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Journal articles on the topic 'Glomerular basement membrane'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 25 July 2025

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1

Cortes, P., X. Zhao, F. Dumler, B. C. Tilley, and J. Atherton. "Age-related changes in glomerular volume and hydroxyproline content in rat and human." Journal of the American Society of Nephrology 2, no. 12 (1992): 1716–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1681/asn.v2121716.

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Total 4-hydroxyproline content and volume were measured in the same sample of microdissected glomeruli obtained fro rat and human outer or inner cortex. Glomerular volume was determined by computer-assisted image analysis, and 4-hydroxyproline was measured by a highly sensitive gas-liquid chromatographic method. Results were expressed as weight of basement membrane material by comparison with the amount of 4-hydroxyproline in purified basement membrane/mesangial matrix preparations. Microanalyses were possible in samples containing as few as eight human glomeruli. Rat glomerular size increased

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2

Ogura, A., H. Fujimura, T. Asano, M. Koura, I. Naito, and Y. Kobayashi. "Early Ultrastructural Glomerular Alterations in Neonatal Nephrotic Mice (ICGN Strain)." Veterinary Pathology 32, no. 3 (1995): 321–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/030098589503200317.

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ICGN is a strain of mice with hereditary nephrotic syndrome of an unknown cause. In this study, early glomerular alterations in newborn ICGN mice were observed with electron microscopy to gain a better insight into the onset of the disease. Development of the glomeruli was normal until fusion of epithelial and endothelial basement membranes in the developing capillary stage. From the maturing glomerulus stage onward, the fused glomerular basement membrane (GBM) increased in thickness by excessive accumulation of the basement membrane material secreted from the epithelial cells. This accumulati

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3

Desjardins, M., and M. Bendayan. "Ontogenesis of glomerular basement membrane: structural and functional properties." Journal of Cell Biology 113, no. 3 (1991): 689–700. http://dx.doi.org/10.1083/jcb.113.3.689.

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Protein A-gold immunocytochemistry was applied in combination with morphometrical approaches to reveal the alpha 1(IV), alpha 2(IV), and alpha 3(IV) chains of type IV collagen as well as entactin on renal basement membranes, particularly on the glomerular one, during maturation. The results have indicated that a heterogeneity between renal basement membranes appears during the maturation process. In the glomerulus at the capillary loop stage, both the epithelial and endothelial cell basement membranes were labeled for the alpha 1(IV) and alpha 2(IV) chains of type IV collagen and entactin. Aft

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4

Comper, W. D., A. S. N. Lee, M. Tay, and Y. Adal. "Anionic charge concentration of rat kidney glomeruli and glomerular basement membrane." Biochemical Journal 289, no. 3 (1993): 647–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bj2890647.

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Estimates of levels of glomerular and glomerular-basement-membrane anion charge should serve as useful quantitative markers for the integrity of the tissues in health and disease. We have developed a simple, rapid, technique to measure this charge through the use of ion exchange with radioisotopes 22Na+ and 36Cl- at low ionic strengths in phosphate buffer. When this technique is used, normal glomeruli isolated from rat have a measured net anion charge concentration of 17.4 +/- 3.7 p-equiv. per glomerulus (n = 20). Perfused rat kidneys that lose approximately half of their glomerular heparan [3

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5

Gunwar, Sripad, Fernando Ballester, Milton E. Noelken, Yoshikazu Sado, Yoshifumi Ninomiya, and Billy G. Hudson. "Glomerular Basement Membrane." Journal of Biological Chemistry 273, no. 15 (1998): 8767–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1074/jbc.273.15.8767.

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6

McCarthy, K. J., K. Bynum, P. L. St John, D. R. Abrahamson, and J. R. Couchman. "Basement membrane proteoglycans in glomerular morphogenesis: chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan is temporally and spatially restricted during development." Journal of Histochemistry & Cytochemistry 41, no. 3 (1993): 401–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/41.3.8429203.

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We previously reported the presence of a basement membrane-specific chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan (BM-CSPG) in basement membranes of almost all adult tissues. However, an exception to this ubiquitous distribution was found in the kidney, where BM-CSPG was absent from the glomerular capillary basement membrane (GBM) but present in other basement membranes of the nephron, including collecting ducts, tubules, Bowman's capsule, and the glomerular mesangium. In light of this unique pattern of distribution and of the complex histoarchitectural reorganization occurring during nephrogenesis, the pr

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7

Dakovic-Bjelakovic, Marija, Vojin Savic, Slobodan Vlajkovic, and Tanja Dzopalic. "Development and ultrastructure of glomerular capillaries in human foetus." Srpski arhiv za celokupno lekarstvo 136, Suppl. 4 (2008): 316–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/sarh08s4316d.

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Glomerulus is an important filtrating apparatus in the body. Three types of cells - endothelial, mesangial and visceral epithelial cells can be identified in the capillary tuft. Glomeruli develop during nephrogenesis which starts in the 8th week and ends between the 32nd and 36th week of gestation. The nephron develops through stages described as the vesicle, the comma-shaped, S-shaped with the developing glomerulus and the mature glomerulus. Glomerular differentiation involves the expansion of the original capillary component into the plexus that consists of 6-8 loops and the migration of pod

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8

Beavan, L. A., M. Davies, and R. M. Mason. "Renal glomerular proteoglycans. An investigation of their synthesis in vivo using a technique for fixation in situ." Biochemical Journal 251, no. 2 (1988): 411–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bj2510411.

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Newly synthesized rat glomerular [35S]proteoglycans were labelled in vivo after injecting Na2[35S]SO4 intraperitoneally. At the end of the labelling period (7 h) the kidneys were perfused in situ with 0.01% (w/v) cetylpyridinium chloride. This fixed proteoglycans in the tissue and increased their recovery 2-3-fold during subsequent isolation of glomeruli from the renal cortex. The glomeruli were fractionated by a modified osmotic lysis and detergent extraction procedure [Meezan, Brendel, Hjelle & Carlson (1978) in The Biology and Chemistry of Basement Membranes (Kefalides, N.A., ed.), Acad

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9

Thompson, C. H., and S. Kalowski. "Anti-Glomerular Basement Membrane." Nephron 58, no. 2 (1991): 238–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000186424.

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10

Miner, Jeffrey H. "The glomerular basement membrane." Experimental Cell Research 318, no. 9 (2012): 973–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.yexcr.2012.02.031.

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11

Vogler, Carole, Stephen C. Eliason, and Ellen G. Wood. "Glomerular Membranopathy in Children with IgA Nephropathy and Henoch Schönlein Purpura." Pediatric and Developmental Pathology 2, no. 3 (1999): 227–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s100249900118.

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We evaluated renal biopsies from 34 children with IgA nephropathy or Henoch Schönlein purpura to further characterize the ultrastructural features of the glomerular membranopathy that occurs in these disorders. Focal glomerular basement membrane damage was identified in 29 children and was severe in 4 of the children. Alterations included focal and segmental attenuation, splitting, duplications, and spike-like subepithelial protrusions of the lamina densa, along with saccular glomerular microaneurysms arising at the paramesangium. Those cases with extensive glomerular basement membrane lesions

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12

Klein, D. J., D. M. Brown, T. R. Oegema, et al. "Glomerular basement membrane proteoglycans are derived from a large precursor." Journal of Cell Biology 106, no. 3 (1988): 963–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1083/jcb.106.3.963.

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The basement membrane heparan sulfate proteoglycan produced by the Englebreth-Holm-Swarm (EHS) tumor and by glomeruli were compared by immunological methods. Antibodies to the EHS proteoglycan immunoprecipitated a single precursor protein (Mr = 400,000) from [35S]methionine-pulsed glomeruli, the same size produced by EHS cells. These antibodies detected both heparan sulfate proteoglycans and glycoproteins in extracts of unlabeled glomeruli and glomerular basement membrane. The proteoglycans contained core proteins of varying size (Mr = 150,000 to 400,000) with a Mr = 250,000 species being pred

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13

Leivo, I., and E. Engvall. "C3d fragment of complement interacts with laminin and binds to basement membranes of glomerulus and trophoblast." Journal of Cell Biology 103, no. 3 (1986): 1091–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1083/jcb.103.3.1091.

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Two mouse monoclonal antibodies generated against human placental homogenate were found to react specifically with human complement component C3. In immunofluorescence of human tissues, these antibodies gave a bright linear staining outlining the glomerular basement membrane of the adult kidney and the trophoblast basement membrane of placenta. An identical staining pattern was observed with a rabbit C3d antiserum which also prevented binding of the monoclonal antibodies to tissue sections. Only negligible basement membrane staining was observed in the same tissues with antisera to human C3c,

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14

Abrahamson, D. R. "Structure and development of the glomerular capillary wall and basement membrane." American Journal of Physiology-Renal Physiology 253, no. 5 (1987): F783—F794. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajprenal.1987.253.5.f783.

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The renal glomerular epithelium, Bowman's capsule, and tubule originate from a condensate of mesenchymal cells induced to undergo epithelial differentiation by a branch of the uretic bud. These nephrogenic cells aggregate and begin synthesizing the basement membrane molecules collagen type IV, heparan sulfate proteoglycans, and laminin as shown by immunofluorescence microscopy. Soon, the primitive nephron is invaginated by mesenchymal cells that establish the glomerular endothelium. Electron microscopy, metabolic labeling, and immunocytochemical techniques show that the endothelium and epithel

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15

Ota, Z., K. Shikata, and K. Ota. "Nephrotic tunnels in glomerular basement membrane as revealed by a new electron microscopic method." Journal of the American Society of Nephrology 4, no. 12 (1994): 1965–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1681/asn.v4121965.

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To clarify the ultrastructure in situ of the normal human glomerular basement membrane and ultrastructural changes of the glomerular basement membrane in patients with nephrotic syndrome, specimens of normal renal tissue and specimens from patients with membranous nephropathy, lupus nephritis, minimal change nephrotic syndrome, diabetic nephropathy, and Alport's syndrome were obtained. Specimens were examined by transmission electron microscopy by the newly devised "tissue negative staining method." Normal glomerular basement membrane showed a three-dimensional lattice-like meshwork of fibrils

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16

Chen, Ying Maggie, and Jeffrey H. Miner. "Glomerular basement membrane and related glomerular disease." Translational Research 160, no. 4 (2012): 291–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.trsl.2012.03.004.

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17

Latta, H. "An approach to the structure and function of the glomerular mesangium." Journal of the American Society of Nephrology 2, no. 10 (1992): S65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1681/asn.v210s65.

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The mesangium of the glomerulus is a connective tissue tree arising at the vascular pole of the glomerulus and supporting the glomerular capillaries. It is partly covered by a basement membrane that follows the epithelial cells from the peripheral glomerular capillary wall over the supporting tissue. The capillary endothelium does not normally have a separate basement membrane. The endothelium has fenestrations that open directly into the mesangium and allow blood plasma and tracers to flow into the mesangium. The fenestrations partially restrict (or sieve) particles over 405 A in mean length

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18

McCarthy, Kevin J., and Deborah J. Wassenhove-McCarthy. "The Glomerular Basement Membrane as a Model System to Study the Bioactivity of Heparan Sulfate Glycosaminoglycans." Microscopy and Microanalysis 18, no. 1 (2012): 3–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1431927611012682.

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AbstractThe glomerular basement membrane and its associated cells are critical elements in the renal ultrafiltration process. Traditionally the anionic charge associated with several carbohydrate moieties in the glomerular basement membrane are thought to form a charge selective barrier that restricts the transmembrane flux of anionic proteins across the glomerular basement membrane into the urinary space. The charge selective function, along with the size selective component of the basement membrane, serves to limit the efflux of plasma proteins from the capillary lumen. Heparan sulfate glyco

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19

Abrahamson, D. R. "Origin of the glomerular basement membrane visualized after in vivo labeling of laminin in newborn rat kidneys." Journal of Cell Biology 100, no. 6 (1985): 1988–2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1083/jcb.100.6.1988.

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To examine the origin and assembly of glomerular basement membranes (GBMs), affinity purified anti-laminin IgG was directly coupled to horseradish peroxidase (HRP) and intravenously injected into newborn rats. Kidneys were then processed for peroxidase histochemistry and microscopy. Within 1 h after injection, anti-laminin bound to basement membranes of nephrons in all developmental stages (vesicle, comma, S-shaped, developing capillary loop, and maturing glomeruli). In S-shaped and capillary loop glomeruli, anti-laminin-HRP labeled a double basal lamina between the endothelium and epithelium.

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20

Brodsky, Sergey, and Anjali Satoskar. "Anti-glomerular basement membrane disease." Ibnosina Journal of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences 3, no. 2 (2011): 74. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/1947-489x.210875.

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21

McAdoo, Stephen P., and Charles D. Pusey. "Anti-Glomerular Basement Membrane Disease." Clinical Journal of the American Society of Nephrology 12, no. 7 (2017): 1162–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.2215/cjn.01380217.

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22

KLUTH, DAVID C., and ANDREW J. REES. "Anti-Glomerular Basement Membrane Disease." Journal of the American Society of Nephrology 10, no. 11 (1999): 2446–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1681/asn.v10112446.

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23

Monnens, Leo A. H. "Thin glomerular basement membrane disease." Kidney International 60, no. 2 (2001): 799–800. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1523-1755.2001.060002799.x.

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24

Cui, Zhao, Juan Zhao, Xiao-yu Jia, et al. "Anti-Glomerular Basement Membrane Disease." Medicine 90, no. 5 (2011): 303–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/md.0b013e31822f6f68.

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25

Fischer, Edgar G., and Donna J. Lager. "Anti–Glomerular Basement Membrane Glomerulonephritis." American Journal of Clinical Pathology 125, no. 3 (2006): 445–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1309/nptp4ukv7ju3elmq.

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26

Carone, Frank A. "Book Review: Glomerular Basement Membrane." American Journal of Kidney Diseases 8, no. 1 (1986): 71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0272-6386(86)80159-7.

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27

Gulati, Kavita, and Stephen P. McAdoo. "Anti–Glomerular Basement Membrane Disease." Rheumatic Disease Clinics of North America 44, no. 4 (2018): 651–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rdc.2018.06.011.

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28

GANDHI, SAUMIL, KAMYAR KALANTAR-ZADEH, and BURL R. DON. "Thin-Glomerular-Basement-Membrane Nephropathy." Southern Medical Journal 95, no. 7 (2002): 768–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00007611-200207000-00023.

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29

GANDHI, SAUMIL, KAMYAR KALANTAR-ZADEH, and BURL R. DON. "Thin-Glomerular-Basement-Membrane Nephropathy." Southern Medical Journal 95, no. 7 (2002): 768–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00007611-200295070-00023.

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30

Pusey, Charles D. "Anti-glomerular basement membrane disease." Kidney International 64, no. 4 (2003): 1535–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1523-1755.2003.00241.x.

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31

El-Zaatari, Ziad M. "Anti–Glomerular Basement Membrane Glomerulonephritis." New England Journal of Medicine 389, no. 20 (2023): 1901. http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/nejmicm2304664.

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32

Daniels, B. S., E. B. Hauser, W. M. Deen, and T. H. Hostetter. "Glomerular basement membrane: in vitro studies of water and protein permeability." American Journal of Physiology-Renal Physiology 262, no. 6 (1992): F919—F926. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajprenal.1992.262.6.f919.

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The glomerular basement membrane (GBM) is an integral structural component of the glomerular filter, but its contribution to the hydraulic and macromolecular permeability properties of the glomerulus has been the subject of much controversy. We have modified previously reported methods to develop a technique with which to study filtration properties of microgram quantities of isolated GBM in vitro at physiological pressures. Rat glomeruli were sieved, and cells were removed with N-laurylsarcosine and DNase. GBM (150 micrograms; greater than 95% pure) were added to a mini-ultrafiltration cell a

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33

Tang, W. W., S. Yin, A. J. Wittwer, and M. Qi. "Chemokine gene expression in anti-glomerular basement membrane antibody glomerulonephritis." American Journal of Physiology-Renal Physiology 269, no. 3 (1995): F323—F330. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajprenal.1995.269.3.f323.

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Chemokines may be important in the pathogenesis of glomerular leukocyte infiltration in antiglomerular basement membrane (GBM) antibody (Ab) glomerulonephritis (GN). We studied the expression of the C-C chemokines [macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP)-1 alpha, monocyte chemotactic protein (MCP)-1, and RANTES] and C-X-C chemokines [platelet factor 4 (PF4), interferon-inducible protein of 10 kDa (IP-10), MIP-2, and cytokine-induced neutrophil chemoattractant (CINC)] at 30 min, 3, 6, 9, 15, and 24 h after induction of heterologous-phase anti-GBM Ab GN in Lewis rats. There was a rapid induction o

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34

Templeton, Douglas M., and Marina Khatchatourian. "Synthesis of heparan sulfate proteoglycans by the isolated glomerulus." Biochemistry and Cell Biology 66, no. 10 (1988): 1078–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/o88-124.

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Incorporation of [35S]sulfate into newly synthesized macromolecules was studied in the isolated rat glomerulus and found to be linear between 6 and 24 h. When whole glomeruli were treated under conditions that dissociate proteoglycan aggregates, >90% of incorporated label was extracted. Of this, 80–90% was found to be the heparan sulfate proteoglycan. Similarly, a linear incorporation of [35S]sulfate into a glomerular basement membrane-enriched fraction was due almost entirely to proteoheparan sulfate. This predominance of heparan sulfate among the newly sulfated glycosaminoglycans has prev

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35

EBIHARA, Isao, and Hikaru KOIDE. "Structure and function of glomerular basement membrane." membrane 14, no. 1 (1989): 2–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.5360/membrane.14.2.

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36

Sami, S., T. Fischer-Scherl, R. W. Hoffmann, and C. Pfeil-Putzien. "Immune Complex-mediated Glomerulonephritis Associated with Bacterial Kidney Disease in the Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)." Veterinary Pathology 29, no. 2 (1992): 169–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/030098589202900210.

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Rainbow trout ( Oncorhynchus mykiss) developed a post-infectious chronic membranous glomerulonephritis 15 months after they had been experimentally infected with Renibacterium salmoninarum. Histologically, peritubular and periglomerular fibrosis, hypercellular glomeruli with occluded Bowman's space, and partial or complete adhesion to Bowman's capsule were constant features. Electron microscopy revealed thickened glomerular basement membranes with spikes accompanied by finely granular electron-dense deposits at the epithelial side and dense material in the mesangial matrix. Indirect immunofluo

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37

Anjum, Md Firoz, Sajal Twanabasu, Sailesh Shrestha, Tashi Anjuk Lama, and Dipendra Magrati. "Anti-Glomerular Basement Membrane Disease in a 10-year-old Child: A Case Report." Journal of Nepal Medical Association 61, no. 262 (2023): 552–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.31729/jnma.8193.

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Anti-glomerular basement membrane disease is an extremely uncommon entity in children. It has an incidence of 0.5 to 1 per million per year in adults and is even more uncommon in children. It occurs due to autoantibody against glomerular basement membrane collagen and is characterized by rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis with or without pulmonary hemorrhage. As the literature on anti-glomerular basement membrane disease is limited from our part of the world, it is important to consider it as the rare cause of rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis as early intervention improves prognosis.

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38

Vizjak, Alenka, and Dusan Ferluga. "Spectrum of collagen type IV nephropathies: From thin basement membrane nephropathy to Alport syndrome." Srpski arhiv za celokupno lekarstvo 136, Suppl. 4 (2008): 323–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/sarh08s4323v.

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Alport syndrome and thin basement membrane nephropathy are common causes of persistent familial haematuria. They are associated with various mutations in type IV collagen genes. Mutations in genes, coding for ?5 chain of collagen IV, cause X-linked Alport syndrome, whereas mutations in genes for ?3 and ?4 chains can cause the autosomal recessive and autosomal dominant type of Alport syndrome or benign familial haematuria with thin basement membrane nephropathy. In view of the wide spectrum of phenotypes, an exact diagnosis is sometimes difficult to achieve. Few studies of genotype-phenotype co

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39

Kajimoto, Yusuke, Yoko Endo, Mika Terasaki, et al. "Pathologic glomerular characteristics and glomerular basement membrane alterations in biopsy-proven thin basement membrane nephropathy." Clinical and Experimental Nephrology 23, no. 5 (2019): 638–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10157-018-01687-1.

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40

Abrahamson, D. R., and E. W. Perry. "Evidence for splicing new basement membrane into old during glomerular development in newborn rat kidneys." Journal of Cell Biology 103, no. 6 (1986): 2489–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1083/jcb.103.6.2489.

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Tannic acid in glutaraldehyde fixatives greatly enhanced the visualization of two developmentally and morphologically distinct stages in glomerular basement membrane (GBM) formation in newborn rat kidneys. First, in early stage glomeruli, double basement membranes between endothelial cells and podocytes were present and, in certain areas, appeared to be fusing. Second, in maturing stage glomeruli, elaborate loops and outpockets of basement membrane projected into epithelial, but not endothelial, sides of capillary walls. When Lowicryl thin sections from newborn rat kidneys were sequentially la

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41

Jung, Chi Young, Sun-Jae Lee, Min-Kyung Kim, Dong Jik Ahn, and In Hee Lee. "Anti-glomerular basement membrane disease associated with thin basement membrane nephropathy." Medicine 100, no. 20 (2021): e26095. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/md.0000000000026095.

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42

Drumond, M. C., and W. M. Deen. "Structural determinants of glomerular hydraulic permeability." American Journal of Physiology-Renal Physiology 266, no. 1 (1994): F1—F12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajprenal.1994.266.1.f1.

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To elucidate which structures determine the resistance to water movement, we used a computational fluid dynamics approach to determine velocity and pressure fields within the glomerular capillary wall. The model included representations of the endothelial fenestrae, basement membrane, and epithelial filtration slits with slit diaphragms. The input data included dimensions of the various structures from previous electron microscopy studies, as well as the hydraulic permeability recently measured for isolated films of glomerular basement membrane in vitro. The hydraulic resistance of the endothe

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43

Ndisang, Joseph Fomusi. "Glomerular Endothelium and its Impact on Glomerular Filtration Barrier in Diabetes: Are the Gaps Still Illusive?" Current Medicinal Chemistry 25, no. 13 (2018): 1525–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/0929867324666170705124647.

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Background: Glomerular capillaries are lined with highly specialized fenestrated endothelium which are primarily responsible to regulate high flux filtration of fluid and small solutes. During filtration, plasma passes through the fenestrated endothelium and basement membrane before it reaches the slit diaphragm, a specialized type of intercellular junction that connects neighbouring podocytes. Methods: A PubMed search was done for recent articles on components of the glomerular filtration barrier such as glomerular endothelial cells, podocytes and glomerular basement membrane, and the effect

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44

File, Ibolya, Klára Pucsok, Csilla Trinn, László Ujhelyi, József Balla, and János Mátyus. "Clinical consequence and significance of anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody positivity in anti-glomerular basement membrane disease." Orvosi Hetilap 154, no. 43 (2013): 1696–701. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/oh.2013.29735.

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Introduction: Patients with renopulmonary syndrome who have both anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic and anti-glomerular basement membrane antibodies have been described since 1989. Aim: The aim of the authors was to analyse the data of “double positive” patients diagnosed in their department, and compare these with previous studies. Method: During the last 16 years, 87 anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody positive and 11 anti-glomerular basement membrane antobody positive patients were diagnosed. Four patients with anti-glomerular basement membrane antibodies (36%) had detectable anti-neutrophil cyto

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45

Kasinath, B. S., A. K. Singh, Y. S. Kanwar, and E. J. Lewis. "Effect of puromycin aminonucleoside on HSPG core protein content of glomerular epithelial cells." American Journal of Physiology-Renal Physiology 255, no. 4 (1988): F590—F596. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajprenal.1988.255.4.f590.

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It has been suggested that the glomerular basement membrane heparan sulfate proteoglycan (HSPG) is an important determinant of the glomerular permselectivity barrier. Derangements in the content of basement membrane heparan sulfate have been implicated in alterations in glomerular permselectivity seen in many glomerular diseases such as aminonucleoside nephrosis. The cellular origin and metabolism of the glomerular basement membrane HSPG have not been studied in detail. We have detected the expression of the proteoglycan by cloned glomerular visceral epithelial cells of the rat by employing a

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46

Terasaki, Taw, Motoaki Sano, Mitsuharu Narita, and Shizuo Tojo. "Glomerular Basement Membrane in IgA Nephropathy." American Journal of Nephrology 6, no. 6 (1986): 443–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000167250.

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47

Troxell, Megan L., and Donald C. Houghton. "Atypical anti-glomerular basement membrane disease." Clinical Kidney Journal 9, no. 2 (2015): 211–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ckj/sfv140.

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TALLQVIST, GUSTAV, TOM TÖRNROTH, TUOMO VÄNTTINEN, and AMOS PASTERNACK. "VACUOLIZATION OF THE GLOMERULAR BASEMENT MEMBRANE." Acta Pathologica Microbiologica Scandinavica Section A Pathology 87A, no. 1-6 (2009): 411–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1699-0463.1979.tb00071.x.

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Hudson, Billy G., Raghuram Kalluri, and Karl Tryggvason. "Pathology of glomerular basement membrane nephropathy." Current Opinion in Nephrology and Hypertension 3, no. 3 (1994): 334–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00041552-199405000-00016.

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Morita, Miyako, Richard H. R. White, Faro Raafat, Janet M. Barnes, and Dorothy M. Standring. "Glomerular basement membrane thickness in children." Pediatric Nephrology 2, no. 2 (1988): 190–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00862588.

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