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Journal articles on the topic 'Indian Ocean Region (IOR)'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 2 June 2025

Last updated: 31 July 2025

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1

Pandey, Hemant Kumar, and Akhilesh Dwivedi. "STRATEGIC ROLE OF INDIAN NAVY IN IOR AT PRESENT." SCHOLARLY RESEARCH JOURNAL FOR HUMANITY SCIENCE AND ENGLISH LANGUAGE 9, no. 46 (2021): 11318–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.21922/srjhsel.v9i46.1541.

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The Indian Ocean Region (IOR) turned out to be the most engaging region for global activities in recent years. The Indian Ocean consists of the most important trade routes of the world. The Indian Ocean provides a way to move through various regions of the world. World's huge economic players always keep an eye on the IOR for its strategic importance. The Indian Ocean is a gateway to the Atlantic Ocean through the Mediterranean Sea via the Red Sea and it also provides a way to the Pacific Ocean through the Strait of Malacca. It is the main shipping channel for the Pacific and Atlantic oceans.

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Perwita, Anak Agung Banyu. "The Implementation of India’s Maritime Doctrine to Respond China Naval Presence in Indian Ocean Region." Indonesian Journal of Peace and Security Studies (IJPSS) 2, no. 1 (2020): 31–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.29303/ijpss.v2i1.38.

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Indian Ocean is a strategic and crucial location of the region and became the centre of global politics. Indian Ocean Region (IOR) has several important gulfs, straits, bays and seas within which most of it located in the northern part of the ocean. Major shipment routes intersect its enormous area, with crucial choke points and water courses connecting Indian Ocean to other main ocean parts on the earth. Indian Ocean region is part of China’s significant security interests, where China is currently leading to an ever advanced military existence within the area. China’s overpowering strategic

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Swarna, Sanjida Siddique. "The Indian Ocean Conundrum: A Theatre of Sino-Indian Maritime Competition." BIMRAD Journal 5, no. 1 (2025): 63–84. https://doi.org/10.3329/bimradj.v5i1.79587.

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The Sino-Indian competition is not a recent development when it comes to global and regional affairs. In recent years, the crisis between China and India has manifested serious geostrategic risks to the stability and safety of the South Asian region and maritime domain. This paper precisely analyses the Sino Indian maritime competition in the Indian Ocean where both the Asian powers are regarded as one of the most significant naval capabilities for their geostrategic vision. An overview of China’s and India’s strategic objectives in the Indian Ocean Region (IOR) is what this study aims to conv

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Khan, Sidra, Zeeshan Ahmad, and Maghfoor Ullah. "China’s Geostrategic Interest in the Indian Ocean Region." Qlantic Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities 4, no. 4 (2023): 141–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.55737/qjssh.917005034.

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The goal of this research is to look at China's expanding geopolitical interests in the Indian Ocean Region (IOR), as well as the strategic implications of its involvement. As it climbs to importance on the global scene, China has escalated its role in the Indian Ocean Region (IOR) via economic investments, maritime infrastructure projects, and naval activities. The research explores China's interest in the IOR, diving into the country's economic imperatives, energy security concerns, and the geopolitical significance of securing maritime routes. The report also assesses the impact of China's

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Hashmi, Syed Kamran Hamid, Babar Bilal Haider, and Iram Zahid. "Major Powers’ Interests in IOR And Implications for the Region." Journal of Nautical Eye and Strategic Studies 3, no. 2 (2023): 85–101. https://doi.org/10.58932/mulg0025.

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Geo-economics and geopolitics are the indicators of competition between the supreme powers in the track of their deliberate goals. The US, China, and India together make up about half of the world's GDP and are vying for dominance in the Indian Ocean. In this perspective, while being smaller than Pacific and Atlantic Oceans, Indian Ocean Region continues to be crucial because of its enormous oil and gas reserves, choke points, nautical traffic, and the interests of foreign powers. The IMF predicted Global growth is now expected to fall from 3.4 percent in 2022 to 2.8 percent this year, The US

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Bhaskar, C. Uday. "China and India in the Indian Ocean Region." China Report 46, no. 3 (2010): 311–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/000944551104600311.

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China and India have divergent political ideologies, characteristics, aspirations, anxieties, and hence their strategic perceptions and orientations differ. Their strategic interaction in southern Asia has for its backdrop the 1962 border conflict. In terms of maritime security, the Pacific–Indian Ocean continuum has become the centre of gravity post-9/11 with both China and India having long-term growth trajectories in terms of naval power, a process skewed in favour of the PLA Navy (PLAN). Cognisance of the maritime dependency index for energy and anxieties about secure sea-lines of communic

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BHATTACHARYA, SUBHADEEP. "India’s evolving role as the ‘net security provider’ of the Indian Ocean region." Stosunki Międzynarodowe – International Relations 2 (May 31, 2022): 19. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/stomiedintrelat.17487.1.

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The unveiling of the Indo-Pacific strategy by USA has clubbed the two separate worlds-The Pacific and the Indian Ocean region- together, mingling the geopolitics of the two regions. This is done in the context of the growing maritime role of China along with her growing naval potentials. On the other hand, India, considered an important partner of the Indo-Pacific geopolitics, is lately taking extra care about her maritime interests in her immediate maritime neighbourhood, the Indian Ocean region (IOR). This activeness can be credited to the ‘Chinese intrusion’ in the Indian maritime neighbour

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BHATTACHARYA, SUBHADEEP. "India’s evolving role as the ‘net security provider’ of the Indian Ocean region." Stosunki Międzynarodowe – International Relations 2 (October 27, 2022): 19. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/stomiedintrelat.17487.2.

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The unveiling of the Indo-Pacific strategy by USA has clubbed the two separate worlds-The Pacific and the Indian Ocean region- together, mingling the geopolitics of the two regions. This is done in the context of the growing maritime role of China along with her growing naval potentials. On the other hand, India, considered an important partner of the Indo-Pacific geopolitics, is lately taking extra care about her maritime interests in her immediate maritime neighbourhood, the Indian Ocean region (IOR). This activeness can be credited to the ‘Chinese intrusion’ in the Indian maritime neighbour

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Baisla, Kajal. "India's Indian Ocean Region Policy to China's Growing Influence in the Region." Innovation The Research Concept 9, no. 3 (2024): E38—E44. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11076588.

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This paper has been published in Peer-reviewed International Journal "Innovation The Research Concept"                      URL : https://www.socialresearchfoundation.com/new/publish-journal.php?editID=8935 Publisher : Social Research Foundation, Kanpur (SRF International)  Abstract :  The third-largest body of water on the planet is the Indian Ocean. The Indian Ocean is sometimes referred to as the "sea of stability." Carrying two-thirds of the world's oil shipments and one-third

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Kunjumon, Sinu. "India’s Maritime Security Strategy in the Indian Ocean Region: An Analysis." International Journal of Social Science and Economic Research 09, no. 10 (2024): 4203–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.46609/ijsser.2024.v09i10.016.

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In the Indian Ocean region, India faces a complex and evolving maritime security environment, with threats ranging from piracy, terrorism, illegal fishing, drug trafficking, and environmental degradation, to great power rivalry. Given its extensive maritime borders with the Indian Ocean, it is critical for the country to manage maritime security challenges in this space. To address those challenges India focuses on restructuring its age-old maritime strategies and policies concerning the IOR. Modernizing and expanding the Indian Navy, improving diplomatic connections and interactions with Indi

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Rehman, Abdur, Mohammad Irfan Ali, and Sadaf irtaza. "Environmental Challenge as a Common Threat Impacting Maritime Security Operations." Global Strategic & Securities Studies Review IX, no. I (2024): 94–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.31703/gsssr.2024(ix-i).09.

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This research employs document studies to investigate the significant environmental and climate change threats facing the Indian Ocean Region (IOR). The littoral states of the IOR contribute to oceanic contamination through poor sanitation, inadequate waste management, and increased waste production due to population expansion. The resulting ocean pollution severely impacts marine ecosystems, depleting fish species and threatening food sources and livelihoods for coastal populations. Additionally, climate change exacerbates human migration and poses risks to maritime security and naval operati

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Madutharanaga, KBG Sumudu. "NONALIGNED FOREIGN POLICY A DEFENSE DIPLOMACY OF SRI LANKA IN THE INDIAN OCEAN TERRITORY." Jurnal Diplomasi Pertahanan 9, no. 1 (2023): 126. http://dx.doi.org/10.33172/jdp.v9i1.4666.

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This article tries to elaborate the strategic position Indian Ocean in the current international relations. This region has become a crucial theatre for the global sea lanes of communication with pivot to Asia policy. As a littoral country in the Indian Ocean, Sri Lanka relies heavily on the SLOCs in the Indian ocean. Against this background, this article also elaborates the implementation of defence diplomacy by Sri Lanka adopting nonalignment as the governing principle of its foreign policy. The thesis presents two possible scenarios: the successful adoption of nonalignment, balancing Sri La

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Mirwankar, Yashodhan. "Comparative analysis of the maritime ISR capabilities of India and China in the IOR." Electronic Journal of Social and Strategic Studies 05, no. 02 (2024): 295–329. http://dx.doi.org/10.47362/ejsss.2024.5212.

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Intelligence, Surveillance, and Reconnaissance systems (ISR) have been playing a significant role in providing robust situational awareness of the maritime domain. This paper presents a comprehensive analysis of the ISR systems of India and China in the Indian Ocean Region (IOR), a region of immense geopolitical significance and a theatre of power projection for both the countries. After tracing the evolution of ISR from ancient time to modern era, the study underscores the critical role of ISR in maritime security and strategic advantage, particularly in the IOR. The paper finds that, in acco

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Pandey, Shivam Kumar, and Dr Ashi Rooth Stuart. "THEORETICAL AND CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK OF NON-TRADITIONAL MARITIME SECURITY." INTERANTIONAL JOURNAL OF SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH IN ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT 08, no. 12 (2024): 1–7. https://doi.org/10.55041/ijsrem39664.

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The Indian Ocean Region (IOR) has become the primary energy and economic route for the world. The irregular, unreported, and unregulated (IUU) fishing industry, illegal immigration, smuggling of weapons and drugs, maritime terrorism, piracy, and climate change are just a few of the non-traditional maritime security issues that the IOR littorals are worried about. This study looks at the patterns and causes of the aforementioned problems, as well as how these threats affect the IOR littorals. Cooperation in the marine realm is primarily based on addressing non-traditional maritime hazards. The

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Yuan, Lihua, Xiaoqiang Chen, Changqing Song, Danping Cao, and Hong Yi. "Spatiotemporal Evolution and Determinant Factors of the Intra-Regional Trade Community Structures of the Indian Ocean Region." ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information 10, no. 4 (2021): 214. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijgi10040214.

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The Indian Ocean Region (IOR) has become one of the main economic forces globally, and countries within the IOR have attempted to promote their intra-regional trade. This study investigates the spatiotemporal evolution of the community structures of the intra-regional trade and the impact of determinant factors on the formation of trade community structures of the IOR from 1996 to 2017 using the methods of social network analysis. Trade communities are groups of countries with measurably denser intra-trade ties but with extra-trade ties that are measurably sparser among different communities.

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Asma Sana and Shaheen Akhtar. "India’s ‘Indo-Pacific’ Strategy: Emerging Sino-Indian Maritime Competition." Strategic Studies 40, no. 3 (2020): 1–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.53532/ss.040.03.0073.

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India is rapidly modernising its naval capabilities and expanding its maritime interests in Asia-Pacific region. The recent surge in its maritime domain is associated with two factors: Firstly, the rise of China as an ‘Asian power’ with growing influence in the Indian Ocean Region (IOR); secondly, India’s aspirations to become a leading player in the IOR while expanding its sway in the Pacific ocean. This paper argues that India’s increased regional engagements and its strategic partnership with the US will strengthen Indian footprints in the Indo-Pacific region which will increase security co

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Sharma, Bhawana. "Maritime Cooperation in the Indian Ocean Region: India's Diplomatic Engagement with its Neighbours." RESEARCH REVIEW International Journal of Multidisciplinary 9, no. 3 (2024): 293–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.31305/rrijm.2024.v09.n03.033.

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This review paper delves into India's diplomatic efforts within the Indian Ocean Region (IOR), particularly focusing on its maritime engagement with neighbouring countries. By examining both bilateral and multilateral initiatives, the paper aims to uncover how these endeavours have contributed to cooperation, security enhancement, and economic development in the region. Through case studies and empirical analysis, it scrutinizes the trajectory of India's maritime interactions with nations like Sri Lanka, Maldives, Bangladesh, and Myanmar. Moreover, it sheds light on crucial areas of collaborat

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Md. Sayedur Rahman, Rayhana Ferdous Disha, and Md. Motinur Rahman. "Political and Socio-economic Relations between China and Maldives in the Early 21st Century." Interdisciplinary Journal of Management and Social Sciences 6, no. 1 (2025): 172–91. https://doi.org/10.3126/ijmss.v6i1.75402.

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The continuous rivalry among the most powerful nations in the Indian Ocean region is not a new idea in modern times. IOR has important marine commerce routes that link with South Asian nations and cover one-fifth of the world's total ocean area. Over the last three decades, China's nautical footprint in the Indian Ocean has grown significantly. Many people believe that the "Open Door Policy" was a turning point in China's 19th-century economic growth history. But in the twenty-first century, Beijing is trying to forge closer relationships with smaller governments in the area to protect their o

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Ghosh, P. K. "Maritime Security Trilateralism: India, Sri Lanka and Maldives." Artha - Journal of Social Sciences 15, no. 4 (2016): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.12724/ajss.39.1.

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India perceives the entire Indian Ocean region (IOR) as its strategic backyard and regards itself as a “security provider” in the region. This view, of course, is not shared by many, mainly by the Chinese who often state “the Indian Ocean is not India’s backyard.” To reinforce its own perceptions and stem its eroding influence in the region - India has stepped up its efforts in enhancing its relations in general and on maritime security in particular with its island neighbours, an aspect that is being extended to the entire South Asian neighbourhood incrementally. The importance of the Mahania

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Karim, Asia, Saima A. Kayani, and Saiqa Bukhari. "Geopolitics Of Indian Ocean: Emerging Trends." Global Foreign Policies Review V, no. I (2022): 42–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.31703/gfpr.2022(v-i).05.

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The Indian Ocean has gradually emerged as a significant region in terms of the economic and geopolitical patterns of the world powers. In the contemporary power struggles, it has become a most important contesting ground for global dominance. This research analyses the Geo strategic significance of the Indian Ocean and the interests of regional and great powers in it. The study is particularly focusing on two sub-regions of the Indian Ocean (IO) (Arabian Gulf and South Asia) and is mainly probing the strategic competition between New Delhi and Islamabad in these areas. And the structural enfor

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Muhammad Abbas Hassan. "Growing China-India Competition in the Indian Ocean: Implications for Pakistan." Strategic Studies 39, no. 1 (2019): 77–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.53532/ss.039.01.00125.

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The Indian Ocean is the world’s third-largest body of water and has become an area of growing competition between China and India. As the economy, power and interests of both the countries increase, this competition endanger the stability of the region, which is significant for global maritime trade flows. This paper aims to give an overview of India’s ambitions as well as China’s growing strategic interests in the Indian Ocean Region (IOR). Based on their growing interests, the study will highlight the implications of this competition for Pakistan. It will also try to present a way forward, w

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Arshad, Muhammad Saad, Najma Akbar, and Syed Shamsuddin. "China's Role in the Indo-US Strategic Interest in the Indian Ocean Region." Global Strategic & Securities Studies Review VIII, no. III (2023): 43–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.31703/gsssr.2023(viii-iii).05.

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The strategic position and economic resources of the Indian Ocean Region (IOR) make it a point of contention for both big and regional governments. The United States and India maintain friendly diplomatic and security ties and are regarded as trustworthy strategic partners. Both countries maintained diplomatic ties throughout the Cold War, although India was the USSR's reliable strategic ally at the time. India changed its course and started bolstering its bilateral relations with the US after the Cold War ended. Both states participate in several economic and geopolitical accords. Although th

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Aslam, Fawad, Mujahid Hussain Sargana, and Asim Muneeb Khan. "CHINA'S BELT AND ROAD INITIATIVE AND SECURITY ARCHITECTURE OF INDIAN OCEAN REGION: THE RELEVANCE OF GWADAR PORT, AND DJIBOUTI." Pakistan Journal of Social Research 05, no. 02 (2023): 376–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.52567/pjsr.v5i02.1091.

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The Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) seeks to facilitate and cultivate China's peaceful rise. According to China's position on maritime influence, the acquisition of global dominance can be achieved through the exercise of naval superiority and regulation of maritime commerce. This phenomenon can be explained by the fact that, despite the abundance of land, the sea route is the most effective way to facilitate vital economic interactions. China has been the focus of considerable scholarly investigation within the field of global politics. The rapid rise of China seems to be predominantly driven

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Dr. N. Kala and Premanand Narasimhan. "Safeguarding India's Maritime Frontiers : Strategies, Initiatives, and Global Collaborations." International Journal of Scientific Research in Computer Science, Engineering and Information Technology 11, no. 1 (2025): 3653–67. https://doi.org/10.32628/cseit251452.

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India's strategic location in the Indian Ocean region underscores the importance of safeguarding its maritime boundaries and critical sea routes. The Government of India has implemented various initiatives to counter illegal activities such as piracy, smuggling, human trafficking, and terrorism while ensuring the safety of maritime trade and energy supplies. Through advanced surveillance systems like the Integrated Coastal Surveillance System (ICSS), proactive naval operations like Operation Sankalp, and regional collaborations such as the Information Fusion Centre – Indian Ocean Region (IFC-I

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Buraga, Manoj Babu, and Thibault Fournol. "Indo-French Cooperation and Engagement in Holistic Maritime Security: Possibilities and Implications in the Indian Ocean Region." Electronic Journal of Social and Strategic Studies 03, no. 02 (2022): 241–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.47362/ejsss.2022.3209.

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The diffusion of the Indo-Pacific concept in India’s strategic vocabulary has accompanied the emergence of a broader strategic reference frame, in which the impacts of climate change on coastal areas and maritime-related environmental issues figure among the lowest common denominators of cooperation at the regional scale. In the Indian Ocean Region (IOR), unregulated fishing, natural disasters relief or marine pollution indeed became major security concerns for littoral States as well as it gave a new role for the armies in mitigating increasing environmental risks. In fact, we are seeing an e

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Abbasi, Rizwana. "Risks of Maritime Entanglement between India and Pakistan in the Indian Ocean Region: A Need for Maritime Confidence Building Measures." Strategic Studies 44, no. 2 (2025): 1–24. https://doi.org/10.53532/ss.044.02.00379.

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The Indian Ocean Region (IOR) has emerged as a central point of strategic competition between India and Pakistan in the backdrop of evolving geopolitical dynamics. This study investigates the unique maritime challenges posed by both states’ modernising naval military capabilities, with India asserting its control over Sea Lines of Communication (SLOCs) and securing vital trade routes and Pakistan seeking to protect its core strategic interests in the IOR. Although both states have historically engaged in various Confidence-Building Measures (CBMs), the maritime domain remains largely unaddress

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Kumar, Ravi. "Status competition or Conflict of interest: Understanding China-India Asymmetrical rivalry in the Indian Ocean region." Electronic Journal of Social and Strategic Studies 03, no. 03 (2023): 314–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.47362/ejsss.2023.3303.

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Status competition in world politics always played a greater role, especially the developing powers who strive for greater status in world politics, and so do both India and China. This article tries to examine the nature of the conflict between India and China through the framework of Status competition while at the same time comparatively examining it with other conflict models such as Conflict of interest, Zero-sum game, and Status Dilemma. The article demonstrates that India-China relations in general and in the IOR (Indian Ocean region) should not always be scrutinized through the zero-su

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Singh Charak, Shubham, Dr R. Sudhakar, and Talha Latief Tantray. "Privately Contracted Armed Security Personnel in Indian Ocean Region: An Analysis of Vulnerabilities and Resilience in South Asia and Horn of Africa." Electronic Journal of Social and Strategic Studies 04, no. 02 (2023): 75–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.47362/ejsss.2023.4201.

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The Indian Ocean holds significant geopolitical and economic importance as a crucial maritime corridor for global trade, spanning from South Asia to Horn of Africa. Despite its economic opportunities, the region faces multifaceted security challenges, including piracy, maritime terrorism, territorial disputes, and resource competition, posing threats to maritime operations and commercial interests. To address these concerns, there has been a notable rise in the use of Privately Contracted Armed Security Personnel (PCASP) to protect the vessels and cargo. The research article comprehensively an

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Saleem, Muhammad Subhan, Muhammad Akram Soomro, Syed Waqas Haider Bukhari, and Muhammad Wajeeh ud din Nouman. "South Asia’s Naval Shift: Regional Cooperation and Challenges." Journal of Social & Organizational Matters 3, no. 4 (2024): 231–47. https://doi.org/10.56976/jsom.v3i4.142.

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This research explores the significant influence of South Asia on the politics of the Indian Ocean Region (IOR) and analyzes the extensive implications for the region resulting from the policy changes in India and Pakistan. The long-standing source of conflict, the Kashmir issue remained a bone of contention between the two states. Historically involved in border conflicts, both are now making concerted efforts to enhance their naval capabilities through unilateral, bilateral, and multilateral engagements. This strategic adjustment has surpassed past difficulties, resulting in new interactions

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MOBIN. "A Comparative Study of India and China’s Economic Assistance to Maldives." Maldives National Journal of Research 11, Special Issue (2023): 18–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.62338/ejhy8c59.

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This study aims to assess the comparative analysis of India and China’s economic assistance to Maldives. Maldives is smallest country in South Asia. The republic of Maldives, so far, is one of the least known country in the international community. Maldives, a group of 1200 islands spanning around 90,000 square kilometres in the Indian Ocean Region, has been in the limelight for the last decade. It has population around 5 lakhs. The archipelago country is strategically important for both India and the Indian Ocean Region (IOR). The Maldivian economy is primarily driven by tourism and fish expo

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Krishnan, Tharishini, Abu Sadat Mahmud Safeer, and Inderjit Singh. "The Growing Power Struggle in Indian Ocean Region: Security Road Map for Bangladesh." JOURNAL OF SOCIAL SCIENCE RESEARCH 14 (October 28, 2019): 3372–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.24297/jssr.v14i0.8470.

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The Indian Ocean Region (IOR) is rising significantly as the center stage for world politics in the current century. Due to the geostrategic and economic importance, the region has created conflicts in strategic interest leading to power confrontation among regional and extra-regional powers resulting in security threats for small littorals like Bangladesh. Some of the threats are influential attachments of the powerful states in foreign, trade, economy and defense sectors, poor regional security architecture and an increase of non-traditional security threats. Analyzing the issues reveals tha

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Khalid Manzoor Butt and Sadaf Jan Siddiqui. "Growing Chinese Presence in the Indian Ocean: Prospects and Challenges." Strategic Studies 41, no. 2 (2022): 64–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.53532/ss.041.02.0048.

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The ‘String of Pearls’ strategy attributed to China for growing its relations with the states situated around the Indian Ocean (IO) in order to neutralise Indian influence. Furthermore, protecting economic and strategic interests are also the key factors that China is maintaining its presence in the Indian Ocean Region (IOR). After the completion of the China Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC), it is predicted that Gwadar Port will be the most precious pearl of the string. With the increased Chinese influence, the United States (US) will not fall behind and will have to revise strategy to maint

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Muhammad Javed Iqbal, Kanwar, and Baber Bilal Haider. "Geo-political and Geo-economic Dynamics of the Region in Developing the Sea-based Economy of the IOR Countries." Polaris – Journal of Maritime Research 2, no. 1 (2020): 1–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.53963/pjmr.2020.002.2.

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The geo-politics and geo-economics of the Indian Ocean Region (IOR) littoral are interconnected to each-other with a large scale of Afro-Asian population and a tremendous maritime economic potential. Welfare interests of the populations of IOR littoral states demand tapping of the Sea-based economic potential, but the geo- political dynamics of the region are not conducive due to diverse dimensions of multiplayers in the region and gradual Sino-Asian power shift, where philosophy of enhanced cooperation for peace and sustainability is highly needed. The addition of Belt and Road Initiative (BR

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Pramudia, Putu Shangrina. "From Mahanian to Corbettian: The Projection of India's Contemporary Naval Strategy in Response to China's Presence in the Indian Ocean Region." HUMANIORUM 3, no. 1 (2025): 16–23. https://doi.org/10.37010/hmr.v3i1.59.

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This paper examines the shift in India's naval strategy from Mahanian to Corbettian principles in response to China’s growing maritime presence in the Indian Ocean Region (IOR). While India historically followed Mahan’s focus on decisive battles and maritime dominance, the increasing assertiveness of China’s People’s Liberation Army Navy (PLAN) necessitated a strategic pivot. Adopting Corbett’s emphasis on political objectives, the Indian Navy now prioritizes sea control, sea denial, the protection of Sea Lines of Communication (SLOCs), and maritime diplomacy. This transition reflects India’s

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Jose, Hino Samuel, and Asep Kamaluddin Nashir. "The Hot Peace in Indo-Pacific: Contesting Quadrilateral Security Dialogue Against Chinese Geopolitics in the Indian Ocean Region." Malaysian Journal of International Relations 9, no. 1 (2021): 225–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.22452/mjir.vol9no1.12.

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The Quadrilateral Security Dialogue is a strategy to contain China which has now reached the Indian Ocean Region (IOR) as part of the Chinese geostrategy in the Indo-Pacific to counterbalance US and western hegemony. The dynamics brought by the minilateral realm and bilateral conflicts within the Indo-Pacific have contributed to the shaping of the region's security architecture. This article discusses the contentions between India - China competition; ASEAN, Quad, and the implications to IOR; and how the Quad Plus notion is affecting further geopolitical deliberation in the Indo-Pacific. The a

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PANDEY, SHIVAM, and PULKIT VERMA. "ADDRESSING MARITIME TERRORISM IN THE INDIAN OCEAN REGION: GAPS IN THE LEGAL AND REGULATORY FRAMEWORK." LEX SCRIPTA MAGAZINE OF LAW AND POLICY 02, no. 01 (2024): 1–10. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10703516.

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India is a developing nation which has much developed in this long run but with the passage of time there is a rapid growing rate of violence with regard of grave issues like terrorism, piracy as well as drug trafficking which has eventually grown in Indian Ocean Region (IOR). Terrorism has become multidimensional as it has expanded in all the areas and attacked every possible sector in our land, especially in sea-based zones. The primary reason for this growth of such sea attacks are rising of geographical location, the traditional maritime rules, the poor respon

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Qayyum, Sehrish. "Strategic Analysis of Maritime Situation in Indian Ocean- Challenges and Prospects for Pakistan." Polaris – Journal of Maritime Research 3, no. 1 (2021): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.53963/pjmr.2021.003.3.

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Strategic maritime environment of Indian Ocean is rigorously changing in the course of last two decades. Regional focus has sharply shifted from territorial to maritime borders, largely impacting transnational ties in wake of defense and security measures. This insight covers background of strategic maritime environment of Indian Ocean along with shifting trends after the launch of China’s “Belt Road Initiative”. This discourse also covers impact of COVID crisis on maritime environment of IO and recent tactical reorientation of global powers in the region. Furthermore, Strategic analysis of ma

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Bragta, Sanjeev Kumar. "Assessing India-Afghanistan Strategic Partnership in the Twenty First Century." Technium Social Sciences Journal 70 (April 9, 2025): 270–77. https://doi.org/10.47577/tssj.v70i1.12689.

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To comprehend the paradigm, shift in the twenty first century, we need to understand the upsurge of India in the Indian Ocean Region (IOR) and the consecutive emergence of China in the post-cold war era. This has led to the geopolitical shift in Asia and particularly in the littoral waters of Indian Ocean. The classical geopolitics of governing the nation is still evident in the international relations. The processes of regionalism, multilateralism has replaced the geopolitical phenomenon in many parts of the world but geconomics in IOR is yet to replace the geopolitics. The traditional theory

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Ijaz, Khalid. "INDIAN RESPONSE TO CHINESE STRING OF PEARLS DOCTRINE." Global Political Review - GPR 2, no. 1 (2017): 27–35. https://doi.org/10.31703/gpr.2017(II-I).03.

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The paper explores the origin and analysis of the so-called Beijings String of Pearls doctrine that refers to the Strait of Malacca, Bangladesh, Myanmar, Sri Lanka, Pakistan, the Maldives, the Strait of Hormuz, Sudan, Kenya, Somalia and IOR. The paper further elaborated on the Indian response to the Chinese String of Pearls Doctrine by countering through Indian Act East Policy, investing in the Iranian Chabahar port and by developing Indo-Pacific alliance with Japan and the USA. This piece of the paper concluded that the Chinese investment in all these ports, islands and chokepoints are a coun

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Laraib Ali, Malik Shozab Hassan, and Ahsan Bilal. "Non-Traditional Maritime Security (NTMS) Challenges to the Economic Security of the States in the Indian Ocean Region (IOR): A Case Study of Pakistan." Journal for Social Science Archives 3, no. 1 (2025): 363–73. https://doi.org/10.59075/jssa.v3i1.122.

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Non-traditional maritime security challenges have a substantial impact on the economic security of the coastal and littoral states in the Indian Ocean Region (IOR) including Pakistan. All coastal and littoral states of the IOR confront security challenges in their marine zones and areas of responsibility such as illegal immigration, smuggling, narcotics, and climate change for ensuring economic and national security. The objectives of the undertaken research are to examine the impact of NTMS challenges on the economic security of Pakistan, to understand the linkages between non-traditional mar

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Junaid Ashraf. "String of Pearls and China’s Emerging Strategic Culture." Strategic Studies 37, no. 4 (2017): 166–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.53532/ss.037.04.00204.

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This research paper focuses on the strategic culture of China in the 21st century and establishes a link with the Chinese 'String of Pearls' strategy. The article explores the relevant literature and develops an empirical premise that China’s contemporary strategic culture is still defensive, in line with it past practices. However, after the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI), Beijing’s strategic culture is more focused on its defence preparedness as 'String of Pearls' is aimed at establishing the maritime Silk Road along the Indian Ocean Region (IOR). The paper also briefly discusses China’s imp

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Lloyd, W. Fernald, Azeem Gul, and Riaz Ahmad. "Contemporary Assessment of the United States and China Naval Vision for the Indian Ocean Region (IOR)." Journal of Public Affairs 21, no. 2 (2021): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pa.2573.

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Bibi, Gulshan, and Brice Tseen Fu Lee. "RAMIFICATIONS OF INDIA’S NAVAL BUILD-UP IN NUCLEAR REALMS." Margalla Papers 27, no. 2 (2023): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.54690/margallapapers.27.2.171.

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The naval build-up of India in contemporary times reflects its major power ambitions. Owing to its development of advanced naval capabilities coupled with its long-standing desire to develop a blue-water navy is a major driver of this build up. These blue water ambitions stir instability in Indian Ocean Region (IOR) affecting Pakistan’s threat perceptions. The most important development in the region's stability and security architecture is the addition of second-strike capacity to the sea, which carries serious consequences. Hence, it is pertinent to address the question of strategic stabilit

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Sahoo, Dr Prasanta. "Significance of South Asian Island Nations in India's Geopolitical Strategy." International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Growth Evaluation 4, no. 4 (2023): 1147–49. https://doi.org/10.54660/.ijmrge.2023.4.4.1147-1149.

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The island nations of South Asia—primarily Sri Lanka and the Maldives—are vital to India’s strategic interests in the Indian Ocean Region (IOR). These countries lie along crucial Sea Lines of Communication and are important buffers and bridges in India’s maritime environment. Their significance has increased, especially with China's growing influence through the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI). India's relationships with Sri Lanka and the Maldives are shaped by geography, history, culture, and strategic interests, making them essential to India's regional security and foreign policy vision unde

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Kumar, R. Hari, CP Ramanarayanan, and K. S. R. R. P. Murthy. "Detection of Abnormal Vessel Behaviours Based on AIS Data Features Using HDBSCAN+." Defence Science Journal 73, no. 4 (2023): 445–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.14429/dsj.73.18626.

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Achieving maritime security is challenging due to the vastness and complexity of the domain. Monitoring all Achieving maritime security is challenging due to the vastness and complexity of the domain. Monitoringall vessels that use this medium is humanly impossible but is needed for law enforcement. This paper proposes amachine learning solution based on HDBSCAN+ to classify the movements of vessels into ‘normal’ or ‘abnormal’.This classification reduces the number of vessels that have to be monitored by law enforcement agencies to amanageable size. To date, AIS is the primary source of inform

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Garlick, Jeremy. "If You Can’t Beat ’em, Join ’em." China Report 53, no. 2 (2017): 143–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0009445517696629.

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China’s ‘One Belt, One Road’ (OBOR) initiative is a grand plan to connect Asia, Europe and East Africa economically. However, from India’s point of view, China’s attempt at what it describes as geo-economic expansion appears as a geopolitical threat because of China’s activity in the Indian Ocean Region (IOR). This essay assesses the extent to which OBOR is (i) realistic and achievable, (ii) a genuine threat to India and (iii) amenable to possible Indian involvement. It concludes that India should continue to be wary of its neighbour in national security terms, but has no option but to coopera

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Mikheev, Alexey, Kanwar Muhammad Javed Iqbal, Irina Kapustina, and Amen Butt. "Maritime trade in the Indian Ocean: value-focused thinking for BRI and CPEC by employing A’WOT hybrid technique." E3S Web of Conferences 258 (2021): 02030. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202125802030.

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Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) and China Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) have so far developed the narrative of bringing prosperity and peace; particularly in the welfare context of Afro-Asian population in Indian Ocean littoral states and enhanced cooperation among countries in Asia, Europe and Africa. The grey areas needs to be analysed with Value-Focused Thinking (VFT) for the overall discourse of maritime. Thus, this study examined the emerging role of BRI viz-a-viz trade opportunities and challenges for Pakistan and China by employing A’WOT method. Results reveal that the successful BRI

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Yuan, Lihua, Changqing Song, Xiaoqiang Chen, Manjun Zhang, and Menghan Yang. "Quantitative Analysis of Trade Position Shifts of China and the United States in the Indian Ocean Rim Trade Networks Using a Weighted Centrality Approach." Entropy 27, no. 3 (2025): 262. https://doi.org/10.3390/e27030262.

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The Indian Ocean Rim (IOR) is a crucial hub for global commerce, possessing key maritime corridors and competitive markets for China and the United States. Assessing the evolving positions of China and the United States in regional trade provides critical insights into their economic competition. This study quantitatively investigated their changing positions in the IOR trade networks from 1992 to 2020 through an interdisciplinary approach combining the Fisher optimal segmentation, chord-diagram visualization, and five weighted centrality indicators, including two advanced metrics derived from

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K. Singh, Akshay, and Sanjay Kumar Mishra. "Unfolding the Changing Arc of Indo-pacific Strategic Architecture and India’s Tangled Interests beyond Indian Ocean Region (IOR)." Journal of Indian Ocean Studies 31, no. 2 (2023): 103–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.32381/jios.2023.31.02.5.

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Lauterjung, J., P. Koltermann, U. Wolf, and J. Sopaheluwakan. "The UNESCO-IOC framework – establishing an international early warning infrastructure in the Indian Ocean region." Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 10, no. 12 (2010): 2623–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhess-10-2623-2010.

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Abstract. The Sumatra-Andaman earthquake with a magnitude of 9.3, and the subsequent destructive tsunami which caused more than 225 000 fatalities in the region of the Indian Ocean, happened on 26 December 2004. Less than one month later, the United Nations (UN) World Conference on Disaster Reduction took place in Kobe, Japan to commemorate the 1995 Kobe earthquake. The importance of preparedness and awareness on regional, national and community levels with respect to natural disasters was discussed during this meeting, and resulted in the approval of the Hyogo Declaration on Disaster Reductio

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