artistic expressions are characterized by constant reconfigurations that challenge the national framework in Africa while seriously questioning the notions of racial, social and policy issues taken care of by previous generations in the name of the Negritude and cultural nationalism. These new literary, cinematographic and visual productions are also powerful ways of imagining the future of our world scarred by the vagaries of the late age of capitalism. Finally, they raise fundamental questions concerning the fate of immigrant populations in France and Europe while heralding the advent of new, more egalitarian, inclusive and cosmopolitan ways of living together
Candiz, Guillermo Osval, and Guillermo Osval Candiz. "Le parcours du combattant." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/33290.
Victimes, trafiquants, clandestins, délinquants, « narcos », aventuriers, sans-papiers, illégaux, héros, irréguliers, passeurs, frontières, naufrages, enlèvements, morts, « eldorado », « American dream ». La liste est longue pour décrire le phénomène migratoire qui touche aujourd’hui le Maroc et le Mexique. Depuis quelques années, ces deux pays attirent l’attention des gouvernements, des journalistes et des chercheurs, car ils sont désormais désignés pays de transit et de destination pour les migrants irréguliers en provenance de la région subsaharienne pour le Maroc et de l’Amérique centrale pour le Mexique. Ils se sont transformés en pays stratégiques, en zones tampons au niveau géopolitique, notamment en ce qui concerne les questions de sécurité, de gouvernance des flux migratoires et de protection des frontières des pays du Nord. En réponse à l’ampleur des flux migratoires, nous assistons à un processus de sécuritisation de la migration se manifestant fondamentalement, dans le cas de notre étude, par le renforcement du contrôle des frontières européennes et américaines et par l’externalisation de ces frontières bien au-delà de leurs limites territoriales. Une de principales conséquences de ce processus est l’augmentation des coûts économiques et humains de la migration pour traverser ces frontières créant ainsi une population de migrants qui s’installent à long terme au Maroc et au Mexique. Alors que la recherche actuelle porte principalement sur les politiques nationales et multilatérales et sur les dispositifs de sécurité et de contrôle, cette étude a pour objectif principal de comprendre les facteurs qui façonnent et influencent l’évolution du projet migratoire pendant l’attente au Maroc et au Mexique, dans un contexte de sécuritisation et d’externalisation des frontières. L’analyse repose sur une étude ethnographique ayant comporté trois périodes de collecte de données. La première période s’est déroulée au Mexique pendant le mois d’août 2013, la deuxième au Maroc entre les mois de janvier et juillet 2015 et la troisième au Mexique entre les mois d’août et décembre 2015. Au total nous avons réalisé 45 entretiens au Mexique et 30 au Maroc, en plus des données collectées à travers des observations réalisées sur le terrain. À partir de trois niveaux d’analyse (macro, méso et micro), les résultats montrent que la sécuritisation et l’externalisation des frontières précarisent davantage les migrants en mettant leur trajectoire en attente, dans une sorte d’immobilité dans la mobilité. Toutefois, pendant l’attente, les projets migratoires continuent à évoluer grâce à plusieurs facteurs qui permettent aux migrants d’entretenir leur projet de passer un jour en Europe ou aux États-Unis
Brunelin, Stéphanie. "Essays on food security in sub-Saharan Africa : The role of food prices and climate shocks." Phd thesis, Université d'Auvergne - Clermont-Ferrand I, 2014. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01011786.
Sika, Glebelho Lazare. "Impact des allocations en ressources sur l'efficacité des écoles primaires en Côte d'Ivoire." Phd thesis, Université de Bourgogne, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00620800.
Huchon, Jean. "Intégration et conflits d'espaces - les dynamiques territoriales des Pokot (Nord-Ouest du Kenya)." Phd thesis, Université Toulouse le Mirail - Toulouse II, 2004. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00458294.
Diakite, Aboubakar. "Commerce informel des hydrocarbures au Bénin." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016STRAG043.
First of all on a small scale, then further along, on a much larger scale, the kpayo trade which means smuggling of gas and other oil products from Nigeria to Bénin, depend on almost 100 000 persons living on this sale activity. This trade might be quite different if gas transported by means of ships on the sea, by the river, or by scooters or trucks on the road. This kind of informal trade gives way to different kinds of odd jobs we mention in the PHD: bringing the jerrycans to the beach, reshaping scooters and trucks in a garage. Most of all this illicit activity needs some kind of a kinship network and political pull among the police and customs officers of the Republic. Empirical research has been done in different fields such as a gas station, a seaside village, a market on the country border, a landing stage, a warehouse, it led to the comprehension of the way smugglers are supplied. I was thus able to understand the process by which gas was transported from Nigeria to the Republic of Bénin, and see all the byways the smugglers are used to take, and the risks taken all along the journey. I examined the interaction process between the racketeers and the police when they passed a checkpoint; see how the markets were busy, and last managed to see how the the different roles of subjects interact. The racketeers networks analysis, life stories, different action strategies, the way they accumulate and the study of informal economy related to law contribute in this PhD to an essay in economic- anthropology with geographic standpoints, and a sociological analysis of precarious lives and Big Shots
Sika, Glebehlo Lazare. "Impact des allocations en ressources sur l'efficacité des écoles primaires en Côte d'Ivoire." Thesis, Dijon, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011DIJOE001/document.
The quality of primary education in Côte d'Ivoire has deteriorated sharply over the past three decades. This situation is the result of an approximate management of the education system, which is characterized by a lack of educational support, a misallocation of resources, a congestion of classrooms (42 students for a teacher in primary school) and a lack of skilled and well trained teachers. In addition, the military-political conflict in September 2002 did not allow to improve this situation; on the contrary, it has further deteriorated the situation. Thus, the aim of this thesis is first to analyze the influence of resource endowments on the effectiveness of primary schools in Cote d'Ivoire on the basis of a survey on the competence conducted by the Ministry of Education. Secondly, it examines the impact of military-political conflict in September 2002 on the demand for education based on data from the MICS-2000 and 2006 household surveys. To do this, a classification of schools according to their resource endowment was made, then, using the method of data envelopment analysis (DEA nonparametric method), an efficiency frontier is constructed to highlight the specificities of schools and finally an econometric estimation (Tobit model censored data) is implemented to identify factors influencing the formation of effectiveness scores. The analysis shows that increasing the amount of resources allocated to a school does not guarantee its performance as the efficiency factors are not resident in endowment quantity, but rather in the endowment quality, that is the values and characteristics intrinsic to people and materials available to schools, this fact in order to fit the specific needs of schools and fairness. Furthermore, using a methodology combining both double differences estimation, the triple differences estimation and correction by the robustness checks, we find that the rate of access and completed grades of primary school s one to six of primary school declined because of the crisis. Indeed, the proportions of children completing levels 1 and 2 have fallen by 25% and those of children completing levels 3, 4 and 5 have decreased by 22%, 16% and 4% respectively
Bennafla, Karine. "Pour une géographie des bordures à l'heure globale : frontières et espaces d'activités 'informelles'." Habilitation à diriger des recherches, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00850135.
Barnay, Martin. "Aux frontières du mercenariat : éléments de contexte et trajectoires de trois «affreux» français de la sécession katangaise (1960-1963)." Thèse, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/12478.
This thesis studies the case of three French combatants engaged in favor of the secession of Katanga (1960-1963), in the wake of Belgian Congo’s independence. These men were recruited to fight against the Congolese army and UN peacekeepers as those latter sought to reintegrate by force the province into a united Congo. Hardened by a decade of counter-insurgency warfare, the few dozens of French “affreux” proved to be key figures in the Katangese military apparatus. The thesis is informed by recent work in the sociology of intellectual and activist fields, and confirms the relevance of these methodologies in the study of transnational military service. Focusing on the objective conditions that structure practice rather than on the psychological dimensions of action, this research highlights the “deep forces” according to which the intervention of the “affreux” was shaped. The trajectories of these men are examined across the varying levels of context within which they took place: the history of decolonization and of the Cold War; the rapports between old European nations and emerging world powers regarding Africa; the principles, rules and rationale characterizing the foreign policy of France under the Fifth Republic. Our thesis reveals that the use of the “affreux” coincides with the decline of old colonial powers and with the affirmation of new players such as the United States, the Soviet Union and the UN on the international stage. The engagement of these men, without any official status, appears to France as a roundabout way to keep in place some of its interests and influence in Africa.