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1
Hosseinzadeh, Delandar Arash. "Finite element analysis of thermally induced residual stresses in functionally graded materials." Thesis, KTH, Materialvetenskap, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-92519.
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Functionally graded materials (FGMs) are advanced materials and their main characteristic is microstructure and composition variation over the volume of the specimen. This variation of the composition results in changing of material properties in the component. In FGMs usually there are two different types of powder materials such as metal and ceramic powders which are mixed to build up the graded region. These grade layers are placed between the metal and ceramic layers and by this approach a smooth and gradual transient from metal to ceramic can be achieved.Sintering is the main technique to manufacture these types of materials. During the sintering process, cooling of the specimen from sintering temperature to room temperature results in generation of thermal residual stresses within the material. These thermal stresses may cause crack propagation and failure of the material.Distribution analysis of these thermally induced stresses within the material has been carried out in this thesis work. Finite element package ABAQUS has been used in order to simulate the distribution of the thermal residual stresses in the materials. In order to achieve the optimal design for different geometries the parametric study also has been performed. For example influence of number of layers, mixing ratio and porosity has been investigated.Based on the finite element results for cylindrical and cuboid models, non-linear composition variation for both geometries has no improving effect in terms of induced thermal residual stresses. Porous material shows less thermal stress than non-porous material. As the amount of porosity for individual layer was considered in simulation process, this approach resulted in decreasing of thermal stresses within the material. Moreover, non-uniform thickness of graded layers was not beneficial for stress reduction. This variation of thickness results in increasing of thermal residual stresses within the material.
2
Mellachervu, Krishnaveni. "Study of the honeycomb structures and functionally graded materials using the BEM and FEM." Cincinnati, Ohio : University of Cincinnati, 2008. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view.cgi?acc_num=ucin1206460053.
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Thesis (M.S.)--University of Cincinnati, 2008.Advisor: Yijun Liu. Title from electronic thesis title page (viewed Feb.25, 2009). Includes abstract. Keywords: Honeycomb; FGM; BEM; FEM. Includes bibliographical references.
3
DESHMUKH, PUSHKARAJ M. "MODELING ERROR ESTIMATION AND ADAPTIVE MODELING OF FUNCTIONALLY GRADED MATERIALS." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2004. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1096036755.
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4
Cetin, Suat. "Analytical Solution Of A Crack Problem In A Radially Graded Fgm." Master's thesis, METU, 2007. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/3/12609120/index.pdf.
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The objective of this study is to determine stress intensity factors (SIFs) for a crack in a radially graded FGM layer on a substrate. Functionally graded coating with an edge crack perpendicular to the interface and a homogeneous substrate are bonded together. In order to make the problem analytically tractable, geometry is modeled as an FGM strip attached to a homogeneous layer. Introducing the elastic foundation underneath the homogeneous layer, an FGM coating on a thin walled cylinder can be modeled. At first, governing equations are obtained from stress displacement and equilibrium equations. Then using an assumed form of solution in terms of Fourier Transforms for displacements and applying the boundary conditions, a singular integral equation is obtained for the mode-I problem. Solving this singular integral equation numerically, stress intensity factors are obtained as functions of crack length, strip thicknesses and inhomogeneity parameter.
5
Okubo, Hitoshi, Hideki Shumiya, Masahiro Ito, and Katsumi Kato. "Insulation Performance of Permittivity Graded FGM (Functionally Graded Materials) in SF6 Gas under Lightning Impulse Conditions." IEEE, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/2237/9496.
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6
Okubo, Hitoshi, Masafumi Takei, Yoshikazu Hoshina, Masahiro Hanai, Katsumi Kato, and Muneaki Kurimoto. "Application of Functionally Graded Material for Reducing Electric Field on Electrode and Spacer Interface." IEEE, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/2237/14528.
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7
Ince, Ismet. "Periodic Crack Problem For An Fgm Coated Half Plane." Master's thesis, METU, 2012. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12614376/index.pdf.
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An elastic FGM layer bonded to a semi-infinite linear elastic, isotropic, homogeneous half plane is considered. The half plane contains periodic cracks perpendicular to the interface. Mechanical loading is applied through crack surface pressure, resulting in a mode I crack problem. The plane elasticity problem described above is formulated by using Fourier transforms and Fourier series. A singular integral equation is obtained for the auxiliary variable, namely derivative of the crack surface displacement. Solution is obtained, and stress intensity factors are calculated for various values of crack period, crack length, crack location, layer thickness and material gradation.
8
Odorczyk, Marcos Fernando. "Uma estratégia numérica para análise termoelástica de sólidos recobertos com filmes de material funcionalmente gradado (FGM)." Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina, 2011. http://tede.udesc.br/handle/handle/1796.
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The finite element method has been traditionally applied in solving problems of elasticity and heat transfer, being widely used in cases with homogeneous isotropic materials. With the advent of new technologies, it has been more frequent to use components with more than one material, aiming to get the most out of each phase. A common example is the application of coating films, with optimal properties, on a substrate. These coating films may be homogeneous or functionally graded (FGM). The latter presents a continuous variation of properties through the geometry, allowing to reduce differences at the interface with the substrate. It is important to analyze the behavior of stresses along the interface between film and substrate, a region prone for the occurrence of failure. As current commercial finite element programs have limitations to handle FGM's, especially at the interfaces, one of the motivations of this dissertation is to develop a method for stress and flux nodal recovery, adequate to work with this type of material. The work presents the analysis of a component made of steel or aluminum coated with a titanium nitride film (homogeneous or FGM) under thermo-mechanical loading. The thermal part of the problem is set in an Eulerian description, leading to heat transfer by conduction and convection in the solid. The mechanical (elasticity) part is set in the usual Lagrangean description. A staggered thermo-mechanical approach is implemented and promising results are obtained.
O método de elementos finitos tem sido tradicionalmente aplicado na solução de problemas de elasticidade e transferência de calor, sendo amplamente utilizado em casos com materiais homogêneos e isotrópicos. Com o advento de novas tecnologias tem sido mais freqüente a utilização de componentes com mais de um material, onde se procura obter o máximo proveito de cada fase. Um exemplo comum é a aplicação de filmes de revestimento com propriedades ótimas sobre um substrato. Estes filmes de revestimento podem ser homogêneos ou funcionalmente gradados (FGM), sendo que o último tem variação continua de propriedades ao longo da geometria, permitindo atenuar diferenças na interface com o substrato. A análise do comportamento das tensões ao longo da interface entre filme e substrato é de suma importância, pois esta é uma região potencial para ocorrência de falhas. Dado que programas comerciais de elementos finitos atuais apresentam limitações para lidar com FGM s, principalmente na região de interface, uma das motivações desta dissertação é desenvolver um método de pós-processamento de tensões e fluxos capaz de trabalhar adequadamente com este tipo de material. O trabalho apresenta a análise de um componente de aço ou alumínio revestido com filme de nitreto de titânio (homogêneo ou funcionalmente gradado), sob carregamento termomecânico. A parte térmica do problema é descrita usando uma abordagem Euleriana, que resulta em condução de calor por convecção e condução no sólido. A parte mecânica (elasticidade) é descrita pela tradicional abordagem Lagrangeana. Um procedimento de solução termomecânica aninhada (staggered) é implementado e resultados promissores são obtidos.
9
Sivakumar, V. "Processing, Characterization And Evaluation Of A Functionally Graded Ai - 4.6% Cu Alloy." Thesis, Indian Institute of Science, 2000. https://etd.iisc.ac.in/handle/2005/183.
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In some applications the stress across the entire cross-section of a component is not uniform but varies with position. For example, maximum shear stress is highest at the inner surface of a thick-walled cylinder subjected to uniform internal pressure and it decreases continuously towards the outer surface. In such applications it would be more appropriate for the component, too, to have varying strength across the cross-section matching with the stress profile it is subjected to. The present work deals with obtaining such a functionally graded material (FGM), characterizing it and testing its mechanical properties in compression.
Differential aging heat treatment was used to produce the functionally graded material in a precipitation hardenable Al-4.6%Cu alloy by changing the microstructure. Temperature gradient furnace was used to achieve the gradation in microstructure from one end of the sample to the other end by differential aging of the solution treated sample. Mechanical properties can be varied in any precipitation hardenable alloy by means of producing various precipitates, which will form during the aging sequence. In Al-4.6%Cu alloy one end of the solution treated sample was aged for 38 hours at 170°C and the other end at 70°C by means of a temperature gradient furnace in which the coil density varies along the axis of the furnace. Thus we achieved a difference in mechanical properties from 70°C side to 170°C side as the precipitation during differential aging varied from GP zones at one end to θ' precipitate at the other end.
Characterization was done on isothermally aged samples and in FGM using XRD (X-ray diffraction) and TEM (Transmission Electron Microscopy). XRD result showed that the final equilibrium precipitate θ was not formed in any of the heat-treated samples. TEM result showed the various precipitation sequences from GP zones to θ' in the isothermally aged samples and the same was confirmed in the gradient sample by cutting the samples form 70°C side towards the 170°C side and doing TEM on each sample.
The properties of FGM in compression were studied using a 9mmx9mmxl8mm-compression sample using DARTEC machine and it was compared with those of isothermally aged samples. For 70°C the 0.2% proof stress was 141MPa and for 170°C it was 226MPa. The corresponding ductility values at the point of inflection on the engineering stress-strain curve for 70°C sample was higher (33%) than the 170°C (22%) sample. For the gradient sample it gave a proof stress of 163MPa and a ductility value of 30%.
10
Sivakumar, V. "Processing, Characterization And Evaluation Of A Functionally Graded Ai - 4.6% Cu Alloy." Thesis, Indian Institute of Science, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/2005/183.
Full textAbstract:
In some applications the stress across the entire cross-section of a component is not uniform but varies with position. For example, maximum shear stress is highest at the inner surface of a thick-walled cylinder subjected to uniform internal pressure and it decreases continuously towards the outer surface. In such applications it would be more appropriate for the component, too, to have varying strength across the cross-section matching with the stress profile it is subjected to. The present work deals with obtaining such a functionally graded material (FGM), characterizing it and testing its mechanical properties in compression.
Differential aging heat treatment was used to produce the functionally graded material in a precipitation hardenable Al-4.6%Cu alloy by changing the microstructure. Temperature gradient furnace was used to achieve the gradation in microstructure from one end of the sample to the other end by differential aging of the solution treated sample. Mechanical properties can be varied in any precipitation hardenable alloy by means of producing various precipitates, which will form during the aging sequence. In Al-4.6%Cu alloy one end of the solution treated sample was aged for 38 hours at 170°C and the other end at 70°C by means of a temperature gradient furnace in which the coil density varies along the axis of the furnace. Thus we achieved a difference in mechanical properties from 70°C side to 170°C side as the precipitation during differential aging varied from GP zones at one end to θ' precipitate at the other end.
Characterization was done on isothermally aged samples and in FGM using XRD (X-ray diffraction) and TEM (Transmission Electron Microscopy). XRD result showed that the final equilibrium precipitate θ was not formed in any of the heat-treated samples. TEM result showed the various precipitation sequences from GP zones to θ' in the isothermally aged samples and the same was confirmed in the gradient sample by cutting the samples form 70°C side towards the 170°C side and doing TEM on each sample.
The properties of FGM in compression were studied using a 9mmx9mmxl8mm-compression sample using DARTEC machine and it was compared with those of isothermally aged samples. For 70°C the 0.2% proof stress was 141MPa and for 170°C it was 226MPa. The corresponding ductility values at the point of inflection on the engineering stress-strain curve for 70°C sample was higher (33%) than the 170°C (22%) sample. For the gradient sample it gave a proof stress of 163MPa and a ductility value of 30%.
11
Kosker, Sadik. "Three Dimensional Mixed Mode Fracture Analysis Of Functionally Graded Materials." Master's thesis, METU, 2007. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12608795/index.pdf.
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The main objective of this study is to model and analyze a three dimensional inclined semi-elliptic surface crack in a Functionally Graded Material (FGM) coating bonded to a homogeneous substrate with a bond coat. The parametric analyses on FGMs are based upon zirconia-yttria (ZrO2-8wt%-Y2O3) FGM coating bonded to a substrate made of a nickel-based superalloy. It is assumed that there is a nickel-chromium–
aluminum&
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zirconium (NiCrAlY) bond coat between the FGM coating and substrate. Metal-rich, linear variation, ceramic-rich and homogeneous ceramic FGM coating types are considered in the analyses. The inclined semi-elliptic surface crack problem in the FGM coating-bond coat-substrate system is analyzed under transient thermal loading. This problem is modeled and analyzed by utilizing three dimensional finite elements. Strain singularity around the crack front is simulated using collapsed 20 &
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node quarter &
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point brick elements. Three &
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dimensional displacement correlation technique is utilized to extract the mixed mode stress intensity factors around the crack front for different inclination angles of the semi-elliptic surface crack. The energy release rates around the crack front are also calculated by using the evaluated mixed mode stress intensity factors. The results obtained in this study are the peak values of mixed mode stress intensity factors and energy release rates around the crack front for various inclination angles of the semi-elliptic surface crack embedded in the FGM coating of the composite structure subjected to transient thermal loading.
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Kose, Ayse. "Thermal Stress Problem For An Fgm Strip Containing Periodic Cracks." Master's thesis, METU, 2013. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12615697/index.pdf.
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In this study the plane linear elastic problem of a functionally graded layer which contains periodic cracks is considered. The main objective of this study is to determine the thermal stress intensity factors for edge cracks. In order to find an analytic solution, Young&rsquos modulus and thermal conductivity are assumed to be varying exponentially across the thickness, whereas Poisson ratio and thermal diffusivity are taken as constant. First, one dimensional transient and steady state conduction problems are solved (heat flux being across the thickness) to determine the temperature distribution and the thermal stresses in a crack free layer. Then, the thermal stress distributions at the locations of the cracks are applied as crack surface tractions in the elasticity problem to find the stress intensity factors. By defining an appropriate auxiliary variable, elasticity problem is reduced to a singular integral equation, which is solved numerically. The influence of such parameters as the grading, crack length and crack period on the stress intensity factors is investigated.
13
Musuva, Mutinda. "The multiscale wavelet finite element method for structural dynamics." Thesis, Brunel University, 2015. http://bura.brunel.ac.uk/handle/2438/12468.
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The Wavelet Finite Element Method (WFEM) involves combining the versatile wavelet analysis with the classical Finite Element Method (FEM) by utilizing the wavelet scaling functions as interpolating functions; providing an alternative to the conventional polynomial interpolation functions used in classical FEM. Wavelet analysis as a tool applied in WFEM has grown in popularity over the past decade and a half and the WFEM has demonstrated potential prowess to overcome some difficulties and limitations of FEM. This is particular for problems with regions of the solution domain where the gradient of the field variables are expected to vary fast or suddenly, leading to higher computational costs and/or inaccurate results. The properties of some of the various wavelet families such as compact support, multiresolution analysis (MRA), vanishing moments and the “two-scale” relations, make the use of wavelets in WFEM advantageous, particularly in the analysis of problems with strong nonlinearities, singularities and material property variations present. The wavelet based finite elements (WFEs) presented in this study, conceptually based on previous works, are constructed using the Daubechies and B-spline wavelet on the interval (BSWI) wavelet families. These two wavelet families possess the desired properties of multiresolution, compact support, the “two scale” relations and vanishing moments. The rod, beam and planar bar WFEs are used to study structural static and dynamic problems (moving load) via numerical examples. The dynamic analysis of functionally graded materials (FGMs) is further carried out through a new modified wavelet based finite element formulation using the Daubechies and BSWI wavelets, tailored for such classes of composite materials that have their properties varying spatially. Consequently, a modified algorithm of the multiscale Daubechies connection coefficients used in the formulation of the FGM elemental matrices and load vectors in wavelet space is presented and implemented in the formulation of the WFEs. The approach allows for the computation of the integral of the products of the Daubechies functions, and/or their derivatives, for different Daubechies function orders. The effects of varying the material distribution of a functionally graded (FG) beam on the natural frequency and dynamic response when subjected to a moving load for different velocity profiles are analysed. The dynamic responses of a FG beam resting on a viscoelastic foundation are also analysed for different material distributions, velocity and viscous damping profiles. The approximate solutions of the WFEM converge to the exact solution when the order and/or multiresolution scale of the WFE are increased. The results demonstrate that the Daubechies and B-spline based WFE solutions are highly accurate and require less number of elements than FEM due to the multiresolution property of WFEM. Furthermore, the applied moving load velocities and viscous damping influence the effects of varying the material distribution of FG beams on the dynamic response. Additional aspects of WFEM such as, the effect of altering the layout of the WFE and selection of the order of wavelet families to analyse static problems, are also presented in this study.
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Boidot, Mathieu. "Élaboration de revêtements γ-γ' et de systèmes barrière thermique par Spark Plasma Sintering : tenue au cyclage thermique et propriétés d’usage." Phd thesis, Toulouse, INPT, 2010. http://oatao.univ-toulouse.fr/11972/1/boidot.pdf.
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Les procédés existant pour la fabrication de sous-couches et de systèmes barrière thermique pour les aubes mobiles des turbomachines sont complexes, onéreux, et, de leur reproductibilité dépend la durée de vie de ces systèmes. Cette étude montre la faisabilité d'obtention de sous-couches γ-Ni + γ'-Ni3Al enrichies en platine et de systèmes barrière thermique complets, par l'utilisation du procédé de Spark Plasma Sintering (SPS). Les paramètres du procédé SPS (pression, durée, température et nombre de paliers) ont été ajustés afin de fabriquer les différents types de systèmes. Des améliorations ont été apportées à l'outillage, en vue notamment de mieux appréhender la température de la pièce lors du cycle thermique et, d'empêcher la formation de carbures. Les propriétés microstructurales des revêtements obtenus sont caractérisées et mises en relation avec les paramètres d'élaboration. De plus, les propriétés d'usage (cinétique d'oxydation, résistance au cyclage thermique et à la corrosion par les aluminosilicates fondus, CMAS, conductivité thermique) ont été évaluées. Un large domaine de composition de sous-couches a pu être exploré, notamment par l'addition, par pulvérisation cathodique, d'éléments réactifs (Hf, Y, Si) et d'autres éléments (Ag, Au, Cu) ayant un effet sur le domaine de stabilité de la phase γ'. La possibilité de réaliser des systèmes barrière thermique mono et bi-couches céramiques en une seule étape par le procédé SPS est également démontrée. Un mode d'endommagement spécifique des systèmes barrière thermique élaborés par SPS a été mis en évidence lors d'essais de cyclage thermique et interprété avec l'aide de simulations numériques par éléments finis. Les nombreuses compositions et architectures réalisées au cours de cette étude, sont un encouragement à poursuivre les améliorations apportées au procédé pour l'obtention de systèmes plus complexes et plus fiables.
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Carbonari, Ronny Calixto. "Projeto de multi-atuadores piezelétricos homogêneos e gradados utilizando o método de otimização topológica." Universidade de São Paulo, 2008. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/3/3152/tde-04102016-093909/.
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Microdispositivos piezelétricos tem uma vasta aplicação em mecânica de precisão, como, por exemplo, manipulação de células, microcirurgias, equipamentos de nanotecnologia e principalmente em microeletromecanismos (MEMS). Os microdispositivos piezelétricos considerados nesta tese essencialmente consistem de uma estrutura multi-flexível atuada por duas ou mais piezocerâmicas, que geram deslocamentos e forças em direções e regiões pré-determinadas do domínio, ou seja, a estrutura multi-flexível atua como um transformador mecânico amplificando e alterando os deslocamentos gerados pelas piezocerâmicas nos movimentos de atuação. O desenvolvimento destes microdispositivos piezelétricos em sua grande maioria não utiliza ferramentas sistemáticas e genéricas. A complexidade dos movimentos de atuação torna o desenvolvimento dos microdispositivos piezelétricos complexo, principalmente devido ao surgimento de movimentos indesejados ou acoplados durante a sua atuação. Portanto, é necessário um método sistemático e eficiente como o método de otimização topológica (MOT), que incorpore na sua formulação as principais exigências de projeto dos microdispositivos, como apresentado nesse trabalho. O MOT implementado é baseado na abordagem CAMD (Distribuição Contínua da Distribuição de Material), onde as pseudo-densidades são interpoladas nos nós de cada elemento finito, resultando numa distribuição contínua de material no domínio. Um método adjunto foi implementado para o cálculo das sensibilidades. São consideradas três formulações. A primeira denominada de MAPs (Multi-Atuadores Piezelétricos) considera as regiões piezocerâmicas fixas, otimizando apenas a estrutura multi-flexível no domínio de projeto. Nesta formulação materiais não-piezelétricos (como, por exemplo, Alumínio) e vazio são distribuídos no domínio de projeto, mantendo as regiões piezocerâmicas fixas e homogêneas. Para validar os resultados obtidos com essa formulação foram fabricados protótipos de nanoposicionadores $XY$, que foram caracterizados experimentalmente utilizando técnicas de interferometria laser, considerando excitação quasi-estática. No entanto, essa primeira formulação impõe restrições no problema, limitando a optimalidade da solução obtida pela otimização topológica. Assim, surgiu a necessidade de desenvolver uma segunda formulação, que permite distribuir simultaneamente material não-piezelétrico, piezelétrico e vazio no domínio de projeto, denominada de LOMPs (Localização Ótima do Material Piezelétrico). A formulação dos LOMPs obtém simultaneamente a localização do material piezelétrico na estrutura flexível otimizada pela OT, e inclui também uma variável de projeto para determinar o ângulo ótimo entre as direções de polarização e do campo elétrico. Nesta formulação como as posições dos eletrodos não são conhecidas, ``a priori\'\', é utilizado como abordagem aplicar um campo elétrico constante para determinar a localização do material piezelétrico e conseqüentemente dos eletrodos. Finalmente, foi explorado o conceito de materiais com gradação funcional (MGFs) no projeto dos MAPs. Os MGFs apresentam uma distribuição contínua de materiais na sua microestrutura, não possuindo interface entre os materiais distribuídos, o que possibilita aumentar a vida útil do dispositivo piezelétrico. Assim, foi implementado uma terceira formulação denominada de MAPs MGFs, que permite obter a gradação ótima de materiais piezelétricos e não-piezelétricos no domínio piezocerâmico dos MAPs, conjuntamente com a topologia da estrutura multi-flexível. Essa formulação foi estendida para projetar atuadores bilaminares MGFs. Todas as formulações desenvolvidas utilizam uma função multi-objetivo, que permite controlar a rigidez e a flexibilidade minimizando o movimento acoplado, de cada movimento de atuação. Os exemplos numéricos são limitados a modelos bi-dimensionais, utilizando o estado plano de tensões e deformações mecânicas e elétricas, uma vez que a grande maioria das aplicações dos microdispositivos piezelétricos são bi-dimensionais.Microtools offer significant promise in a wide range of applications such as cell manipulation, microsurgery, nanotechnology processes, and many other fields. The microtools considered in this doctoral thesis essentially consist of a multi-flexible structure actuated by two or more piezoceramic devices that when each piezoceramic is actuated, it generates an output displacement and force at a specified point of the domain and direction. The multi-flexible structure acts as a mechanical transformer by amplifying and changing the direction of the piezoceramic output displacements. Thus, the development of microtools requires the design of actuated flexible structures that can perform complex movements. The development of these microtools is still in the beginning and it can be strongly enhanced by using design tools. In addition, when multiple piezoceramic devices are involved, coupling effects in their movements become critical, especially the appearance of undesired movements, which makes the design task very complex. One way to avoid such undesirable effects is the use of a systematic design method, such as topology optimization, with appropriate formulation of the optimization problem. The topology optimization method implemented is based on the CAMD (Continuous Approximation of Material Distribution) approach where fictitious densities are interpolated at each finite element, providing a continuum material distribution in the domain. The corresponding sensitivity analysis is presented using the adjoint method. Three formulations are considered. The first formulation, called Piezoelectric Multi-Actuators (PMAs), keeps fixed piezoceramic positions in the design domain and only the flexible structure is designed by distributing some non-piezoelectric material (Aluminum, for example). $XY$ Piezoelectric Nanopositioner are manufactured and experimentally analyzed to validate the results of the topology optimization obtained using this formulation. Experimental analyses are conducted using laser interferometry to measure displacement, while considering a quasi-static excitation. However, this first formulation imposes a constraint to the position of piezoelectric material in the optimization problem limiting the optimality of the solution. Thus, the second formulation presented, called LOMPs, allows the simultaneous distribution of non-piezoelectric and piezoelectric material in the design domain, to achieve certain specified actuation movements. The optimization problem is posed as the simultaneous search for an optimal topology of a flexible structure as well as the optimal position of piezoceramics in the design domain and optimal rotation angle of piezoceramic material axes that maximize output displacements or output forces at a specified point of the domain and direction. When the distribution of a non-piezoelectric conductor material and a piezoceramic material is considered in the design domain, the electrode positions are not known ``a priori\'\'. To circumvent this problem, an electric field is applied as electrical excitation. Finally, the concept of functionally graded materials (FGM) is applied to PMAs design. FGMs are special materials that possess continuously graded properties without interfaces which can increase lifetime of piezoelectric devices. Thus, a third formulation is implemented to find the optimum gradation and polarization sign variation of piezoceramic FGMs, while simultaneously optimizing the multi-flexible structural configuration. This formulation is extended to design bimorph type FGM actuators. For all developed formulations, a multi-objective function is defined that controls the stiffness and flexibility, minimizing the coupling movement of each actuated movement. The present examples are limited to two-dimensional models because most part of the applications for such micro-tools are planar devices.
16
Jackson, Todd Robert. "Analysis of functionally graded material object representation methods." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/9032.
Full textAbstract:
Thesis (Ph.D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Ocean Engineering, 2000.Includes bibliographical references (leaves 218-224).
Solid Freeform Fabrication (SFF) processes have demonstrated the ability to produce parts with locally controlled composition. To exploit this potential, methods to represent and exchange parts with varying local composition need to be proposed and evaluated. In modeling such parts efficiently, any such method should provide a concise and accurate description of all of the relevant information about the part with minimal cost in terms of storage. To address these issues, several approaches to modeling Functionally Graded Material (FGM) objects are evaluated based on their memory requirements. Through this research, an information pathway for processing FGM objects based on image processing is proposed. This pathway establishes a clear separation between design of FGM objects, their processing, and their fabrication. Similar to how an image is represented by a continuous vector valued function of the intensity of the primary colors over a two-dimensional space, an FGM object is represented by a vector valued function spanning a Material Space, defined over the three dimensional Build Space. Therefore, the Model Space for FGM objects consists of a Build Space and a Material Space. The task of modeling and designing an FGM object, therefore, is simply to accurately represent the function m(x) where x E Build Space. Data structures for representing FGM objects are then described and analyzed, including a voxel based structure, finite element method, and the extension of the Radial-Edge and Cell-Tuple-Graph data structures mains in order to represent spatially varying properties. All of the methods are capable of defining the function m(x) but each does so in a different way. Along with introducing each data structure, the storage cost for each is derived in terms of the number of instances of each of its fundamental classes required to represent an object. In order to determine the optimal data structure to model FGM objects, the storage cost associated with each data structure for representing several hypothetical models is calculated. Although these models are simple in nature, their curved geometries and regions of both piece-wise constant and non-linearly graded compositions reflect the features expected to be found in real applications. In each case, the generalized cellular methods are found to be optimal, accurately representing the intended design.
by Todd Robert Jackson.
Ph.D.
17
Liu, Hongye 1970. "Algorithms for design and interrogation of functionally graded material solids." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/9044.
Full textAbstract:
Thesis (S.M.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Ocean Engineering; and, (S.M.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, 2000.Includes bibliographical references (leaves 109-112).
A Functionally Gradient Material (FGM) part is a 3D solid object that has varied local material composition that is defined by a specifically designed function. Recently, research has been performed at MIT in order to exploit the potential of creating FGM parts using a modern fabrication process, 3D Printing, that has the capability of controlling composition to the length scale of 100 [mu]m. As part of the project of design automation of FGM parts, this thesis focuses on the issue of the development of efficient algorithms for design and composition interrogation. Starting with a finite element based 3D model, the design tool based on the distance function from the surface of the part and the design tool allowing the user to design within a .STL file require enhanced efficiency and so does the interrogation of the part. The approach for improving efficiency includes preprocessing the model with bucket sorting, digital distance transform of the buckets and an efficient point classification algorithm. Based on this approach, an efficient algorithm for distance function computation is developed for the design of FGM through distance to the surface of the part or distance to a .STL surface boundary. Also an efficient algorithm for composition evaluation at a point, along a ray or on a plane is developed. The theoretical time complexities of the developed algorithms are analyzed and experimental numerical results are provided.
by Hongye Liu.
S.M.
18
Imery, Buiza Jesus Alberto. "Fracture behaviour of 2124 A1-SiC functionally graded materials." Thesis, Imperial College London, 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.321715.
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19
Janković, Ilić Dragana. "Self formed Cu-W functionally graded material created via powder segregation." Aachen Shaker, 2008. http://d-nb.info/999932683/34.
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20
Janković, Ilić Dragana. "Self formed Cu-W functionally graded material created via powder segregation." Aachen Shaker, 2007. http://d-nb.info/987900730/04.
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21
Garbin, Turpaud Fernando, and Pachas Ángel Alfredo Lévano. "Higher-order non-local finite element bending analysis of functionally graded." Bachelor's thesis, Universidad Peruana de Ciencias Aplicadas (UPC), 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10757/626024.
Full textAbstract:
La teoría de vigas de Timoshenko TBT y una teoría de alto orden IFSDT son formuladas utilizando las ecuaciones constitutivas no locales de Eringen. Se utilizaron ecuaciones constitutivas en 3D en el modelo IFSDT. Se utilizó una variación del material con el uso de materiales funcionalmente graduados a lo largo del peralte de una viga de sección rectangular. El principio de trabajos virtuales utilizado y ejemplos numéricos fueron presentados para comparar ambas teorías de vigas.Timoshenko Beam Theory (TBT) and an Improved First Shear Deformation Theory (IFSDT) are reformulated using Eringen’s non-local constitutive equations. The use of 3D constitutive equation is presented in IFSDT. A material variation is made by the introduction of FGM power law in the elasticity modulus through the height of a rectangular section beam. The virtual work statement and numerical results are presented in order to compare both beam theories.
Tesis
22
Tilbrook, Matthew Thomas Materials Science & Engineering Faculty of Science UNSW. "Fatigue crack propagation in functionally graded materials." Awarded by:University of New South Wales. Materials Science & Engineering, 2005. http://handle.unsw.edu.au/1959.4/21885.
Full textAbstract:
Propagation of cracks in functionally graded materials (FGMs) under cyclic loading was investigated via experiments and finite element (FE) analysis. Alumina-epoxy composites with an interpenetrating-network structure and tailored spatial variation in composition were produced via a multi-step infiltration technique. Compressed polyurethane foam was infiltrated with alumina slip. After foam burn-out and sintering, epoxy was infiltrated into the porous alumina body. Non-graded specimens with a range of compositions were produced, and elastic properties and fatigue behaviour were characterised. An increase in crack propagation resistance under cyclic loading was quantified via a novel analytical approach. A simulation platform was developed with the commercial FE package ANSYS. Material gradient was applied via nodal temperature definitions. Stress intensity factors were calculated from nodal displacements near the crack-tip. Deflection criteria were compared and the local symmetry criterion provided the most accurate and efficient predictions. An automated mesh-redefinition algorithm enabled incremental simulation of crack propagation. Effects of gradient and crack-geometry parameters on crack-tip stresses were investigated, along with influences of crack-shape, crack-bridging, residual stresses and plasticity. The model provided predictions and data analysis for experimental specimens. Fatigue cracks in graded specimens deflected due to elastic property mismatch, concordant with FE predictions. In other FGMs, thermal or plastic properties may dominate deflection behaviour. Weaker step-interfaces influenced crack paths in some specimens; otherwise effects of toughness variation and gradient steps on crack path were negligible. Crack shape has an influence, but this is secondary to that of elastic gradient. Cracks in FGM specimens initially experienced increase in fatigue resistance with crack-extension followed by sudden decreases at step-interfaces. Bridging had a notable effect on crack propagation resistance but not on crack path. Similarly, crack paths did not differ between monotonic and cyclic loading, although crack-extension effects did. Recommendations for analysis and optimisation strategies for other FGM systems are given. Experimental characterization of FGMs is important, rather than relying on theoretical models. Opportunities for optimization of graded structures are limited by the properties of the constituent materials and resultant general crack deflection behaviour.
23
Limmahakhun, Sakkadech. "Development of functionally graded materials for innovation in bone-replacement applications." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2017. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/108053/2/Sakkadech_Limmahakhun_Thesis.pdf.
Full textAbstract:
This project aims to develop bone-mimic structures for bone-replacement applications. To mimic the complex structures observed in bones, various internal architectures and graded cellular microstructures were created using additive manufacturing approaches to tailor the mechanical performance of polymer and metal based scaffolds. The structure-property relation, stress shielding effect and cell response were investigated using experimental and numerical methods, at different material length scales. The optimized architectures and graded microstructures were applied to femoral implants whose performance was also investigated via mechanical testing and numerical simulations. The findings of this thesis will help develop new strategies for bone replacement.
24
Pratapa, Suminar. "Synthesis and character of a functionally-graded aluminium titanate/zirconia-alumina composite." Thesis, Curtin University, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11937/988.
Full textAbstract:
A functionally-graded Al(subscript)2TiO(subscript)5/ZrO(subscript)2-Al(subscript)2O(subscript)3 (AT/zirconia-alumina) composite has been successfully synthesized by an infiltration process involving an alpha-Al(subscript)2O(subscript)3-ZrO(subscript)2 (90:10 by weight) green body and a solution containing titanium chloride. The mass gain after infiltration has been used to estimate the amount of new phase introduced into the system. The phase composition character of the functionally-graded material (FGM) has been determined by x-ray diffraction. The Rietveld "whole pattern" refinement method was applied to diffraction patterns of the sample which were collected from the surface and at several depths which were made by polishing away the material. Absolute weight fraction determination using the Rietveld external standard method showed that the concentration of AT reduces linearly from the surface to the core. In contrast, the alpha-alumina content increases with depth in a complementary manner. Low level amorphous phase was also observed. Other functionally-graded microstructural profiles examined were x-ray characteristic line intensity of Ti, Ti dot-mapping, and alpha-alumina grain size. The FGM also exhibits graded character in both thermal and mechanical properties, i.e. thermal expansion, microhardness, and Young's modulus. The thermal expansion coefficient (TEC) of the FGM increased with polishing-depth and approached that of the zirconia-alumina reference sample at a depth of 0.5 mm.Relatively lower thermal expansion and softer surface layer in comparison to those of the core (TEC value of 5.9 x 10(subscript)-6 degrees celsius(subscript)-1 and microhardness of 6 GPa compared to 7.4 x 10(subscript)-6 degrees celsius(subscript)-1 and 12 GPa, respectively) render possibilities to implement the material to which thermal shock resistance surface but hard core, such as a metal melting crucible, are required. Load-dependent microhardness was obviously observed on the surface of the material but only slight dependence was observed in the core. This observation indicated that the material exhibit "quasi-ductile" surface but brittle core. In comparison to the reference specimen, the FGM displayed damage-tolerance and remarkable machinability.
25
Lindsay, Marianne Rose. "Development of Lithium Disilicate Microstructure Graded Glass-Ceramic." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/33243.
Full textAbstract:
The goal of this research was to create a microstructure graded glass-ceramic and investigate the resulting properties as a function of crystallization processing. The desired glass-ceramic was a lithium disilicate material that has a crystallization gradient across the sample, leading to functionally graded properties as a result of the microstructure gradient. Samples were prepared by melting and pouring glass at 1400°C, annealing at 400°C for 48 hours, and nucleating at 480°C for 2 hours. To ensure that crystallization would not occur homogeneously throughout the sample, a temperature gradient was imposed during crystallization. Samples were crystallized on a self-constructed resistance wire furnace that was open to air. Several crystallization processing parameters were tested, including high temperature for a short time and low temperature for a long time. Samples were ground and polished to 0.25 microns before characterization methods were performed. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) showed the microstructure transition across the sample cross section, with crystals present on the crystalline side and only nuclei present on the glassy side. Raman spectroscopy showed a transformation of the characteristic spectra across the sample cross section, with defined, high-intensity peaks on the crystalline side and broad, low-intensity peaks on the glassy side. Microhardness showed a slight transition in hardness values across the sample cross section, however the variability was too great to draw any conclusions. The characterization methods showed that the desired material was created and the resulting properties were a function of the crystallization processing parameters.Master of Science
26
Janković, Ilić Dragana [Verfasser]. "Self formed Cu-W functionally graded material created via powder segregation / Dragana Janković Ilić." Aachen : Shaker, 2008. http://d-nb.info/999932683/34.
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Pitakthapanaphong, Sasithon. "Deformation behaviour and failure predictions of multi-layered systems with a functionally graded material." Thesis, Imperial College London, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.246987.
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Koppanooru, Sampat Kumar Reddy. "Estimating Thermal Conductivity and Volumetric Specific Heat of a Functionally Graded Material using Photothermal Radiometry." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2017. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc1062896/.
Full textAbstract:
Functionally graded materials (FGMs) are inhomogeneous materials in which the material properties vary with respect to space. Research has been done by scientific community in developing techniques like photothermal radiometry (PTR) to measure the thermal conductivity and volumetric heat capacity of FGMs. One of the problems involved in the technique is to solve the inverse problem, i.e., estimating the thermal properties after the frequency scan has been obtained. The present work involves finding the unknown thermal conductivity and volumetric heat capacity of the FGMs by using finite volume method. By taking the flux entering the sample as periodic and solving the discretized 1-D thermal wave field equation at a frequency domain, one can obtain the complex temperatures at the surface of the sample for each frequency. These complex temperatures when solved for a range of frequencies gives the phase vs frequency scan which can then be compared to original frequency scan obtained from the PTR experiment by using a residual function. Brute force and gradient descent optimization methods have been implemented to estimate the unknown thermal conductivity and volumetric specific heat of the FGMs through minimization of the residual function. In general, the spatial composition profile of the FGMs can be approximated by using a smooth curve. Three functional forms namely Arctangent curve, Hermite curve, and Bezier curve are used in approximating the thermal conductivity and volumetric heat capacity distributions in the FGMs. The use of Hermite and Bezier curves gives the flexibility to control the slope of the curve i.e. the thermal property distribution along the thickness of the sample. Two-layered samples with constant thermal properties and three layered samples in which one of the layer has varying thermal properties with respect to thickness are considered. The program is written in Fortran and several test runs are performed. Results obtained are close to the original thermal property values with some deviation based on the stopping criteria used in the gradient descent algorithm. Calculating the gradients at each iteration takes considerable amount of time and if these gradient values are already available, the problem can be solved at a faster rate. One of the methods is extending automatic differentiation to complex numbers and calculating the gradient values ahead; this is left for future work.
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Caraballo, Simon. "Thermo-Mechanical Beam Element for Analyzing Stresses in Functionally Graded Materials." Scholar Commons, 2011. http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/3024.
Full textAbstract:
Modeling at the structural scale most often requires the use of beam and shell elements. This simplification reduces modeling complexity and computation requirements but sacrifices the accuracy of through-the-thickness information. Several studies have reported various design approaches for analyzing functionally graded material structures. One of these studies proposed a two-node beam element for functionally graded materials (FGMs) based on first order shear deformable (FOSD) theory. The derivation of governing equations included spatial temperature variation. However, only the constant temperature case was carried through in the element formulation. This investigation explore the effects of spatial temperature variation in the axial and through-the-thickness direction of this proposed element and present a new standard three-node beam finite element modified for structure constructed of FGMs. Also, the influence of the temperature dependency of the thermo-elastic material properties on the thermal stresses distribution was studied. In addition, variations in the layer thicknesses within multilayer beam models were studied to determine the effect on stresses and factor of safety. Finally, based on the specific factor of safety, which combines together the strength and mass of the beam, the best layer thicknesses for the beam models were established.
The key contributions expected from this research are:
1. development and implementation of a three-node beam element as a finite element code into the commercial computational tool MATLAB® to analyze thermo-mechanical stresses in structures constructed of functionally graded materials;
2. a strategy to simulate different load cases in structures constructed of functionally graded materials;
3. an analysis of the influence of the FGM interlayer thickness on the factor of safety/specific gravity ratio in structures constructed of functionally graded materials under thermo-mechanical loads;
4. and an analysis/comparison of the advantages/benefits of using structures constructed of functionally graded materials with respect to those constructed with homogenous materials.
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Ilhan, Kucuk Ayse. "Mixed-mode Fracture Analysis Of Orthotropic Fgm Coatings Under Mechanical And Thermal Loads." Phd thesis, METU, 2007. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/2/12608743/index.pdf.
Full textAbstract:
In this study, it is aimed to investigate the mixed-mode fracture behavior of orthotropic functionally graded material (FGM) coatings bonded to a homogeneous substrate through a homogeneous bond-coat. Analytical and computational methods are used to solve the embedded cracking problems under mechanical or thermal loading conditions. It is assumed that the material property gradation of the FGM coating is in the thickness direction and cracks are parallel to the boundaries. The principal axes of orthotropy are parallel and perpendicular to the boundaries. A single embedded crack in the orthotropic FGM coating is investigated analytically assuming that crack surfaces are subjected to either uniform normal or uniform shear stresses. Using Fourier transformations, the problem is reduced to a couple of singular integral equations that are solved numerically to obtain the mixed-mode stress intensity factors, energy release rate and crack opening displacements. To investigate the analytically untractable problems without restrictive assumptions, a computational approach is employed. The adopted computational approach is based on finite element method and displacement correlation technique. Using the computational approach, fracture parameters are obtained considering single and periodic embedded cracking conditions in the orthotropic FGM coatings under mechanical or thermal loads. The results obtained in this study show the effects of material nonhomogeneity, material orthotropy and geometric variables on the fracture behavior of the structure.
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Shi, Chao. "Finite Block Method and applications in engineering with Functional Graded Materials." Thesis, Queen Mary, University of London, 2018. http://qmro.qmul.ac.uk/xmlui/handle/123456789/39764.
Full textAbstract:
Fracture mechanics plays an important role in understanding the performance of all types of materials including Functionally Graded Materials (FGMs). Recently, FGMs have attracted the attention of various scholars and engineers around the world since its specific material properties can smoothly vary along the geometries. In this thesis, the Finite Block Method (FBM), based on a 1D differential matrix derived from the Lagrangian Interpolation Method, has been presented for the evaluation of the mechanical properties of FGMs on both static and dynamic analysis. Additionally, the coefficient differential matrix can be determined by a normalized local domain, such as a square for 2D, a cubic for 3D. By introducing the mapping technique, a complex real domain can be divided into several blocks, and each block is possible to transform from Cartesian coordinate (xyz) to normalized coordinate (ξησ) with 8 seeds for two dimensions and 20 seeds for three dimensions. With the aid of coefficient differential matrix, the differential equation is possible to convert to a series of algebraic functions. The accuracy and convergence have been approved by comparison with other numerical methods or analytical results. Besides, the stress intensity factor and T-stresses are introduced to assess the fracture characteristics of FGMs. The Crack Opening displacement is applied for the calculation of the stress intensity factor with the FBM. In addition, a singular core is adopted to combine with the blocks for the simulation of T stresses. Numerical examples are introduced to verify the accuracy of the FBM, by comparing with Finite Element Methods or analytical results. Finally, the FBM is applied for wave propagation problems in two- and three-dimensional porous mediums considering their poroelasticities. To demonstrate the accuracy of the present method, a one-dimensional analytical solution has been derived for comparison.
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Gokay, Kemal. "Contact Mechanics Of Graded Materials With Two Dimensional Material Property Variations." Master's thesis, METU, 2005. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12606527/index.pdf.
Full textAbstract:
ABSTRACT
CONTACT MECHANICS OF GRADED MATERIALS WITH TWODIMENSIONAL
MATERIAL PROPERTY VARIATIONS
Gökay, Kemal M.S., Department of Mechanical Engineering Supervisor: Asst. Prof. Dr. Serkan Dag September 2005, 62 pages Ceramic layers used as protective coatings in tribological applications are known to be prone to cracking and debonding due to their brittle nature. Recent experiments with functionally graded ceramics however show that these material systems are particularly useful in enhancing the resistance of a surface to tribological damage. This improved behavior is attributed to the influence of the material property gradation on the stress distribution that develops at the contacting surfaces. The main interest in the present study is in the contact mechanics of a functionally graded surface with a two &ndash
dimensional spatial variation in the modulus of elasticity. Poisson&rsquo
s ratio is assumed to be constant due to its insignificant effect on the contact stress distribution [30]. In the formulation of the problem it is assumed that the functionally graded surface is in frictional sliding contact with a rigid flat stamp. Using elasticity theory and semi-infinite plane approximation for the graded medium, the problem is reduced to a singular integral equation of the second kind. Integral equation is solved numerically by expanding the unknown contact stress distribution into a series of Jacobi polynomials and using suitable collocation points. The developed method is validated by providing comparisons to a closed form solution derived for homogeneous materials. Main numerical results consist of the effects of the material nonhomogeneity parameters, coefficient of friction and stamp size and location on the contact stress distribution.
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Li, Qian. "Three-dimensional analysis of functionally graded material plates, free vibration in thermal environment and thermal buckling." Thesis, University of Macau, 2008. http://umaclib3.umac.mo/record=b1783646.
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Richards, Mark Rowse. "Process development for IrAl coated SiC-C functionally graded material for the oxidation protection of graphite /." Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/10574.
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Pratapa, Suminar. "Synthesis and character of a functionally-graded aluminium titanate/zirconia-alumina composite." Curtin University of Technology, Department of Applied Physics, 1997. http://espace.library.curtin.edu.au:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=14696.
Full textAbstract:
A functionally-graded Al(subscript)2TiO(subscript)5/ZrO(subscript)2-Al(subscript)2O(subscript)3 (AT/zirconia-alumina) composite has been successfully synthesized by an infiltration process involving an alpha-Al(subscript)2O(subscript)3-ZrO(subscript)2 (90:10 by weight) green body and a solution containing titanium chloride. The mass gain after infiltration has been used to estimate the amount of new phase introduced into the system. The phase composition character of the functionally-graded material (FGM) has been determined by x-ray diffraction. The Rietveld "whole pattern" refinement method was applied to diffraction patterns of the sample which were collected from the surface and at several depths which were made by polishing away the material. Absolute weight fraction determination using the Rietveld external standard method showed that the concentration of AT reduces linearly from the surface to the core. In contrast, the alpha-alumina content increases with depth in a complementary manner. Low level amorphous phase was also observed. Other functionally-graded microstructural profiles examined were x-ray characteristic line intensity of Ti, Ti dot-mapping, and alpha-alumina grain size. The FGM also exhibits graded character in both thermal and mechanical properties, i.e. thermal expansion, microhardness, and Young's modulus. The thermal expansion coefficient (TEC) of the FGM increased with polishing-depth and approached that of the zirconia-alumina reference sample at a depth of 0.5 mm.Relatively lower thermal expansion and softer surface layer in comparison to those of the core (TEC value of 5.9 x 10(subscript)-6 degrees celsius(subscript)-1 and microhardness of 6 GPa compared to 7.4 x 10(subscript)-6 degrees celsius(subscript)-1 and 12 GPa, respectively) render possibilities to implement the material to which thermal shock resistance surface but hard core, such as a metal melting crucible, are required. Load-dependent microhardness was obviously observed on the surface of the material but only slight dependence was observed in the core. This observation indicated that the material exhibit "quasi-ductile" surface but brittle core. In comparison to the reference specimen, the FGM displayed damage-tolerance and remarkable machinability.
36
Maruani, Jonas. "Contrôle actif des vibrations de structures élancées FGPM." Thesis, Paris 10, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019PA100062.
Full textAbstract:
Cette thèse vise à montrer la faisabilité et l’efficience du contrôle actif des vibrations des structures faites à partir de matériaux piézoélectriques à gradient de propriétés (FGPM). Une structure formée d’un seul bloc, fabriquée à partir d’un FGPM, intégrant directement les propriétés piézoélectriques permet de remplacer les structures classiques dites intelligentes (une structure hôte équipée de pastilles piézoélectriques) et de supprimer les inconvénients dont souffrent ces structures (concentrations de contraintes aux interfaces, décollement des pastilles, …). La recherche se concentre sur la modélisation des FGPM, en particulier sur les lois de comportement graduelle de ce matériau et le développement d’éléments finis de structures élancées FGPM. Deux éléments sont développés, un élément de poutre basé sur la cinématique de Timoshenko et un élément de plaque basé sur une cinématique adaptative. Ces deux éléments intègrent une approximation par couches numériques pour le potentiel électrique.Ils sont utilisés pour simuler le contrôle actif des vibrations d’une poutre ou d’une plaque FGPM.Dans le cas poutre, le système est régulé par un régulateur linéaire quadratique, alors que dans le cas plaque, un régulateur flou décentralisé a été développé et utilisé. Les deux systèmes sont observés grâce à un observateur de Luenberger. Des études statiques permettent de comprendre le comportement du FGPM en fonction de sa gradation. De plus, les simulations de contrôle actif présentées montrent la faisabilité du contrôle par les deux systèmes et la capacité du régulateur flou à s’adapter facilement aux changements brutaux de perturbations extérieuresThe aim of this thesis is to show the feasibility and the efficiency of active vibration control by structures made of functionally graded piezoelectric materials (FGPM). One bloc structure, made of FGPM, with piezoelectric properties embedded, is used to replace classical intelligent structures (a host structure equipped with piezoelectric patches) and to remove their disadvantages (stresses concentrations near interface, delamination of patches, …).This study focuses on the FGPM’s modelization, in particular on the graded behavior laws and on the development of finite elements of FGPM beams and plates. Two finite element are implemented, a beam element based on Timoshenko’s kinematics and a plate element based on an adaptive kinematics. Both elements have a numerical layers approximation for the electrical potential. These two elements are used for active vibration control simulations. In the beam case, the system is governed by a linear quadratic regulator. Otherwise, for the plate a fuzzy decentralized regulator is developed and used. Both systems beam and plate are observed thanks to a Luerberger’s observer. Static studies show the behavior of FGPM depending on the material gradation. In addition, active vibration simulations show the feasibility of control with both systems and the ability of fuzzy regulator to accommodate to sudden changes on external perturbations
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Rodriguez, Johnnatan, Kevin Hoefer, Andre Haelsig, and Peter Mayr. "Functionally Graded SS 316L to Ni-Based Structures Produced by 3D Plasma Metal Deposition." MDPI AG, 2019. https://monarch.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A34781.
Full textAbstract:
In this investigation, the fabrication of functionally graded structures of SS316L to Ni-based alloys were studied, using the novel technique 3D plasma metal deposition. Two Ni-based alloys were used, a heat resistance alloy Ni80-20 and the solid-solution strengthened Ni625. Different configurations were analyzed, for the Ni80-20 a hard transition and a smooth transition with a region of 50% SS316L/50% Ni80-20. Regarding the structures with Ni625, a smooth transition configuration and variations in the heat input were applied. The effect of the process parameters on the geometry of the structures and the microstructures was studied. Microstructure examinations were carried out using optical and scanning electron microscopy. In addition, microhardness analysis were made on the interfaces. In general, the smooth transition of both systems showed a gradual change in the properties. The microstructural results for the SS316L (both systems) showed an austenite matrix with δ-phase. For the mixed zone and the Ni80-20 an austenite (γ) matrix with some M7C3 precipitates and laves phase were recognized. The as-built Ni625 microstructure was composed of an austenite (γ) matrix with secondary phases laves and δ-Ni3Nb, and precipitates M7C3. The mixed zone exhibited the same phases but with changes in the morphology.
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Fariborz, Jamshid. "Free Vibration of Bi-directional Functionally Graded Material Circular Beams using Shear Deformation Theory employing Logarithmic Function of Radius." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/85107.
Full textAbstract:
Curved beams such as arches find ubiquitous applications in civil, mechanical and aerospace engineering, e.g., stiffened floors, fuselage, railway compartments, and wind turbine blades. The analysis of free vibrations of curved structures plays a critical role in their design to avoid transient loads with dominant frequencies close to their natural frequencies.
One way to increase their areas of applications and possibly make them lighter without sacrificing strength is to make them of Functionally Graded Materials (FGMs) that are composites with continuously varying material properties in one or more directions.
In this thesis, we study free vibrations of FGM circular beams by using a logarithmic shear deformation theory that incorporates through-the-thickness logarithmic variation of the circumferential displacement, and does not require a shear correction factor. The radial displacement of a point is assumed to depend only upon its angular position. Thus the beam theory can be regarded as a generalization of the Timoshenko beam theory. Equations governing transient deformations of the beam are derived by using Hamilton's principle. Assuming a time harmonic variation of the displacements, and by utilizing the generalized differential quadrature method (GDQM) the free vibration problem is reduced to solving an algebraic eigenvalue problem whose solution provides frequencies and the corresponding mode shapes. Results are presented for different spatial variations of the material properties, boundary conditions, and the aspect ratio. It is found that the radial and the circumferential gradation of material properties maintains their natural frequency within that of the homogeneous beam comprised of a constituent of the FGM beam. Furthermore, keeping every other variable fixed, the change in the beam opening angle results in very close frequencies of the first two modes of vibration, a phenomenon usually called mode transition.Master of Science
Curved and straight beams of various cross-sections are one of the simplest and most fundamental structural elements that have been extensively studied because of their ubiquitous applications in civil, mechanical, biomedical and aerospace engineering. Many attempts have been made to enhance their material properties and designs for applications in harsh environments and reduce weight. One way of accomplishing this is to combine layerwise two or more distinct materials and take advantage of their directional properties. It results in a lightweight structure having overall specific strength superior to that of its constituents. Another possibility is to have volume fractions of two or more constituents gradually vary throughout the structure for enhancing its performance under anticipated applications. Functionally graded materials (FGMs) are a class of composites whose properties gradually vary along one or more space directions. In this thesis, we have numerically studied free vibrations of FGM circular beams to enhance their application domain and possibly use them for energy harvesting.
39
Demircivi, Bengi. "Thermal Stress Intensity Factor Evaluation For Inclined Cracks In Functionally Graded Materials Using Jk-integral Method." Master's thesis, METU, 2006. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12607844/index.pdf.
Full textAbstract:
The main objective of this study is to evaluate mixed mode stress intensity factors
for inclined embedded cracks in functionally graded materials. Fracture analysis
of inclined cracks requires the calculation of both Mode I and Mode II stress
intensity factors ( I K , II K ). In this study, k J -integral is used to calculate I K
and II K . Equivalent domain integral approach is utilized to evaluate the k J -
integral around the crack tip. The present study aims at developing a finite
element model to study inclined crack problems in graded media under
thermomechanical loading. A two dimensional finite element model is developed
for inclined cracks located in a functionally graded medium. Structural and
thermal problems are solved using two dimensional finite elements namely 8-
noded triangles. Material properties are sampled directly at the integration points
of the elements, as required by the numerical integral evaluation. The main results
of the study are the stress intensity factors at the crack tip for functionally graded
materials subjected to thermomechanical loading.
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Arman, Eyup Erhan. "Jk-integral Formulation And Implementation For Thermally Loaded Orthotropic Functionally Graded Materials." Master's thesis, METU, 2008. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/3/12610136/index.pdf.
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The main aim of this study is to utilize a Jk-integral based computational method in order to calculate crack tip parameters for orthotropic functionally graded materials (FGMs). The crack is subjected to mixed mode thermal loading. Mixed mode thermal fracture analysis requires the calculation of mode-I and mode-II stress intensity factors (KI ,KII ). In addition to stress intensity factors, energy release rate and T-stress are calculated by means of Jk-integral. Jk-integral is defined as a line integral over a vanishingly small curve. Since it is difficult to deal with a line integral on a vanishing curve , Jk-integral is converted to a domain independent form containing area and line integrals by the help of plane thermoelasticity constitutive relations. Steady-state temperature distribution profiles in FGMs and the components of the Jk-integral are computed by means of the finite element method.
In both thermal and structural analyses, finite element models that possess graded isoparametric elements are created in the general purpose finite element analysis software ANSYS. In the formulation of Jk-integral, all required engineering material properties are assumed to possess continuous spatial variations through the functionally graded medium. The numerical results are compared to the results obtained from Displacement Correlation Technique (DCT). The domain independence of Jk-integral is also demonstrated. The results obtained in this study show the effects of crack location and material property gradation profiles on stress intensity factors, energy release rate and T-stress.
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Lima, Andressa Bastos da Mota. "Desenvolvimento de eletrodo FGM a base de Ni-zircônia para célula a combustível de sólido óxido." Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2007. https://repositorio.ufscar.br/handle/ufscar/760.
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Previous issue date: 2007-03-01Universidade Federal de Sao Carlos
The search for alternatives sources to fossil fuel has stimulated the technological development of solid oxide fuel cell. Hydrogen is the ideal fuel for this application. However, due to technical reasons, alternatives fuels to hydrogen such as methanol and natural gas has been tested. Therefore, the use of these fuels makes necessary the substitution of the anode materials that are normally used with hydrogen. The anode materials substitution must be based on the knowledge about the relationship between anode microstructure and its performance during cell operation. This knowledge makes possible introduce new materials besides new fabrication process for solid oxide fuel cell anodes. The main characteristics of anode are: high chemical activity and durability. The durability of the anode can be attained using FGM material that makes possible to match the thermal expansion of the interfaces. Ni-8YSZ cermet is normally used as anode material. In this work it was studied the cermets Ni-8YSZ as electrodes on the YSZ electrolyte. Two types of electrodes were prepared: with and without compositional gradient along the electrode thickness. This work was developed in two steps. The first one was the development of the powder 8YSZ-NiO suspension with the appropriated rheological characteristics. The second one was the electrodes characterization by impedance spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy. It was found that electrodes containing layers with ≤30 vol% Ni are inefficient to promote the reactions because de Ni particles are not percolated.
A busca por fontes alternativas aos combustíveis fósseis para geração de energia tem estimulado a tecnologia para a fabricação de células a combustível (CaC). Gás hidrogênio é o combustível ideal para CaC porém outros combustíveis, tais como metanol e gás natural, são testados. O material de anodo utilizado, quando se emprega hidrogênio como combustível, é o compósito Ni-8YSZ. O anodo deve atender dois requisitos: alta atividade química das reações e durabilidade. O conceito de material FGM (gradação funcional) é aplicado a eletrodo com o objetivo de aumentar a durabilidade pela compatibilização da expansão térmica do eletrólito e coletor de corrente. Nesta dissertação foram estudados eletrodos compósitos Ni-8YSZ, em eletrólitos de 8YSZ, com e sem gradiente composicional ao longo da espessura. Este trabalho foi realizado em duas etapas: desenvolvimento do processamento cerâmico e caracterização elétrica dos eletrodos. A primeira etapa consistiu no desenvolvimento de suspensões da mistura 8YSZ-NiO com características adequadas ao processo de deposição por jato de suspensão e cujo filme granular resultante fosse livre de defeitos. A segunda etapa consistiu na caracterização dos eletrodos, com e sem gradação de composição, por espectroscopia de impedância e microscopia eletrônica. Eletrodos contendo camadas ≤30%vol Ni são ineficientes para promover as reações de anodo pois as partículas de níquel não estão percoladas.
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Makhecha, Dhaval Pravin. "Dynamic Fracture of Adhesively Bonded Composite Structures Using Cohesive Zone Models." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/29631.
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Using experimental data obtained from standard fracture test configurations, theoretical and numerical tools are developed to mathematically describe non-self-similar progression of cracks without specifying an initial crack. A cohesive-decohesive zone model, similar to the cohesive zone model known in the fracture mechanics literature as the Dugdale-Barenblatt model, is adopted to represent the degradation of the material ahead of the crack tip. This model unifies strength-based crack initiation and fracture-mechanics-based crack progression.
The cohesive-decohesive zone model is implemented with an interfacial surface material that consists of an upper and a lower surface that are connected by a continuous distribution of normal and tangential nonlinear elastic springs that act to resist either Mode I opening, Mode II sliding, Mode III sliding, or a mixed mode. The initiation of fracture is determined by the interfacial strength and the progression of the crack is determined by the critical energy release rate. The adhesive is idealized with an interfacial surface material to predict interfacial fracture. The interfacial surface material is positioned within the bulk material to predict discrete cohesive cracks. The interfacial surface material is implemented through an interface element, which is incorporated in ABAQUS using the user defined element (UEL) option.
A procedure is established to formulate a rate dependent model based on experiments carried out on compact tension test specimens. The rate dependent model is incorporated into the interface element approach to capture the unstable crack growth observed in experiments under quasi-static loading conditions. The compact tension test gives the variation of the fracture toughness with the rate of loading, this information is processed and a relationship between the fracture toughness and the rate of the opening displacement is established.
The cohesive-decohesive zone model is implemented through a material model to be used in an explicit code (LS-DYNA). Dynamic simulations of the standard test configurations for Mode I (Double Cantilever Beam) and Mode II (End Load Split) are carried out using the explicit code. Verification of these coupon tests leads to the crash analysis of realistic structures like the square composite tube. Analyses of bonded and unbonded square tubes are presented. These tubes shows a very uncharacteristic failure mode: the composite material disintegrates on impact, and this has been captured in the analysis.
Disadvantages of the interface element approach are well documented in the literature. An alternative method, known as the Extended Finite Element Method (XFEM), is implemented here through an eight-noded quadrilateral plane strain element. The method, based on the partition-of-unity, is used to study simple test configuration like the three-point bend problem and a double cantilever beam. Functionally graded materials are also simulated and the results are compared to the experimental results available in the literature.Ph. D.
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Tedia, Saish. "Design, Analysis and Fabrication of Complex Structures using Voxel-based modeling for Additive Manufacturing." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/89524.
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A key advantage of Additive Manufacturing (AM) is the opportunity to design and fabricate complex structures that cannot be made via traditional means. However, this potential is significantly constrained by the use of a facet-based geometry representation (e.g., the STL and the AMF file formats); which do not contain any volumetric information and often, designing/slicing/printing complex geometries exceeds the computational power available to the designer and the AM system itself. To enable efficient design and fabrication of complex/multi-material complex structures, several algorithms are presented that represent and process solid models as a set of voxels (three-dimensional pixels). Through this, one is able to efficiently realize parts featuring complex geometries and functionally graded materials. This thesis specifically aims to explore applications in three distinct fields namely, (i) Design for AM, (ii) Design for Manufacturing (DFM) education, and (iii) Reverse engineering from imaging data wherein voxel-based representations have proven to be superior to the traditional AM digital workflow. The advantages demonstrated in this study cannot be easily achieved using traditional AM workflows, and hence this work emphasizes the need for development of new voxel based frameworks and systems to fully utilize the capabilities of AM.MS
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Amigo, Ricardo Cesare Román. "Otimização e fabricação de dispositivos piezelétricos com gradação funcional de material." Universidade de São Paulo, 2013. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/3/3152/tde-31072013-004337/.
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Cerâmicas piezelétricas possibilitam posicionamento e sensoriamento de precisão ou captação de energia mecânica valendo-se do efeito piezelétrico, capaz de converter energia mecânica em elétrica ou o contrário. Para aprimorar ou estender as aplicações dessas cerâmicas, mecanismos flexíveis podem ser acoplados a elas, formando um Dispositivo Piezelétrico Flextensional (DPF). No projeto desse tipo de estrutura, o conceito de Material com Gradação Funcional (MGF) é interessante, já que esses materiais apresentam variações graduais de suas propriedades efetivas, permitindo a alternância entre um material mais flexível e um mais rígido de acordo com a intensidade de deslocamento desejada em cada região da estrutura. Assim, neste trabalho, implementa-se o Método de Otimização Topológica (MOT) no projeto de estruturas gradadas com o intuito de identificar as vantagens e desvantagens da utilização do conceito de MGF em DPF. Esse método combina algoritmos de otimização e o Métodos dos Elementos Finitos (MEF) para distribuir material dentro de um domínio fixo através de um modelo de material, que no presente caso é o de Material Isotrópico Sólido com Penalização (MISP) adaptado a MGF. Na fabricação desses dispositivos otimizados, utiliza-se a Sinterização por Jato de Plasma (SJP) para a obtenção de tarugos gradados que são submetidos a processos de eletro-erosão e de corte a laser. Por fim, para a verificação dos resultados numéricos, utiliza-se um vibrômetro para aferir os deslocamentos dos protótipos de atuadores fabricados.Piezoelectric devices enable precision positioning and sensing or mechanical energy harvesting based on the piezoelectric effect. In flextensional piezoelectric devices, flexible coupling structures are attached to ceramics to improve or extend the application possibilities. On the design of this kind of structure, the concept of Functionally Graded Materials (FGM) can be interesting, since it allows gradual variations of its effective properties along some direction by mixing two or more materials. Thus, in order to identify the advantages and disadvantages of using FGM, graded flexible coupling structures that maximize the performance of piezoelectric devices are obtained by implementing the Topology Optimization Method (TOM). This method combines optimization algorithms and the Finite Element Method (FEM) to distribute material inside a fixed domain. In this work, the formulation is based on the Solid Isotropic Material with Penalization (SIMP) material model adapted for the FGM concept, which can represent continuous change in material properties along the domain. Resulting optimal graded topologies of coupling structures are presented and compared with homogeneous structures. Finally, graded devices are manufactured through Spark Plasma Sintering (SPS) technique in order to be characterized, validating numerical results. The numerical results demonstrate the TOM efficacy in designing functionally graded piezoelectric devices and show, by its implementation, significant gains in graded mechanisms performance when compared with analogous homogeneous. Furthermore, the feasibility of proposed manufacturing process is confirmed, allowing the fabrication of prototypes with expected behavior.
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Uygur, Pelin. "Generalized Finite Differences For The Solution Of One Dimensional Elastic Plastic Problems Of Nonhomogeneous Materials." Master's thesis, METU, 2007. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12608224/index.pdf.
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In this thesis, the Generalized Finite Difference (GFD) method is applied to analyze the elastoplastic deformation behavior of a long functionally graded (FGM) tube subjected to internal pressure. First, the method is explained in detail by considering the elastic response of a rotating FGM tube. Then, the pressurized tube problem is treated. A long FGM tube with fixed ends (axially constrained ends) is taken into consideration. The two cases in which the modulus of elasticity only and both the modulus of elasticity and the yield limit are graded properties are analyzed. The plastic model here is based on incremental theory of plasticity, Tresca's yield criterion and its associated flow rule. The numerical results are compared to those of analytical ones. Furthermore, the elastic response of an FGM tube with free ends is studied considering graded modulus of elasticity and Poisson'
s ratio. The results of these computations are compared to those of Shooting solutions. In the light of analyses and comparisons stated above, the applicability of the GFD method to the solution of similar problems is discussed. It is observed that, in purely elastic deformations the accuracy of the method is sufficient. However, in case of elastic-plastic deformations, the discrepancies between numerical and analytical results may increase in determining plastic displacements. It is also noteworthy that the predictions for tubes with two graded properties, i. e. the modulus of elasticity and the yield limit, turn out to be better than those with one graded property in this regard.
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Stump, Fernando Viegas. "Otimização topológica aplicada ao projeto de estruturas tradicionais e estruturas com gradação funcional sujeitas a restrição de tensão." Universidade de São Paulo, 2006. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/3/3152/tde-22042007-230503/.
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Este trabalho apresenta a aplicação do Método de Otimização Topológica (MOT) considerando restrição de tensão mecânica em dois problemas de Engenharia: o projeto de estruturas mecânicas sujeitas a restrição de tensão e o projeto da distribuição de material em estruturas constituídas por Materiais com Gradação Funcional (MsGF). O MOT é um método numérico capaz de fornecer de forma automática o leiaute básico de uma estrutura mecânica para que esta atenda a um dado requisito de projeto, como o limite sobre a máxima tensão mecânica no componente. Os MsGF são materiais cujas propriedades variam gradualmente com a posição. Este gradiente de propriedades é obtido através da variação contínua da microestrutura formada por dois materiais diferentes. Neste trabalho o MOT foi implementado utilizando o modelo de material Solid Isotropic Microstructure with Penalization (SIMP) e o campo de densidades foi parametrizado utilizando a abordagem Aproximação Contínua da Distribuição de Material (ACDM). O modelo de material e utilizado em conjunto com um localizador de tensões, de modo a representar as tensões nas regiões com densidade intermediária. O projeto de estruturas tradicionais através do MOT possui dois problemas centrais aqui tratados: o fenômeno das topologias singulares, que consiste na incapacidade do algoritmo de otimização de retirar material de certas regiões da estrutura, onde a tensão mecânica supera o limite de tensão quando os valores da densidade tendem a zero, e o problema do grande número de restrições envolvidas, pois que a tensão mecânica é uma grandeza local e deve ser restrita em todos os pontos da estrutura. Para tratar o primeiro problema é utilizado o conceito de relaxação. Para o segundo são utilizadas duas abordagens: uma é a substituição das restrições locais por uma restrição global e a outra é a aplicação do Método do Lagrangeano Aumentado. Ambas foram implementadas e aplicadas para o projeto de estruturas planas e axissimétricas. No projeto da distribuição de material em estruturas constituídas por MsGF é utilizado um modelo de material baseado na interpolação dos limites de Hashin-Shtrikman. A partir deste modelo as tensões em cada fase são obtidas a partir das matrizes localizadoras de tensão. Para tratar o fenômeno das topologias singulares é proposto um índice estimativo de falha, baseado nas tensões de von Mises em cada fase da microestrutura, que evita tal problema. O grande número de restrições é tratado através da restrição global de tensão. Em ambos os problemas as formulações são apresentadas e sua eficiência é discutida através de exemplos numéricos.This work presents the Topology Optimization Method (TOM) with stress constraint applied to two Engineering problems: the design of mechanical structures subjected to stress constraint and the design of material distribution in structures made of Functionally Graded Materials (FGMs). The TOM is a numerical method capable of synthesizing the basic layout of a mechanical structure accomplishing to a given design requirement, for example the maximum stress in the structure. The FGMs are materials with spatially varying properties, which are obtained through a continuum change of the microstructuremade of two different materials. In this work, the TOM was implemented with Solid Isotropic Microstructure with Penalization (SIMP) material model and the density field was parameterized with the Continuous Approximations of Material Distribution. To obtain the intermediate density stresses, the material model is applied together with a stress localization matrix. The design of mechanical structures through the TOM has two major problems: the singular topology phenomenon, which is characterized by the optimization algorithm impossibility of removing material from certain regions, where the stress overpasses the limiting stress when the density goes to zero, and the large number of constraints, once the stress is a local value that must be constrained everywhere in the structure. To deal with the first problem, it is applied the \"-realaxation concept, and for the second one two approaches are considered: one is to change the local stress constraint into a global stress constraint and the other is to apply the Augmented Lagrangian Method. Both approaches were implemented and applied to the design of plane and axisymmetric structures. In the design of material distribution in structures made of FGMs a material model based on Hashin-Shtrikman bounds is applied. From this model, stresses in each phase are obtained by the stress localization matrix. To deal with the singular topology phenomenon it is proposed a modified von Mises failure criteria index that avoids such problem. A global stress constraint is applied to deal with the large number of constraints. In both problems formulations are presented and their performance are discussed through numerical examples.
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Craveiro, Flávio Gabriel da Silva. "Automated multi-material fabrication of buildings." Doctoral thesis, Universidade de Lisboa, Faculdade de Arquitetura, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/20170.
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Tese de Doutoramento em Arquitetura, com a especialização em Desenho e Computação apresentada na Faculdade de Arquitetura da Universidade de Lisboa para obtenção do grau de Doutor.Arquitetos e engenheiros estão sob crescente pressão para melhorar a eficiência e a eficácia do setor da arquitetura, engenharia e construção, de forma a reduzir o impacto ambiental, o uso de materiais e os custos. A eficiência de recursos, baseada numa estratégia de economia circular, considera um uso eficiente da energia, assim como dos recursos naturais e materiais. A integração de tecnologias digitais nos processos de construção permitirá uma maior flexibilidade no projeto e customização, bem como a conceção de formas complexas e novos materiais. Nos últimos anos, o interesse no desenvolvimento de tecnologias de fabricação aditiva na construção cresceu, mas encontram-se limitadas ao projeto e fabrico de componentes físicos compostos por materiais com propriedades homogéneas, garantindo a segurança estrutural, mas negligenciando o uso eficiente de recursos. Para superar tais limitações, um novo sistema de fabricação aditiva foi desenvolvido para construção automatizada, permitindo a produção de materiais compósitos heterogéneos com composição espacial variável, através da replicação de processos naturais. Pretende-se, portanto, desenvolver um sistema que permita desenhar e produzir elementos de construção heterogéneos com maior desempenho. Foi desenvolvida uma ferramenta computacional, em Grasshopper, que permite a geração automática da composição do material e o controlo o equipamento de fabricação. A interface com o utilizador permite criar elementos de construção uni ou multimaterial com gradiente de porosidade ou de material, permitindo conceber o material em resposta a requisitos termomecânicos predefinidos, otimizando o seu desempenho. Um equipamento robotizado, composto por várias bombas de material, foi desenvolvido para produzir os elementos de construção heterogéneos gerados pela ferramenta computacional. A necessidade de novos materiais para viabilizar a fabricação aditiva exigiu a realização de trabalho experimental, no qual foram avaliadas as propriedades mecânicas e térmicas de várias misturas de betão de agregados finos contendo cortiça, fibras, basalto e outros resíduos industriais. Foram utilizadas diferentes percentagens de cortiça, uma matéria-prima leve, natural e sustentável, totalmente biodegradável, renovável e reciclável. As misturas de betão com maiores quantidades de cortiça apresentam menor condutividade térmica quando comparadas com as que possuem menor percentagem ou com as que não contêm cortiça, verificando-se igualmente uma redução significativa no peso do material. A utilização de um sistema de fabricação automática que permita a extrusão aditiva betão leve de composição ajustável para a produção de elementos de construção heterogénea poderá ser uma solução eficiente para reduzir os custos energéticos e proporcionar conforto térmico aos utilizadores dos edifícios.
ABSTRACT: Architects and engineers are under increasing pressure to improve the efficiency and effectiveness of the architecture, engineering and construction (AEC) sector, reducing environmental impacts, material use and costs. Resource efficiency, based on a circular economy strategy, considers an efficient use of energy, natural resources, and materials. The integration of digital technologies into construction processes will allow for a greater flexibility in design and customization, as well the emergence of complex shapes and new materials. In recent years, the interest in developing additive manufacturing (AM) technologies in the AEC has increased, though traditional AM technologies are limited to the design and fabrication of physical components with homogeneous material properties, assuring structural safety but with no efficient use of material resources. To overcome these limitations, an AM system was developed for automated fabrication, enabling the fabrication of heterogeneous composite materials with varying material distribution, simulating nature’s structural behavior. The aim is to design and fabricate functionally graded building components with increased performance. A design system, developed in grasshopper, was designed to generate the material composition variation and control the fabrication equipment. The user interface allows creating single or multi-material building components with pore size or material gradients, permitting to design the material in response to thermo-mechanical requirements, optimizing its performance. A multi-pump robot equipment was developed to produce the generated heterogeneous building components. It was necessary to develop printable materials to enable additive fabrication, so experimental work was carried out to assess the mechanical and thermal properties of fiber cement-based concrete mixtures containing cork, basalt and other residual waste. Different percentages of cork were used, as it is a natural and sustainable lightweight raw material, completely biodegradable, renewable, and recyclable. Results show that concrete mixtures with higher quantities of cork have lower thermal conductivity compared to the ones with less percentage or no cork, as well a significant reduction in material weight. The potential use of an AM system to produce printable functionally graded lightweight concretes can be an efficient solution to reduce energy costs and provide thermal comfort for building users.
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Thomas, Gareth James. "Advanced materials for plasma facing components in fusion devices." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2009. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:f8ba1ae1-f303-4c32-877e-dca421a3cb5c.
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This thesis describes the design, manufacture and characterisation of thick vacuum plasma sprayed tungsten (W) coatings on steel substrates. Fusion is a potentially clean, sustainable, energy source in which nuclear energy is generated via the release of internal energy from nuclei. In order to fuse nuclei the Coulomb barrier must be breached - requiring extreme temperatures or pressures – akin to creating a ‘star in a box’. Tungsten is a promising candidate material for future fusion reactors due to a high sputtering threshold and melting temperature. However, the large coefficient of thermal expansion mismatch with reactor structural steels such as the low activation steel Eurofer’97 is a major manufacturing and in-service problem. A vacuum plasma spraying approach for the manufacture of tungsten and tungsten/steel graded coatings has been developed successfully. The use of graded coatings and highly textured 3D interface surfi-sculpt substrates has been investigated to allow the deposition of thick plasma sprayed tungsten coatings on steel substrates. Finite element models have been developed to understand the residual stresses that develop in W/steel systems and made use of experimental measurements of coating thermal history during manufacture and elastic moduli measured by nano-indentation. For both the graded and surfi-sculpt coating, the models have been used to understand the mechanism of residual stress redistribution and relief in comparison with simple W on steel coatings, particularly by consideration of stored strain energy. In the case of surfi-sculpt W coatings, the patterned substrate gave rise to regular stress concentrating features, and allowed 2mm thick W coatings to be produced reproducibly without delamination. Preliminary through thickness residual stress measurements were compared to model predictions and provided tentative evidence of significant W coating stress relief by regulated coating segmentation.
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Yeilaghi, Tamijani Ali. "Vibration and Buckling Analysis of Unitized Structure Using Meshfree Method and Kriging Model." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/37817.
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The Element Free Galerkin (EFG) method, which is based on the Moving Least Squares (MLS) approximation, is developed here for vibration, buckling and static analysis of homogenous and FGM plate with curvilinear stiffeners. Numerical results for different stiffeners configurations and boundary conditions are presented. All results are verified using the commercial finite element software ANSYS® and other available results in literature.
In addition, the vibration analysis of plates with curvilinear stiffeners is carried out using Ritz method. A 24 by 28 in. curvilinear stiffened panel was machined from 2219-T851 aluminum for experimental validation of the Ritz and meshfree methods of vibration mode shape predictions. Results were obtained for this panel mounted vertically to a steel clamping bracket using acoustic excitation and a laser vibrometer. Experimental results appear to correlate well with the meshfree and Ritz method results.
In reality, many engineering structures are subjected to random pressure loads in nature and cannot be assumed to be deterministic. Typical engineering structures include buildings and towers, offshore structures, vehicles and ships, are subjected to random pressure. The vibrations induced from gust loads, engine noise, and other auxiliary electrical system can also produce noise inside aircraft. Consequently, all flight vehicles operate in random vibration environment. These random loads can be modeled by using their statistical properties. The dynamical responses of the structures which are subjected to random excitations are very complicated. To investigate their dynamic responses under random loads, the meshfree method is developed for random vibration analysis of curvilinearly-stiffened plates .
Since extensive efforts have been devoted to study the buckling and vibration analysis of stiffened panel to maximize their natural frequencies and critical buckling loads, these structures are subjected to in-plane loading while the vibration analysis is considered. In these cases the natural frequencies calculated by neglecting the in-plane compression are usually over predicted. In order to have more accurate results it might be necessary to take into account the effects of in-plane load since it can change the natural frequency of plate considerably. To provide a better view of the free vibration behavior of the plate with curvilinear stiffeners subjected to axial/biaxial or shear stresses several numerical examples are studied.
The FEM analysis of curvilinearly stiffened plate is quite computationally expensive, and the meshfree method seems to be a proper substitution to reduce the CPU time. However it will still require many
simulations. Because of the number of simulations may be required in the solution of an engineering optimization problem, many researchers have tried to find approaches and techniques in optimization which can reduce the number of function evaluations. In these problems, surrogate models for analysis and optimization can be very efficient. The basic idea in surrogate model is to reduce computational cost and giving a better understanding of the influence of the design variables on the different objectives and constrains. To use the advantage of both meshfree method and surrogate model in reducing CPU time, the meshfree method is used to generate the sample points and combination of Kriging (a surrogate model) and Genetic Algorithms is used for design of curvilinearly stiffened plate. The meshfree and kriging results and CPU time were compared with those obtained using EBF3PanelOpt.Ph. D.
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Carter, Justin B. "Vibration and Aeroelastic Prediction of Multi-Material Structures based on 3D-Printed Viscoelastic Polymers." Miami University / OhioLINK, 2021. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=miami1627048967306654.
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