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1

R, Crute I., Holub E. B, Burdon J. J, and British Society for Plant Pathology., eds. The gene-for-gene relationship in plant-parasite interactions. CAB International, 1997.

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2

Håkansssson, Gunilla. Nuclear-mitochondrial interactions and its relevance for male sterility in Nicotiana: Analysis of mitochondrial genome organization, gene expression and respiration in male-fertile and alloplasmic male-sterile materials. Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Dept. of Plant Breeding, 1992.

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3

Sasaki, Joni Y., Jessica LeClair, Alexandria West, and Heejung S. Kim. The Gene–Culture Interaction Framework and Implications for Health. Edited by Joan Y. Chiao, Shu-Chen Li, Rebecca Seligman, and Robert Turner. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199357376.013.20.

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4

Razzoli, Maria, Alessandro Bartolomucci, and Valeria Carola. Gene-by-Environment Mouse Models for Mood Disorders. Edited by Turhan Canli. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199753888.013.013.

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Much of the impact of genes on mood disorders likely depends on interactions between genes and the environment. Recent studies demonstrating an interaction between specific genes and life stressful events (early and/or adult) in the modulation of several mood disorders (e.g., serotonin transporter and brain-derived neurotrophic factor genes) have compelled researchers to incorporate information about adverse environmental experiences into the study of genetic risk factors; these same gene-by-environment (G×E) interactions have been identified in mouse models. Notably, G×E not yet described in
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5

He, Zihuai, Michael Windle, James Y. Dai, and Caroline Y. Doyle. Statistical Approaches to Gene X Environment Interactions for Complex Phenotypes. MIT Press, 2016.

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6

Statistical Approaches to Gene X Environment Interactions for Complex Phenotypes. MIT Press, 2016.

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7

Klengel, Torsten, Lauren A. M. Lebois, Sheila Gaynor, and Guia Guffanti. Genetics and Gene–Environment Interaction. Edited by Frederick J. Stoddard, David M. Benedek, Mohammed R. Milad, and Robert J. Ursano. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190457136.003.0017.

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Trauma and stress-related disorders make an excellent case for gene-environment interactions because although exposure to trauma and stress is a well-established risk factors toward their development, such factors alone are not sufficient to explain etiopathogenesis. Exposure to traumatic events is a prerequisite of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) diagnosis, but the majority of individuals who are exposed to even a severe traumatic event do not develop PTSD. Why some individuals are vulnerable and others are resilient remains an open question. While genetic factors may play a significant
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8

Silvers, W. K. Coat Colors of Mice: A Model for Mammalian Gene Action and Interaction. Springer London, Limited, 2012.

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9

Han, Shihui. Gene-culture interaction on human behavior and the brain. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198743194.003.0007.

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Chapter 7 reviews empirical findings that allow consideration of biological and environmental influences on human behavior from an evolutionary perspective (e.g., gene-culture coevolution) and from a perspective of individual development (e.g., gene-culture interaction). It also reviews imaging genetic studies that link genes with brain functional organization. It introduces a cultural neuroscience paradigm for investigating genetic influences on the coupling of brain activity and culture by presenting two studies that examined how serotonin transporter functional polymorphism and oxytocin rec
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10

Silvers, W. K. The Coat Colors of Mice: A Model For Mammalian Gene Action And Interaction. Springer, 2011.

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11

Locus control region activity by 5'HS3 requires a functional interaction with [beta]-globin gene regulatory elements: Identification of effective [beta]/[gamma]-globin minigenes for gene therapy of the [beta]-chain hemoglobinopathies. National Library of Canada, 2000.

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12

Haiman, Christopher, and David J. Hunter. Genetic Epidemiology of Cancer. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190676827.003.0004.

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This chapter explores the genetic epidemiology of cancer: the identification and quantification of inherited genetic factors, and their potential interaction with the environment, in the etiology of cancer in human populations. It also describes the techniques used to identify genetic variants that contribute to cancer susceptibility. It describes the older research methods for identifying the chromosomal localization of high-risk predisposing genes, such as linkage analysis within pedigrees and allele-sharing methods, as it is important to understand the foundations of the field. It also revi
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13

Ernst, Wagner, Dexi Liu, and Leaf Huang. Nonviral Vectors for Gene Therapy: Lipid- and Polymer-Based Gene Transfer. Elsevier Science & Technology Books, 2014.

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14

(Editor), Mien-Chie Hung, Leaf Huang (Editor), and Ernst Wagner (Editor), eds. Nonviral Vectors for Gene Therapy. Academic Press, 1999.

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15

Ernst, Wagner, Mien-Chie Hung, and Leaf Huang. Nonviral Vectors for Gene Therapy. Elsevier Science & Technology Books, 1999.

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16

Stoddard, Frederick J., and Robert L. Sheridan. Wound Healing and Depression. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190603342.003.0009.

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Depression and wound healing are bidirectional processes for adults and children consistent with the conception of depression as systemic. This systemic interaction is similar to the “bidirectional impact of mood disorder on risk for development, progression, treatment, and outcomes of medical illness” generally. And, evidence is growing that the bidirectional impact of mood disorder may be true for injuries and for trauma surgery. Animal models have provided some support that treatment of depression may improve wound healing. An established biological model for a mechanism delaying wound heal
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17

Dweck, Carol S. Social Development. Edited by Philip David Zelazo. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199958474.013.0008.

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This chapter describes new theories, concepts, and methods that are being brought to bear on the central questions of social development, and it highlights the unprecedented interdisciplinary nature of current research in social development. Topics include the foundations of “social-ness” and its role in making humans unique; new findings on gene–environment and temperament–environment interactions and their role in the emergence of important social outcomes; ways in which socialization experiences are carried forward in children’s mental representations and physiological changes; the impact o
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18

Sousek, Alexandra, and Mehdi Tafti. The genetics of sleep. Edited by Sudhansu Chokroverty, Luigi Ferini-Strambi, and Christopher Kennard. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199682003.003.0005.

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Although there is strong evidence for a genetic contribution to inter-individual variations in sleep, the underlying factors and their interaction remain largely elusive. Much effort has been expended in studying genetic variations contributing to circadian and sleep phenotypes, the individual pattern of the human sleep EEG, reactions to sleep loss, and the pathophysiology of sleep-related disorders. Certain sleep-related diseases may be caused by single genes, while the etiology of others seems to be variable and complex. This is especially the case when the immune system is involved. This ch
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19

Kritsky, Gene, ed. A Cultural History of Insects In Antiquity. Bloomsbury Publishing Plc, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9781474203807.

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A CULTURAL HISTORY OF INSECTS IN ANTIQUITY A Cultural History of Insects covers the period from 1000 BCE to 500 CE. As different cultures expanded so did their interactions with insects, largely seen as vectors of disease and as agricultural and bodily pests. However, as knowledge of insects grew, insect products were developed, notably honey or beeswax as used in food, preservation, medicine, and religious ritual. Insects were feared but were also invested with great power, even sanctity. The jewelry of ancient Egypt, Greece, and Rome fashioned insects into symbols of the beauty of nature, wh
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20

Dyer, Paul S., Carol A. Munro, and Rosie E. Bradshaw. Fungal genetics. Edited by Christopher C. Kibbler, Richard Barton, Neil A. R. Gow, Susan Howell, Donna M. MacCallum, and Rohini J. Manuel. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198755388.003.0005.

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Fungi have been long used as model organisms to investigate genetic and cellular processes. An overview is provided of how fungi function at a genetic level, including ploidy, gene structure, and gene flow by sexual and asexual processes. The tools used to study fungal genetics are then described, such techniques having widespread applications in medical mycology research. Classical genetic analysis includes the use of gene mapping by sexual crossing and tetrad analysis, and forward genetic experimentation based on mutagenesis, for which various mutant screening approaches are described. Molec
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21

Stanworth, Simon, and Stuart McKechnie. Pathophysiology of disordered coagulation. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0269.

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Imbalances in the regulation of haemostasis may manifest as bleeding (depletion of pro-coagulant factors) or thrombosis (deficiency of anti-coagulants). Disordered haemostasis is common in critically-ill patients and may result from infection, trauma, haemorrhage, inflammation, organ dysfunction (notably renal and liver dysfunction), or drug therapy. Complex patterns of coagulopathy where both bleeding and prothrombotic tendencies co-exist are well recognized in critical illness. The limitations of standard laboratory coagulation tests to predict bleeding risk, including activated partial thro
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22

Paris, Joel. The Relationship Between Childhood Adversity and Borderline Personality Disorder. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199997510.003.0005.

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Borderline personality disorder (BPD) is often associated with adverse events in childhood. However, early adversity does not necessarily lead to BPD, and not all BPD patients have experienced childhood adversity. The key to understanding this relationship is gene-environment interaction. Children who are vulnerable by temperament are more severely affected by adverse events. This “double hit” is a risk for developing a personality disorder. The missing piece in research on adversity and BPD is longitudinal data. This could involve research in community samples, but the frequency of BPD as an
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23

Franke, Barbara, and Jan K. Buitelaar. Gene–environment interactions. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198739258.003.0005.

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ADHD is highly heritable, but environmental factors also play significant roles in disease aetiology and outcome. Genetic and environmental influences are likely to show different types of interplay, with gene–environment interactions (G×E) playing a part. Different models of G×E exist, with the most frequently investigated in ADHD up to the present being the diathesis–stress and differential susceptibility models. The most frequently studied have been monoaminergic genes, often based on a single genetic variant. Only a single genome-wide study has been reported thus far. Environmental factors
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24

Lelièvre, Sophie A., Rabih Shakib Talhouk, Victoria Seewaldt, Mary Beth Terry, and Martine Marie Bellanger, eds. Perspectives in Primary Prevention Research for Breast Cancer: A Focus on Gene—Environment Interactions. Frontiers Media SA, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/978-2-88966-698-0.

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25

Ernst, Wagner, Dexi Liu, and Leaf Huang. Nonviral Vectors for Gene Therapy: Physical Methods and Medical Translation. Elsevier Science & Technology Books, 2015.

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26

Kritsky, Gene, ed. A Cultural History of Insects In the Medieval Age. Bloomsbury Publishing Plc, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9781474203838.

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A CULTURAL HISTORY OF INSECTS IN THE MEDIEVAL AGE A Cultural History of Insects in the Medieval Age covers the period from 500 to 1300, a time when the uses and value of insect products greatly increased. Silk, in particular, created economies and led to increased global trade; trade which, in turn, expanded the scope of insect-borne disease. The explosion in writing in the Middle Ages relied on inks, dyes, and waxes actively produced by insects or extracted from their crushed bodies. More visibly, insects began to teem across the pages of illuminated manuscripts, becoming symbols of divine or
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27

Samuels, Jack, Marco A. Grados, Elizabeth Planalp, and O. Joseph Bienvenu. Genetic Understanding of OCD and Spectrum Disorders. Edited by Gail Steketee. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195376210.013.0025.

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This chapter reviews the evidence for the genetic etiology of OCD and spectrum conditions. A genetic basis is supported by the familial aggregation of OCD; evidence for involvement of genes of major effect in segregation analyses; and higher concordance for OCD in identical than non-identical twins. Recent studies also support linkage of OCD to specific chromosomal regions and association of OCD with specific genetic polymorphisms. However, specific genes causing OCD have not yet been firmly established. The search for genes is complicated by the clinical and etiologic heterogeneity of OCD, as
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28

Knaggs, Roger D. The molecular structure of the μ‎-opioid receptor. Редактори Paul Farquhar-Smith, Pierre Beaulieu та Sian Jagger. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198834359.003.0038.

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The landmark paper discussed in this chapter describes the crystal structure of the μ‎-opioid receptor (also known as MOP-1). Opioids are some of the oldest known drugs and have been used for over 4,000 years; however, in addition to having beneficial analgesic effects, they are associated with a myriad of side effects that can minimize their use. Although the gene sequences of the opioid receptors were determined in the 1990s it has taken much longer to translate this into visualizing their three-dimensional structure. The μ‎-opioid receptor consists of seven transmembrane α‎-helices that are
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29

Kleinman, Ronald E., and Frank R. Greer, eds. Pediatric Nutrition (Sponsored Member Benefit). 7th ed. American Academy of Pediatrics, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/9781581108606.

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The new 7th edition provides the latest information about nutrient metabolism and nutrition to support the normal development and health of infants and children who are well, those born with congenital anomalies or disorders of metabolism, and those with acute and chronic illnesses. Contents include: - The latest evidence-based guidelines on feeding healthy infants and children - Current policies and practice recommendations from the AAP Committee on Nutrition - Several new chapters and appendices have been added, including chapters on school and daycare nutrition; gene and nutrient interactio
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30

Stallings, Michael C., Ian R. Gizer, and Kelly C. Young-Wolff. Genetic Epidemiology and Molecular Genetics. Edited by Kenneth J. Sher. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199381678.013.002.

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The tools of genetic epidemiology—family, adoption, and twin studies—show convincingly that substance use behavior and substance use disorders are influenced by both genetic and familial and extrafamilial environmental factors. Environmental factors appear to play a more influential role in the early stages of substance use, whereas genetic factors become more important in the development of problem use and substance use disorder. Moreover, some genetic effects are likely conditional on conducive environments; research employing both behavior genetic approaches and measured genes point to impo
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31

Raychaudhuri, Soumya. Computational Text Analysis. Oxford University Press, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198567400.001.0001.

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This book brings together the two disparate worlds of computational text analysis and biology and presents some of the latest methods and applications to proteomics, sequence analysis and gene expression data. Modern genomics generates large and comprehensive data sets but their interpretation requires an understanding of a vast number of genes, their complex functions, and interactions. Keeping up with the literature on a single gene is a challenge itself-for thousands of genes it is simply impossible. Here, Soumya Raychaudhuri presents the techniques and algorithms needed to access and utili
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32

Yang, Jin, Pei Han, Wei Li, and Ching-Pin Chang. Epigenetics and post-transcriptional regulation of cardiovascular development. Edited by José Maria Pérez-Pomares, Robert G. Kelly, Maurice van den Hoff, et al. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198757269.003.0032.

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Cardiac organogenesis requires the control of gene expression at distinct developmental windows in order to organize morphogenetic steps in the correct sequence for heart development. This is facilitated by concerted regulation at three levels: chromatin, transcription, and post-transcriptional modifications. Epigenetic regulation at the chromatin level changes the chromatin scaffold of DNA to regulate accessibility of the DNA sequence to transcription factors for genetic activation or repression. At the genome, long non-coding RNAs work with epigenetic factors to alter the chromatin scaffold
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33

Friedmann, Theodore. The Origin and Development of Genetic Therapies. Oxford University PressNew York, 2025. https://doi.org/10.1093/med/9780197689974.001.0001.

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Abstract This book is intended to examine the origins and development of the revolutionary new medical field of gene therapy. Understanding the history of gene therapy depends on an appreciation of the concept of disease, how it evolved in response to advances in science and medicine from ancient cultures to modern times and, in particular, to the birth of human genetics. Central to that history has been the revelation that most human disease does not reflect magical or mystical actions of aggrieved deities, but rather results from interactions of natural worldly factors with inherent normal a
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34

Ayers, Joseph. Biohybrid robots are synthetic biology systems. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199674923.003.0051.

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This chapter describes how synthetic biology and organic electronics can integrate neurobiology and robotics to form a basis for biohybrid robots and synthetic neuroethology. Biomimetic robots capture the performance advantages of animal models by mimicking the behavioral control schemes evolved in nature, based on modularized devices that capture the biomechanics and control principles of the nervous system. However, current robots are blind to chemical senses, difficult to miniaturize, and require chemical batteries. These obstacles can be overcome by integration of living engineered cells.
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35

Lehnert, Matthew S., ed. A Cultural History of Insects In The Age of Enlightenment. Bloomsbury Publishing Plc, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9781474203814.

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A CULTURAL HISTORY OF INSECTS IN THE AGE OF ENLIGHTENMENT A Cultural History of Insects in the Age of Enlightenment covers the period from 1600 to 1820, a time of global exploration, the discovery of species, and advances in scientific technologies and methods. The natural sciences were increasingly shaped by what could be seen, observed, and classified. This new, Enlightenment approach to knowledge was greatly facilitated by enormous advances in microscopy. Enlightenment entomologists used miscrosopes to examine previously invisible bodies and worlds, illuminating insect metamorphosis and est
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36

Morse, Stephen J. Genetics and Criminal Justice. Edited by Turhan Canli. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199753888.013.008.

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This essay addresses the relevance of genetic data, including gene-by-environment interactions, to criminal responsibility and sentencing. After describing the criminal law’s implicit psychology and criteria for responsibility, it considers the present and future contributions genetics may make. It suggests that, at present, genetics should not play a large role in the adjudication of individual cases unless it translates directly into the law’s folk psychological criteria for responsibility, which it seldom does. Future discoveries may increase the usefulness of genetics to rational adjudicat
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37

Anelli, Carol M., and Susan W. Fisher. A Cultural History of Insects In The Age Of Industry. Bloomsbury Publishing Plc, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9781474203821.

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A CULTURAL HISTORY OF INSECTS IN THE AGE OF INDUSTRY A Cultural History of Insects in the Age of Industry covers the period from 1820 to 1920, a time of great technological innovation and intensified trade. As urban populations spread so did pollution, squalor, and disease – and so did education and scientific knowledge. The expeditions of nineteenth century naturalists such as Charles Darwin and Alfred Russel Wallace fed the natural history collections of museums. At the same time, with the formation of new scientific groups and societies, professional entomology emerged as a specific branch
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38

Smith, Sherilyn G. F., ed. A Cultural History of Insects In the Renaissance. Bloomsbury Publishing Plc, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9781474203852.

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A CULTURAL HISTORY OF INSECTS IN THE RENAISSANCE A Cultural History of Insects in the Renaissance covers the period from 1300 to 1600, examining the profound impact of insects on the flowering of culture. In the early part of this period, the unprecedented number of deaths caused by the Plague – spread in part by fleas – encouraged the later rise of a middle class. Meanwhile, much of the wealth which funded Renaissance politics and patronage came from trade in honey, silk, and insect dyes, notably cochineal, one of the most valuable exports from the New World. And, as perceptions of humans and
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39

Peterson, Robert K. D., ed. A Cultural History of Insects In The Modern Age. Bloomsbury Publishing Plc, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9781474203845.

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A CULTURAL HISTORY OF INSECTS IN THE MODERN AGE A Cultural History of Insects in the Modern Age covers the period from 1920 to the present, a time of tremendous scientific advances in our understanding of insects and their place in the natural world. The age ushered in an optimism fueled by the power of science and technology to improve the human condition and included stunning achievements in managing insect pests in the first half of the century. Today, although insects are recognised as cultural symbols of natural harmony and as bellwethers of ecological damage, our irrational fears continu
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40

Thun, Michael, Martha S. Linet, James R. Cerhan, Christopher A. Haiman, and David Schottenfeld, eds. Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190238667.001.0001.

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Since its initial publication in 1982, Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention has served as the premier reference work for both students and professionals working to understand the causes and prevention of cancer in humans. Now revised for the first time in more than a decade, this fourth edition provides an updated and comprehensive summary of the global patterns of cancer incidence and mortality, current understanding of the major causal determinants, and a rationale for preventive interventions. In this edition, special attention has been paid to molecular epidemiologic approaches that address
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41

Chiao, Joan Y. Cultural Neuroscience of Compassion and Empathy. Edited by Emma M. Seppälä, Emiliana Simon-Thomas, Stephanie L. Brown, Monica C. Worline, C. Daryl Cameron, and James R. Doty. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190464684.013.12.

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“Compassion” and “empathy” refer to adaptive emotional responses to suffering in oneself and others that recruit affective and cognitive processes. The human ability to understand the emotional experience of others is fundamental to social cooperation, including altruism. While much of the scientific study of compassion and empathy suggests that genes contribute to empathy and compassion, recent empirical advances suggest gene–environment interactions, as well as cultural differences in development, influence the experience, expression, and regulation of empathy and compassion. The goal of thi
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42

Westberg, Lars, and Hasse Walum. Oxytocin and Vasopressin Gene Variation and the Neural Basis of Social Behaviors. Edited by Turhan Canli. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199753888.013.011.

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Experimental studies in rodents and humans show that the neuropeptides oxytocin and vasopressin are important regulators of behaviors related to social interactions. Evidence for positive effects of oxytocin treatment on symptoms of psychiatric disorders characterized by impaired social functioning has emerged. Numerous studies report associations between various social behaviors, the risk of autism, and polymorphisms inOXTRandAVPR1A. This chapter provides an overview of these genetic association studies. Although many of the published findings are inconclusive and need replication in independ
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43

Das-Munshi, Jayati, Tamsin Ford, Matthew Hotopf, Martin Prince, and Robert Stewart, eds. Practical Psychiatric Epidemiology. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198735564.001.0001.

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This long-awaited second edition of Practical Psychiatric Epidemiology covers all of the considerable new developments in psychiatric epidemiology that have occurred since the first edition was published in 2003. It includes new content on key topics such as life course epidemiology, gene–environment interactions, bioethics, patient and public involvement in research, mixed methods research, new statistical methods, case registers, policy, and implementation. Looking to the future of this rapidly evolving scientific discipline and how it will respond to the emerging opportunities and challenge
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44

Westfall, Nils C., and Charles B. Nemeroff. Child Abuse and Neglect as Risk Factors for Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder. Edited by Charles B. Nemeroff and Charles R. Marmar. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190259440.003.0025.

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Child abuse and neglect confer substantially increased risks of developing post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) for the victims and possibly even their offspring. Furthermore, they are associated with more severe and treatment-resistant PTSD and common comorbid conditions, such as major depressive disorder. This chapter begins by discussing the epidemiology of child abuse, neglect, and maltreatment-associated PTSD to provide a sense of the nature and scope of these major public health problems, then describes the major ways in which child abuse and neglect may contribute to increased liabilit
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45

Appasani, Krishnarao, and Raghu Kiran Appasani, eds. Single-Molecule Science. Cambridge University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/9781108525909.

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Single Molecule Science (SMS) has emerged from developing, using and combining technologies such as super-resolution microscopy, atomic force microscopy, and optical and magnetic tweezers, alongside sophisticated computational and modelling techniques. This comprehensive, edited volume brings together authoritative overviews of these methods from a biological perspective, and highlights how they can be used to observe and track individual molecules and monitor molecular interactions in living cells. Pioneers in this fast-moving field cover topics such as single molecule optical maps, nanomachi
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46

Beaver, Kevin M., Eric J. Connolly, Joseph L. Nedelec, and Joseph A. Schwartz. On the Genetic and Genomic Basis of Aggression, Violence, and Antisocial Behavior. Edited by Rosemary L. Hopcroft. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190299323.013.15.

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There is a great deal of interest in examining the genetic and environmental architecture to aggression, violence, and antisocial behaviors. This interest has resulted in hundreds of studies being published that estimate genetic and environmental effects on antisocial phenotypes. The results generated from these studies have been remarkably consistent and have contributed greatly to the knowledge base on the etiology of antisocial behavior. This chapter reviews the research on the genetic basis to antisocial phenotypes by presenting the results related to the heritability of antisocial phenoty
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47

Hellman, Samuel. Academic Medicine. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190650551.003.0003.

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The proper education of a doctor must not be restricted to the sciences but rather must include study of the humanities and the social sciences. This is best achieved by having an interactive and physically integrally located medical school. Not only must medicine be based on modern biology, a biology education is also essential for all college undergraduates. One cannot consider genetic engineering if one does not understand what a gene is and how it is controlled. Unique to medical education are the places of medical practice. Besides providing a site of learning, the teaching hospital must
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48

Harris, Brent T., Galam A. Khan, and Saed Sadeghi. Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199937837.003.0029.

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Although the basic gross and microscopic pathological changes in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) have been known for more than 100 years, emerging technology and research into the cellular and molecular changes found in this disease are challenging our understanding about the pathogenesis and pathophysiology. All cell types of the CNS/PNS as well as circulating immune cells have been implicated in the pathology of ALS. Numerous genes, their proteins, and environmental factors have also been associated. However, we still do not understand the specific gene-environmental interactions that br
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49

Schadt, Eric E. Network Methods for Elucidating the Complexity of Common Human Diseases. Edited by Dennis S. Charney, Eric J. Nestler, Pamela Sklar, and Joseph D. Buxbaum. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190681425.003.0002.

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The life sciences are now a significant contributor to the ever expanding digital universe of data, and stand poised to lead in both the generation of big data and the realization of dramatic benefit from it. We can now score variations in DNA across whole genomes; RNA levels and alternative isoforms, metabolite levels, protein levels, and protein state information across the transcriptome, metabolome and proteome; methylation status across the methylome; and construct extensive protein–protein and protein–DNA interaction maps, all in a comprehensive fashion and at the scale of populations of
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50

Numan, Michael. The Parental Brain. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190848675.001.0001.

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The Parental Brain: Mechanisms, Development, and Evolution takes a three-pronged approach to the parental brain. The first part of the book deals with neural mechanisms. Subcortical circuits are crucially involved in parental behavior, and, for most mammals, the physiological events of pregnancy and parturition prime these circuits so that they become responsive to infant stimuli, allowing for the onset of maternal behavior at parturition. However, since paternal behavior and alloparental behavior occur in some mammalian species, alternate mechanisms are shown to exist that regulate the access
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