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Books on the topic 'Haemodynamic conditions'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 15 February 2022

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1

Galiè, Nazzareno, Alessandra Manes, and Massimiliano Palazzini. Pulmonary hypertension. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199687039.003.0065.

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Pulmonary hypertension is a haemodynamic and pathophysiological condition defined as an increase in the mean pulmonary arterial pressure of ≥25 mmHg at rest, as assessed by right heart catheterization. In fact, while transthoracic echocardiography may provide clues on the presence of pulmonary hypertension, the haemodynamic evaluation offers a more precise and comprehensive assessment. Pulmonary hypertension is heterogeneous from a pathophysiological point of view, and the diversity is reflected in the haemodynamic definitions. The different haemodynamic forms of pulmonary hypertension can be
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2

Lancellotti, Patrizio, and Bernard Cosyns. Systemic Disease and Other Conditions. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198713623.003.0017.

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This chapter describes the effect of various activities on the heart and associated disorders. It details the echocardiographic findings of athlete’s heart and differential diagnosis. It considers pregnancy which induces several haemodynamic changes: increase in heart rate, stroke volume, cardiac output, and decrease in systemic vascular resistance. Several echocardiographic changes may also present in normal pregnancy and these must be recognized. Echocardiography should be performed in each pregnant woman with cardiac signs or symptoms to search for new cardiac disease occurring during pregn
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3

Pasquet, Agnes, Marcia Barbosa, and Jo-Nan Liao. Systemic disease and other conditions: the heart during pregnancy. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198726012.003.0056.

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Normal pregnancy represents a haemodynamic challenge for the heart. The main changes are increases in blood (plasma) volume and cardiac output, and a decrease in systemic vascular resistance. These change start early during pregnancy and will be maximal around the 24th week of gestation. This translates into echocardiographic changes such as increase in ventricular volume, stroke volume, and changes in geometry. Peripartum cardiomyopathy is a left ventricular dysfunction without any underlying cause, arising near the end of the gestation or in the early postpartum period. Echocardiography is t
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4

D’Andrea, Antonello, André La Gerche, and Christine Selton-Suty. Systemic disease and other conditions: athlete’s heart. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198726012.003.0055.

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The term ‘athlete’s heart’ refers to the structural, functional, and electrical adaptations that occur as a result of habitual exercise training. It is characterized by an increase of the internal chamber dimensions and wall thickness of both atria and ventricles. The athlete’s right ventricle also undergoes structural, functional, and electrical remodelling as a result of intense exercise training. Some research suggests that the haemodynamic stress of intense exercise is greater for the right heart and, as a result, right heart remodelling is slightly more profound when compared with the lef
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5

Vieillard-Baron, Antoine. Right ventricular function in the ICU. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0135.

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Under normal conditions, the right ventricle (RV) virtually acts as a passive conduit. In critically-ill patients many situations induce uncoupling between the right ventricle and pulmonary circulation, leading to RV systolic dysfunction, then failure. Mechanical ventilation has a major impact by decreasing RV preload, but also significantly increasing RV afterload. RV function should thus always be interpreted and re-evaluated in the light of respiratory mechanics and ventilator settings. RV systolic function is key to the patient’s haemodynamic profile and must be monitored to achieve optima
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6

Leach, Dr Richard, and Professor Kevin Moore. Practical procedures and monitoring. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199565979.003.00019.

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Chapter 19 covers practical procedures and monitoring of patients presenting with vascular and haemodynamic, respiratory, gastrointestinal, and other conditions, as well as additional various practical procedures.
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7

Schairer, John R., and Steven J. Keteyian. Pathophysiology and causes of pericardial tamponade. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0166.

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Pericardial disease leading to pericardial effusion (PEF) is a common clinical disorder. The most common causes are viral infections, metastatic cancer, renal disease, and bleeding disorders. PEF that accumulates slowly can become quite large before haemodynamic embarrassment occurs, while PEF that accumulates rapidly from trauma or aortic dissection can be small,yet cause haemodynamic embarrassment. As the PEF increases in size, the pressure in the pericardial space increases, leading to a decrease in atrial and ventricular chamber sizes, and limiting filling of the chambers. Ultimately, card
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8

Paul, Richard, and Susanna Price. Imaging the cardiovascular system in the ICU. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0143.

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Cardiac imaging in the critically ill can be challenging. Interpretation requires a broad knowledge of cardiovascular pathophysiology, the range of available investigations, and their sensitivity and specificity in diagnosing individual conditions. Applying first principles and interpreting findings in the clinical context are mandatory. Useful non-invasive investigations include simple chest X-ray, thoracic ultrasound, and computed tomography (CT) to detect pulmonary and extrapulmonary pathology, whilst CT coronary angiography can evaluate stent and graft patency, and identify extramural plaq
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9

Orenbuch-Harroch, Efrat, and Charles L. Sprung. Pulmonary artery catheterization in the ICU. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0133.

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Haemodynamic monitoring is a significant component in the management of critically-ill patients. Flow-directed pulmonary artery catheters (PAC) are a simple and rapid technique for measuring several continuous or intermittent circulatory variables. The PAC is helpful in diagnosis, guidance of therapy, and monitoring therapeutic interventions in various clinical conditions, including myocardial infarction and its complications, non-cardiogenic pulmonary oedema and severely ill patients.The catheter is inserted through a large vein. The PAC is advanced, after ballooninflation with 1.5 mL of air,
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10

Badano, Luigi P., and Denisa Muraru. Assessment of right heart function and haemodynamics. Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199599639.003.0011.

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Assessment of right ventricular (RV) size, function, and haemodynamics has been challenging because of its unique cavity geometry. Conventional two-dimensional assessment of RV function is often qualitative. Doppler methods involving tricuspid inflow and pulmonary artery flow velocities, which are influenced by changes in pre- and afterload conditions, may not provide robust prognostic information for clinical decision making. Recent advances in echocardiographic assessment of the RV include tissue Doppler imaging, speckle-tracking imaging, and volumetric three-dimensional imaging, but they ne
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11

Turner, Neil. Mechanisms of glomerular injury. Edited by Neil Turner. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199592548.003.0045.

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Proteinuric diseases, historically termed ‘nephrosis’, are characterized by subtle abnormalities in podocytes or by abnormal glomerular matrix, including the scarring laid down by inflammatory diseases. Angiotensin blockers, corticosteroids, calcineurin inhibitors, and a wide range of other drugs known or believed to be effective in different renal diseases, appear to have direct effects on podocytes that reduce proteinuria that may be important to their effectiveness. Several of these have previously been assumed to work via haemodynamic, immune or other modes. Haematuric diseases are charact
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12

Toledano, Roulhac D. Physiological changes associated with pregnancy. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198713333.003.0002.

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Pregnant patients pose several challenges to anaesthetists and other healthcare providers. Significant systemic and organ-specific changes accompany each stage of pregnancy, culminating during labour and delivery and in the early postpartum period. While healthy parturients tolerate these physiological adaptations to pregnancy well, patients with coexisting disease or pregnancy-related medical conditions may experience acute decompensation, with potential long-term sequelae. Alternatively, symptoms of a disease state may be obscured by pregnancy or mistaken for physiological changes of pregnan
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13

Torbicki, Adam, Marcin Kurzyna, and Stavros Konstantinides. Pulmonary embolism. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199687039.003.0066.

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Pulmonary embolism is usually a consequence of deep vein thrombosis, and together the two conditions are known as venous thromboembolism. Non-thromboembolic causes of pulmonary embolism are rare. Pulmonary thromboembolism is a potentially life-threatening disease, if left untreated. This is due to a natural tendency towards early recurrence of pulmonary emboli which may lead to fatal right ventricular failure. In more severe cases, secondary right ventricular failure may result from myocardial ischaemia and injury caused by systemic hypotension and adrenergic overstimulation. Clinical presenta
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14

Torbicki, Adam, Marcin Kurzyna, and Stavros Konstantinides. Pulmonary embolism. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199687039.003.0066_update_001.

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Pulmonary embolism is usually a consequence of deep vein thrombosis, and together the two conditions are known as venous thromboembolism. Non-thromboembolic causes of pulmonary embolism are rare. Pulmonary thromboembolism is a potentially life-threatening disease, if left untreated. This is due to a natural tendency towards early recurrence of pulmonary emboli which may lead to fatal right ventricular failure. In more severe cases, secondary right ventricular failure may result from myocardial ischaemia and injury caused by systemic hypotension and adrenergic overstimulation. Clinical presenta
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15

Torbicki, Adam, Marcin Kurzyna, and Stavros Konstantinides. Pulmonary embolism. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199687039.003.0066_update_002.

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Pulmonary embolism is usually a consequence of deep vein thrombosis, and together the two conditions are known as venous thromboembolism. Non-thromboembolic causes of pulmonary embolism are rare. Pulmonary thromboembolism is a potentially life-threatening disease, if left untreated. This is due to a natural tendency towards early recurrence of pulmonary emboli which may lead to fatal right ventricular failure. In more severe cases, secondary right ventricular failure may result from myocardial ischaemia and injury caused by systemic hypotension and adrenergic overstimulation. Clinical presenta
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16

Torbicki, Adam, Marcin Kurzyna, and Stavros Konstantinides. Pulmonary embolism. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199687039.003.0066_update_003.

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Pulmonary embolism is usually a consequence of deep vein thrombosis, and together the two conditions are known as venous thromboembolism. Non-thromboembolic causes of pulmonary embolism are rare. Pulmonary thromboembolism is a potentially life-threatening disease, if left untreated. This is due to a natural tendency towards early recurrence of pulmonary emboli which may lead to fatal right ventricular failure. In more severe cases, secondary right ventricular failure may result from myocardial ischaemia and injury caused by systemic hypotension and adrenergic overstimulation. Clinical presenta
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17

Shanmugam, Naresh P., and Sanjay Bansal. Acute liver failure. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198759928.003.0069.

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The chapter on acute liver failure includes the definition, aetiology, and management of this condition. It discusses the frequently associated complications (neurological, haemodynamic, coagulopathy, infectious, and metabolic) and its prognosis, as well as the role of liver transplantation and liver support systems in its management.
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18

Biswas, Santanu, and John J. Frank. Management of pericardial tamponade. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0167.

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Cardiac tamponade is an emergency, and definitive therapy is fluid removal by pericardiocentesis. In certain conditions, fluid removal is still the optimal choice, but a conservative approach using haemodialysis may be employed. Factors that influence the management strategy include evaluating the cause, providing haemodynamic support, and choosing the technique. Fluid resuscitation to maintain venous pressure and circulation may be beneficial up to a point, after which, tamponade may be aggravated. While inotropes have theoretical benefit, studies involving humans are few. Fluid removal strat
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19

Cruz, Dinna N., Anna Giuliani, and Claudio Ronco. Acute kidney injury in heart failure. Edited by Norbert Lameire. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199592548.003.0248.

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Acute kidney injury (AKI) occurring during heart failure (HF) has been labelled cardiorenal syndrome (CRS) type 1. CRS is defined as a group of ‘disorders of the heart and kidneys whereby acute or chronic dysfunction in one organ may induce acute or chronic dysfunction of the other’. This consensus definition was proposed by the Acute Dialysis Quality Initiative, with the aim to standardize those disorders where cardiac and renal diseases coexist. Five subtypes have been proposed, according to which organ is affected first (cardiac vs renal) and whether the dysfunction is acute or chronic. Ano
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20

MacKenzie-Ross, Robert, Karen K. K. Sheares, and Joanna Pepke-Zaba. Pulmonary hypertension. Edited by Patrick Davey and David Sprigings. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199568741.003.0100.

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Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is a haemodynamic and pathophysiological condition defined as mean pulmonary artery pressure ≥25 mm Hg at rest, assessed by right-heart catheterization (8–20 mm Hg is considered normal). A pulmonary capillary wedge pressure measurement of >15 mm Hg indicates a significant pulmonary venous component. PH is associated with a variety of causes. The current PH classification is helpful in understanding the different etiological, pathological, and treatment approaches.
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21

Peacock, Linzi, and Rachel Hignett. Acquired heart disease. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198713333.003.0041.

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Heart disease in pregnancy is a leading cause of maternal death worldwide. In the United Kingdom and United States, heart disease in pregnancy is the commonest cause of maternal death. In Europe, over 1% of maternal deaths are attributable to structural heart disease. In addition, heart disease in pregnancy is a significant cause of severe maternal and fetal morbidity. Whilst the vast majority of women with heart disease in pregnancy have underlying congenital heart disease, most maternal deaths are due to acquired heart disease (AHD). As the risk factors for AHD become ever more prevalent, th
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22

Astarci, Parla, Laurent de Kerchove, and Gébrine el Khoury. Aortic emergencies. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199687039.003.0061.

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Acute aortic dissections account for the leading and most feared of aortic emergencies. Acute dissections are associated with a dreadful mortality rate; therefore, an accurate diagnosis and immediate treatment are mandatory. The key point of a lifesaving management strategy is the distinction between acute type A dissection, uncomplicated type B dissection, and complicated type B dissection, and those including contained ruptured aorta (severe pleural effusion) and/or malperfusion syndrome (by end-organ ischaemia: paraplegia, intestinal ischaemia, renal insufficiency, limb ischaemia). Type A g
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23

Lancellotti, Patrizio, and Bernard Cosyns. Adult Congenital Heart Disease. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198713623.003.0013.

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Echocardiography has a fundamental role in patients with adult congenital heart disease. This chapter identifies the role of echocardiography in atrial septal defects, ventricular septal defects, atrioventricular septal defects, patent ductus arteriosus, and persistent left superior vena cava. For each condition, the role of transthoracic and transoesophagael echocardiogram are shown alongside examples of main types and features and haemodynamic effect. Echocardiographic findings of LV outflow tract obstruction, supravalvular aortic stenosis, aortic stenosis, and aortic coarction are covered,
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24

Gevaert, Sofie A., Eric Hoste, and John A. Kellum. Acute kidney injury. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199687039.003.0068.

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Acute kidney injury is a serious condition, occurring in up to two-thirds of intensive care unit patients, and 8.8-55% of patients with acute cardiac conditions. Renal replacement therapy is used in about 5-10% of intensive care unit patients. The term cardiorenal syndrome refers to combined heart and kidney failure; three types of acute cardiorenal syndrome have been described: acute cardiorenal syndrome or cardiorenal syndrome type 1, acute renocardiac syndrome or cardiorenal syndrome type 3, and acute cardiorenal syndrome type 5 (cardiac and renal injury secondary to a third entity such as
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25

Gevaert, Sofie A., Eric Hoste, and John A. Kellum. Acute kidney injury. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199687039.003.0068_update_001.

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Acute kidney injury is a serious condition, occurring in up to two-thirds of intensive care unit patients, and 8.8-55% of patients with acute cardiac conditions. Renal replacement therapy is used in about 5-10% of intensive care unit patients. The term cardiorenal syndrome refers to combined heart and kidney failure; three types of acute cardiorenal syndrome have been described: acute cardiorenal syndrome or cardiorenal syndrome type 1, acute renocardiac syndrome or cardiorenal syndrome type 3, and acute cardiorenal syndrome type 5 (cardiac and renal injury secondary to a third entity such as
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26

Lancellotti, Patrizio, and Bernard Cosyns. Heart Valve Disease. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198713623.003.0007.

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Echocardiography plays a major role in the evaluation, monitoring and decision making of patients with valvular heart disease. This chapter examines the aetiologies, haemodynamic measurements, and various consequences in aortic, mitral and pulmonary valve stenosis. It also describes how to assess patients with valvular regurgitation (mitral, aortic and pulmonary), valvular prosthesis and definite or suspected infective endocarditis. For each condition, echocardiographic features of poor prognosis, including complications, embolic risk, and the timing for surgery are discussed. Indications for
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27

Panchal, Rakesh. Haemoptysis. Edited by Patrick Davey and David Sprigings. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199568741.003.0018.

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Haemoptysis is the expectoration of blood or blood-stained sputum resulting from haemorrhage into the respiratory tract. Massive haemoptysis (5% of cases) is usually defined as >600 ml in 24 hours. Haemoptysis is a common and non-specific symptom. It can vary from blood-streaked sputum to massive, life-threatening haemorrhage. Haemoptysis may originate from the bronchial arteries (90%), pulmonary arteries (5%), or non-bronchial collaterals. Haemoptysis causing haemodynamic instability and/or respiratory compromise is a medical emergency. Unexplained haemoptysis may herald a serious underlyi
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28

Nešković, Aleksandar N., and Andreas Hagendorff. Echocardiography in the emergency room. Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199599639.003.0026.

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Echocardiography can provide rapid and accurate assessment of cardiac morphology and haemodynamics under stressful conditions in the emergency room (ER). Using this information, critical decisions regarding management of cardiovascular emergencies and the critically ill are made. To avoid potentially catastrophic errors with medicolegal consequences, adequate education and experience in echocardiography and cardiology are required and teamwork is encouraged. In addition, emergency cases must be well documented and this documentation stored and retrievable. Transthoracic echocardiography is the
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29

Vergnaud, Sophie, David Dobarro, and John Wort. Pulmonary vasculature. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199657742.003.0017.

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A 16-year-old girl with a diagnosis of diffuse cutaneous systemic sclerosis is referred to a specialist pulmonary hypertension centre with a history of progressive breathlessness, reduced exercise tolerance, and raised pulmonary pressures on transthoracic echocardiogram. She is found to have pulmonary arterial hypertension on right cardiac catheterization and is started on sildenafil, a phosphodiesterase-5 inhibitor, which stabilizes her condition. An endothelin receptor antagonist is added, which provides some initial symptomatic improvement. She continues to deteriorate over a period of 5 ye
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30

Alderson, Helen, Constantina Chrysochou, James Ritchie, and Philip A. Kalra. Ischaemic nephropathy. Edited by Neil Turner. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199592548.003.0212.

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Ischaemic nephropathy describes loss of renal function or renal parenchyma due to stenosis or occlusion of the renal artery or its branches. In the Western world, this is usually the result of atherosclerotic renovascular disease, but other aetiologies include arteritis, embolic disease, dissection, and fibromuscular disease.Chronic kidney disease is the most common manifestation of ischaemic nephropathy, but hypertension, flash pulmonary oedema, sensitivity to angiotensin blockade, and sensitivity of glomerular filtration rate to blood pressure reduction are all possible manifestations of occ
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31

van den Bosch, Annemien E., Luigi P. Badano, and Julia Grapsa. Right ventricle and pulmonary arterial pressure. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198726012.003.0023.

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Right ventricular (RV) performance plays an important role in the morbidity and mortality of patients with left ventricular dysfunction, congenital heart disease, and pulmonary hypertension. Assessment of RV size, function, and haemodynamics has been challenging because of its complex geometry. Conventional two-dimensional echocardiography is the modality of choice for assessment of RV function in clinical practice. Recent developments in echocardiography have provided several new techniques for assessment of RV dimensions and function, include tissue Doppler imaging, speckle-tracking imaging,
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32

Romagnoli, Stefano, and Giovanni Zagli. Blood pressure monitoring in the ICU. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0131.

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Two major systems are available for measuring blood pressure (BP)—the indirect cuff method and direct arterial cannulation. In critically-ill patients admitted to the intensive care unit, the invasive blood pressure is the ‘gold standard’ as a tight control of BP values, and its change over time is important for choosing therapies and drugs titration. Since artefacts due to the inappropriate dynamic responses of the fluid-filled monitoring systems may lead to clinically relevant differences between actual and displayed pressure values, before considering the BP value shown as reliable, the cri
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33

Dussaule, Jean-Claude, Martin Flamant, and Christos Chatziantoniou. Function of the normal glomerulus. Edited by Neil Turner. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199592548.003.0044_update_001.

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Glomerular filtration, the first step leading to the formation of primitive urine, is a passive phenomenon. The composition of this primitive urine is the consequence of the ultrafiltration of plasma depending on renal blood flow, on hydrostatic pressure of glomerular capillary, and on glomerular coefficient of ultrafiltration. Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) can be precisely measured by the calculation of the clearance of freely filtrated exogenous substances that are neither metabolized nor reabsorbed nor secreted by tubules: its mean value is 125 mL/min/1.73 m² in men and 110 mL/min/1.73 m
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