Relevant bibliographies by topics / Immunisation

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'Immunisation'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 9 June 2025

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Journal articles on the topic "Immunisation"

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Skirrow, Helen, Charlotte Flynn, Abigail Heller, Catherine Heffernan, Sandra Mounier-Jack, and Tracey Chantler. "Delivering routine immunisations in London during the COVID-19 pandemic: lessons for future vaccine delivery. A mixed-methods study." BJGP Open 5, no. 4 (May 18, 2021): BJGPO.2021.0021. http://dx.doi.org/10.3399/bjgpo.2021.0021.

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BackgroundGeneral practices in England have continued to care for patients throughout the COVID-19 pandemic by instigating major changes to service delivery. Immunisations have continued, although the number of vaccines delivered initially dropped in April 2020.AimTo evaluate how COVID-19 impacted the delivery of immunisations in London and identify innovative practices to inform future delivery, including for COVID-19 vaccines.Design & settingA mixed-methods study of immunisation delivery in London, UK.MethodAn online survey of London general practices was undertaken in May 2020 to produce a descriptive analysis of childhood immunisation delivery and identify innovative delivery models. Semi-structured interviews were conducted between August and November 2020 to explore innovative immunisation models, which were analysed thematically.ResultsSixty-eight per cent (n = 830) of London practices completed the survey and 97% reported having continued childhood immunisation delivery. Common delivery adaptations included spaced-out appointments, calling parents beforehand, and having only one parent attend. Forty-three practices were identified as having innovative models, such as delivering immunisations outside practice buildings or offering drive-through services. The thematic analysis of 14 semi-structured interviews found that, alongside adaptations to immunisation delivery within practices, existing local networks collaborated to establish new immunisation delivery models. Local population characteristics affected delivery and provide insights for large-scale vaccine deployment.ConclusionImmunisations continued during 2020 with practices adapting existing services. New delivery models were developed by building on existing local knowledge, experiences, and networks. Immunisation delivery during the pandemic, including for COVID-19 vaccines, should be tailored to local population needs by building on primary care immunisation expertise.
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Mori, Kazusa, Konosuke Otomaru, Toshihide Kato, Osamu Yokota, and Hiromichi Ohtsuka. "Field trial of antibody response to inactivated bacterial vaccine in young Holstein calves: influence of animal health status." Journal of Veterinary Research 66, no. 1 (March 1, 2022): 109–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/jvetres-2022-0003.

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Abstract Introduction Bovine respiratory disease (BRD) is one of the primary causes of death in young calves. Vaccination against infection by the common bacteria causing BRD is possible; however, the physical condition of the young calves that enables antibody production when stimulated by early immunisation remains to be elucidated. Material and Methods Healthy young female Holstein calves on a commercial dairy farm were fed a colostrum replacer and administered primary and booster immunisations with an inactivated vaccine against the bacterial pneumonia agents Histophilus somni, Pasteurella multocida and Mannheimia haemolytica. At each immunisation, the body weight and height at the withers were measured and the body mass index (BMI) was calculated. Blood was sampled immediately before immunisation and 3 weeks following the booster. The calves were divided into positive and negative groups based on the antibody titre at the final blood sampling. Maternal antibody titres at the primary immunisation and BMI, nutritional status and oxidative stress at both immunisations were compared between the two groups. Results Antibody titre at the primary and BMI at both immunisations were significantly higher in the positive than in the negative group (P < 0.05). Additionally, serum gamma globulin was significantly higher in the positive group (P < 0.05), indicating a strong correlation between maternal antibody and serum gamma globulin levels. Conclusion Elevated maternal antibody titre and higher BMI are positive factors for successful early immunisation, for which suitable colostrum may also be fundamental in young calves administered inactivated vaccines.
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Goodyear-Smith, Felicity, Cameron Grant, Tracey Poole, Helen Petousis-Harris, Nikki Turner, Rafael Perera, and Anthony Harnden. "Early connections: effectiveness of a pre-call intervention to improve immunisation coverage and timeliness." Journal of Primary Health Care 4, no. 3 (2012): 189. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/hc12189.

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INTRODUCTION: Children who have missed or delayed immunisations are at greater risk of vaccine-preventable diseases and getting their first scheduled dose on time strongly predicts subsequent complete immunisation. Developing a relationship with an infant’s parents and general practice staff soon after birth followed by a systematic approach can reduce the number of delayed first immunisations. AIM: To assess the effectiveness of a general practice–based pre-call intervention to improve immunisation timeliness. METHODS: Clustered controlled trial of general practices in a large urban district randomised to either delivery of pre-call intervention to all babies at aged four weeks or usual care. RESULTS: Immunisation timeliness for infants receiving the primary series of immunisations among their nominated Auckland general practices was higher than expected at 98% for the six week event. The intervention was statistically but not clinically significant. Coverage was significantly lower among infants with no nominated practice which reduced overall coverage rate for the district. DISCUSSION: Pre-call letters with telephone follow-up are simple interventions to introduce into the practice management system and can be easily implemented as usual standard of care. Early identification of newborn infants, primary care engagement and effective systems including tracking of infants not enrolled in general practices has the greatest potential to improve immunisation coverage rates even further. KEYWORDS: Randomized controlled trial; immunization; vaccination; general practice; intervention studies
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Ekhaguere, Osayame A., Rosena O. Oluwafemi, Bolaji Badejoko, Lawal O. Oyeneyin, Azeez Butali, Elizabeth D. Lowenthal, and Andrew P. Steenhoff. "Automated phone call and text reminders for childhood immunisations (PRIMM): a randomised controlled trial in Nigeria." BMJ Global Health 4, no. 2 (April 2019): e001232. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjgh-2018-001232.

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BackgroundSub-Saharan Africa has high under-5 mortality and low childhood immunisation rates. Vaccine-preventable diseases cause one-third of under-5 deaths. Text messaging reminders improve immunisation completion in urban but not rural settings in sub-Saharan Africa. Low adult literacy may account for this difference. The feasibility and impact of combined automated voice and text reminders on immunisation completion in rural sub-Saharan Africa is unknown.MethodsWe randomised parturient women at the Mother and Child Hospitals Ondo State, Nigeria, owning a mobile phone and planning for child immunisation at these study sites to receive automated call and text immunisation reminders or standard care. We assessed the completion of the third pentavalent vaccine (Penta-3) at 18 weeks of age, immunisation completion at 12 months and within 1 week of recommended dates. We assessed selected demographic characteristics associated with completing immunisations at 12 months using a generalised binomial linear model with ‘log’ link function. Feasibility was assessed as proportion of reminders received.ResultsEach group had 300 mother−baby dyads with similar demographic characteristics. At 18 weeks, 257 (86%) and 244 (81%) (risk ratio (RR) 1.05, 95% CI 0.98 to 1.13; p=0.15) in the intervention and control groups received Penta-3 vaccine. At 12 months, 220 (74%) and 196 (66%) (RR 1.12, 95% CI 1.01 to 1.25; p=0.04) in the intervention and control groups received the measles vaccine. Infants in the intervention group were more likely to receive Penta-3 (84% vs 78%, RR 1.09, 95% CI 1.01 to 1.17; p=0.04), measles (73% vs 65%, RR 1.13, 95% CI 1.02 to 1.26; p=0.02) and all scheduled immunisations collectively (57% vs 47%, RR 1.13, 95% CI 1.02 to 1.26; p=0.01) within 1 week of the recommended date. No demographic character predicted immunisation completion. In the intervention group, 92% and 86% reported receiving a verification reminder and at least one reminder during the study period, respectively.ConclusionPaired automated call and text reminders significantly improved immunisation completion and timeliness.Trial registration numberNCT02819895.
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Thomas, Susan, Natalie Allan, Paula Taylor, Carla McGrady, Kasia Bolsewicz, Fakhrul Islam, Patrick Cashman, David Durrheim, and Amy Creighton. "Combining First Nations Research Methods with a World Health Organization Guide to Understand Low Childhood Immunisation Coverage in Children in Tamworth, Australia." International Indigenous Policy Journal 12, no. 2 (July 20, 2021): 1–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.18584/iipj.2021.12.2.10959.

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In Australia, we used the World Health Organization’s Tailoring Immunization Programmes to identify areas of low immunisation coverage in First Nations children. The qualitative study was led by First Nations researchers using a strength-based approach. In 2019, Tamworth had 179 (23%) children who were overdue for immunisations. Yarning sessions were conducted with 50 parents and health providers. Themes that emerged from this research included: (a) Cultural safety in immunisation services provides a supportive place for families, (b) Service access could be improved by removing physical and cost barriers, (c) Positive stories promote immunisation confidence among parents, (d) Immunisation data can be used to increase coverage rates for First Nations children. Knowledge of these factors and their impact on families helps ensure services are flexible and culturally safe.
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Petousis-Harris, Helen, Cameron Grant, Felicity Goodyear-Smith, Nikki Turner, Deon York, Rhys Jones, and Joanna Stewart. "What contributes to delays? The primary care determinants of immunisation timeliness in New Zealand." Journal of Primary Health Care 4, no. 1 (2012): 12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/hc12012.

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INTRODUCTION: Delay in receipt of the first vaccine dose in the primary series is one of the strongest and most consistent predictors of subsequent incomplete immunisation. AIM: To describe the on-time immunisation delivery of New Zealand infant scheduled vaccines by primary care practices and identify characteristics of practices, health professionals and patients associated with delays in receipt of infant immunisations. METHODS: Timeliness of immunisation delivery and factors associated with timely immunisation were examined in 124 randomly selected primary care practices in two large regions of New Zealand. RESULTS: A multiple regression model of demographic, practice, nurse, doctor and caregiver association explained 68% of the variance in immunisation timeliness between practices. Timeliness was higher in practices without staff shortages (ß-coefficient -0.0770, p= 0.01), where nurses believed parental apathy (ß-coefficient 0.0819, p=0.008) or physicians believed parental access (ß-coefficient 0.109, p=0.002) was a barrier, and lower in practices with Maori governance (ß-coefficient -0.0868, p=0.05), higher social deprivation (ß-coefficient -0.0643,<0.001) and where caregivers received immunisation-discouraging information (ß-coefficient -0.0643, p=0.04). DISCUSSION: Interventions supporting practice teams and providers in primary care settings could produce significant improvements in immunisation timeliness. KEYWORDS: Immunization; vaccination; immunization programs; primary health care; family practice
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Chakraborty, Arpita, Diwakar Mohan, Kerry Scott, Agrima Sahore, Neha Shah, Nayan Kumar, Osama Ummer, et al. "Does exposure to health information through mobile phones increase immunisation knowledge, completeness and timeliness in rural India?" BMJ Global Health 6, Suppl 5 (July 2021): e005489. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjgh-2021-005489.

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IntroductionImmunisation plays a vital role in reducing child mortality and morbidity against preventable diseases. As part of a randomised controlled trial in rural Madhya Pradesh, India to assess the impact of Kilkari, a maternal messaging programme, we explored determinants of parental immunisation knowledge and immunisation practice (completeness and timeliness) for children 0–12 months of age from four districts in Madhya Pradesh.MethodsData were drawn from a cross-sectional survey of women (n=4423) with access to a mobile phone and their spouses (n=3781). Parental knowledge about immunisation and their child’s receipt of vaccines, including timeliness and completeness, was assessed using self-reports and vaccination cards. Ordered logistic regressions were used to analyse the factors associated with parental immunisation knowledge. A Heckman two-stage probit model was used to analyse completeness and timeliness of immunisation after correcting for selection bias from being able to produce the immunisation card.ResultsOne-third (33%) of women and men knew the timing for the start of vaccinations, diseases linked to immunisations and the benefits of Vitamin-A. Less than half of children had received the basic package of 8 vaccines (47%) and the comprehensive package of 19 vaccines (44%). Wealth was the most significant determinant of men’s knowledge and of the child receiving complete and timely immunisation for both basic and comprehensive packages. Exposure to Kilkari content on immunisation was significantly associated with an increase in men’s knowledge (but not women’s) about child immunisation (OR: 1.23, 95% CI 1.02 to1.48) and an increase in the timeliness of the child receiving vaccination at birth (Probit coefficient: 0.08, 95% CI 0.08 to 0.24).ConclusionGaps in complete and timely immunisation for infants persist in rural India. Mobile messaging programmes, supported by mass media messages, may provide one important source for bolstering awareness, uptake and timeliness of immunisation services.Trial registration numberNCT03576157.
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Dathini, Hamina, Siti Khuzaimah Ahmad Sharoni, and Kever Teriyla Robert. "Parental Reminder Strategies and the Cost Implication for Improved Immunisation Outcomes: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis." Healthcare 10, no. 10 (October 11, 2022): 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/healthcare10101996.

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Getting children vaccinated amidst prevailing barriers to immunisation has been challenging in both developed and developing countries. To address these problems, studies on parental reminder strategies were conducted to improve immunisation outcomes in children. These led to the development of different parental reminder interventions. This review systematically reviews different parental interventions and their cost implication for improved immunisations. Five online databases; Medline Complete, the Cumulative Index for Nursing and Allied Health Literature [CINAHL], Academic search premier, SPORTDiscus, and Health Source Nursing/Academic were searched using search terms. A total of 24 articles that met the inclusion criteria were included in this review. Studies that provided sufficient information were included for meta-analysis using Comprehensive Meta-Analysis version three, while narrative synthesis was used for the other studies. Results indicate that a heterogeneous and low-quality certainty of evidence on parental voice calls (OR 4.752, 95% CI 1.846-12.231, p = 0.001) exists in improving immunisation coverage. Regarding immunisation timeliness, a high-quality certainty of evidence on Short Message Services (SMS)-delivered health education messages (OR 2.711 95% CI 1.387-5.299, p = 0.004) had more effect on timely immunisation uptake. The average cost of SMS-delivered parental reminder interventions for improved immunisation outcomes was USD 0.50. The study concludes that mobile technology is a promising, cost-effective strategy for improved immunisation outcomes.
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Bolsewicz, Katarzyna, Susan Thomas, Donna Moore, Colleen Gately, Andrew Dixon, Paul Cook, and Peter Lewis. "Using the Tailoring Immunization Programmes guide to improve child immunisation in Umina, New South Wales: we could still do better." Australian Journal of Primary Health 26, no. 4 (2020): 325. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/py19247.

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In the Central Coast Local Health District of New South Wales, Australia, childhood immunisation (CI) rates are around 95%, but pockets of underimmunisation exist. Using the World Health Organization’s Tailoring Immunization Programmes, we identified areas of potential low vaccine coverage using Australian Immunisation Register (AIR) data (2016–18) and investigated factors that influence CI. Individual and group interviews with carers, community members and service providers (n=52 participants) were conducted. Data were analysed thematically and the themes presented to stakeholders for feedback before finalisation. During 2018, Umina had 218 children at least 1 month overdue for at least one vaccination. Five themes emerged: (1) broader socioeconomic factors may apply pressures that influence CI; (2) parents largely supported immunisation and knew of its benefits to their children and the community; (3) immunisation service providers are committed, experienced and collaborate with community partners; (4) there is potential to increase access to free immunisation services in Umina; and (5) AIR data and reminder systems could be better used to inform service delivery and prompt parents before immunisations are due. This study identified opportunities to improve CI coverage in Umina and new information useful in developing a tailored immunisation strategy. Awareness of the pressures socioeconomic factors may have on families could help plan and deliver supportive primary health care that includes equitable access to immunisation.
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Vusi, Dlamini Sabelo, Dlamini Xolisiwe, Simelane Tholie, Maphalala Gugu, Maseko Sibongile, Khumalo Lonkhululeko, Shabangu Philile, Dlamini Sihle Angel, and Hlophe Londiwe Dumsile. "Routine Child Immunization during the COVID-19 Global Pandemic in Eswatini: Challenges, Loss of Gains and Benefits." Research in Health Science 10, no. 2 (May 9, 2025): p66. https://doi.org/10.22158/rhs.v10n2p66.

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Introduction: Timely uptake of immunisations by all children at immunisation ages is key towards maintaining good health and protecting lives of the 80 million children worldwide. Disruptions of healthcare systems due to the impact and spread of coronavirus disease (SARS-CoV-2) created an issue of public health importance that required to be addressed in order to preserve gains in child survival statistics. Method: This analysis aimed at assessing the performance of child immunisation initiatives in Eswatini during COVID-19. Data on child immunisation before and during COVID-19 (i.e. before December, 2019 and for the year January to December 2020) was sourced from vaccination records kept by the Expanded Programme on Immunisation (EPI) and from the Health Management Information System (HMIS) of the Ministry of Health in Eswatini. Results: Most child immunization rates for different diseases in 2019, before COVID-19, were generally above the cumulative target. The only disease with cumulative immunisation rates below the cumulative target was MR2. The cumulative number of children unimmunised against MR1 shows an exponential increase in 2020 following implementations of strategies to reduce spread of COVID-19. Our study suggests that the implementation of routine immunisations between March 2019 and 2020 suffered logistical constraints such as: the supply of vaccines, delivery cold chain problems, staff shortage due to reallocation of nurses and doctors to work on COVID-19 and some testing positive to SARS-CoV-2 infection and having to go into quarantine and isolation. Discussion: Delayed or missed immunisations created a large cohort of children that became susceptible to infection due to lost herd immunity. Increased number of unimmunised children against MR1 and the other vaccine preventable childhood diseases while the country focused on reducing transmission of COVI-19 is likely to have created a large pool of susceptible children from which epidemics could arise. As such, the reported outbreaks of mumps, measles, etc, could be as a result of the large pool of unvaccinated children resultant from COVID-19 partial lockdown. Conclusion: Epidemics of some of these vaccine preventable childhood diseases could result in catastrophic consequences of unimaginable proportions and deaths among children. Therefore, efforts should always be made to ensure gains in routine child immunisations are never lost during epidemics such as COVID-19.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Immunisation"

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Leask, J. "Understanding Immunisation Controversies." Thesis, The University of Sydney, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/12503.

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BACKGROUND: Mass childhood vaccination has had a profound impact on reducing morbidity and mortality from a number of infectious diseases. Ironically, as vaccine preventable diseases become less common and so less visible to the public, greater attention is afforded to vaccine risks. In the UK, Japan, France and the USA, controversies about the safety of vaccines have led to declining public confidence in the practice which, at times, has lowered immunisation rates, leading to disease outbreaks and deaths. Public health workers are often perplexed at how to respond in such situations. In order to plan effective communication strategies it is necessary to understand how controversies about vaccine safety escalate. This thesis describes the nature of public controversies about vaccine safety by examining the discourses of the anti-vaccination lobby, the mass media, parents and health professionals. THE ANTI-VACCINATION MOVEMENT: This thesis first explores the activities of the anti-vaccination movement and their efforts to disseminate their core messages to the wider public. In Australia, the anti-vaccination lobby are a largely unseen force in sustaining controversies about vaccine safety. This small but vocal movement are well organised and strategic. A description of their activities in Australia demonstrates the comprehensiveness of their efforts to oppose vaccination at the political, community and mass media level. THE NEWS MEDIA: The news media have the potential to influence public perceptions about childhood vaccination. To complement previous research on the nature of anti-vaccination reportage, this thesis examines positive coverage from four and a half years of newsprint articles about immunisation published in Australian newspapers. Located at the core of anti-vaccination discourse is an appeal to an individualistic ideology that upholds vigilance against the erosion of civil liberties, suspicion of authority figures and the back-to-nature idyll. By contrast, pro-vaccination rhetoric is centred on notions of threat from personified and malevolent infectious disease and vaccines as saviours and modern medical miracles. PARENTS AND VACCINE SAFETY: Focus groups with new mothers explore how they deconstruct competing messages about vaccine safety, using vignettes from broadcast media. Results suggest that anti-vaccination claims are most potent when they come from medical sources and/or include stories and images of allegedly vaccine-damaged children. Mothers apply complex assessments of risk and benefit in their decision-making and draw on analogies to explain their position. Trust in vaccine providers, personal experiences with vaccine preventable diseases, the advice of family and friends, and scepticism about the media as a source of information are important in decision making. Implicit in attempts to counter negative publicity are assumptions that factual information about disease and vaccines will alone reassure parents. However, when their support for vaccination is challenged, mothers are more likely to mobilise images of children with vaccine preventable diseases than numerical assessments of risk and benefit. More generally, parental support of vaccination is sustained by recourse to normative beliefs and the desire to follow convention. Parents also have an underlying desire to actively protect their children from diseases that are dreaded. VACCINATION PROVIDERS: Their encounter with vaccine providers is fundamental to parental decision making and negotiation of conflicting messages about vaccination. An interview study with doctors incorporating simulated scenarios explores how doctors address parental concerns about vaccination in the clinical encounter. In this study, doctors acknowledge a mother’s concerns, tailor their discussion to the individual circumstance of the mother and convey the notion of choice. They attempt to compare vaccine and disease risks using mainly qualitative estimates of disease and adverse event incidence. Possibly less helpful aspects of the encounters are when doctors became adversarial, discredit a mother’s source of information, ask hypothetical “how would you feel if…” questions, over-use scientific language, enter into games of scientific ping pong or give bland “you’re wrong” statements. Doctors face difficulty when communicating with patients whose paradigms are diametrically opposed to their own. Influencing these encounters is their underlying relationship with the patient, messages from the mass media and theories that help guide the doctor’s communication efforts. THE MODEL: This thesis proposes a model for how vaccine controversies can lead to sustained declines in vaccination rates. This is achieved through highlighting the above perspectives and examining the current controversy over the combined measles, mumps, rubella vaccine and it’s unsupported link to autism. It suggests that vaccine safety concerns ‘catch fire’ when the source of a controversy is trusted, seen as expert and coming from a prestigious body or publication. Greater potency is gained when vaccines are implicated as the cause of a dreaded condition and when the link has some biological plausibility face value. Moving personal testimony about allegedly vaccine-damaged children can eclipse official attempts to provide factual reassurances which, by comparison, appear bland and uncompelling. Finally, a less acknowledged but possibly more important factor is the erosion of confidence among health professionals and confusion at the level of service delivery where upstream changes can have exponential effects.
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Jones, Megan. "Immunisation : a discourse analytic study /." Title page, abstract and contents only, 1998. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09PM/09pmj78.pdf.

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Clegg, Andrew J. "Childhood immunisation uptake : geographical perspectives." Thesis, University of Portsmouth, 1993. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.332849.

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Efforts to control and eradicate infectious disease have concentrated on the provision of childhood vaccination. Unfortunately, the uptake of childhood vaccination continues to vary and infectious diseases continue to cause differential morbidity and mortality. Limited research has assessed the factors that underlie the uptake of vaccination. The present research undertakes an analysis of the patterns and determinants of vaccination uptake within the Portsmouth and South East Hampshire Health Authority, located in the south of England. In so doing, the research employs different analytical approaches, from the traditional ecological analysis through descriptive mapping and multivariate regression, to the innovative multi-level analyses. The ecological analysis shows a distinct geography to the uptake of vaccination which reflects characteristics of socioeconomic deprivation. Further analysis through multilevel modelling, emphasizes two influences on the uptake of vaccination. First, parental characteristics, which affect their role as decision maker and their ability to overcome certain time-space constraints to attend. Second, the ways in which the service is provided, including the influence of the health professional as adviser and provider of vaccination and the initiatives employed to improve uptake. These findings have implications for the future provision of childhood vaccination. Specifically, the research provides the opportunity to identify and target children unlikely to complete their vaccination schedule and the need to improve and standardise health professional knowledge and advice to parents.
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Carpenter, Zoe Karen. "Novel immunisation strategies against Salmonella." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/13319.

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This thesis presents two novel immunisation strategies against <i>Salmonella enterica</i> serovar Typhimurium (<i>S. typhimurium</i>) in the mouse model. Firstly, mice immunised with multiple antigens in the form of a DNA vaccine have been shown to develop specific humoral and cellular responses to proteins encoded within the vaccine. Secondly, it has been shown that immunisation with multiple cytosolic antigens (CA) of <i>S. typhimurium </i>SL1344, formulated with the adjuvant dimethyl dioctadecyl ammoniumbromide (DDA), induces strong humoral and cellular responses. These responses have been characterised, and their ability to confer protection on mice challenged with a lethal dose of <i>S. typhimurium </i>SL1344 has been investigated. The aim of DNA vaccination is to induce immune responses to protein antigens expressed <i>in vivo</i> by injection plasmid DNA encoding the antigen sequence. Expression library immunisation (ELI) is a new technique that draws on DNA immunisation and can be developed to identify the key antigens of a pathogen that confer protection. ELI has previously been used in a number of disease models in mice and has been used in this thesis as a means of inducing immune responses against an unspecified subset of bacterial antigens. An expression library (EL) of <i>S. typhimurium </i>SL1344 was constructed using a mammalian expression vector encoding EGFP. The expression of <i>S. typhimurium </i>SL1344 antigens forming fusion proteins with EGFP was visualised as green fluorescence in mouse fibroblast cells <i>in vitro. </i>The EL consisted of 140,000 clones of which 14,000 were used for immunisation. The library was administered to both BALB/c and CBA mice to examine the effect of mouse strain and was administered both intradermally (ID) and intramuscularly (IM) to examine the effect of immunisation route. Analysis by Western blot and ELISA showed that humoral responses were induced in both BALB/c and CBA mice. ID and IM inoculation produced similar results in BALB/c mice. Responses included a significant Thl component as judged by the presence of IgG2a in the serum and the secretion of IFN-γ when T cells from peripheral lymph nodes were stimulated by CA in culture.
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CHABANNIER, MARIE-HELENE. "Immunisation anti-okt3 : aspects methodologiques." Toulouse 3, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994TOU31569.

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Scholz, Kirsten [Verfasser]. "New immunisation strategies via mucosal routes : comparative analysis of sublingual, intravaginal and intranasal immunisation / Kirsten Scholz." Hannover : Technische Informationsbibliothek und Universitätsbibliothek Hannover (TIB), 2012. http://d-nb.info/1026933870/34.

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Harvey, Hannah Louise. "The role of the care-giver in infant immunisation : influences and perspectives on immunisation uptake and pain expression." Thesis, Durham University, 2016. http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/11427/.

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The recent decline in early childhood vaccination has been attributed to negative parental attitudes about immunisation. Vaccinations are a common cause of acute infant pain, although the impact of infant pain expression upon vaccination uptake is not well understood. Theoretical models of infant pain propose that care-giver behaviours may regulate pain expression, although previous findings have been inconclusive. Understanding care-giver beliefs, and the relationship between care-giver and infant behaviours during immunisation, may help to identify effective soothing strategies and develop interventions targeting parental concerns. This thesis examines a number of factors associated with the role of the care-giver in infant immunisation uptake and pain expression. First, two systematic reviews, summarise evidence regarding the efficacy of uptake interventions and parental beliefs about immunisation. Second, the relationship between infant pain expression, care-giver behaviour and vaccine uptake is explored using a prospective cohort study. Finally, the hierarchical nature of parental viewpoints and their relation to vaccine uptake is examined using Q-methodology. Whilst care-givers determine immunisation uptake, findings from the thesis suggest that their influence on infant pain expression may be minimal. Instead, the speed at which vaccines are administered, and the offer of a pacifier during injections may reduce pain expression. Whilst parents have complex views about vaccination, the views of immunising parents are dominated by the notion that vaccination provides the best protection from disease. Implications of the findings are discussed in terms of clinical practice, vaccine policy and future interventions promoting confidence in vaccine efficacy to target vaccine-hesitancy.
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Tadich, N. A. "Studies on immunisation of ewes and lambs." Thesis, University of Liverpool, 1985. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.370843.

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Dahlan, Afendi. "Needle-less skin immunisation using low-frequency ultrasound." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2007. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.520745.

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Gould, Myles I. "Multilevel modelling of geographical variations in immunisation uptake." Thesis, University of Bristol, 1995. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.296694.

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Books on the topic "Immunisation"

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Unit, Malaysia Kementerian Kesihatan Health Technology Assessment. Childhood immunisation. Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia: Health Technology Assessment Unit, Medical Development Division, Ministry of Health Malaysia, 2002.

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Great Britain. Department of Health. and Health Education Authority, eds. Immunisation factsheets. London: Department of Health, 1998.

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New Zealand. Public Health Commission., ed. National immunisation strategy. [Wellington, N.Z.]: Ministry of Health, Public Health Commission, 1995.

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David, Salisbury, Ramsay Mary, and Noakes Karen, eds. Immunisation against infectious disease. 3rd ed. London: TSO, 2006.

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Service, Great Britain Government Statistical. NHS immunisation statistics, England. [London]: Department of Health, 2000.

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Bedford, Helen. Childhood immunisation: A review. London: Health Education Authority, 1998.

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D, Elliman, ed. Childhood immunisation: The facts. London: Health Promotion England, 2001.

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Nyagura, S. Let's learn about immunisation. Harare: College Press, 1992.

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National Health and Medical Research council (Australia). The Australian immunisation handbook. 6th ed. Canberra: Australian Govt. Pub. Service, 1997.

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Hiller, E. J. Immunisation and infectious diseases. Bromley: Cystic Fibrosis Research Trust, 1990.

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Book chapters on the topic "Immunisation"

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Schwarzkopf, Christine, Christian Staak, Irene Behn, and Michael Erhard. "Immunisation." In Chicken Egg Yolk Antibodies, Production and Application, 25–64. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-04488-9_3.

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Torresi, Joseph, Sarah McGuinness, Karin Leder, Daniel O’Brien, Tilman Ruff, Mike Starr, and Katherine Gibney. "Immunisation." In Manual of Travel Medicine, 19–169. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-7252-0_2.

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Ledward, R. S., D. F. Hawkins, and L. Stern. "Vaccination and immunisation." In Drug Treatment in Obstetrics, 51–67. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-3296-9_4.

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Buzzolini, Tonia. "Australian Immunisation Practice." In The Practical Compendium of Immunisations for International Travel, 181–93. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-15922-5_17.

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Lim, Poh-Lian, and Smriti Pathak. "Singaporean Immunisation Practice." In The Practical Compendium of Immunisations for International Travel, 205–11. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-15922-5_19.

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Brown, Nik. "Spherologies of Immunisation." In Immunitary Life, 169–214. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-55247-1_5.

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Fielder, M., and D. J. M. Lewis. "Mucosal immunisation and vaccines." In Immunological Aspects of Gastroenterology, 313–35. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-010-0790-0_12.

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Wong, Claire. "New Zealand Immunisation Practice." In The Practical Compendium of Immunisations for International Travel, 195–204. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-15922-5_18.

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Neuberger, James. "Immunisation and Liver Transplantation." In Liver Transplantation, 268–73. Oxford, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118675915.ch23.

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Burns, Robert. "Immunisation strategies for Antibody Production." In Plant Pathology, 27–35. Totowa, NJ: Humana Press, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-59745-062-1_3.

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Conference papers on the topic "Immunisation"

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Folly, Farell. "Modelling IoT for Immunisation." In 2021 International Conference on Electrical, Computer, Communications and Mechatronics Engineering (ICECCME). IEEE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iceccme52200.2021.9590915.

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Elliman, D. "I2 Immunisation – one of medicine’s greatest successes." In Royal College of Paediatrics and Child Health, Abstracts of the Annual Conference, 13–15 March 2018, SEC, Glasgow, Children First – Ethics, Morality and Advocacy in Childhood, The Journal of the Royal College of Paediatrics and Child Health. BMJ Publishing Group Ltd and Royal College of Paediatrics and Child Health, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/archdischild-2018-rcpch.470.

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Baxter, FA, A. Bilkhu, C. Hathorn, and M. Lamoudi. "G335 Post immunisation pyrexia - what are we doing?" In Royal College of Paediatrics and Child Health, Abstracts of the Annual Conference, 24–26 May 2017, ICC, Birmingham. BMJ Publishing Group Ltd and Royal College of Paediatrics and Child Health, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/archdischild-2017-313087.328.

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Gaffney, P. J., L. J. Creighton, A. Curry, B. MacMahon, and R. Thorpe. "MONOCLONAL ANTIBODIES OF THE IgM AND IgG CLASS SPECIFIC FOR CROSSLINKED FIBRIN DEGRADATION PRODUCTS." In XIth International Congress on Thrombosis and Haemostasis. Schattauer GmbH, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1643651.

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Monoclonal antibodies (mabs) to crosslinked fibrin degradation products (XL-FDP) having the general formula D/Y[X]nY/D (known as X-oligomer) and D-D (known as D dimer) have been raised in balb/C mice by both a novel mtrasplenic and a conventional subcutaneous route of immunisation and by combinations of both these procedures. Mabs to X-oligomers (NIBn 52 and NIBn 123) obtained by an intrasplenic procedure have been demonstrated to crossreact only with X-oligomer in a 2-site ELISA procedure and not with D dimer or whole fibrinogen and have been shown to be of value m the examination of clinical material obtained from patients with various types of thrombosis and have also been useful in monitoring the efficacy of thrombolytic therapy. The X-oligomer mabs are immunoglobulins of the M class. It was demonstrated that their unique specificity for conformational epitopes on the large X-oligomer fragments does not reside in the IgM structure since alterative immunisation procedures have been used to generate mabs of the IgG class which have the same specificity. Using immunoglobulin class switching in culture rather than during immunisation was suggested by certain cell lines which produced both IgM and IgG specific for X-oligomer. This latter point needs rigorous validation.Immunoglobulin G type mabs to highly purified D dimer were raised by conventional subcutaneous immunisation of balb/C mice. One of these, NIBn-11, was found to crossreact with PVC-immobilised X-oligomer and D dimer but not with fibrinogen. However NIBn-11 did not bind to D dimer in a 2-site ELISA procedure while crossreactmg quite avidly with X-oligomer. This suggests that the D dimer epitope to which NIBn-11 is directed is expressed in some conformations and not m others and that these conformations are always expressed in the complex X-oligomer group of fragments. These mabs, whilst of value in measuring certain unique fibrin fragments m plasma, are useful in the epitope mapping of fibrinogen/fibrin and their plasmm-mediated
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Pickett, Elisha, May Van Schalkwyk, James Brown, Kelly Edwards, Neal Marshall, Sarah Edwards, Leenah Sathia, Maragaret Johnson, and Marc Lipman. "Provision of influenza immunisation for UK HIV positive adults." In ERS International Congress 2016 abstracts. European Respiratory Society, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1183/13993003.congress-2016.pa2606.

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Obasaju, Barnabas, Ibrahim Adama, Ojone Patience Ishola, Francis Oloyede, Romanus Osabohien, Ayooluwa Aregbesola, and Ademola Onabote. "Effects of Immunisation on Child Mortality in West Africa." In 2023 International Conference on Science, Engineering and Business for Sustainable Development Goals (SEB-SDG). IEEE, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/seb-sdg57117.2023.10124485.

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Jones, Kayleigh, Reshma Rasheed, and Yathorshan Shanthakumaran. "1164 Understanding childhood immunisation hesitancy in within primary care." In Royal College of Paediatrics and Child Health, Abstracts of the RCPCH Conference, Liverpool, 28–30 June 2022. BMJ Publishing Group Ltd and Royal College of Paediatrics and Child Health, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/archdischild-2022-rcpch.94.

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Milošević, Nevena, Katarina Boričić, Mirjana Tošić, and Marija Vuković. "Improving healthcare workers communication skills for fear-free immunisation." In Proceedings of the International Congress Public Health - Achievements and Challenges, 264. Institute of Public Health of Serbia "Dr Milan Jovanović Batut", 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/batutphco24216m.

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Background: Major measles epidemics had occurred every two to three years causing an estimated 2.6 million deaths each year before the introduction of the measles vaccine in 1963 and widespread vaccination. The introduction of immunization against certain infectious diseases in Serbia had led to an increase in the collective immunity of the population, resulting in a significant reduction in morbidity and mortality from vaccine-preventable diseases among the population in our country. According to data from the Report on the movement of infectious diseases in the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes for year 1925, published in the Gazette of the Central Institute of Hygiene in 1926, the total number of people infected with measles was 15,568, and the total number of deaths was 263. The introduction of immunization against certain infectious diseases in Serbia had led to an increase in the collective immunity of the population, resulting in a significant reduction in morbidity and mortality from vaccine-preventable diseases among the population in our country. Today, with the rapid development of new technologies, results in faster development of new vaccines available to population. This in turn leads to the development of new health-related fears. Health-related fears may significantly affect not only individual health but also public health since they are closely related to health behaviours. Understanding that social responses are cultural and historical products may help to create a more appropriate support for the concept of vaccination among populations. Methods and Objectives: In order to analyze the impact of improvement of interpersonal communication skills of healthcare workers on parents' decision to vaccinate their child, an online survey was conducted. Proportions of primary health care workers first in contact with parents (pediatricians, paediatric, patronage nurses and nurses from pre-school institutions working on prevention) who were trained were used. Results: The training of primary health care workers first in contact with parents focused on interpersonal communication skills was conducted by the Institute of Public health of Serbia Dr Milan Jovanović Batut with the support of UNICEF. Based on the available data on MMR vaccination coverage, six trainings were held with the focus on the districts with the lowest MMR1 coverage in 2021 and 2022. Training course entitled "Interpersonal communication on immunisation" were attended by 216 healthcare workers from nine selected districts between August 2023 to January 2024. In addition, 62% health workers (31% pediatricians, 20.7% paediatric nurses and 23.7% patronage nurses from Health Centers and 24.6% nurses from pre-school institutions) completed the survey during 3 months follow-up period, that is, once a month each month after the completed training. Each month they arranged for an interview with 7 parents undecided to vaccinate their child. Majority of the survey participants confirmed that they used acquired training communication skills in practice (98.3%) with listening and speaking (56.7%) and principles of direct communication skills (30%) were found to be the most efficient ones. Conclusions: Effective communication undoubtedly plays a key role in trust building. Enhanced interpersonal skills among healthcare workers improve their ability to handle diverse patient interactions. We must understand the reasons behind their choices, as well as understand the needs of the parents. This focuses on the potential of communication training to better engage health workers with vaccination programs.
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Makwana, Aashaka Hitesh. "7989 Audit on communication with beneficiaries during immunisation visit." In Royal College of Paediatrics and Child Health, Abstracts of the RCPCH Conference, Glasgow, 26 March 2025 – 28 March 2025, A180.2—A181. BMJ Publishing Group Ltd and Royal College of Paediatrics and Child Health, 2025. https://doi.org/10.1136/archdischild-2025-rcpch.243.

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Lupu, Vasile Valeriu, Ingrith Miron, Anamaria Ciubara, Valeriu Lupu, Iuliana Magdalena Starcea, Anca Adam Raileanu, Stefan Lucian Burlea, Alexandru Bogdan Ciubara, and Ancuta Lupu. "SARS COV 2 PANDEMIC - BETWEEN CAUTION AND PRUDENCE." In The European Conference of Psychiatry and Mental Health "Galatia". Archiv Euromedica, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.35630/2022/12/psy.ro.3.

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There is no doubt that a natural phenomenon of the magnitude of a pandemic requires a series of tough precautionary measures in order to limit the spread of the disease, to combat the manifestations of the disease by appropriate therapeutic means and to increase the resistance of the population through prophylactic immunisation, namely vaccination. At the same time, caution points out that not all precautionary measures achieve their aim, for at least two reasons: first, it is an extremely versatile micro-organism (like any virus) which can change its genetic configuration through mutations, thus retaining its main characteristics; contagiousness and pathogenicity; second, the preventive measures initially used: quarantine, mask and physical distancing, have proved to be totally outdated and ineffective in today's conditions (economic interdependence, population movement, overpopulation of the planet). The very vaccination on which so much hope was pinned has failed to stem the new pandemic waves (3 and 4), even in countries where the vaccine immunisation rate has exceeded 70%. The three major means of prevention are reviewed which, beyond the immense frustration they have produced in the population, have had a devastating socio-economic impact, and the results of forcible imposition have produced insignificant results. It has been demonstrated once again that the global approach to the pandemic is doomed to failure (witness the successive waves) and that precautionary measures are illusory. Thus, between precaution and prudence, prudence must prevail in order not to replace an existing evil with a greater evil. The only effective measures remain outbreak control with specific means (which epidemiologists know very well) and immunisation by vaccine.
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Reports on the topic "Immunisation"

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Tull, Kerina. Social Inclusion and Immunisation. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), February 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/k4d.2021.025.

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The current COVID-19 epidemic is both a health and societal issue; therefore, groups historically excluded and marginalised in terms of healthcare will suffer if COVID-19 vaccines, tests, and treatments are to be delivered equitably. This rapid review is exploring the social and cultural challenges related to the roll-out, distribution, and access of COVID-19 vaccines, tests, and treatments. It highlights how these challenges impact certain marginalised groups. Case studies are taken from sub-Saharan Africa (the Democratic Republic of Congo, South Africa), with some focus on South East Asia (Indonesia, India) as they have different at-risk groups. Lessons on this issue can be learned from previous pandemics and vaccine roll-out in low- and mid-income countries (LMICs). Key points to highlight include successful COVID-19 vaccine roll-out will only be achieved by ensuring effective community engagement, building local vaccine acceptability and confidence, and overcoming cultural, socio-economic, and political barriers that lead to mistrust and hinder uptake of vaccines. However, the literature notes that a lot of lessons learned about roll-out involve communication - including that the government should under-promise what it can do and then over-deliver. Any campaign must aim to create trust, and involve local communities in planning processes.
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Bunn, Sarah, and Catherine Hall. Antimicrobial Resistance and Immunisation. Parliamentary Office of Science and Technology, July 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.58248/pn581.

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A POSTnote that describes the potential for immunisation as a strategy to tackle antimicrobial resistance, both globally and in the UK. It discusses public health priority areas, the role for existing vaccines and the development of new ones.
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Vagnoni, Cristiana. Addressing COVID-19 in the long-term - the role of immunisation. Parliamentary Office of Science and Technology, February 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.58248/rr77.

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Immunisation strategies are one of the key elements to addressing the impacts of SARS-CoV-2 in the short- and long-term. What are the key factors to consider when developing long-term immunisation strategies? What are the key unknowns and how can they be addressed?
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Bunn, Sarah. Influenza immunisation programme, NHS winter pressure and COVID-19. Parliamentary Office of Science and Technology, August 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.58248/rr41.

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Seasonal influenza occurs every year, is a key driver for winter pressure on the NHS and a leading cause of excess deaths every winter. The influenza season, together with other respiratory infections, is likely to coincide with COVID-19 this winter. Those most at risk from influenza are also most vulnerable to COVID-19.
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Vagnoni, Cristiana. COVID-19 vaccines: Immunisation and prioritisation of eligible groups. Parliamentary Office of Science and Technology, August 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.58248/rr42.

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The UK Government secured early access to 340 million doses of six different COVID-19 vaccine candidates. It is still unknown whether any of them will be able to protect from SARS-CoV-2. In case of a successful vaccine candidate, supply may be initially constrained and therefore priority groups need to be defined.
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Bunn, Sarah. Monitoring COVID-19 vaccine safety in national immunisation programmes. Parliamentary Office of Science and Technology, December 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.58248/rr55.

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As mass immunisation against COVID-19 begins in the UK and elsewhere, the safety of the recently approved Pfizer/BioNTech vaccine is being closely monitored. How is vaccine safety measured and what happens when side effects are found?
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Sabarwal, Shagun, Raag Bhatia, Bharat Dhody, Subashini Perumal, Howard White, and Jyotsna Puri. Engaging communities for increasing immunisation coverage: what do we know? International Initiative for Impact Evaluation (3ie), December 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.23846/sp0003.

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Lally, Clare. Immunity to Covid-19: March 2023 update. Parliamentary Office of Science and Technology, February 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.58248/rr08.

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Demilew, Abebual, Mesay Girma, Elizabeth McElwee, Saugato Datta, Jeremy Barofsky, and Tolera Disasa. Impacts of supportive feedback and nonmonetary incentives on child immunisation in Ethiopia. International Initiative for Impact Evaluation (3ie), June 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.23846/tw10ie134.

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Banerjee, Abhijit, Arun Chandrasekhar, Esther Duflo, Suresh Dalpath, John Floretta, Matthew Jackson, Harini Kannan, Anna Schrimpf, and Maheshwor Shrestha. Evaluating the impact of interventions to improve full immunisation rates in Haryana, India. International Initiative for Impact Evaluation (3ie), September 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.23846/tw10ie126.

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