Relevant bibliographies by topics / Government borrowings

Contents

  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'Government borrowings'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 28 May 2022
Last updated: 31 July 2025

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Journal articles on the topic "Government borrowings"

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Ahmad, Saeed, Muhammad Aamir, and Muhammad Umer Quddoos. "Does Internal Borrowing of Pakistani Government Affect Corporate Leverage?" Pakistan Journal of Economic Studies 3, no. 2 (2020): 149–63. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4635442.

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For the past few years, the government of Pakistan has increased its domestic borrowing to a record level. This increased government borrowing could have reduced funds for investment by the non-financial corporate sector. In this study, we empirically investigate the influence of state domestic debt on corporate leverage in Pakistan. This study examines data of 07 non-financial sectors listed at PSX for a period of 2009-2018. The firm-level panel data was analyzed through the fixed-effect method. Results reveal that government domestic borrowings have a negative influence on corporate borrowin
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Hadi, Abdul Razak Abdul, Tasya Aspiranti, Tahir Iqbal, and Raja Rehan. "Managing a Country’s Sustainabilty - The Case of Malaysia and Indonesia Public Debt." International Journal of Financial Research 10, no. 5 (2019): 19. http://dx.doi.org/10.5430/ijfr.v10n5p19.

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The study is driven by the motivation to examine the effects of policy interest rates and crude oil prices on Malaysian and Indonesian government borrowing within the framework of Keynesian macroeconomic theory. Using Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) model as an estimation tool over the observed period from March 2013 till June 2018, the study uncovers the absence of long-term equilibrium relationship between government borrowings and the two explanatory variables. However, based upon Error Correction Representation via ARDL model, there is a significant long-run relation (at 10% level) b
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Boyko, S., O. Dragan, and K. Tkachenko. "Current trends in debt policy of city councils and directions of its improvement." Ekonomìka ta upravlìnnâ APK, no. 1 (155) (May 21, 2020): 56–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.33245/2310-9262-2020-155-1-56-67.

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The need to rethink the role of urban debt policy in accordance with the growing needs of urban communities and their sustainable socio-economic development is identified. In Ukraine, the legal preconditions for the formation of cities' own debt policy and the implementation of borrowing in both domestic and foreign nancial markets. The current state of local budgets and decentralization processes only highlight the need for cities to develop debt policy. The formation of the institution of local borrowings in Ukraine is analyzed and an in-depth analysis of borrowings of city councils in 2014-
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Kudła, Janusz, Katarzyna Kopczewska, Agata Kocia, Robert Kruszewski, and Konrad Walczyk. "Dynamic Fiscal Solvency with Consumption and Capital Taxes." Central European Economic Journal 5, no. 52 (2019): 96–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ceej-2018-0013.

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Abstract To finance public expenditure a government needs to raise revenue, which mainly comes from taxes and borrowings. During a financial crisis, however, financing of budget deficit is particularly difficult because of a rise in debt servicing costs that crowd out other expenses and raise the concern for government solvency. In extreme cases, governments are constrained to tax, as borrowing opportunities are strictly limited or unavailable. Still, governments can choose from tax menu options (income and consumption taxes), given the flexibility of the tax mix. This article presents a long-
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Buryk, Zoriana, Vitalii Bashtannyk, and Faig Ragimov. "Economic growth: macroeconomic effects of Public Borrowings at the global level." Problems and Perspectives in Management 17, no. 3 (2019): 169–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.21511/ppm.17(3).2019.14.

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The study examines the peculiarities of the impact of public debt on the economic growth of states. The aim of the study was to analyze and identify the determinants of the impact of government borrowing on economic growth. The following research methods have been applied: analysis and synthesis of data and theoretical work, comparative analysis, statistical, correlation, cluster and discriminant analysis. According to the results of the survey, it is established that the growth of government borrowing can have both a negative and a positive effect on the economy, provided that it implements a
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Kuzmina, Olga Yrievna, Maria Eugenievna Konovalova, and Anton Valerievich Kravchenko. "Public borrowing and their impact on growth of public well-being." KANT 38, no. 1 (2021): 37–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.24923/2222-243x.2021-38.8.

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The article is devoted to the study of the role of government borrowing in the system of modern market relations, in which the search for tools to maintain or increase the social welfare of citizens is one of the urgent issues. In conditions of weak economic growth and a slow increase in the standard of living of the population, one of the most significant ways to activate economic growth is precisely the amount of funds raised by the state for solving key social problems. As part of the study, an analysis of internal and external government borrowings of the Russian economic system was carrie
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Comfort, Omorogbe, E., and Oyekola, O. Oluwakemi. "Juxtaposing Government Borrowings and the Nigerian Financial Environment." International Journal of Applied Economics, Finance and Accounting 4, no. 1 (2019): 22–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.33094/8.2017.2019.41.22.27.

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Syniura-Rostun, N. R. "Financial and Credit Instruments in the Local Structural Policy of Urban Development in the Western Region of Ukraine." Business Inform 5, no. 520 (2021): 162–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.32983/2222-4459-2021-5-162-169.

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The article discloses the peculiarities of the use of financial and credit instruments, in particular local borrowings, in the local structural policy. It is identified that the task of local self-government bodies of cities is to form their own local structural policy, which would focus on innovative, technological and inclusive development. The implementation of such a policy requires the use of a number of instruments, including budget, investment, financial and credit, grant, marketing and management, tax, etc. An important place is given to financial and credit instruments, as they allow
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OYEDOKUN, Godwin Emmanuel, and Olajide Martins ADEWINLE. "External Borrowing, Government Expenditure and Road Construction in Nigeria." JOURNAL OF ECONOMICS, FINANCE AND MANAGEMENT STUDIES 06, no. 07 (2023): 3015–27. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8112334.

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External borrowing is a significant source of government revenue, and the increase in the levels of foreign borrowing is taken as evidence of progress toward meeting economic and infrastructure goals. Despite the massive incidence of foreign borrowings, developing nations continue to lag behind established economies in terms of quality, quantity, and accessibility to the benefits of infrastructural development. Therefore, this study analyses the effect of external borrowing on government expenditure on road construction in Nigeria. The study is anchored on the debt crowding theory. In analyzin
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Xing, Xinyu, and Joy Lesnick. "Research on the Impact of Sources of Government Expenditure on Social Economy." Highlights in Business, Economics and Management 21 (December 12, 2023): 939–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.54097/hbem.v21i.14839.

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In reality, a government funds its own expenditure mainly by taxation, borrowings, and fees and charges. Additional sources of government revenue include seigniorage, natural resource revenues, and foreign aid and grants. The specific mix of revenue sources and their relative importance varies from one government to another based on factors such as the country’s economic structure, tax policies, natural resources, and external financial assistance. Suppose a government ends taxing and funds its own expenditure purely by borrowings. In that case, it may lead to an inefficient market, a turbulen
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Government borrowings"

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Свиридова, Д. В. "Державні запозичення як форма фінансування дефіциту Державного бюджету України". Thesis, Українська академія банківської справи Національного банку України, 2009. http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/60860.

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Проблема бюджетного дефіциту є перманентно актуальною для України. Негативні наслідки дефіциту Державного бюджету України зумовлюють актуальність проведення науково-правових досліджень з метою розробки ґрунтовної концепції подолання цього явища. Відповідно до ч. 3 ст. 95 Конституції України держава прагне до збалансованості бюджету України [1]. Зміст принципу збалансованості розкрито у ст. 7 Бюджетного кодексу України від 21.06.2001 № 2542-III: “повноваження на здійснення витрат бюджету повинні відповідати обсягу надходжень на відповідний бюджетний період” [2].
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Comenda, José Diogo Sampaio. "Government borrowing costs and fiscal developments." Master's thesis, Instituto Superior de Economia e Gestão, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/20692.

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Mestrado em Economia Monetária e Financeira<br>Neste artigo, analiso os determinantes do rendimento dos títulos soberanos a 10 anos em relação à Alemanha para um painel de 10 países da área do euro para um período entre 1999 e 2019. Além das variáveis habituais, como o vix, taxa de câmbio efetiva real, saldo orçamental esperado, dívida esperada em relação ao PIB e crescimento do PIB, estudei o impacto das regras fiscais e das medidas de política monetária do BCE, nomeadamente o LTRO, SMP e PSPP. Este trabalho permite concluir que, quando testado individualmente, um aumento dos spreads de compr
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Correia, Alexandra Coelho. "The impact of fiscal rules on government performance and borrowing costs." Master's thesis, Instituto Superior de Economia e Gestão, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/20618.

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Mestrado em Economia Monetária e Financeira<br>We assess the impact of numerical fiscal rules on budget balances and sovereign yields, as well as the impact of expenditure rules on primary expenditure. The panel data covers 28 EU countries for the period of 1990-2018. The results show that numerical fiscal rules improve government performance leading to a reduction of budget deficits and lowers sovereign bond yields. Distinctively, expenditure rules hold a significant impact on primary expenditure.<br>info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion
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Ha, Nguyen Thi Hai. "Essays on the function of local government borrowing in developing countries." Kyoto University, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/144827.

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Lee, Hee-Bong. "A study of the local government borrowing decision making system in Korea." Thesis, Online version, 2002. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?did=1&uin=uk.bl.ethos.251846.

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Killingsworth, John Howard. "An empirical investigation into the effects of government borrowing upon investment by the private sector." Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 1993. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/28577.

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Ozcan, Banu. "Market convergence, catastrophe risk and sovereign borrowing : an empirical analysis for emerging market countries /." Thesis, Connect to Dissertations & Theses @ Tufts University, 2005.

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Thesis (Ph.D.)--Tufts University, 2005.<br>Chair: Laurent L. Jacque. Submitted to the Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 100-114). Access restricted to members of the Tufts University community. Also available via the World Wide Web;
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Dinku, Yonatan Minuye. "The Impact of Foreign Aid on Government Fiscal Behaviour: Evidence from Ethiopia." Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2009. http://etd.uwc.ac.za/index.php?module=etd&action=viewtitle&id=gen8Srv25Nme4_3239_1277074077.

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<p>The effectiveness of foreign aid in bringing economic and social development is mired in controversy. However, despite the controversial debates on its effectiveness, poor countries of the world have been receiving and using aid as a leverage to relieve themselves from development constraints they faced. Ethiopia is no exception amongst developing countries. Since the time it joined the World Bank group in 1945, foreign capital inflow has remained an important source of revenue for the government. This paper examines the fiscal impact of aid inflow into Ethiopia using time series data for t
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Павловська, Є. О. "Складові внутрішніх та зовнішніх запозичень України". Thesis, Гельветика, 2013. http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/59394.

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На сьогодні, проблема пошуку оптимальної структури державного боргу та його класифікації, особливо в сучасних умовах, є однією з основних у сфері бюджетно-фінансових відносин. Однак до сьогодні спеціальних досліджень структури державного боргу, його змісту тощо не здійснювалося.<br>Today, the problem of finding the optimal structure of public debt and its classification, especially in modern terms, is a major in the field of fiscal relations. However, to this day special studies state debt structure, contents, etc. are not performed.
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Wilkinson, Carter J. "Do Public Pensions Affect City Borrowing Costs? The Impact of Local Government Pension Contributions on Municipal Debt Yield Spreads." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2014. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/cmc_theses/973.

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This paper utilizes a sample of 6,185 locally-issued, general obligation municipal bonds to examine the relationship between a city’s cumulative pension contributions and its cost of borrowing. Following the Great Recession unfunded public pension liabilities have soared to record highs, which, in theory, represent additional credit risks and may hinder local governments’ ability to service their outstanding debt. After controlling for bond characteristics, bond ratings, and issuer characteristics, the empirical analysis finds a statistically significant correlation between pension costs and b
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Books on the topic "Government borrowings"

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New Century Publications. Research Wing. New Century's dictionary of public finance: (explaining terms used in government budgeting, taxation, public expenditure, government borrowings, fiscal federalism, and related topics). New Century Publications, 2008.

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Smith, Bruce D. Efficiency, randomization, and commitment in government borrowing. University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1993.

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Mowl, Colin. Central government funds and accounts and the central government borrowing requirement. HM Treasury, 1990.

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Hardie, Iain. Financialization and Government Borrowing Capacity in Emerging Markets. Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230370265.

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Simanjuntak, Robert Arthur. Borrowing for infrastructural development in Indonesian local government. University of Birmingham, 1998.

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United States. Small Business Administration. Office of Business Development, ed. The ABC's of borrowing. U.S. Small Business Administration, Office of Business Development, 1989.

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Britain, Great. Local Government, England and Wales: The Audit Commission (Borrowing Limit) Order 2002. The Stationery Office, 2002.

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Singh, Raju. How should subnational government borrowing be regulated?: Some cross-country empirical evidence. International Monetary Fund, Fiscal Affairs Dept., 2005.

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Library of Congress. Major Issues System, ed. Crowding out?: Federal, state and local government borrowing in the debt economy. Congressional Research Service, Library of Congress, Major Issues System, 1987.

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Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service, ed. Crowding out?: Federal, state and local government borrowing and the debt economy. Library of Congress, Congressional Research Service, 1987.

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Book chapters on the topic "Government borrowings"

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Devkota, Khim Lal, and Gopi Krishna Khanal. "Nepal." In The Forum of Federations Handbook on Local Government in Federal Systems. Springer International Publishing, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-41283-7_12.

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AbstractThe Constitution of 2015 provides local governments ample space within which to safeguard their political, fiscal, and administrative autonomy. It fully recognises them as an integral part of federalism in Nepal. Their powers and functions are broadly outlined in the Constitution, which embraces the principles of federalism, inclusiveness, and republicanism and envisages non-hierarchical relationships among the three levels of government. The main responsibility of the local level is to deliver essential basic services to the people. The Local Government Operation Act, 2017 provides de
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Hattersley, Roy. "Government Borrowing." In Economic Priorities for a Labour Government. Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-18608-2_5.

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Das, Sibabrata, Alex Mourmouras, and Peter Rangazas. "Government Borrowing." In Springer Texts in Business and Economics. Springer International Publishing, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-59728-2_11.

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Benton, J. Edwin. "Borrowing." In Revenue Sources of Local Governments. Routledge, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781032640389-9.

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Gillespie, J. M. "Financial Statistics: Borrowing and Debt." In Local Government. Springer Netherlands, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-1229-8_7.

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Page, Harry. "The Democratization of Local Government." In Local Authority Borrowing. Routledge, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003585107-15.

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Page, Harry. "The Local Government Act 1933." In Local Authority Borrowing. Routledge, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003585107-18.

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Page, Harry. "Local Government Areas in England and Wales – A Note on Their Origins and Development." In Local Authority Borrowing. Routledge, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003585107-3.

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Tremblay, Jean-François. "Comparative Perspectives on Fiscal Federalism Systems." In The Forum of Federations Handbook of Fiscal Federalism. Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-97258-5_12.

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AbstractThis chapter presents a comparative analysis of central elements of fiscal federalism systems in the eleven countries surveyed in previous chapters. The analysis examines the assignments of expenditure responsibilities among orders of governments, the allocation of taxation powers, regulatory functions, intergovernmental transfer systems, and mechanisms for macroeconomic management including fiscal rules, restrictions on subnational government borrowing, and instruments for tax harmonization. The analysis highlights the diversity of fiscal federalism systems as well as common features,
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Hardie, Iain. "Introduction." In Financialization and Government Borrowing Capacity in Emerging Markets. Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230370265_1.

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Conference papers on the topic "Government borrowings"

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Abdulkadhim Dadoosh, Ali. "ANALYZING THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN MONETARY FINANCE AND THE PUBLIC BUDGET IN THE EURO AREA." In VII. International research Scientific Congress of Humanities and Social Sciences. Rimar Academy, 2024. https://doi.org/10.47832/ist.con7-5.

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Monetary finance is a new policy from economic and political discussions concerning government spending. Until 2008, taxes (oil in oil-producing countries) and debt issuance were considered reasonable methods for understanding the balance of the general budget or financing deficits. Governments financed themselves through present taxation, traditional borrowing with repayment from future tax revenue, or financial surpluses resulting from oil price increases in global markets. However, after 2008, central banks resorted to unprecedented monetary finance policies, issuing large amounts of money
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Alhajeri, Dr Hanan. "THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN HIGH BORROWING AND LOW AVAILABILITY OF QUALITY GOVERNMENT SERVICES IN KUWAIT." In HuSoc Amsterdam – Humanities & Social Sciences International Conference, 19-20 February 2025. Global Research & Development Services Publishing, 2025. https://doi.org/10.20319/icssh.2025.104105.

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Kuwait is famous for its oil reserves, which make it one of the richest countries in the world. However, its public services, including healthcare, housing, education, and infrastructure, lack quality. This has led to citizens borrowing heavily to compensate for the deficiency in public services. This research paper aims to study the relationship between high borrowing among citizens and the low quality of public services, focusing on healthcare, the lack of street maintenance, the low level of education, the shortage of recreational cities, and the failure to provide adequate housing care. Me
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Yıldırım Gezer, Tuba. "The Reflections of The Changing Government Approach to Public Finance: Case of Turkey." In International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c15.02776.

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From past to present, the state mechanism has expanded its field of activity to ensure social order as a result of the increase and complexity of the needs of individuals, and for this purpose, it has obtained the right to intervene in the lives of individuals. The state, which expanded its sphere of influence, especially until the middle of the 20th century, was sometimes the solution to the problems, and sometimes the problem itself.&#x0D; With the emergence of the concept of globalization, the understanding of the state has also changed. Rather than being intervening, the regulatory and gui
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Prepeliță, Valeria. "The size of tax pressure in the Republic of Moldova in relation to the practice of the European Union." In Simpozion Ştiinţific al Tinerilor Cercetători, Ediţia a 21-a. Academy of Economic Studies of Moldova, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.53486/sstc.v2.04.

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The actuality of the subject:Taxation plays a fundamental role in creating a fair society and building a sustainable economy. Through the prism of fiscal objectives, it tends towards the elimination of inequalities, the support of social mobility, the reduction of inequalities in terms of market income. Also, fiscal policy has a great influence on employment decisions, an essential attribution on investment levels, on the willingness of entrepreneurs to expand their activities, all these aspects stimulating more efficient economic growth. Thus, fiscal policies are evaluated by reference to fou
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Savca, Ana-Maria. "Evolution of inflation in the RM in the period 2011-2022." In Simpozion stiintific al tinerilor cercetatori, editia 20. Academy of Economic Studies of Moldova, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.53486/9789975359030.45.

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Inflation is one of the most complicated economic problems around the world. The existence of inflation brings a lot of negative consequences. In general, inflation constrain the economic, social and political rise of a state. In this article we will present the currently inflation situation and how it has alternated over the years. Rising prices, known as inflation, impact the cost of living, the cost of doing business, borrowing money, mortgages, corporate, and government bond yields, and every other facet of the economy. Inflation can be both beneficial to economic recovery and, in some cas
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Ulusoy, Ahmet, and Mehmet Ela. "The Macroeconomic Effects of European Debt Crisis and Turkey." In International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c06.01363.

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European sovereign debt crisis is the period that because of low interest rates, government and private debt increased substantially and also financial crisis transform private debt to high sovereign debt. In this period, low interest rates made government borrowing cost cheap and so sovereign debt increased considerably. In same period, private sector consumption and debt rose and this induced the housing bubbles. The expansionary fiscal policy against the effects of global financial crisis and bail-outs given to banks which are problematic made the sovereign debt highest and debt burden unsu
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Gupta, Dr Ambrish. "IFRS: Borrowing Costs An Examination in to the Implications of Its Adoption for Corporate Financial Health and Government Finances in India." In 4th Annual International Conference on Accounting and Finance (AF 2014). Global Science & Technology Forum (GSTF), 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.5176/2251-1997_af14.69.

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Janay, Abdullahi Ibrahim, and Bülent Kılıç. "The World Bank and its Roles toward Health: Common Criticisms." In 6th International Students Science Congress. Izmir International Guest Student Association, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.52460/issc.2022.053.

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The World Bank (WB) was established in 1944 for the purpose of issuing long-term loans to governments for reconstruction and economic development following the Second World War (1). Over the time perspectives on development have changed dramatically. In particular, the WB’s focus began to shift to investments in health, energy, telecommunication, transport and infrastructure to earn more profit. In the field of health, the WB has focused on three areas, especially in developing countries: health, nutrition, and population. WB now has a more sophisticated view of well-being, living standards, a
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Davey, Bill, and Arthur Tatnall. "The Lifelong Learning Iceberg of Information Systems Academics - A Study of On-Going Formal and Informal Learning by Academics." In InSITE 2007: Informing Science + IT Education Conference. Informing Science Institute, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.28945/3088.

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This article describes a study that examined the lifelong learning of information systems academics in relation to their normal work. It begins by considering the concept of lifelong learning, its relationship to real-life learning and that lifelong learning should encompass the whole spectrum of formal, non-formal and informal learning. Most world governments had recognised the importance of support for lifelong learning. Borrowing ideas and techniques use by Livingstone in a large-scale 1998 survey of the informal learning activities of Canadian adults, the study reported in this article sou
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Bedir, Serap, and Arzu Tural Dikmen. "Fiscal Deficit and Inflation: New Evidences from Turkey Using a Bounds Testing Approach." In International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c05.00915.

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A well-established theory in macroeconomics is that governments running persistent deficits have sooner or later to finance those deficits with money creation, thus producing inflation. The fiscal view of inflation has been especially prominent in the developing country literature, which has long recognized that less efficient tax collection, political instability, and more limited access to external borrowing tend to lower the relative cost of seigniorage and increase dependence on the inflation tax. For this reason, the main factors which affecting inflation rate in developing countries are
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Reports on the topic "Government borrowings"

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Kürşat Önder, Yasin, Maria Alejandra Ruiz-Sanchez, Sara Restrepo-Tamayo, and Mauricio Villamizar-Villegas. Government Borrowing and Crowding Out. Banco de la República, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.32468/be.1182.

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We investigate the impact of fiscal expansions on firm investment by exploiting firms that have multiple banking relationships. Further, we conduct a localized RDD approach and compare the lending behavior of banks that barely met and missed the criteria of being a primary dealer, as well as barely winners and losers at government auctions. Our results indicate that a 1 percentage point increase in banks’ bonds-to-assets ratio decreases loans by up to 0.4%, which leads to significant declines in firm investment, profits and wages. Our findings are grounded in a quantitative model with financia
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2

Graham, John, Mark Leary, and Michael Roberts. How Does Government Borrowing Affect Corporate Financing and Investment? National Bureau of Economic Research, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w20581.

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Ballesteros, Marife, Tatum Ramos, and Jenica Ancheta. Measuring Housing Affordability in the Philippines. Philippine Institute for Development Studies, 2022. https://doi.org/10.62986/dp2022.22.

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Understanding housing affordability is key to addressing the housing problem. This study evaluates housing affordability in the Philippines using conventional approaches. It compares Residual Income Method estimates with those from the 30 percent of income standard that is commonly used as a measure of housing affordability in the country. The authors note that the 30 percent of income standard overestimates housing affordability among the poor and underestimates among those in the upper income levels relative to the Residual Income Method. In other words, the poor and low-income households ar
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4

Emmerson, Carl, and Isabel Stockton. The economic response to coronavirus will substantially increase government borrowing. The IFS, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1920/co.ifs.2024.0201.

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5

Hamilton, James, and Marjorie Flavin. On the Limitations of Government Borrowing: A Framework for Empirical Testing. National Bureau of Economic Research, 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w1632.

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Phillips, David. Devolved governments need more flexible funding and greater borrowing power to tackle coronavirus effectively. The IFS, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1920/co.ifs.2024.0430.

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7

Palatiello, Brett, and Philip Pinkington. Government Deficits and Interest Rates: A Keynesian View. Institute for New Economic Thinking Working Paper Series, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.36687/inetwp183.

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We test the neoclassical loanable funds model which postulates that, ceteris paribus, government borrowing increases the long-term rate of interest. The empirical literature exploring such a connection remains largely mixed. We clarify the conflicting results by deploying an ARDL model to decompose the relationship in the United States into long and short-run effects across multiple measures of the government deficit and long-term interest rate. We find a tendency for changes in the deficit to increase long-term interest rates in the short run but the effect is reversed in the long run. We arg
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8

Rochet, Jean-Charles. Optimal Sovereign Debt: An Analytical Approach. Inter-American Development Bank, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0010867.

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This paper develops a model of sovereign debt where governments are myopic. Instead of focusing on the incentives to repay, as in most of the theoretical literature on the topic (which assumes implicitly that governments have long-term objectives), I therefore consider that governments always repay when they can, but also borrow as much as possible. without paying attention to the burden of future repayments. The pattern of debt is then only determined by the willingness of international investors to lend to the country. I characterize the Rational Expectations Equilibria of the credit market.
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9

Miller, Stuart, and Kari Keipi. Strategies and Financial Instruments for Disaster Risk Management in Latin America and the Caribbean. Inter-American Development Bank, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0008822.

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This technical paper investigates potential avenues for reducing economic losses resulting from natural hazards, and discusses ex ante and ex post issues affecting disaster risk management. It also assesses how both types of measures can be jointly used to reduce the economic impact of disasters on sovereign governments and the IDB. Opportunities and instruments for risk transfer, particularly at the higher layers of risk, are discussed in detail. The proposed risk management framework utilizes financial instruments to enable the government to transfer risk as potential losses begin to exceed
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10

Curtice, Ruth, and James Smith. Mission impossible? Five things to look out for at next week’s pivotal Spending Review. The Resolution Foundation, 2025. https://doi.org/10.63492/kef9136.

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After a shaky start on the economy, Ministers have been happy to emphasise three trade agreements and some better-than-expected growth in recent weeks. They will hope the Spending Review (SR), on 11 June, can be a chance to build (build, build) on this, and to flesh out more concrete plans on the Government’s other ‘missions’. Having spent the best part of a year managing expectations down and announcing painful tax rises and more borrowing, the Government finally gets to reap the benefits of dishing out some spending goodies. So this is a big deal politically. But, as the first ‘zero-based’ r
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