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Books on the topic 'Hypercapnic'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 2 June 2025

Last updated: 31 July 2025

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1

Piracha, Kashif. Hypercapnic Respiratory Failure. Springer Nature Switzerland, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-36128-9.

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2

Al-Abdulmunem, M. A. Effects of hypoxia and hypercapnia associated withcontactlenswearon corneal epithelium. UMIST, 1994.

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3

Jarsky, Tim M. The effects of hypoxia and hypercapnia on hamster activity rhythms. National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999.

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4

Peever, John H. Day-night differences in ventilation, metabolism, and body temperature during normoxia, hypoxia and hypercapnia in the awake adult rat. National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999.

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5

U, Sliwka, and United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration., eds. Effects of sustained low-level elevations of carbon dioxide on cerebral blood flow and autoregulation of the intracerebral arteries in humans. National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1996.

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6

United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration., ed. "CO₂-O₂ interactions in extension of tolerance to acute hypoxia": Final report. National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1995.

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7

United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration., ed. "CO₂-O₂ interactions in extension of tolerance to acute hypoxia": Final report. National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1995.

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8

Rochester, Dudley. Hypercapnic Respiratory Failure. Butterworth-Heinemann, 1997.

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9

Rochester, Dudley F. Hypercapnic Respiratory Failure. Butterworth-Heinemann, 1990.

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10

Junna, Mithri R., Bernardo J. Selim, and Timothy I. Morgenthaler. Central sleep apnea and hypoventilation syndromes. Edited by Sudhansu Chokroverty, Luigi Ferini-Strambi, and Christopher Kennard. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199682003.003.0018.

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Sleep disordered breathing (SDB) may occur in a variety of ways. While obstructive sleep apnea is the most common of these, this chapter reviews the most common types of SDB that occur independently of upper airway obstruction. In many cases, there is concurrent upper airway obstruction and neurological respiratory dysregulation. Thus, along with attempts to correct the underlying etiologies (when present), stabilization of the upper airway is most often combined with flow generators (noninvasive positive pressure ventilation devices) that modulate the inadequate ventilatory pattern. Among the

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11

Mitchell, John D., and Marek Brzezinski. Introduction to Pulmonary Urgencies and Emergencies. Edited by Matthew D. McEvoy and Cory M. Furse. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190226459.003.0013.

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The lungs exchange gases and also provide for some metabolic functions. Respiratory failure can be grouped into types I-IV. Type I (hypoxemic) and type II (hypercapnic) are the most prominent; type III is perioperative and often considered a subset of type I, while type IV is due to shock. Pulmonary urgencies and emergencies require rapid diagnosis and treatment in order to avoid morbidity and mortality. Identification of risk factors for desaturation and the application of an appropriate management algorithm can facilitate diagnosis and management. The ABCD-A SWIFT CHECK algorithm and its sub

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12

Ramsay, Michelle, and Mike Polkey. Non-invasive ventilation and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199657742.003.0012.

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Non-invasive ventilation is one of the major advances in respiratory medicine over the last century. It can be lifesaving for patients in acute hypercapnic respiratory failure, improving gas exchange and pulmonary mechanics and reducing the need for endotracheal intubation. Adherence to therapy is key to its success, and many patients find this a significant challenge. This case report will examine the pitfalls of initiating non-invasive ventilation, provide a brief overview of the current British Thoracic Society non-invasive ventilation guidelines, and describe common causes of a chronic obs

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13

Laffey, John G., and Brian P. Kavanagh. Hypercapnia in the critically ill. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0086.

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Hypercapnia is a central component of current ‘protective’ ventilator management. Hypercapnia, and the associated acidosis, has potentially important biologic effects on immune responses, injury and repair. Arterial carbon dioxide tension PaCO2 is tightly governed under physiological conditions and small elevations rapidly increase spontaneous minute ventilation. In the mechanically-ventilated patient, elevated PaCO2 usually reflects reduced elimination. This can be because tidal volume or respiratory rate delivered by the ventilator are reduced, or because of the diseased lung per se. Hyperca

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14

Spoletini, Giulia, and Nicholas S. Hill. Non-invasive positive-pressure ventilation. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0090.

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Non-invasive ventilation (NIV) has been increasingly used over the past decades to avoid endotracheal intubation (ETI) in critical care settings. In selected patients with acute respiratory failure, NIV improves the overall clinical status more rapidly than standard oxygen therapy, avoids ETI and its complications, reduces length of hospital stay, and improves survival. NIV is primarily indicated in respiratory failure due to acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, cardiogenic pulmonary oedema and associated with immunocompromised states. Weaker evidence supports its use

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15

Mandal, Swapna, and Joerg Steier. Sleep-disordered breathing in the obese. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199657742.003.0018.

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Sleep-disordered breathing in the obese is not a small problem. Obesity-related sleep-disordered breathing is common and may include sleep apnoea or obesity hypoventilation syndrome. Patients present with symptoms of excessive daytime sleepiness, breathlessness, and, in severe cases, hypercapnic respiratory failure. In recent decades, the prevalence of obesity has increased exponentially. Although not exclusively responsible, obesity is directly linked to the development of sleep-disordered breathing due to high resistance in the upper airway, increased work of breathing, and high neural respi

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16

Fullerton, James N., and Mervyn Singer. Oxygen in critical illness. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0032.

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Oxygen therapy is primarily administered to alleviate arterial hypoxaemia and tissue hypoxia, and to facilitate aerobic cellular respiration. Hypoxaemia (PaO2 < 8 kPa [60 mmHg], SaO2 <92%) is associated with end-organ damage and adverse clinical outcomes, serving as a proxy measure for reduced intracellular PO2. Increasing the fraction of inspired oxygen should form part of an overall strategy to maximize tissue oxygen delivery. Permissive hypoxaemia represents a valid treatment strategy in a selected patient cohort. Oxygen is a drug and oxygen therapy is not benign, and oxygen administr

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17

Claudette Marie.* St. Croix. The effect of aging and aerobic fitness level on the ventilatory response to hypercapnia. 1991.

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18

Kreit, John W. Respiratory Failure and the Indications for Mechanical Ventilation. Edited by John W. Kreit. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190670085.003.0007.

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Respiratory failure occurs when a disease process significantly interferes with the respiratory system’s vital functions and causes arterial hypoxemia, hypercapnia, or both. Typically, respiratory failure is divided into three categories based on the underlying pathophysiology: ventilation failure, oxygenation failure, and oxygenation-ventilation failure. With severe disturbances in gas exchange, mechanical ventilation is often needed to assist the respiratory system and restore the PaCO2, PaO2, or both, to normal. Respiratory Failure and the Indications for Mechanical Ventilation defines and

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19

Orlikowski, David, and Tarek Sharshar. Epidemiology, diagnosis, and assessment of neuromuscular syndromes. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0243.

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Admission to ICU with severe limb weakness, or the occurrence of a respiratory or motor deficit, and failure to wean from mechanical ventilation while in the intensive care unit are common presentations of a neuromuscular disease. Neuromuscular diseases include neuronopathies, neuropathies, myasthenic syndromes, and myopathies. An accurate neurological examination and complementary investigations are necessary for both diagnosis and for evaluating the severity of the disease. Assessment of respiratory muscle function is a key step in deciding the need for mechanical ventilation and subsequentl

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20

Wise, Matt, and Simon Barry. Respiratory failure. Edited by Patrick Davey and David Sprigings. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199568741.003.0135.

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Respiratory failure is a syndrome characterized by defective gas exchange due to inadequate function of the respiratory system. There is a failure to oxygenate blood (hypoxaemia) and/or eliminate carbon dioxide (hypercapnia). Hypoxaemia is defined as an arterial blood partial pressure of oxygen (PaO2) of <8 kPa, and hypercapnia as an arterial blood partial pressure of carbon dioxide (PaCO2) of >6 kPa. Respiratory failure is divided into two different types, conventionally referred to as type 1 and type 2. The distinction between these two is important because it emphasizes not only diffe

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21

Brimioulle, Serge. Pathophysiology, causes, and management of metabolic alkalosis in the critically ill. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0257.

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Metabolic alkalosis occurs in up 51% of abnormal acid-base samples in the hospital. It is characterized by a primary increase in bicarbonate concentration and is always associated with chloride depletion. In critically-ill patients, it is most often generated by diuretic administration, digestive losses, alkali administration, or rapid correction of hypercapnia. Even after all causal factor are removed, it can be maintained by blood volume depletion and potassium depletion. Metabolic alkalosis results in hypercapnia, hypoxaemia, cardiac arrhythmias, altered consciousness, and neuromuscular hyp

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22

Gheshmy-Bakht, Afshan. The role of central and peripheral influences in the chronic hypercapnia-induced increase in central pH/carbon dioxide chemoreception. 2006.

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23

Devlin, Hugh, and Rebecca Craven. The respiratory system. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198759782.003.0008.

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The respiratory system in relation to dentistry is the topic of this chapter. Gaseous exchange in the lungs is mainly controlled by central chemoreceptors sensing a change in the pH of the cerebrospinal fluid. These receptors then activate a respiratory response which returns the blood and cerebrospinal fluid pH to normal. Localized airway obstruction, obstructive sleep apnoea, and lung disease can cause hypoxaemia (a low arterial oxygen oncentration) and hypercapnia (a raised carbon dioxide concentration in the blood). We emphasize the specific dental issues in patients with asthma, i.e. the

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24

"CO₂-O₂ interactions in extension of tolerance to acute hypoxia": Final report. National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1995.

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25

Wecksell, Matthew, and Kenneth Fomberstein. Traumatic Brain Injury and C-Spine Management. Edited by David E. Traul and Irene P. Osborn. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190850036.003.0020.

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Traumatic brain injury encompasses two different types of pathology: that caused at the time of the initial physical insult, called primary injury, and then further, secondary injury caused by either host cellular responses such as oxidative injury and inflammation or by physiological insults such as ischemia, hypoxia, hypo- or hypercapnia, intracranial hypertension, and hypo- or hyperglycemia. While primary injury falls to the realm of public health (e.g., encouraging helmet use for sports, discouraging impaired driving, etc.), many secondary injuries are avoidable with proper medical managem

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26

Burton, Derek, and Margaret Burton. Gas exchange. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198785552.003.0006.

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Oxygen intake for respiration, also carbon dioxide and, generally, ammonia elimination takes place across gas-exchange surfaces, usually the gills in fish. Water flows across gills, separated by the pharyngeal gill clefts, and supported by gill arches, and which possess highly folded surfaces covered by a very thin epithelium. Blood flow and water flow are separated only by the epithelium with a ‘countercurrent’ gas exchange between the two. A respiratory centre in the hind-brain is a respiratory rhythm pacemaker for the oral and pharyngeal ventilation movements creating water flow across the

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27

Wagner, Peter D. Gas exchange principles in the critically ill. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0075.

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Pulmonary gas exchange in the critically-ill patient is almost always impaired. The reasons are usually multiple and complex, with causes both internal and external to the lung. To understand the relative contributions of these many factors in a given patient requires an understanding of the basic principles of gas exchange. This becomes even more important when a patient’s condition changes quickly, which happens commonly in the critically ill. The purpose of this chapter is to lay out those principles and discuss the several causes of arterial hypoxaemia (and hypercapnia) on the basis of tho

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