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1

Shen, Yu-Chu. Out-of-pocket health spending between low- and high-income populations: Who is at risk of having high financial burdens? National Bureau of Economic Research, 2005.

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2

Shen, Yu-Chu. Out-of-pocket health spending between low- and higher-income populations: Who is at risk of having high financial burdens? National Bureau of Economic Research, 2005.

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3

Kabe, Shigesaburo. High-Income Asia: Lessons in Population and Economy. Springer Nature Singapore, 2025. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-96-6199-2.

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4

Roche, Benjamin, Hélène Broutin, and Frederic Simard. Afterword I The status of public health in low-income countries. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198789833.003.0021.

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In this first part of the book, we have highlighted that infectious diseases still impose a very high burden on populations living in low-income countries, with millions of deaths every year attributable to pathogens that have (almost) disappeared in high-income countries (such as malaria or tuberculosis). Numerous public health programs at a global scale are trying to diminish this burden through multiple interventions, involving vaccines, antibiotics, drugs and vector control, among others. Many of these global programs have been extremely successful, but their impacts have been much more st
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5

Roche, Benjamin, Hélène Broutin, and Frédéric Simard. Afterword II Fundamental knowledge in the evolutionary ecology of infectious diseases. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198789833.003.0022.

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In Part II, the main academic knowledge gathered to date on the ecology and evolution of infectious diseases with relevance for infectious diseases control in low-income countries has been reviewed. We have seen that many pathogens affecting human populations rely strongly on environmental determinants, such as climate, water, abiotic characteristics and inter-specific relationships, among other factors. This is especially important for low-income countries that are mostly located in tropical areas and, therefore, are exposed to high variability in terms of climatic conditions in environments
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6

Weissman, Myrna, and Jennifer Mootz, eds. Interpersonal Psychotherapy. Oxford University PressNew York, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197652084.001.0001.

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Abstract Interpersonal Psychotherapy: A Global Reach describes the rapidly expanding global dissemination of interpersonal psychotherapy (IPT), including the development of new training, technologies, and the use of IPT all over the world and in diverse populations. This book covers training considerations, especially for task-shifted or lay providers, certification in delivery of IPT, use of technology for training and implementation, and the continuing evidence base of IPT. The book includes implementation in high-income countries and low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) and humanitarian
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7

Pampel, Fred C. Institutional Context of Population Change: Patterns of Fertility and Mortality Across High-Income Nations. University of Chicago Press, 2014.

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8

Pampel, Fred C. Institutional Context of Population Change: Patterns of Fertility and Mortality Across High-Income Nations. University of Chicago Press, 2010.

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9

Mossberger, Karen, Caroline J. Tolbert, and Scott J. LaCombe. Choosing the Future. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197585757.001.0001.

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COVID-19 laid bare a persistent “digital divide” in both urban and rural communities at a time when access to education, work, health care, food, and government services relied on use of broadband or high-speed internet. A lifeline during the pandemic, broadband use is a fundamental resource for the future of opportunity in communities. Prior work has examined impacts for broadband infrastructure, but that indicates little about the extent to which local populations can afford and use the technology. With new data on broadband subscriptions from 2000 to 2017 and comprehensive analysis for stat
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10

Pampel, Fred C. The Institutional Context of Population Change: Patterns of Fertility and Mortality across High-Income Nations (Population and Development Series). University Of Chicago Press, 2001.

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11

Larson, Donald F. Food Prices and Food Price Volatility. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190656010.003.0022.

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This chapter examines food prices from 1900 to 2015. Despite growing populations, rising incomes, new technologies, globalization, and the emergence of commodities as an asset class, no trends are evident in food price levels or volatility. Still, food prices have averaged higher since 2010, harming the poor and raising fears that agricultural productivity growth has slowed. Consistently since 1900, food prices have been more volatile than the prices of manufactured goods and most other commodity groups. This relation drives terms-of-trade volatility, which slows economic growth. At the farm l
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12

Abnet, Christian C., Olof Nyrén, and Hans-Olov Adami. Esophageal Cancer. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190676827.003.0009.

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Esophageal cancer shows distinct geographic distributions, changing incidence rates, and primary risk factors when examined separately as squamous cell carcinoma and adenocarcinoma. Squamous cell carcinoma remains the dominant histologic type in many low- and middle-income countries and occurs frequently, while adenocarcinoma is classified as rare but predominates in Western countries. Tobacco and alcohol are the dominant risk factors for squamous cell carcinoma in Western countries, but not in high-incidence Asian populations, where hot beverages and specific nutritional deficiencies may be i
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13

Alonso, José Antonio, and José Antonio Ocampo, eds. Trapped in the Middle? Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198852773.001.0001.

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There is growing evidence that overcoming the low-income threshold and reaching middle-income status is not sufficient for countries to converge toward high-income levels. Few middle-income countries have successfully completed that transit in recent decades, with the majority remaining in the middle-income group, and so facing what has come to be called"the middle-income trap". It is therefore essential to explore whether middle-income traps really exist and, if they do, how these pitfalls are manifested, what their causes are, what economic policy measures are required to escape from them, a
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14

Rayner, Mike, Kremlin Wickramasinghe, Julianne Williams, Karen McColl, and Shanthi Mendis, eds. An Introduction to Population-level Prevention of Non-Communicable Diseases. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198791188.001.0001.

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This book is based on the content covered during the non-communicable disease (NCD) prevention short course at the University of Oxford. It provides theoretical background and ‘real life case studies’ helping readers to apply the learnings to their day-to-day work. It covers case studies from both high-income countries and low- and middle-income countries. This book is structured around the four stages of the policy cycle: (1) problem definition; (2) solution generation; (3) resource mobilization and implementation; and (4) evaluation. Chapters 2–7 focus on problem definition, which involves u
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15

Thun, Michael J., S. Jane Henley, and William D. Travis. Lung Cancer. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190238667.003.0028.

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Lung cancer is the most common cancer worldwide, ranking first in men and third in women for new cases and first in both sexes for deaths. Dynamic global patterns in incidence predominantly reflect past and current patterns of cigarette smoking. Incidence rates in most high-income countries have decreased substantially among men but are increasing among women. More than half of all cases occur in economically developing countries where smoking remains common, especially among men. Strong birth cohort patterns dominate temporal trends in high-income countries; these parallel birth cohort patter
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16

Zanchetta, Margareth Santos, Marcelo Medeiros, Kateryna Metersky, Walterlânia Silva Santos, Christian Mésenge, and Moussa Issa Lessa. Investigação Qualitativa e o Desafio Digital // Qualitative Research and the Digital Challenge. Ludomedia, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.36367/ntqr.10.2021-e514.

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Framework- In the context of the need for the production of knowledge in low- and middle-income countries, as well as in high-income countries with their socially vulnerable populations and the concomitant, minimal availability of funding for international research, university researchers should innovate. Goal- Discuss critical methodological issues in the process of designing and implementing international online survey research. This is done in the context of responding to the need for innovation in data collection tools to expand their responsiveness to the international field and the parti
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17

Afsar, Rita, and Mahabub Hossain. Dhaka's Changing Landscape. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190121112.001.0001.

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Between 1991 and 2010, Dhaka’s population more than doubled to 15 million. Simultaneously, the city’s contribution to the national economy almost trebled. Clearly, population growth was accompanied by an unmistakable trend of economic growth, and a significant decline in urban poverty and income inequality. On the other hand, Dhaka’s high population density exacerbated serious environmental challenges, and it was soon ranked as one of the world’s least livable cities. In the context of these contradictory signals of rapid urbanization, Dhaka’s Changing Landscape sets to answer three most intri
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18

Kalleberg, Arne L., Kevin Hewison, and Kwang-Yeong Shin. Precarious Asia. Stanford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.11126/stanford/9781503610255.001.0001.

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This book assesses the role of global and domestic factors in shaping precarious work and its outcomes in Japan, South Korea, and Indonesia as they represent a range of Asian political democracies and capitalist economies: Japan and South Korea are now developed and mature economies, while Indonesia remains a lower-middle income country. The authors yield compelling insights into the extent and consequences of precarious work, examining the dynamics underlying its rise. By linking macrostructural policies to both the mesostructure of labor relations and the microstructure of outcomes experienc
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19

Egger, Eva-Maria, Aslihan Arslan, and Emanuele Zucchini. Does connectivity reduce gender gaps in off-farm employment? Evidence from 12 low- and middle-income countries. 3rd ed. UNU-WIDER, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.35188/unu-wider/2021/937-2.

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Gender gaps in labour force participation in developing countries persist despite income growth or structural change. We assess this persistence across economic geographies within countries, focusing on youth employment in off-farm wage jobs. We combine household survey data from 12 low- and middle-income countries in Asia, Latin America, and sub-Saharan Africa with geospatial data on population density, and estimate simultaneous probit models of different activity choices across the rural-urban gradient. The gender gap increases with connectivity from rural to peri-urban areas, and disappears
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20

Burns, Aine, and Fliss E. M. Murtagh. Conservative care in advanced chronic kidney disease. Edited by David J. Goldsmith. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199592548.003.0145.

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Increasing numbers of those with stage 5 chronic kidney disease are older, with multiple co-morbid conditions. There is growing awareness that, while dialysis may provide some survival advantage in this population, there is major disease and treatment burden associated with dialysis, and considerable impact on quality of life. Conservative (non-dialysis) management pathways are therefore increasingly being developed and studied, and more is known about the best ways to optimize quality of life for those managed without dialysis. In low- and middle-income countries, the resources for dialysis a
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21

Torgerson,, Paul R., C. N. L. Macpherson, and D. A. Vuitton. Cystic echinococcosis. Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198570028.003.0060.

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Cystic echinococcosis (CE)\cystic hydatid disease is one of the most widespread and important global helminth zoonoses. The parasite Echinococcus granulosus is maintained in a wide spectrum of intermediate hosts, including sheep, goats, camels, cattle, pigs and equines. A number of wild intermediate hosts occur, including cervids in the northern part of the North American continent and Eurasia, marsupials in Australia and wild herbivores in East and southern Africa. The application of a range of molecular techniques to the characterization of the parasite has confirmed the existence of mostly
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22

Prieto-Bustos, William Orlando, Johanna Manrique-Hernández, María Camila Jaramillo-Cruz, Marlén Cecilia Torres-Castiblanco, and María Alejandra Dueñas-Portes. Conflicto armado y desplazamiento forzado: un caso de migración forzada en Colombia. Edited by William Orlando Prieto-Bustos and Johanna Manrique-Hernández. Editorial Universidad Católica de Colombia, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.14718/9789585133907.2021.

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Colombia has the highest number of people displaced by violence in the world. According to the United Nations Refugee Agency (UNHRC), in 2017, 7.7 million people were registered as being internally displaced. Forced migration as a result of displacement caused by armed conflict, in a context of weak protection of the rights of the victim population and low-income generation, represents a challenge for social development, which is limited by high levels of poverty and income concentration. In particular, the territorialisation of the peace agreements is currently still under construction with s
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23

Martel, Catherine de, and Julie Parsonnet. Stomach Cancer. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190238667.003.0031.

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Stomach cancer is the fifth most common incident cancer worldwide and the third leading cause of cancer death. Almost half of the world’s cases occur in Asia, with 42% in China alone. Although the incidence and mortality rates from stomach cancer are decreasing, the global disease burden remains high. Moreover, the absolute number of cases continues to rise because of population aging. Adenocarcinomas comprise over 90% of gastric malignancies. The adenocarcinomas are further classified according to anatomic location (cardia vs. non-cardia), histology (e.g., intestinal or diffuse, signet ring o
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24

Osman, Abdul Magid, and Djamila Pontes Osman. Putting the financial system to work for the poor and SMEs. UNU-WIDER, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.35188/unu-wider/2020/886-3.

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The financial inclusion effort achieved positive results, with the number of Mozambicans having access to banking services increasing considerably, particularly after 2011–12. However, the economic and social impact was limited, considering that farm productivity has remained low and poverty levels are still high. The neoliberal doctrine in the economic sphere, its expression in the restrictive monetary policies, and the weakness of the multi-party democracy system have been institutional factors restricting economic and social development. Consequently, this study proposes some institutional
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25

Jha, Vivekanand. Acute kidney injury in the tropics. Edited by Norbert Lameire. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199592548.003.0241.

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The spectrum of acute kidney injury (AKI) encountered in the hospitals of the tropical zone countries is different from that seen in the non-tropical climate countries, most of which are high-income countries. The difference is explained in large part by the influence of environment on the epidemiology of human disease. The key features of geographic regions falling in the tropical zones are climatic, that is, high temperatures and absence of winter frost, and economic, that is, lower levels of income. The causes and presentation of tropical AKI reflect these prevailing cultural, socioeconomic
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26

Babor, Thomas F., Jonathan Caulkins, Benedikt Fischer, et al. Treatment systems for drug users. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198818014.003.0015.

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Policies affecting the type, amount, and organization of health and social services play an important role in the overall effectiveness of a service system. Countries differ markedly in their service systems, which vary in terms of the availability, accessibility, coordination, cost-effectiveness, and coerciveness of treatment and harm-reduction services. There are now a large number of evidence-informed health and social services that are ready for implementation in systems of care in both low and high-income countries. These interventions, along with innovations in the organization of servic
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27

Evans, Charlotte, Anne Creaton, Marcus Kennedy, and Terry Martin, eds. Paediatric retrieval. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198722168.003.0019.

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Paediatric critical care retrieval provides some of the most challenging clinical scenarios for the retrieval physician. Children have a relatively low incidence of critical illness in comparison to adults and they constitute a minority of the population (around 20% or less in high-income countries). Approximately 50% of critically ill children are under 2 years of age, with a more even age-distribution from pre-school through to school-age and teenage years. Consequently, paediatric intensive care and paediatric intensive care retrieval are low volume, highly specialized areas of practice in
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28

Boffetta, Paolo, Dana Hashim, and Pagona Lagiou. Measures and Estimates of Cancer Burden. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190676827.003.0002.

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This chapter addresses the various methods for measuring cancer burden and the complexities resulting from practical applications of these measurements. It also provides an overview of global cancer patterns and trends. Epidemiological observations indicate that cancer development and progression is due to an interaction of environmental exposures with genetic factors. This underscores the importance of using complementary epidemiological measurements to obtain a cohesive and comprehensive panorama of cancer burden. Manifold measurements that capture the number of deaths, incidence/mortality r
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29

Kuh, Diana, Ezra Susser, Joanna M. Blodgett, and Yoav Ben-Shlomo, eds. A Life Course Approach to the Epidemiology of Chronic Diseases and Ageing. 3rd ed. Oxford University PressOxford, 2025. https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198895961.001.0001.

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Abstract Life course epidemiology is the study of long-term biological, behavioural, and psychosocial processes that link physical and social exposures and experiences during gestation, childhood, adolescence, adulthood, and across generations, to chronic diseases and ageing. During a time of rapidly changing physical and social environments across the world, life course epidemiologists should expand collaborations with other biomedical and social scientists and with policymakers to investigate and act on the lifetime health consequences of global, inter-related, environmental challenges. This
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30

Feist, Lisa,, Rosen, Asenov, and Astrid, Henningsen. Imbalances between supply and demand recent causes of labour shortages in advanced economies. ILO, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.54394/luty2310.

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In the wake of the COVID-19 pandemic, numerous high-income countries encountered heightened vacancy rates and labour shortages, which persisted into 2023. This paper examines the dynamics underlying labour market fluctuations in advanced economies, such as cyclical movements, structural shifts and pandemic-induced trends. The surge in labour demand following economic reopening varied across sectors, as sustained fiscal support measures bolstered demand, contributing to a pronounced uptick in vacancies. Statistics on labour force participation and working hours highlight the intricacies of the
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31

Redmount, Esther, ed. Economics of the Family. ABC-CLIO, LLC, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9798216965862.

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A fascinating look at the role that households—and the dynamics of families, in particular—play in creating economic growth and social stability in modern economies and markets. This timely compilation of essays examines the paradigm of family in the 21st century, delving into cohabitation, marriage, and divorce; the effects of modern family units on work and consumption; and the ramifications of life choices on economic growth and stability. The text ponders highly personal yet societal topics, such as who lives with whom and why; the reasons for low birth rates among highly educated, high-in
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32

Redmount, Esther, ed. Economics of the Family. ABC-CLIO, LLC, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9798216965879.

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A fascinating look at the role that households—and the dynamics of families, in particular—play in creating economic growth and social stability in modern economies and markets. This timely compilation of essays examines the paradigm of family in the 21st century, delving into cohabitation, marriage, and divorce; the effects of modern family units on work and consumption; and the ramifications of life choices on economic growth and stability. The text ponders highly personal yet societal topics, such as who lives with whom and why; the reasons for low birth rates among highly educated, high-in
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33

Woo, Jaejoon. Confronting South Korea's Next Crisis. Oxford University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198864424.001.0001.

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South Korea’s economic miracle is a well-known story. However, today Korea is confronting a new set of internal and external risks, which may foreshadow the next crisis. The Korean economy has struggled with a faltering growth momentum and the rise of unprecedented socio-economic problems well before the pandemic crisis. After abrupt downshifts to markedly slower growth in the early 2000s, economic growth has continued to decelerate. Koreans are grappling with slow income growth, all time-high household debt, high youth unemployment, inequality, and social polarization. Politics is in disarray
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34

Assaad, Ragui, and Mongi Boughzala, eds. The Tunisian Labor Market in an Era of Transition. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198799863.001.0001.

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This book offers a comprehensive and deep examination of the key labor market issues in Tunisia, including the size, structure, and evolution of the labor force, employment and unemployment, wage formation, gender differences, education, and migration. Unemployment has been the most challenging issue for decades. Because it has been persistently high and particularly acute for youth, university graduates, and women, special attention is paid to youth and women in the labor market and to the structure, education, and evolution of the labor force. Despite the falling-off of its population growth
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35

Bursztyn, Alberto M., ed. Praeger Handbook of Special Education. Greenwood Publishing Group, Inc., 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9798216000327.

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This book introduces readers to key concepts and issues in the evolving field of special education. Arguably, over the past thirty years, no other area of education has been as radically transformed as the provision of services to children with disabilities. Since the mid 1970s, special education has steadily grown to reach fully 12% of the U.S. student population in grades K-12, and millions of children from birth to age five. Despite its promise of equal access, special education has become a controversial field in many respects. Critics point to its high cost, questionable pedagogical effec
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