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Journal articles on the topic 'Hydantoin Analogues'

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1

Stanić, Petar, Marija Živković, and Biljana Šmit. "Synthesis and Characterization of Various Amino Acid Derived Thiohydantoins." Proceedings 9, no. 1 (2018): 37. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ecsoc-22-05690.

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Hydantoins and their sulfur containing analogues, thiohydantoins, are cyclic ureides that have attracted huge attention ever since their discovery. Most of them are biologically active compounds and several points of structural diversity have made them very synthetically attractive. Although substituents can be introduced to the hydantoin nucleus, most substituted hydantoins are synthesized from substrates already containing these groups, while forming the hydantoin nucleus. This is a common route to the synthesis of hydantoins and one of them is employed in this study. A series of 3-allyl-2-t
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2

EL-BARBARY, A. A., A. I. KHODAIR, and E. B. PEDERSEN. "ChemInform Abstract: Hydantoin Analogues of Thymidine." ChemInform 25, no. 11 (2010): no. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/chin.199411269.

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3

Tian, XiaoXue, XingRong Peng, MuYuan Yu, et al. "Hydantoin and thioamide analogues from Lepidium meyenii." Phytochemistry Letters 25 (June 2018): 70–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.phytol.2018.03.011.

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4

Allan, RD, C. Apostopoulos, and TW Hambley. "The Synthesis and Structure of a Cyclobutane Analog of Glutamic Acid With an Acetic Acid Side Chain." Australian Journal of Chemistry 48, no. 5 (1995): 919. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ch9950919.

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A synthetic route involving a hydantoin derivative of bicyclo [3.2.0]hept-2-ene has been investigated for the preparation of neurotransmitter analogues containing an additional acetic acid substituent on the cyclobutane ring of the potent NMDA receptor agonist trans-1-aminocyclobutane-1,3-dicarboxylic acid. X-Ray analysis showed that the major cyclobutane amino acid produced had the 2-acetic acid and 3-carboxylic acid substituents in the trans orientation as a result of epimerization during hydantoin hydrolysis.
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5

Todorov, Petar, Petia Peneva, Stela Georgieva, Jana Tchekalarova, Miroslav Rangelov, and Nadezhda Todorova. "Synthesis and characterization of new 5,5′-dimethyl- and 5,5′-diphenylhydantoin-conjugated hemorphin derivatives designed as potential anticonvulsant agents." New Journal of Chemistry 46, no. 5 (2022): 2198–217. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d1nj05235g.

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Herein, the synthesis and characterization of some novel N-modified hybrid analogues of hemorphins containing a C-5 substituted hydantoin residue as potential anticonvulsants and for the blockade of sodium channels are presented.
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6

Abadi, Ashraf H., Jochen Lehmann, Gary A. Piazza, Mohammad Abdel-Halim та Mohamed S. M. Ali. "Synthesis, Molecular Modeling, and Biological Evaluation of Novel Tetrahydro-β-Carboline Hydantoin and Tetrahydro-β-Carboline Thiohydantoin Derivatives as Phosphodiesterase 5 Inhibitors". International Journal of Medicinal Chemistry 2011 (23 лютого 2011): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2011/562421.

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Two series of fused tetrahydro-β-carboline hydantoin and tetrahydro-β-carboline thiohydantoin derivatives with a pendant 2,4-dimethoxyphenyl at position 5 were synthesized, and chiral carbons at positions 5 and 11a swing from R,R to R,S, S,R, and S,S. The prepared analogues were evaluated for their capacity to inhibit phosphodiesterase 5 (PDE5) isozyme. The R absolute configuration of C-5 in the β-carboline hydantoin derivatives was found to be essential for the PDE5 inhibition. Chiral carbon derived from amino acid even if of the S configuration (L-tryptophan) may lead to equiactive or more a
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7

Marinov, Marin. "SYNTHESIS OF AMINO DERIVATIVES OF MONOTHIO- AND DITHIO- ANALOGUES OF CYCLOHEXANESPIRO-5-HYDANTOIN." Journal scientific and applied research 2, no. 1 (2012): 66–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.46687/jsar.v2i1.45.

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This article presents methods for synthesis of 3-amino derivatives of cyclohexanespiro-5-(2-thiohydantoin) and cyclohexanespiro-5-(2,4-dithiohydantoin). It was found out that the treatment of cyclohexanespiro-5-(2-thiohydantoin) with hydrazine hydrate under different reaction conditions led to obtaining of 3-amino derivative and 2-hydrazone of the initial compound. As a result of thionation of 3-aminocyclohexanespiro-5-hydantoin with P4S10 or Lawesson’s reagent, the corresponding dithio-analogue was synthesized. The structures of the products obtained were verified by IR, 1H NMR, 13C NMR and m
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8

El-Barbary, Ahmed A., Ahmed I. Khodair, and Erik B. Pedersen. "Synthesis and Antiviral Evaluation of Hydantoin Analogues of AZT." Archiv der Pharmazie 327, no. 10 (1994): 653–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ardp.19943271010.

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9

Georgieva, Stela, Petar Todorov, Jana Tchekalarova, et al. "Chemical Behavior and Bioactive Properties of Spinorphin Conjugated to 5,5′-Dimethyl- and 5,5′-Diphenylhydantoin Analogs." Pharmaceuticals 17, no. 6 (2024): 770. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ph17060770.

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The discovery of new peptides and their derivatives is an outcome of ongoing efforts to identify a peptide with significant biological activity for effective usage as a possible therapeutic agent. Spinorphin peptides have been documented to exhibit numerous applications and features. In this study, biologically active peptide derivatives based on novel peptide analogues of spinorphin conjugated with 5,5′-dimethyl (Dm) and 5,5′-diphenyl (Ph) hydantoin derivatives have been successfully synthesized and characterized. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and spectral methods such as UV-Vis, FT-IR (
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10

Kochetkov, Konstantin A., Olga N. Gorunova, and Natalia A. Bystrova. "Biologically Oriented Hybrids of Indole and Hydantoin Derivatives." Molecules 28, no. 2 (2023): 602. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules28020602.

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Indoles and hydantoins are important heterocycles scaffolds which present in numerous bioactive compounds which possess various biological activities. Moreover, they are essential building blocks in organic synthesis, particularly for the preparation of important hybrid molecules. The series of hybrid compounds containing indoles and imidazolidin-2-one moiety with direct C–C bond were synthesized using an amidoalkylation one-pot reaction. All compounds were investigated as a growth regulator for germination, growth and development of wheat seeds (Triticum aestivum L). Their effect on drought r
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11

Djakovic-Sekulic, Tatjana, Anamarija Mandic, Nemanja Trisovic, and Gordana Uscumlic. "Structure-Retention Relationship Study of HPLC Data of Antiepileptic Hydantoin Analogues." Current Computer Aided-Drug Design 8, no. 1 (2012): 3–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/157340912799218525.

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12

EL-BARBARY, A. A., A. I. KHODAIR, and E. B. PEDERSEN. "ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Antiviral Evaluation of Hydantoin Analogues of AZT." ChemInform 26, no. 13 (2010): no. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/chin.199513277.

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13

Mudit, Mudit, Fathy A. Behery, Vikram B. Wali, Paul W. Sylvester та Khalid A. El Sayed. "Synthesis of Fluorescent Analogues of the Anticancer Natural Products 4-Hydroxyphenylmethylene Hydantoin and δ-Tocotrienol". Natural Product Communications 5, № 10 (2010): 1934578X1000501. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1934578x1000501022.

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4-Hydroxyphenylmethylene hydantoin (PMH, 1), isolated from the Red Sea sponge Hemimycale Arabica, and δ-tocotrienol (3), isolated from the tocotrienol-rich fraction of palm oil, are important antimetastatic and antiproliferative natural products that proved effective against metastatic prostate and breast cancers, respectively. New fluorescent derivatives of PMH (2) and δ-tocotrienol (4) were synthesized by Steglich esterification. Both 2 and 4 retained good anti-migratory and antiproliferative activities, respectively. Fluorescent analogues 2 and 4 can be used for the identification of molecu
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14

ABDEL-BARY, H. M., A. A. EL-BARBARY, A. I. KHODAIR, A. E. S. ABDEL MEGIED, E. B. PEDERSEN, and C. NIELSEN. "ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Hydantoin Analogues of 3′-Fluoro-3′-deoxythymidine (FLT)." ChemInform 26, no. 36 (2010): no. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/chin.199536262.

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15

Barraclough, Paul, A. Gordon Caldwell, C. John Harris, William P. Jackson, and Brendan J. R. Whittle. "Synthesis and platelet aggregation inhibiting activity of 1′-carboxyl modified hydantoin prostaglandin analogues." J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. 1, no. 10 (1989): 1815–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/p19890001815.

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16

Sergent, Didier, Qian Wang, N. André Sasaki, and Jamal Ouazzani. "Synthesis of hydantoin analogues of (2S,3R,4S)-4-hydroxyisoleucine with insulinotropic properties." Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry Letters 18, no. 15 (2008): 4332–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bmcl.2008.06.081.

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17

Barraclough, Paul, A. Gordon Caldwell, Robert C. Glen, et al. "Synthesis and Platelet Aggregation Inhibiting Activity of Acid Side-chain Modified Hydantoin Prostaglandin Analogues." Archiv der Pharmazie 326, no. 2 (1993): 85–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ardp.19933260206.

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18

Huang, Yuanqiong, Zhonglin Guo, Hongjian Song, Yuxiu Liu, Lizhong Wang та Qingmin Wang. "Design, Synthesis, and Biological Activity of β-Carboline Analogues Containing Hydantoin, Thiohydantoin, and Urea Moieties". Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 66, № 31 (2018): 8253–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.jafc.8b03087.

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19

Sutherland, Jeffrey J., and Donald F. Weaver. "Development of Quantitative Structure−Activity Relationships and Classification Models for Anticonvulsant Activity of Hydantoin Analogues." Journal of Chemical Information and Computer Sciences 43, no. 3 (2003): 1028–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ci025639w.

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20

Chen, Linwei, Yanke Hao, Hongjian Song, et al. "Design, Synthesis, Characterization, and Biological Activities of Novel Spirooxindole Analogues Containing Hydantoin, Thiohydantoin, Urea, and Thiourea Moieties." Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 68, no. 39 (2020): 10618–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.jafc.0c04488.

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21

Zhang, Mao, Yu-Ru Liang, Huan Li, Ming-Ming Liu, and Yang Wang. "Design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of hydantoin bridged analogues of combretastatin A-4 as potential anticancer agents." Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry 25, no. 24 (2017): 6623–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bmc.2017.10.045.

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22

GHOSH, A., and M. J. MILLER. "ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Novel Hydantoin Analogues of 5′-Nor Carbocyclic Nucleosides: Versatility of a Chiral Acylnitroso Cycloaddition." ChemInform 27, no. 3 (2010): no. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/chin.199603238.

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23

Jang, Jun Ho, Taesung Park, and Jong Soo Lee. "Gamakamide C and D as Two New Analogues of Bitter-Tasting Cyclic Peptide with Hydantoin Structure from Oyster Crassostrea gigas." Fisheries and aquatic sciences 18, no. 2 (2015): 131–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.5657/fas.2015.0131.

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24

Varbanov, H., A. Bakalova, R. Buyukliev, G. Momekov, and R. Baykushev. "Synthesis of palladium(II) complexes with 3-amino-5-methyl-5-(4-pyridyl)-hydantoin: cytotoxic and antimicrobial investigations and comparison with their platinum analogues." Transition Metal Chemistry 35, no. 4 (2010): 457–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11243-010-9349-y.

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25

Bakalova, Adriana G., Rossen T. Buyukliev, Rositsa P. Nikolova, Boris L. Shivachev, Rositsa A. Mihaylova, and Spiro M. Konstantinov. "Synthesis, Spectroscopic Properties, Crystal Structure And Biological Evaluation of New Platinum Complexes with 5-methyl-5-(2-thiomethyl)ethyl Hydantoin." Anti-Cancer Agents in Medicinal Chemistry 19, no. 10 (2019): 1243–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1871520619666190214103345.

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Background: The accidental discovery of Cisplatin’s growth-inhibiting properties a few decades ago led to the resurgence of interest in metal-based chemotherapeutics. A number of well-discussed factors such as severe systemic toxicity and unfavourable physicochemical properties further limit the clinical application of the platinating agents. Great efforts have been undertaken in the development of alternative platinum derivatives with an extended antitumor spectrum and amended toxicity profile as compared to the reference drug cisplatin. The rational design of conventional platinum analogues
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26

Marinov, Marin. "TWO METHODS FOR 3-AMINOCYCLOPENTANESPIRO-5- HYDANTOIN THIONATION." Journal scientific and applied research 3, no. 1 (2013): 10–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.46687/jsar.v3i1.56.

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This article presents two methods for 3-aminocyclopentanespiro-5-hydantoin thionation. These methods are based on the treatment of the titled compound with P4S10 or Lawesson’s reagent. The corresponding dithio-analogue was synthesized as a result of these interactions. The structure of the product obtained was verified by 1HNMR, 13C NMR and mass spectral data.
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27

Zai-guo, Li, Huang Run-qiu, and Li Hui-ying. "The Synthesis of Phosphorus Analogues of Hydantoic Acid." Phosphorus, Sulfur, and Silicon and the Related Elements 147, no. 1 (1999): 453. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10426509908053706.

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28

Ohba, Shigeru, Minoru Koura, Hisashi Sumida, and Kimiyuki Shibuya. "Crystal structures of (S)-(+)-5-(3-bromo/chloro-4-isopropoxyphenyl)-5-methylimidazolidine-2,4-dione." Acta Crystallographica Section E Crystallographic Communications 72, no. 2 (2016): 184–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s2056989015023014.

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In (S)-(+)-5-(3-bromo-4-isopropoxyphenyl)-5-methylimidazolidine-2,4-dione, C13H15BrN2O3, (I), the hydantoin groups are connectedviaintermolecular N—H...O hydrogen bonds, forming a terraced sheet structure. In the chloro analogue, (S)-(+)-5-(3-chloro-4-isopropoxyphenyl)-5-methylimidazolidine-2,4-dione, C13H15ClN2O3, (II), the intermolecular N—H...O hydrogen-bonding network forms a flat sheet. Comparison of the crystal structures reveals that (II) is more loosely packed than (I).
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29

Emberson, Kassandra, Ngan Tran, and Costa Metallinos. "Diastereoselective Lithiation of N-Benzyl Pyrroloimidazolones Derived from l-Proline Hydantoin." Synlett 28, no. 20 (2017): 2901–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0036-1591206.

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An N-benzyl pyrroloimidazolone derived from l-proline hydantoin undergoes asymmetric lithiation with n-BuLi/TMEDA in toluene to give products of electrophile quench (E+) that range from 87:13 to 91:9 diastereomeric ratio (dr). All products appear to have the same relative stereochemistry as determined by transmetalation of benzylic stannanes, which gave identical major diastereomers for several products as to what was observed by direct lithiation–substitution of the starting material. X-Ray crystallography of the major diastereomer of the benzophenone adduct established (R)-configuration at t
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30

A-H.Al-Sinawi, Luban, Q. A. Mekki, Annmarie Hegdes, Christine Burke, S. G. Moody, and J. O'Grady. "Effect of a hydantoin prostaglandin analogue, BW245C, during oral dosing in man." Prostaglandins 29, no. 1 (1985): 99–111. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0090-6980(85)90155-8.

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31

Pettit, George R., Cherry L. Herald, John E. Leet, et al. "Antineoplastic agents. 168. Isolation and structure of axinohydantoin." Canadian Journal of Chemistry 68, no. 9 (1990): 1621–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/v90-250.

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Western (Palau) and Eastern (State of Truk) Caroline Islands and Papua New Guinea sponges of the genera Axinella and Hymeniacidon were found to contain the cytostatic (PS ED50 2.5 and 2.0 (μg/mL) and antineoplastic (PS T/C 143 at 3.6 mg/kg and T/C 138 at 3.6 mg/kg) pyrrologuanidines 1a and 1b. The related hydantoin 2, designated axinohydantoin, was also isolated from an Axinella sp. and its structure was assigned by X-ray crystallographic techniques. Present experience with sponges in the Axinella and Hymeniacidon genera suggests that the previously known hymenialdisine (1b) and analogous imid
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32

Jakse, Renata, Vesna Kroselj, Simon Recnik, et al. "ChemInform Abstract: Stereoselective Synthesis of 5-[(Z)-Heteroarylmethylidene] Substituted Hydantoins and Thiohydantoins as Aplysinopsin Analogues." ChemInform 33, no. 33 (2010): no. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/chin.200233134.

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33

Zha, Congxiang, George B. Brown, and Wayne J. Brouillette. "Synthesis and Structure−Activity Relationship Studies for Hydantoins and Analogues as Voltage-Gated Sodium Channel Ligands." Journal of Medicinal Chemistry 47, no. 26 (2004): 6519–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jm040077o.

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34

Mestdagh, Nathalie, Jacques Poupaert, Jean-Pierre Hénichart, and Joseph Vamecq. "Effect of l-penicillamine hydantoin, an analogue of glutathione, on rat liver glutathione peroxidase, reductase and transferase reactions." Biochemical Pharmacology 43, no. 7 (1992): 1529–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0006-2952(92)90211-z.

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35

Kumazawa, T., O. Suzuki, H. Seno, Y. Ishikawa, and H. Hattori. "Rapid isolation of some antiepileptic hydantoins and their analogues with Sep-Pak C18 cartridges and capillary gas chromatography with splitless injection." Zeitschrift f�r Rechtsmedizin 103, no. 7 (1990): 479–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01254399.

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36

Kumar, Vinod. "Designed Synthesis of Diversely Substituted Hydantoins and Hydantoin-Based Hybrid Molecules: A Personal Account." Synlett, April 12, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/a-1480-6474.

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AbstractHydantoin and its analogues such as thiohydantoin and iminohydantoin have received substantial attention from both a chemical and a biological point of view. Several compounds of this class have shown useful pharmacological activities such as anticonvulsant, antitumor, antiarrhythmic, and herbicidal properties that have led, in some cases, to clinical applications. Because of these broad-spectrum activities, intensive research efforts have been dedicated in industry and academia to the synthesis and structural modifications of hydantoin and its derivatives. Realizing the importance of
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37

Li, Lingdong, songwei Zhang, Zhongtian Du, Hande Wang, and Hao Zhou. "New cationic linear N-chloramines based on N-t-Butylamide: chemical synthesis and antibacterial application." New Journal of Chemistry, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d3nj04005d.

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For the first time, we synthesized of three types of cationic linear N-chloramines independent of popular 5,5-dimethyl hydantoin scaffolds. The characterized N-chloramines displayed satisfactory bactericidal activity, and long-chained analogues exerted...
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38

Dhaval, Patel Mukesh Nandave and Prashant S. Kharkar*. "PREDICTIVE MODELS FOR SYSTEM XC - ANTIPORTER INHIBITION BASED ON STRUCTURALLY DIVERSE MOLECULES." Indo Am. J. P. Sci, 2017 04, no. 05 (2017). https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.582322.

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The morbidity and mortality throughout the world is increasing day by day due to cancer. Several molecular targets have been identified and being targeted for treatment of cancer cells. System xc - , an amino acid antiporter, is one such potential target. With the uptake of one molecule of cystine and release of one molecule glutamate, over expressed system xc -manipulates the redox status within cancer cells and protects them. Simultaneously, released glutamate helps in growth and metastasis of cancer cells. Few researches have synthesized and screened structurally diverse molecules against s
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39

Rees, Shaun, Tayla Rees, Michelle van Rensburg, Christopher Walker, Lisa Pilkington, and David Barker. "Investigation into novel mukanadin B, mukanadin D and mukanadin F derivatives as antagonists of 5‐HT1A signalling." ChemMedChem, April 25, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cmdc.202400102.

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Marine bromopyrrole alkaloids are a diverse family of natural products with a large array of biological applications. The mukanadin family is a group of molecules consisting of seven members (mukanadin A ‐ G) that possess a range of biological activities. Inhibition of serotonergic signaling has been demonstrated by mukanadin B derivatives, presenting this chemical scaffold as a candidate for further SAR exploration. A library of thirteen novel mukanadin B and D derivatives with structural variation targeted at the pyrrole ring, central linker and hydantoin ring, were synthesized. These analog
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40

BARRACLOUGH, P., A. G. CALDWELL, C. J. HARRIS, W. P. JACKSON, and B. J. R. WHITTLE. "ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Platelet Aggregation Inhibiting Activity of 1′-Carboxyl Modified Hydantoin Prostaglandin Analogues." ChemInform 21, no. 4 (1990). http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/chin.199004302.

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41

Sergent, Didier, Qian Wang, N. Andre Sasaki, and Jamal Ouazzani. "ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Hydantoin Analogues of (2S,3R,4S)-4-Hydroxyisoleucine with Insulinotropic Properties." ChemInform 39, no. 48 (2008). http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/chin.200848123.

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42

Sutherland, Jeffrey J., and Donald F. Weaver. "Development of Quantitative Structure—Activity Relationships and Classification Models for Anticonvulsant Activity of Hydantoin Analogues." ChemInform 34, no. 36 (2003). http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/chin.200336187.

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43

Aucamp, Janine, Helena D. Janse van Rensburg, Simon S. Mnyakeni‐Moleele, Keisuke Suganuma, and David D. N'Da. "In Vitro Leishmanicidal Efficacy of Synthesized Arylidene Analogues of Glitazone." Drug Development Research 86, no. 5 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1002/ddr.70125.

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ABSTRACTDiabetes is a fast‐growing health issue in low‐ and middle‐income countries, with ~80% of diabetics living in the tropics and sub‐tropics. It is a deadly condition claiming the lives of millions of individuals annually, with no therapeutic treatment available to date. The management of diabetes is thus limited to symptomatic relief by glycemic control. Furthermore, the geographical overlap of diabetes and neglected tropical diseases (NTDs) is of concern, as diabetes is known to increase infection susceptibility and severity. In contrast, diabetes‐infection comorbidity can negatively af
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44

Mittal, Payal, Deepak Ghanghas, Diksha Sharma, et al. "Thiazolidine-4-one Analogues: Synthesis, In-Silico Molecular Modeling, and In-vivo Estimation for Anticonvulsant Potential." Central Nervous System Agents in Medicinal Chemistry 25 (October 22, 2024). http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/0118715249322920241004113343.

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Background: Epilepsy is a critically deep-rooted CNS disorder affecting above 50 million people all over the world. Thus, a safe and effective treatment that proves its worth in this ailment is urgently needed. Thiazolidine-4-ones possess the molecules to be used as anticonvulsants. The thiazolidinedione is a cyclic analogue of thiosemicarbazides and thioureas as well as a (bio)isostere of hydantoin (imidazolidine-2,4-dione), which are recognized as novel anticonvulsant designs. Aim: This study aimed to develop and evaluate a novel thiazolidine-4-one derivative by three-component condensation
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45

UNTERHALT, B., and G. A. HANEWACKER. "ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Sulfonyl Analogues of Hydantoins." ChemInform 20, no. 10 (1989). http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/chin.198910204.

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