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Journal articles on the topic 'Glacier calving'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 2 June 2025

Last updated: 31 July 2025

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1

VEITCH, STEPHEN A., and MEREDITH NETTLES. "Assessment of glacial-earthquake source parameters." Journal of Glaciology 63, no. 241 (2017): 867–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jog.2017.52.

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ABSTRACTGlacial earthquakes are slow earthquakes of magnitude M~5 associated with major calving events at near-grounded marine-terminating glaciers. These globally detectable earthquakes provide information on the grounding state of outlet glaciers and the timing of large calving events. Seismic source modeling of glacial earthquakes provides information on the size and orientation of forces associated with calving events. We compare force orientations estimated using a centroid-single-force technique with the calving-front orientations of the source glaciers at or near the time of earthquake

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Koppes, M., H. Conway, L. A. Rasmussen, and M. Chernos. "Deriving mass balance and calving variations from reanalysis data and sparse observations, Glaciar San Rafael, northern Patagonia, 1950–2005." Cryosphere Discussions 5, no. 2 (2011): 1123–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/tcd-5-1123-2011.

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Abstract. Mass balance variations of Glaciar San Rafael, the most equatorial tidewater glacier in the North Patagonian Icefield, are reconstructed over the period 1950–2005 using NCEP-NCAR reanalysis climate data together with sparse, local historical observations of air temperature, precipitation, accumulation, ablation, thinning, calving, and glacier retreat. The combined observations over the past 50 yr indicate that Glaciar San Rafael has thinned and retreated since 1959, with a total mass loss of ~22 km3 of ice equivalent. Over that period, except for a short period of cooling from 1998–2

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Koppes, M., H. Conway, L. A. Rasmussen, and M. Chernos. "Deriving mass balance and calving variations from reanalysis data and sparse observations, Glaciar San Rafael, northern Patagonia, 1950–2005." Cryosphere 5, no. 3 (2011): 791–808. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/tc-5-791-2011.

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Abstract. Mass balance variations of Glaciar San Rafael, the northernmost tidewater glacier in the Southern Hemisphere, are reconstructed over the period 1950–2005 using NCEP-NCAR reanalysis climate data together with sparse, local historical observations of air temperature, precipitation, accumulation, ablation, thinning, calving, and glacier retreat. The combined observations over the past 50 yr indicate that Glaciar San Rafael has thinned and retreated since 1959, with a total mass loss of ~22 km3 of ice eq. Over that period, except for a short period of cooling from 1998–2003, the climate

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Chernos, M., M. Koppes, and R. D. Moore. "Ablation from calving and surface melt at lake-terminating Bridge Glacier, British Columbia, 1984–2013." Cryosphere 10, no. 1 (2016): 87–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/tc-10-87-2016.

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Abstract. Bridge Glacier is a lake-calving glacier in the Coast Mountains of British Columbia and has retreated over 3.55 km since 1972. The majority of this retreat has occurred since 1991. This retreat is substantially greater than what has been inferred from regional climate indices, suggesting that it has been driven primarily by calving as the glacier retreated across an overdeepened basin. In order to better understand the primary drivers of ablation, surface melt (below the equilibrium line altitude, ELA) and calving were quantified during the 2013 melt season using a distributed energy

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Mann, Daniel H. "Reliability of a Fjord Glacier's Fluctuations for Paleoclimatic Reconstructions." Quaternary Research 25, no. 1 (1986): 10–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0033-5894(86)90040-2.

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Historical observations of fjord glaciers in southern Alaska suggest that their fluctuations may be asynchronous with one another and with climate. Possible causes for anomalous fjord glacier response to climatic changes involve the instabilities inherent in a calving terminus, the interaction of fjord geometry with the extent of the calving terminus, and the intersection of low-lying snow line by a thickening glacier. The Lituya glacier system in southeast Alaska is analyzed with reference to these phenomena to test the reliability of its Holocene glacial deposits as paleoclimatic records. Th

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Sakakibara, Daiki, Shin Sugiyama, Takanobu Sawagaki, Sebastián Marinsek, and Pedro Skvarca. "Rapid retreat, acceleration and thinning of Glaciar Upsala, Southern Patagonia Icefield, initiated in 2008." Annals of Glaciology 54, no. 63 (2013): 131–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.3189/2013aog63a236.

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AbstractThe Patagonia Icefields are characterized by a large number of outlet glaciers calving into lakes and the ocean. In contrast to the recent intensive research activities on tidewater glaciers in other regions, very few observations have been made on calving glaciers in Patagonia. We analysed satellite images of Glaciar Upsala, the third largest freshwater calving glacier in the Southern Patagonia Icefield, to investigate changes in its front position, ice velocity and surface elevation from 2000 to 2011. Our analyses revealed a clear transition from a relatively stable phase to a rapidl

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Warren, Charles R. "Iceberg calving and the glacioclimatic record." Progress in Physical Geography: Earth and Environment 16, no. 3 (1992): 253–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/030913339201600301.

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Glacier fluctuations can yield climatic information. However, the relationship between climate and calving glaciers is not straightforward. Iceberg calving introduces instability to the glacier system causing glaciers to oscillate asynchronously with each other and with noncalving glaciers, and out of phase with climate change. Calving rates are controlled primarily by water depth, but, for any given depth, are an order of magnitude greater in tidewater than in freshwater. Calving dynamics are poorly understood, but differ between temperate and cold glaciers, and between grounded and floating

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8

Van Der Veen, С. J. "Tidewater calving." Journal of Glaciology 42, no. 141 (1996): 375–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022143000004226.

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AbstractData from Columbia Glacier are used to identify processes that control calving from a temperate tidewater glacier and to re-evaluate models that have been proposed to describe iceberg calving. Since 1981, Columbia Glacier has been retreating rapidly, with an almost seven-fold increase in calving rate from the mid-1970s to 1993. At the same time, the speed of the glacier increased almost as much, so that the actual rate of retreat increased more slowly. According to the commonly accepted model, the calving rate is linearly related to the water depth at the terminus, with retreat of the

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Van Der Veen, С. J. "Tidewater calving." Journal of Glaciology 42, no. 141 (1996): 375–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.3189/s0022143000004226.

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AbstractData from Columbia Glacier are used to identify processes that control calving from a temperate tidewater glacier and to re-evaluate models that have been proposed to describe iceberg calving. Since 1981, Columbia Glacier has been retreating rapidly, with an almost seven-fold increase in calving rate from the mid-1970s to 1993. At the same time, the speed of the glacier increased almost as much, so that the actual rate of retreat increased more slowly. According to the commonly accepted model, the calving rate is linearly related to the water depth at the terminus, with retreat of the

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Kellerer-Pirklbauer, Andreas, Michael Avian, Douglas I. Benn, Felix Bernsteiner, Philipp Krisch, and Christian Ziesler. "Buoyant calving and ice-contact lake evolution at Pasterze Glacier (Austria) in the period 1998–2019." Cryosphere 15, no. 3 (2021): 1237–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-1237-2021.

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Abstract. Rapid growth of proglacial lakes in the current warming climate can pose significant outburst flood hazards, increase rates of ice mass loss, and alter the dynamic state of glaciers. We studied the nature and rate of proglacial lake evolution at Pasterze Glacier (Austria) in the period 1998–2019 using different remote-sensing (photogrammetry, laser scanning) and fieldwork-based (global navigation satellite system – GNSS, time-lapse photography, geoelectrical resistivity tomography – ERT, and bathymetry) data. Glacier thinning below the spillway level and glacier recession caused floo

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Todd, J., and P. Christoffersen. "Are seasonal calving dynamics forced by buttressing from ice mélange or undercutting by melting? Outcomes from full-Stokes simulations of Store Glacier, West Greenland." Cryosphere 8, no. 6 (2014): 2353–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/tc-8-2353-2014.

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Abstract. We use a full-Stokes 2-D model (Elmer/Ice) to investigate the flow and calving dynamics of Store Glacier, a fast-flowing outlet glacier in West Greenland. Based on a new, subgrid-scale implementation of the crevasse depth calving criterion, we perform two sets of simulations: one to identify the primary forcing mechanisms and another to constrain future stability. We find that the mixture of icebergs and sea ice, known as ice mélange or sikussak, is principally responsible for the observed seasonal advance of the ice front. On the other hand, the effect of submarine melting on the ca

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Reeh, Niels, Henrik Højmark Thomsen, Anthony K. Higgins, and Anker Weidick. "Sea ice and the stability of north and northeast Greenland floating glaciers." Annals of Glaciology 33 (2001): 474–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.3189/172756401781818554.

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AbstractThe interaction between sea ice and glaciers has been studied for the floating tongue of Nioghalvfjerdsfjorden glacier, northeast Greenland (79°30’N, 22° W). Information from glacial geological studies, expedition reports, aerial photographs and satellite imagery is used to document the glacier front position and fast-ice conditions on millennial to decadal time-scales. The studies indicate that the stability of the floating glacier margin is dependent on the presence of a protecting fast-ice cover in front of the glacier. In periods with a permanent fast-ice cover, no calving occurs,

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Maurer, Joshua M., Summer B. Rupper, and Joerg M. Schaefer. "Quantifying ice loss in the eastern Himalayas since 1974 using declassified spy satellite imagery." Cryosphere 10, no. 5 (2016): 2203–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/tc-10-2203-2016.

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Abstract. Himalayan glaciers are important natural resources and climate indicators for densely populated regions in Asia. Remote sensing methods are vital for evaluating glacier response to changing climate over the vast and rugged Himalayan region, yet many platforms capable of glacier mass balance quantification are somewhat temporally limited due to typical glacier response times. We here rely on declassified spy satellite imagery and ASTER data to quantify surface lowering, ice volume change, and geodetic mass balance during 1974–2006 for glaciers in the eastern Himalayas, centered on the

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Rivera, Andrés, Javier Corripio, Claudio Bravo, and Sebastián Cisternas. "Glaciar Jorge Montt (Chilean Patagonia) dynamics derived from photos obtained by fixed cameras and satellite image feature tracking." Annals of Glaciology 53, no. 60 (2012): 147–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.3189/2012aog60a152.

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AbstractTidewater calving glaciers can undergo large fluctuations not necessarily in direct response to climate, but rather owing to complex ice–water interactions at the glacier termini. One example of this process in Chilean Patagonia is Glaciar Jorge Montt, where two cameras were installed in February 2010, collecting up to four glacier photographs per day, until they were recovered on 22 January 2011. Ice velocities were derived from feature tracking of the geo-referenced photos, yielding a mean value of 13 ±4 md–1 for the whole lower part of the glacier. These velocities were compared to

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MINOWA, MASAHIRO, EVGENY A. PODOLSKIY, SHIN SUGIYAMA, DAIKI SAKAKIBARA, and PEDRO SKVARCA. "Glacier calving observed with time-lapse imagery and tsunami waves at Glaciar Perito Moreno, Patagonia." Journal of Glaciology 64, no. 245 (2018): 362–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jog.2018.28.

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ABSTRACTCalving plays a key role in the recent rapid retreat of glaciers around the world. However, many processes related to calving are poorly understood since direct observations are scarce and challenging to obtain. When calving occurs at a glacier front, surface-water waves arise over the ocean or a lake in front of glaciers. To study calving processes from these surface waves, we performed field observations at Glaciar Perito Moreno, Patagonia. We synchronized time-lapse photography and surface waves record to confirm that glacier calving produces distinct waves compared with local noise

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Li, Tian, Konrad Heidler, Lichao Mou, Ádám Ignéczi, Xiao Xiang Zhu, and Jonathan L. Bamber. "A high-resolution calving front data product for marine-terminating glaciers in Svalbard." Earth System Science Data 16, no. 2 (2024): 919–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-919-2024.

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Abstract. The mass loss of glaciers outside the polar ice sheets has been accelerating during the past several decades and has been contributing to global sea-level rise. However, many of the mechanisms of this mass loss process are not well understood, especially the calving dynamics of marine-terminating glaciers, in part due to a lack of high-resolution calving front observations. Svalbard is an ideal site to study the climate sensitivity of glaciers as it is a region that has been undergoing amplified climate variability in both space and time compared to the global mean. Here we present a

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Chapuis, Anne, and Tom Tetzlaff. "The variability of tidewater-glacier calving: Origin of event-size and interval distributions." Journal of Glaciology 60, no. 222 (2014): 622–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.3189/2014jog13j215.

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AbstractCalving activity at the termini of tidewater glaciers produces a wide range of iceberg sizes at irregular intervals. We present calving-event data obtained from continuous observations of the termini of two tidewater glaciers on Svalbard, and show that the distributions of event sizes and inter-event intervals can be reproduced by a simple calving model, focusing on the mutual interplay between calving and the destabilization of the glacier terminus. The event-size distributions of both the field and the model data extend over several orders of magnitude and resemble power laws. The di

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Vieli, Andreas, Martin Funk, and Heinz Blatter. "Tidewater glaciers: frontal flow acceleration and basal sliding." Annals of Glaciology 31 (2000): 217–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.3189/172756400781820417.

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AbstractA numerical glacier-flow model (finite-element method) is used to suggest the processes that control the flow behind the calving front of a tidewater glacier. The model is developed for grounded calving glaciers and includes an effective-pressure-dependent sliding law The sliding law is implemented by adding a soft basal layer with a variable viscosity The model is applied on Hansbreen, a tidewater calving glacier in Svalbard. Comparison between modeled surface velocities and observed velocity data shows good agreement. We conclude that the flow of a grounded calving glacier can be mod

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Li, Tian. "A high-resolution calving front data product for marine-terminating glaciers in Svalbard." Earth System Science Data 16 (February 20, 2024): 919–39. https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-919-2024.

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The mass loss of glaciers outside the polar ice sheets has been accelerating during the past several decades and has been contributing to global sea-level rise. However, many of the mechanisms of this mass loss process are not well understood, especially the calving dynamics of marine-terminating glaciers, in part due to a lack of high-resolution calving front observations. Svalbard is an ideal site to study the climate sensitivity of glaciers as it is a region that has been undergoing amplified climate variability in both space and time compared to the global mean. Here we present a new high-

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Taylor, Liam S., Duncan J. Quincey, and Mark W. Smith. "Evaluation of low-cost Raspberry Pi sensors for structure-from-motion reconstructions of glacier calving fronts." Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 23, no. 1 (2023): 329–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhess-23-329-2023.

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Abstract. Glacier calving fronts are highly dynamic environments that are becoming ubiquitous as glaciers recede and, in many cases, develop proglacial lakes. Monitoring of calving fronts is necessary to fully quantify the glacier ablation budget and to warn nearby communities of the threat of hazards, such as glacial lake outburst floods (GLOFs), tsunami waves, and iceberg collapses. Time-lapse camera arrays, with structure-from-motion photogrammetry, can produce regular 3D models of glaciers to monitor changes in the ice but are seldom incorporated into monitoring systems owing to the high c

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O'Leary, M., and P. Christoffersen. "Calving on tidewater glaciers amplified by submarine frontal melting." Cryosphere Discussions 6, no. 4 (2012): 3287–316. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/tcd-6-3287-2012.

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Abstract. While it has been shown repeatedly that ocean conditions exhibit an important control on the behaviour of grounded tidewater glaciers, modelling studies have focused largely on the effects of basal and surface melting. Here, a finite-element model of stresses near the front of a tidewater glacier is used to investigate the effects of frontal melting on calving, independently of the calving criterion used. Applications of the stress model to idealized scenarios reveal that undercutting of the ice front due to frontal melting can drive calving at up to ten times the mean melt rate. Fac

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O'Leary, M., and P. Christoffersen. "Calving on tidewater glaciers amplified by submarine frontal melting." Cryosphere 7, no. 1 (2013): 119–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/tc-7-119-2013.

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Abstract. While it has been shown repeatedly that ocean conditions exhibit an important control on the behaviour of grounded tidewater glaciers, modelling studies have focused largely on the effects of basal and surface melting. Here, a finite-element model of stresses near the front of a tidewater glacier is used to investigate the effects of frontal melting on calving, independently of the calving criterion used. Applications of the stress model to idealized scenarios reveal that undercutting of the ice front due to frontal melting can drive calving at up to ten times the mean melt rate. Fac

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ULTEE, LIZZ, and JEREMY BASSIS. "The future is Nye: an extension of the perfect plastic approximation to tidewater glaciers." Journal of Glaciology 62, no. 236 (2016): 1143–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jog.2016.108.

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ABSTRACTAccurate modeling of calving glaciers relies on knowledge of many processes (ice flow, surface/submarine melting, calving, mélange interaction) and glacier-specific factors (air temperature, ocean circulation, precipitation rate, glacier geometry) that remain challenging to assess. Iceberg calving, especially, is important to glacier mass loss and difficult to resolve in currently-available models. Given these challenges facing even the most sophisticated models, there is value in simple, computationally-efficient models that can capture first-order effects. In this study we derive a s

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Koppes, Michèle, Bernard Hallet, and John Anderson. "Synchronous acceleration of ice loss and glacial erosion, Glaciar Marinelli, Chilean Tierra del Fuego." Journal of Glaciology 55, no. 190 (2009): 207–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.3189/002214309788608796.

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AbstractTo contribute to the understanding of the influence of climate on glacial erosion and on orogenic processes, we report contemporary glacial erosion rates from a calving glacier in the Southern Andes and elucidate the influence of ice dynamics on erosion. Using seismic profiles of sediments collected in a proglacial fjord and a documented history of retreat, we determine the time-varying sediment flux of Glaciar Marinelli as a measure of basin-wide erosion rates, and compare these rates with the annual ice budget reconstructed using NCEP–NCAR reanalysis climate data from 1950 to 2005. T

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Kirkbride, Martin P., and Charles R. Warren. "Calving processes at a grounded ice cliff." Annals of Glaciology 24 (1997): 116–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.3189/s0260305500012039.

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Repeat photographs and field survey reveal the mechanism of short-term ice-cliff evolution at Maud Glacier, a temperate lake-calving glacier in New Zealand. Calving is cyclic, each cycle involving four stages: (1) waterline melting and collapse of the roof of a sub-horizontal notch at the cliff foot; (2) calving of ice flakes from the cliff face leading to a growing overhang from the waterline upwards, and crack propagation from the glacier surface; (3) large but infrequent calving of slabs in response to the developing overhang, returning the cliff to an “initial” vertical profile; (4) rare s

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Kirkbride, Martin P., and Charles R. Warren. "Calving processes at a grounded ice cliff." Annals of Glaciology 24 (1997): 116–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0260305500012039.

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Repeat photographs and field survey reveal the mechanism of short-term ice-cliff evolution at Maud Glacier, a temperate lake-calving glacier in New Zealand. Calving is cyclic, each cycle involving four stages: (1) waterline melting and collapse of the roof of a sub-horizontal notch at the cliff foot; (2) calving of ice flakes from the cliff face leading to a growing overhang from the waterline upwards, and crack propagation from the glacier surface; (3) large but infrequent calving of slabs in response to the developing overhang, returning the cliff to an “initial” vertical profile; (4) rare s

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Krug, J., G. Durand, O. Gagliardini, and J. Weiss. "Modelling the impact of submarine frontal melting and ice mélange on glacier dynamics." Cryosphere 9, no. 3 (2015): 989–1003. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/tc-9-989-2015.

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Abstract. Submarine melting of the calving face of tidewater glaciers and the mechanical back force applied by the ice mélange layer are two mechanisms generally proposed to explain seasonal variations at the calving front of tidewater glaciers. However, the way these processes affect the calving rate and glacier dynamics remains uncertain. In this study, we used a finite element-based model that solves the full Stokes equations to simulate the impact of these forcings on two-dimensional theoretical flow line glacier configurations. The model, which includes calving processes, suggests that fr

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Warren, Charles R., Andrés Rivera, and Austin Post. "Greatest Holocene advance of Glaciar Pio XI, Chilean Patagonia: possible causes." Annals of Glaciology 24 (1997): 11–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.3189/s026030550001185x.

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Glaciar Pio XI (or Glaciar Brüggen) may be the only glacier in the world currently at its Neoglacial maximum. During the 20th century, most glaciers in Patagonia have consistently retreated, whereas Glaciar Pio XI has advanced almost 10 km, most recently at rates of ≤ 1.5 m d−1. This advance cannot be explained with reference to climate alone. An explanatory model combining calving dynamics, sediment budget and fjord topography explains the main features of recent behaviour. This case-study exemplifies the climatically out-of-phase behaviour so typical of calving glaciers, and illustrates the

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Warren, Charles R., Andrés Rivera, and Austin Post. "Greatest Holocene advance of Glaciar Pio XI, Chilean Patagonia: possible causes." Annals of Glaciology 24 (1997): 11–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s026030550001185x.

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Glaciar Pio XI (or Glaciar Brüggen) may be the only glacier in the world currently at its Neoglacial maximum. During the 20th century, most glaciers in Patagonia have consistently retreated, whereas Glaciar Pio XI has advanced almost 10 km, most recently at rates of ≤ 1.5 m d−1. This advance cannot be explained with reference to climate alone. An explanatory model combining calving dynamics, sediment budget and fjord topography explains the main features of recent behaviour. This case-study exemplifies the climatically out-of-phase behaviour so typical of calving glaciers, and illustrates the

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Skvarca, Pedro, Bruce Raup, and Hernan de Angelis. "Recent behaviour of Glaciar Upsala, a fast-flowing calving glacier in Lago Argentino, southern Patagonia." Annals of Glaciology 36 (2003): 184–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.3189/172756403781816202.

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AbstractSequential optical images of high spatial resolution were used for the first time to derive surface ice velocities of Glaciar Upsala, a fast-moving fresh-water calving glacier in southern Patagonia. Cross-correlation methods applied to four Landsat ETM+ images acquired in 2000–01 yielded average velocities of around 1600 m a−1, similar to values measured in the field in November 1993. The derived velocities show almost no seasonal variation for the analyzed calving termini. During the period of satellite coverage, clear readvances were detected in the autumn–winter period, followed by

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van Dongen, Eef C. H., Guillaume Jouvet, Shin Sugiyama, et al. "Thinning leads to calving-style changes at Bowdoin Glacier, Greenland." Cryosphere 15, no. 2 (2021): 485–500. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-485-2021.

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Abstract. Ice mass loss from the Greenland ice sheet is the largest single contributor to sea level rise in the 21st century. The mass loss rate has accelerated in recent decades mainly due to thinning and retreat of its outlet glaciers. The diverse calving mechanisms responsible for tidewater glacier retreat are not fully understood yet. Since a tidewater glacier’s sensitivity to external forcings depends on its calving style, detailed insight into calving processes is necessary to improve projections of ice sheet mass loss by calving. As tidewater glaciers are mostly thinning, their calving

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Warren, Charles, Doug Benn, Vanessa Winchester, and Stephan Harrison. "Buoyancy-driven lacustrine calving, Glaciar Nef, Chilean Patagonia." Journal of Glaciology 47, no. 156 (2001): 135–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.3189/172756501781832403.

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AbstractGlaciar Nef, a 164 km2 eastern outlet of Hielo Patagónico Norte (the northern Patagonia icefield), terminates in a proglacial lake that has formed in conjunction with 20th-century glacier retreat. The terminus is inferred to be transiently afloat. A hinge-calving mechanism is proposed in which buoyant forces impose a torque on the glacier tongue, resulting in the release of coherent sections of the glacier tongue as “tabular” icebergs. A simple model shows how torque and tensile stress reach a maximum at the up-glacier limit of the buoyant zone, and that glacier thinning causes this po

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Casassa, Gino, Henry Brecher, Andrés Rivera, and Masamu Aniya. "A century-long recession record of Glaciar O’Higgins, Chilean Patagonia." Annals of Glaciology 24 (1997): 106–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.3189/s0260305500012015.

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Most glaciers in Patagonia are retreating rapidly. Glaciar O’Higgins, a freshwater calving glacier, has experienced the largest retreat rate of all, as measured from 1945 to 1986 (Aniya and others, 1992). Based on historical maps, early exploration reports and recent aerial photography, the front-position record of Glaciar O’Higgins is extended to cover the period 1896–1995). Climatic warming, in combination with the detaching of the glacier front from an island, is believed to be the cause of the rapid retreat.

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Casassa, Gino, Henry Brecher, Andrés Rivera, and Masamu Aniya. "A century-long recession record of Glaciar O’Higgins, Chilean Patagonia." Annals of Glaciology 24 (1997): 106–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0260305500012015.

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Most glaciers in Patagonia are retreating rapidly. Glaciar O’Higgins, a freshwater calving glacier, has experienced the largest retreat rate of all, as measured from 1945 to 1986 (Aniya and others, 1992). Based on historical maps, early exploration reports and recent aerial photography, the front-position record of Glaciar O’Higgins is extended to cover the period 1896–1995). Climatic warming, in combination with the detaching of the glacier front from an island, is believed to be the cause of the rapid retreat.

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Krug, J., G. Durand, O. Gagliardini, and J. Weiss. "Modelling the impact of submarine frontal melting and ice mélange on glacier dynamics." Cryosphere Discussions 9, no. 1 (2015): 183–221. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/tcd-9-183-2015.

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Abstract. Two mechanisms are generally proposed to explain seasonal variations in the calving front of tidewater glaciers: submarine melting of the calving face and the mechanical back-force applied by the ice mélange. However, the way these processes affect the calving rate and the glacier dynamics remains uncertain. In this study, we used the finite element model Elmer/Ice to simulate the impact of these forcings on more than 200 two dimensional theoretical flowline glacier configurations. The model, which includes calving processes, suggests that frontal melting affects the position of the

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Skvarca, P., H. De Angelis, R. Naruse, C. R. Warren, and M. Aniya. "Calving rates in fresh water: new data from southern Patagonia." Annals of Glaciology 34 (2002): 379–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.3189/172756402781817806.

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AbstractData relating to calving dynamics in fresh water are scarce, especially for deep-water sites. A linear dependence of calving velocity (Vc) on water depth (Hw) is commonly accepted for both tidewater and fresh-water calving glaciers. Here we use recent data from temperate Patagonian glaciers to propose a revised relationship for calving in fresh water. The new ratio is derived from glaciers calving rapidly into deep water, documented using sequential satellite images and depth soundings. The main data source is a detailed remotely sensed dataset of the rapidly retreating Glaciar Upsala,

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Trüssel, Barbara L., Roman J. Motyka, Martin Truffer, and Christopher F. Larsen. "Rapid thinning of lake-calving Yakutat Glacier and the collapse of the Yakutat Icefield, southeast Alaska, USA." Journal of Glaciology 59, no. 213 (2013): 149–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.3189/2013j0g12j081.

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AbstractBoth lake-calving Yakutat Glacier (337 km2), Alaska, USA, and its parent icefield (810 km2) are experiencing strong thinning, and under current climate conditions will eventually disappear. Comparison of digital elevation models shows that Yakutat Glacier thinned at area-averaged rates of 4.76 ± 0.06 m w.e.a−1 (2000–07) and 3.66 ± 0.03 m w.e.a−1 (2007–10). Simultaneously, adjacent Yakutat Icefield land-terminating glaciers thinned at lower but still substantial rates (3.79 and 2.94 m w.e.a−1 respectively for the same time periods), indicating lake-calving dynamics helps drive increased

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O’Neel, Shad, Keith A. Echelmeyer, and Roman J. Motyka. "Short-term variations in calving of a tidewater glacier: LeConte Glacier, Alaska, U.S.A." Journal of Glaciology 49, no. 167 (2003): 587–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.3189/172756503781830430.

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AbstractKnowledge of iceberg calving is important for understanding instabilities of tidewater glaciers and ice sheets. Since 1995 the terminus of LeConte Glacier, Alaska, U.S.A., has retreated about 2 km and the glacier has thinned approximately 120 m at its 1999 terminus position. Our focus is short-term (hours to weeks) variability of the frequency and magnitude of calving events and calving flux. Both photogrammetric and visual observations are employed in a temporal analysis over a several-week period. We combined these data with measurements of ice speed, tide level, surface water input

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Boyce, Eleanor S., Roman J. Motyka, and Martin Truffer. "Flotation and retreat of a lake-calving terminus, Mendenhall Glacier, southeast Alaska, USA." Journal of Glaciology 53, no. 181 (2007): 211–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.3189/172756507782202928.

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AbstractMendenhall Glacier is a lake-calving glacier in southeastern Alaska, USA, that is experiencing substantial thinning and increasingly rapid recession. Long-term mass wastage linked to climatic trends is responsible for thinning of the lower glacier and leaving the terminus vulnerable to buoyancy-driven calving and accelerated retreat. Bedrock topography has played a major role in stabilizing the terminus between periods of rapid calving and retreat. Lake-terminating glaciers form a population distinct from both tidewater glaciers and polar ice tongues, with some similarities to both gro

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van der Veen, C. J. "Calving glaciers." Progress in Physical Geography: Earth and Environment 26, no. 1 (2002): 96–122. http://dx.doi.org/10.1191/0309133302pp327ra.

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Based on a review of observations on different types of calving glaciers, a simple calving model is proposed. Glaciers that exist in a sufficiently cold climate can form floating ice shelves and ice tongues that typically do not extend beyond confinements such as lateral fjord walls or mountains, and ice rises. If the local climate exceeds the thermal limit of ice shelf viability, as is the case for temperate glaciers, no floating tongue can be maintained and the position of the terminus is determined by the thickness in excess of flotation. If the snout is sufficiently thick, a stable terminu

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Schlemm, Tanja, and Anders Levermann. "A simple stress-based cliff-calving law." Cryosphere 13, no. 9 (2019): 2475–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/tc-13-2475-2019.

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Abstract. Over large coastal regions in Greenland and Antarctica the ice sheet calves directly into the ocean. In contrast to ice-shelf calving, an increase in calving from grounded glaciers contributes directly to sea-level rise. Ice cliffs with a glacier freeboard larger than ≈100 m are currently not observed, but it has been shown that such ice cliffs are increasingly unstable with increasing ice thickness. This cliff calving can constitute a self-amplifying ice loss mechanism that may significantly alter sea-level projections both of Greenland and Antarctica. Here we seek to derive a minim

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Cook, S., I. C. Rutt, T. Murray, et al. "Modelling environmental influences on calving at Helheim Glacier in eastern Greenland." Cryosphere 8, no. 3 (2014): 827–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/tc-8-827-2014.

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Abstract. Calving is an important mass-loss process for many glaciers worldwide, and has been assumed to respond to a variety of environmental influences. We present a grounded, flowline tidewater glacier model using a physically-based calving mechanism, applied to Helheim Glacier, eastern Greenland. By qualitatively examining both modelled size and frequency of calving events, and the subsequent dynamic response, the model is found to realistically reproduce key aspects of observed calving behaviour. Experiments explore four environmental variables which have been suggested to affect calving

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Johannessen, O. M., M. Babiker, and M. W. Miles. "Petermann Glacier, North Greenland: massive calving in 2010 and the past half century." Cryosphere Discussions 5, no. 1 (2011): 169–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/tcd-5-169-2011.

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Abstract. Greenland's marine-terminating glaciers drain large amounts of solid ice through calving of icebergs, as well as melting of floating glacial ice. Petermann Glacier, North Greenland, has the Northern Hemisphere's long floating ice shelf. A massive (~270 km2) calving event was observed from satellite sensors in August 2010. In order to understand this in perspective, here we perform a comprehensive retrospective data analysis of Petermann Glacier calving-front variability spanning half a century. Here we establish that there have been at least four massive (100+ km2) calving events ove

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How, Penelope, Kristin M. Schild, Douglas I. Benn, et al. "Calving controlled by melt-under-cutting: detailed calving styles revealed through time-lapse observations." Annals of Glaciology 60, no. 78 (2019): 20–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/aog.2018.28.

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AbstractWe present a highly detailed study of calving dynamics at Tunabreen, a tidewater glacier in Svalbard. A time-lapse camera was trained on the terminus and programmed to capture images every 3 seconds over a 28-hour period in August 2015, producing a highly detailed record of 34 117 images from which 358 individual calving events were distinguished. Calving activity is characterised by frequent events (12.8 events h−1) that are small relative to the spectrum of calving events observed, demonstrating the prevalence of small-scale calving mechanisms. Five calving styles were observed, with

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Sund, M., T. Eiken, and C. Rolstad Denby. "Velocity structure, front position changes and calving of the tidewater glacier Kronebreen, Svalbard." Cryosphere Discussions 5, no. 1 (2011): 41–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/tcd-5-41-2011.

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Abstract. Glacier calving and retreat constitute a substantial portion of the ablation of tidewater glaciers and is therefore of interest in climate models in order to get more accurate predictions of future development of glaciers and their contribution to sea level rise. We use photogrammetry, global navigation satellite system, surface elevation and bathymetric data from Kronebreen to test a crevasse-depth calving model, investigate meteorological controls on near terminus velocity fluctuations and finally short-term and longer term (multi annual to decadal) controls of the front positions

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Todd, J., and P. Christoffersen. "Are seasonal calving dynamics forced by buttressing from ice mélange or undercutting by melting? Outcomes from full-Stokes simulations of Store Gletscher, West Greenland." Cryosphere Discussions 8, no. 4 (2014): 3525–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/tcd-8-3525-2014.

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Abstract. We use a full-Stokes 2-D model (Elmer/Ice) to investigate the flow and calving dynamics of Store Gletscher, a fast flowing outlet glacier in West Greenland. Based on a new, subgrid-scale implementation of the crevasse depth calving criterion, we perform two sets of simulations; one to identify the primary forcing mechanisms and another to constrain future stability. We find that the mixture of icebergs and sea-ice, known as ice mélange or sikussak, is principally responsible for the observed seasonal advance of the ice front, whereas submarine melting plays a secondary role. Sensitiv

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Li, F., Z. Wang, S. Zhang, and Y. Zhang. "GLACIER FRONTAL LINE EXTRACTION FROM SENTINEL-1 SAR IMAGERY IN PRYDZ AREA." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLII-3 (April 30, 2018): 801–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xlii-3-801-2018.

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Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) can provide all-day and all-night observation of the earth in all-weather conditions with high resolution, and it is widely used in polar research including sea ice, sea shelf, as well as the glaciers. For glaciers monitoring, the frontal position of a calving glacier at different moments of time is of great importance, which indicates the estimation of the calving rate and flux of the glaciers. In this abstract, an automatic algorithm for glacier frontal extraction using time series Sentinel-1 SAR imagery is proposed. The technique transforms the amplitude image

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Loebel, Erik, Celia A. Baumhoer, Andreas Dietz, Mirko Scheinert, and Martin Horwath. "Calving front positions for 42 key glaciers of the Antarctic Peninsula Ice Sheet: a sub-seasonal record from 2013 to 2023 based on deep-learning application to Landsat multi-spectral imagery." Earth System Science Data 17, no. 1 (2025): 65–78. https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-17-65-2025.

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Abstract. Calving front positions of marine-terminating glaciers are an essential parameter for understanding dynamic glacier changes and constraining ice modelling. In particular, for the Antarctic Peninsula, where the current ice mass loss is driven by dynamic glacier changes, accurate and comprehensive data products are of major importance. Current calving front data products are limited in coverage and temporal resolution because they rely on manual delineation, which is time-consuming and unfeasible for the increasing amount of satellite data. To simplify the mapping of calving fronts, we

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Cook, S., I. C. Rutt, T. Murray, et al. "Modelling environmental influences on calving at Helheim Glacier, East Greenland." Cryosphere Discussions 7, no. 5 (2013): 4407–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/tcd-7-4407-2013.

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Abstract. Calving is an important mass-loss process for many glaciers worldwide, and has been assumed to respond to a variety of environmental influences. We present a grounded, flowline tidewater glacier model, using a physically realistic calving mechanism, which is applied to Helheim Glacier, East Greenland. By qualitatively examining both modelled size and frequency of calving events, and the subsequent dynamic response, the model is found to produce a realistic representation of calving behaviour. Experiments use four environmental variables which have been suggested to affect calving rat

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Sundal, A. V., A. Shepherd, M. van den Broeke, J. Van Angelen, N. Gourmelen, and J. Park. "Controls on short-term variations in Greenland glacier dynamics." Journal of Glaciology 59, no. 217 (2013): 883–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.3189/2013jog13j019.

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AbstractShort-term ice-dynamical processes at Greenland’s Jakobshavn and Kangerdlugssuaq glaciers were studied using a 3 day time series of synthetic aperture radar data acquired during the 2011 European Remote-sensing Satellite-2 (ERS-2) 3 day repeat campaign together with modelled meteorological parameters. The time series spans the period March–July 2011 and captures the first ∼30% of the summer melting season. In both study areas, we observe velocity fluctuations at the lower ∼10 km of the glacier. At Jakobshavn Isbræ, where our dataset covers the first part of the seasonal calving-front r

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