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1
Hashim, Danish A. Capacity utilization in Indian Airlines. Delhi: Institute of Economic Growth, 2003.
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2
Fernandez, Aloysius P. A manual for capacity building of self-help affinity groups. Edited by Myrada (Organization :. India). 2nd ed. Bangalore: Myrada, 2001.
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3
Allen, Trena. An exploration of on-reserve forest management capacity and forest certification interest in First Nations communities across Canada. [Ottawa]: First Nation Forestry Program, 2006.
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4
Belluco, Enzo. SPC: Il controllo statistico dei processi, le carte di controllo cusum, E.W.M.A, Q, introduzione ai testi sequenziali, gli indici di capacità di processo, la tecnica del pre-controllo. Milano, Italy: FrancoAngeli, 2001.
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5
United States. Congress. Senate. Select Committee on Indian Affairs. Increasing the capacity of Indian tribal governments for waste management on Indian lands, and for other purposes: Report (to accompany S. 1687). [Washington, D.C.?: U.S. G.P.O., 1992.
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6
Bureau of Indian Affairs' capacity and mission: Hearing before the Committee on Indian Affairs, United States Senate, One Hundred Sixth Congress, first session ... April 28, 1999, Washington, DC. Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 1999.
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7
Indice des capacités productives de la CNUCED. United Nations, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18356/9789210054362.
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8
Ostermann, Susan L. Capacity beyond Coercion. Oxford University PressNew York, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197661116.001.0001.
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Abstract State capacity is often equated with coercion. The literature suggests that compliance with law is unlikely in areas where the state cannot coerce compliance. Utilizing extensive data collected in adjacent districts in India and Nepal, and exploring three different regulatory arenas, this book demonstrates that coercively weak states can significantly increase compliance by behaving pragmatically and designing implementation around known barriers to compliance. One such barrier is imperfect legal knowledge. Though legal knowledge is often assumed to be accurate, this assumption is problematic. Principal-agent problems prevent many weak states from behaving consistently, and target populations often lack education and competent legal advice. As a result, they struggle to learn about the law. States that employ regulatory pragmatism, however, may circumvent this compliance barrier. They do so by designing implementation strategies for on-the-ground realities. The book explores two such efforts—delegated enforcement and information dissemination through local leaders. The data indicate that strategies consistent with regulatory pragmatism, in contrast to those that are legally doctrinaire or deterrence-based, significantly increase legal knowledge and compliance, even where the state is locally weak. This is demonstrated in through a primary case involving compliance with conservation law, as well as through two shadow cases involving compliance with education and child labor regulation.
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Blood magnesium, aerobic capacity, and indices of training intensity, frequency, and duration. 1993.
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10
Kapur, Devesh, and Madhav Khosla. Regulation in India: Design, Capacity, Performance. Bloomsbury Publishing Plc, 2020.
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11
Kapur, Devesh, and Madhav Khosla. Regulation in India: Design, Capacity, Performance. Bloomsbury Publishing Plc, 2019.
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12
Kapur, Devesh, and Madhav Khosla. Regulation in India: Design, Capacity, Performance. Bloomsbury Publishing Plc, 2019.
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13
Nick, Robinson. Part IV Separation of Powers, Ch.19 Judicial Architecture and Capacity. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198704898.003.0019.
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This chapter examines the structure of the Indian judiciary, which includes the different types of courts and judges as well as the hierarchies and relations between them. In particular, it considers the appeal and stare decisis, along with the system of internal administrative control through which the Indian judiciary coordinates its behaviour. The discussion begins with an overview of India’s judicial system and the relevant provisions of the Indian Constitution. The chapter then discusses the functioning of the Indian Supreme Court, the High Courts, and subordinate judiciary. It comments on the top-heaviness of the Indian judiciary and its impact on the judicial system’s performance.
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Paliwal, Avinash. Friends from North, Foes from South. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190685829.003.0006.
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The United Front’s relationship with India was anything but that of ‘dependency’. In limited in capacity and separated by geography, India was arguably the least important cog in the Iran-Russia-India triumvirate that gave covert military support to the UF. Even though the India-UF relationship withstood various Taliban and Pakistani military onslaughts, its long-term sustainability was in doubt among Indian policymakers. One incident that gave an impetus to this relationship — but also underlined its limitations — however, was the hijacking of Indian Airlines flight IC-814 in December 1999. The incident further strengthened partisans who wanted to wage an active proxy war against Pakistan and theTaliban. Occurring in the wake of nuclearization of South Asia in 1998, the India-Pakistan conflict in Kargil in 1999, and Pakistani military presence in Afghanistan, Indian diplomacy on Afghanistan in the second half of 1990s is highly indicative both of its strategic resolve and limits of influence.
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Ganguly, Sumit, and William R. Thompson. Ascending India and Its State Capacity: Extraction, Violence, and Legitimacy. Yale University Press, 2017.
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Ascending India and Its State Capacity: Extraction, Violence, and Legitimacy. Yale University Press, 2016.
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17
Sinha, Pramath Raj. Building New Institutions of Excellence in India. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199480654.003.0006.
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This chapter is based on the stories of the author’s personal experiences in building three different institutions and programmes—the Indian School of Business (ISB), Ashoka University, and the Young India Fellowship (part of Ashoka University). The author argues that instead of driving systemic change through policy advocacy or large-scale capacity building, efforts can also be directed towards the building of new institutions that address an unmet need and an unsolved problem in our country, and that aspire to be the best in the world from the word go.
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Baru, Sanjaya. The Economic Imperatives Shaping Indian Foreign Policy. Edited by David M. Malone, C. Raja Mohan, and Srinath Raghavan. Oxford University Press, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198743538.013.24.
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India’s national priority is economic development, the well-being of all its people, and the maintenance of peace and stability within its neighbourhood. While Indian foreign policy is defined by these considerations, there has always been a tension between its economic policy compulsions and its international aspirations. However, India has come to recognize that its global image and influence are shaped primarily by its economic capability and capacity. The key question for foreign policy-makers is how any given strategy would impact India’s developmental aspirations and needs and provide a secure environment for the fulfilment of those needs and aspirations. India will, therefore, seek to maintain good relations with all major powers, key economic and strategic partners, and its neighbours with a view to maintaining a regional and global environment conducive to her sustained and sustainable growth.
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Epstein, Charles M. Electromagnetism. Edited by Charles M. Epstein, Eric M. Wassermann, and Ulf Ziemann. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198568926.013.0001.
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This article elucidates on the concept of electromagnetism and electromagnetic induction with a view to explaining the theory of magnetic stimulation, used to cure diseases in human beings. Magnetic stimulation follows the principles of electromagnetism. A changing primary current induces secondary currents, which are called eddy currents, in the nearby conductors (human tissue in this case). The strength of the electric field is measured by its electromotive force (emf), which in turn, is measured in volts. The changing primary current also gives rise to an induced voltage in the primary loop itself. The essential circuitry of a magnetic stimulator is composed of three elements, the capacitor, inductance of the stimulation coil, and a switch to connect them. This article also explains the process of the energy flow system through the inductor-capacitor system, applying this principle to the biphasic TMS pulse.
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Mukherjee, Upamanyu Pablo. Final Frontiers. Liverpool University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.3828/liverpool/9781789620283.001.0001.
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This is the first book-length study of the relationship between science fiction, the techno-scientific policies of independent India, and the global non-aligned movement that emerged as a response to Cold War and decolonization. Today, science-fiction writers are often used as government advisors on techno-scientific and defence policies. Such relationships between literature, policy and geo-politics have a long and complex history. Glimpses of this history can be seen in the case of the first generation of post-colonial Indian science fiction writers and their critical entanglements with both techno-scientific policies and the strategy of international non-alignment pursued by India’s first prime minister, Jawaharlal Nehru. This investigation reveals the surprisingly long and relatively unknown life of Indian science fiction, as well as the genre’s capacity to imagine alternative pathways to techno-scientific and geo-political developments that dominate our lives today.
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Östensson, Olle, and Anton Löf. Downstream Activities. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198817369.003.0025.
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This chapter discusses the practical possibilities of achieving increased downstream processing in extractive industries and the policies that are commonly used for this purpose. It reviews the reasons why forward vertical integration is not always an optimal choice for extractive industry companies. It finds little support for the argument that differences in market power dictate the geography of downstream processing. The degree of vertical integration appears to be mainly driven by production economics. Market-determined processing margins fluctuate, which raises the risks of investing in downstream processing capacity. Industrial policy for downstream processing is discussed based on experiences in India, Indonesia, Zambia, and Tanzania. Results so far seem to indicate that unintended consequences dominate the outcomes.
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Basrur, Rajesh. India’s Policy Toward Pakistan. Edited by David M. Malone, C. Raja Mohan, and Srinath Raghavan. Oxford University Press, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198743538.013.27.
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India’s most difficult foreign policy challenge has been Pakistan. At one level, the relationship has been managed reasonably well given the fundamental contradiction between India’s status quo-ist approach on Kashmir and Pakistan’s determination to alter the status quo. At another, Indian policy-makers’ inability to meet the challenge effectively reflects the constraints imposed by major policy choices. Jawaharlal Nehru opted for a set of ‘independent’ strategic and economic policies that congealed into ‘non-alignment’ and ‘self-sufficiency’. This left India militarily and economically weak and unable to counter Pakistan’s sustained bid to wrest Kashmir. A later set of choices encompasses failure to anticipate the consequences of Pakistan’s acquisition of nuclear capability, reluctance to match Islamabad’s asymmetric strategy of pressurizing India, and a tendency to slip back into the autonomy-oriented policy template of the Cold War era. Consequently, India’s capacity to fashion an optimal policy towards Pakistan continues to be significantly constrained.
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Report of the pilot project for capacity building of panchayats in implementing, integrated natural resource management activities under NREGA. New Delhi: Pradan, 2008.
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24
PALACIOS, ING Mario Italo. Director Profesionalizado Capacita, Induce, Entrena, Forma y Profesionaliza a Su Equipo Profesional de Trabajo: El Director Profesionalizado, Es Formador de Equipos de Trabajo de Alto Rendimiento. Independently Published, 2018.
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25
Kumar, Rajiv. The Private Sector. Edited by David M. Malone, C. Raja Mohan, and Srinath Raghavan. Oxford University Press, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198743538.013.18.
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This chapter examines the role of the Indian private sector in shaping the country’s foreign policy. It argues that the private sector has limited experience and capacity to influence the course of foreign policy. Barring certain areas such as Information Technology and IT enabled services, the private sector has not impacted much on India’s engagement with other countries and international institutions. Although the private sector plays an increasing role in Track II initiatives, its role in shaping policy remains limited. The chapter analyses the reasons for this and contends that the private sector needs to enhance its own capacity before it call pull its weight on matters of foreign policy. In any event, as India’s economy integrates ever more deeply with the global economy, the Indian private sector will play an increasingly important role in framing and enabling India’s external relations.
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Rao, M. Govinda. Studies in Indian Public Finance. Oxford University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192849601.001.0001.
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Studies in Public Finance is a book on the nature and effect of public spending and its financing in India, taking into account the advances in theory and best practice approaches. It brings together several disparate pieces of scholarship on Indian public finance. Public finance begins with reasons for government spending—the failure of the markets to provide public goods, goods with externalities, and bring about desired state of distribution. In Indian context, public expenditure policies are dominated by political economy considerations with interest payments, subsidies, and transfers pre-empting resources leaving inadequate allocation to physical and social infrastructure. The ability to provide essential public services is constrained by the low revenue productivity of the tax system. Inability to finance the required level of expenditures through taxes results in large deficits and debt threatening solvency, stability, and sustainability from time to time. The rule-based fiscal policy evolved to follow a disciplined approach to fiscal policy calibration has not met with much success. The book also analyses the complexity of calibrating public finance policies in a large country with multilevel fiscal system. It also evaluates the effectiveness of intergovernmental transfers in a country marked with wide inter-regional disparities in taxable capacity and standards of public services provided. Finally, the book brings out the devastating effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on Indian public finances. The book will be useful to students of economics, scholars working on the subject and the policymakers.
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Jenkins, Rob, and James Manor. Introduction. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190608309.003.0001.
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This chapter provides an overview of the book's analytical focus, conceptual approach, main arguments, and research process. It introduces the National Rural Employment Guarantee Act 2005 (NREGA), which was part of a raft of rights-based development legislation passed by the Congress-led United Progressive Alliance (UPA) that governed India from 2004-2014. NREGA was central to the Indian state's efforts to upgrade the country's relatively thin social welfare provision to something more in keeping with its growing economic and political profile. Six central contentions are outlined, each with a brief explanation. The chapter also justifies the book's approach to concepts such as institutions, poverty, and politics, and introduces the components of what the authors call “political capacity”. Elements of the research process – including information on the key case study states of Rajasthan and Madhya Pradesh – are also discussed, and the organization of the remainder of the book, including a chapter outline, is presented.
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Akyüz, Yilmaz. Foreign Direct Investment. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198797173.003.0006.
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Recent years have also seen increased openness of EDEs to foreign direct investment (FDI) in search for faster growth and greater stability. However, FDI is one of the most ambiguous and least understood concepts in international economics. Common debate is confounded by several myths regarding its nature and impact. It is often portrayed as a stable, cross-border flow of capital that adds to productive capacity and meets foreign exchange shortfalls. However, the reality is far more complex. FDI does not always involve inflows of financial or real capital. Greenfield investment, unlike mergers and acquisitions, makes a direct contribution to productive capacity, but can crowd out domestic investors. FDI can induce significant instability in currency and financial markets. Its immediate contribution to balance-of-payments may be positive, but its longer-term impact is often negative because of high-profit remittances and import contents.
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Grare, Frédéric. The Evolution of the China Factor in India’s Foreign Policy. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190859336.003.0002.
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Ongoing bilateral disputes and mistrust between Beijing and New Delhi, coupled with China’s growing economic, political and military role, have been important motivators behind India’s engagement with Asia. The relationship between the two countries involves territorial disputes, elements of rivalry for political dominance in Asia but also strong incentives for cooperation. Therefore, the Look East policy has been conceived as an attempt to not only balance and deter but also engage China. India seeks to create a virtuous circle by which engagement with India China will mitigate the consequences of the capacity gap between India and China and will provide India with the economic, military and political resources necessary to alter the Asian power structure in its favour.
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Bhatia, Sunil. Identities Left Behind. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199964727.003.0007.
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In this chapter, stories of young men and women who live in basti (slum settlements) near one of the most affluent neighborhoods in Pune, India, are analyzed. It is argued that the basti youth’s “capacity to aspire” is not just an individual trait or a psychological ability. Rather, their aspirations are shaped by their caste identities, structural conditions of poverty, their narrative capacity, their schooling in vernacular language, and the prestige accorded to speakers of English language in urban India. The stories of the basti youth are characterized as dispossessed because they are shaped by and connected to the possessions of the dominant class who live nearby and the unequal structural conditions of their basti. These stories reveal that globalization, by and large, has exacerbated the structural inequality in the slum settlements in Pune. Structural inequality refers to a system that creates and perpetuates an unequal distribution of material and psychological privileges .
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The Dragon And The Elephant Understanding The Development Of Innovation Capacity In China And India Summary Of A Conference. National Academies Press, 2010.
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32
Echevarria, Antulio J. 5. Terror and terrorism. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/actrade/9780199340132.003.0005.
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‘Terror and terrorism’ discusses strategies in which terror is used to break an opponent’s willingness to fight or to induce a change in a rival power’s policy or behavior. Terror often causes little damage to a foe’s physical capacity to fight, even if it inflicts mass casualties. Targets are usually chosen for their psychological rather than their material effect. Terror and terrorism are military strategies largely because of their coercive power. Terrorism is violence (discriminate or otherwise) directed against noncombatants to influence public opinion or to modify a government’s policies. Whether terrorism constitutes a strategy or a tactic is still a matter of debate.
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Grare, Frédéric. Conclusion. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190859336.003.0010.
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India’s relationship with the United States remains crucial to its own objectives, but is also ambiguous. The asymmetry of power between the two countries is such that the relationship, if potentially useful, is not necessary for the United States while potentially risky for India. Moreover, the shift of the political centre of gravity of Asia — resulting from the growing rivalry between China and the US — is eroding the foundations of India’s policy in Asia, while prospects for greater economic interaction is limited by India’s slow pace of reforms. The future of India-US relations lies in their capacity to evolve a new quid pro quo in which the US will formulate its expectations in more realistic terms while India would assume a larger share of the burden of Asia’ security.
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Ibata-Arens, Kathryn C. Beyond Technonationalism. Stanford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.11126/stanford/9781503605473.001.0001.
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What explains the rapid and sustained economic rise of Asian countries in high-technology industries, including biomedicals? The biomedical industry, comprised mainly of biopharmaceuticals and medical devices, is among the fastest growing globally and has been an economic-development target of national governments around the world. The book presents a conceptual framework to assess national government management of innovation and entrepreneurship in the fast-growing biomedical industry in Asia, which at current growth rates is on track to become the center of the world economy. Four Asian countries—China, India, Japan, and Singapore—are compared in terms of innovation capacities, government policy, and firm-level strategies underlying competitive advantages in high technology. The book argues that countries that pursue networked technonationalism have been effective in upgrading innovation capacity and also encouraging entrepreneurial activity in targeted industries. The study begins with a global-level analysis of biomedical innovation and entrepreneurship, identifying emerging concentrations of scientific citation, patenting, and firm creation—paying close attention to trends in Asian economies and future prospects. Findings indicate a gradual shift to Asian economies of many biomedical-innovation and new-business-creation activities. The book concludes with implications for innovation policy and entrepreneurship strategy in Asia and elsewhere.
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Corbridge, Stuart. Economic Growth and Poverty Reduction in Contemporary India. Edited by Gordon L. Clark, Maryann P. Feldman, Meric S. Gertler, and Dariusz Wójcik. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198755609.013.40.
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India is an exception to many so-called rules in social science. This chapter considers why accounts of long-term economic growth, which assume that either institutional quality or geography is a foundational driver of change, are confounded by India. Attention is directed instead to consistency of economic policymaking, competition between provinces, and the stability of underlying political settlements. The chapter also considers why India’s growth success has been so much less efficient at reducing extreme income poverty than is the case in most East Asian countries. Poverty reduction in the east and centre-north of India has been undercut by persistent underinvestment in state capacity and public services. It has also been harmed by systems of political calculation that made investments in security and growth seemingly unnecessary for incumbent re-election. This is now changing in areas not under Maoist control, but the legacies of persistent social exclusion cast a long shadow.
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My Captivity: A Pioneer Woman's Story of Her Life Among the Sioux. Skyhorse, 2014.
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Kelly, Fanny. My Captivity: A Pioneer Woman's Story of Her Life among the Sioux. Skyhorse Publishing Company, Incorporated, 2014.
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Jakimow, Tanya. Susceptibility in Development. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198854739.001.0001.
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Susceptibility in Development offers a novel approach to understanding power in development through theories of affect and emotion. Development agents—people tasked with designing or delivering development—are susceptible to being affected in ways that may derail or threaten their ‘sense of self’. This susceptibility is in direct relation to the capacity of others to affect development agents: an overlooked form of power. This book proposes a new analytical framework—the capacity/susceptibility to affect/be affected—to enable new readings of power relations and their consequences for development. These barely perceptible forms of power become visible through ethnographic attention to local level development. Susceptibility in Development offers a comparative ethnography of two types of local development agents: volunteers in a community development programme in Medan, Indonesia, and women municipal councillors in Dehradun, India. Ethnographic accounts that are attentive to the emotions and affects engendered in encounters between volunteers and ‘beneficiaries’, or municipal councillors and voters (for example) provide a fresh reading of the relations shaping local development. Local development agents may be more ‘susceptible’ than workers and volunteers from the global North, yet the capacity/susceptibility to affect/be affected orders relations and shapes outcomes of development from the local to the global. In theorizing from the local, Susceptibility in Development offers fresh insights into power dynamics in development.
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Shope, Bradley. Orchestras and musical intersections with regimental bands, blackface minstrel troupes, and jazz in India, 1830s–1940s. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199352227.003.0013.
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This chapter discusses blackface minstrel troupes, British regimental bands and jazz orchestras performing in India from the mid-nineteenth century to the mid-twentieth century. It details their challenges and strategies for success, and suggests that their capacity to facilitate cosmopolitan encounters in the wider world contributed to their popularity and value. It first introduces problems and practicalities in maintaining bands performing British military music in India in the mid- and late-nineteenth century. It then briefly introduces the character and scope of ballroom dance music and blackface minstrelsy in urban centres. To end, it examines the character of jazz orchestras between the 1920s and 1940s, detailing the role of the gramophone industry, entertainment venues such as hotel and cinema hall ballrooms, and the Allied military in Calcutta on their growth and profitability. In each example, it articulates thoughts on the role and usefulness of orchestras and notes issues confronting their musicians.
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Moodie, Deonnie. A Religious Institution Goes Public. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190885267.003.0003.
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In the mid-twentieth century, Kālīghāṭ became a site that middle-class actors could not only write about but also act upon in an official capacity. Because Kālīghāṭ was never royally patronized, East India Company and British official bodies did not take over the role of departing royal powers there as they did at other temples across India. Instead, middle-class actors took it upon themselves to modernize Kālīghāṭ’s management system in the mid-twentieth century. One Brahmin temple proprietor brought a complaint against 84 others to a district court in the 1930s, alleging that his brethren had mismanaged temple funds. Lawyers and judges at the district, state, and national levels worked to declare Kālīghāṭ a public temple and impose upon it a management committee that would be selected by educated, civically conscious Hindus in the city. This effectively removed authority from the temple’s Brahmin proprietors and put it in the hands of middle-class Hindus unaffiliated with the temple.
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Bresser-Perreira, Luiz Carlos. Brazil’s Macroeconomic Policy Institutions, Quasi-Stagnation, and the Interest Rate–Exchange Rate Trap. Edited by Edmund Amann, Carlos R. Azzoni, and Werner Baer. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190499983.013.10.
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This chapter examines the evolution of macroeconomic policy and institutions over the long term and the ways in which they have influenced the growth path of the Brazilian economy. It establishes that a critical influence on the disappointing growth performance realized was a failure to neutralize the effects of exchange rate induced Dutch Disease. In addition to this, Brazil’s economic dynamism has been inhibited by the pursuit of a growth with current account deficits (“foreign savings”) policy; an exchange rate anchor policy to control inflation; and a high level of interest rates. Collectively, these factors have reduced the productivity and competitiveness of Brazil’s manufacturing industry. In addition, the interest-rate level has remained very high since the Real Plan and, from the late 1970s the investment capacity of the Brazilian state drastically decreased.
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Gill, Steven J., and Michael H. Nathanson. Central nervous system pathologies and anaesthesia. Edited by Philip M. Hopkins. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199642045.003.0081.
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Anaesthesia induces changes in many organ systems within the body, though clearly none more so than the central nervous system. The physiology of the normal central nervous system is complex and the addition of chronic pathology and polypharmacy creates a significant challenge for the anaesthetist. This chapter demonstrates a common approach for the anaesthetist and specific considerations for a wide range of neurological conditions. Detailed preoperative assessment is essential to gain understanding of the current symptomatology and neurological deficit, including at times restrictions on movement and position. Some conditions may pose challenges relating to communication, capacity, and consent. As part of the consent process, patients may worry that an anaesthetic may aggravate or worsen their neurological disease. There is little evidence to support this understandable concern; however, the risks and benefits must be considered on an individual patient basis. The conduct of anaesthesia may involve a preference for general or regional anaesthesia and requires careful consideration of the pharmacological and physiological impact on the patient and their disease. Interactions between regular medications and anaesthetic drugs are common. Chronically denervated muscle may induce hyperkalaemia after administration of succinylcholine. Other patients may have an altered response to non-depolarizing agents, such as those suffering from myasthenia gravis. The most common neurological condition encountered is epilepsy. This requires consideration of the patient’s antiepileptic drugs, often relating to hepatic enzyme induction or less commonly inhibition and competition for protein binding, and the effect of the anaesthetic technique and drugs on the patient’s seizure risk. Postoperative care may need to take place in a high dependency unit, especially in those with limited preoperative reserve or markers of frailty, and where the gastrointestinal tract has been compromised, alternative routes of drug delivery need to be considered. Overall, patients with chronic neurological conditions require careful assessment and preparation, a considered technique with attention to detail, and often higher levels of care during their immediate postoperative period.
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Veeraraghavan, Rajesh. Patching Development. Oxford University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197567814.001.0001.
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How can development programs deliver benefits to marginalized citizens in ways that expand their rights and freedoms? Political will and good policy design are critical but often insufficient due to resistance from entrenched local power systems. The book is an ethnography of one of the largest development programs in the world, the Indian National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (NREGA), and examines in detail NREGA’s implementation in the South Indian state of Andhra Pradesh. It finds that the local system of power is extremely difficult to transform, not because of inertia, but because of coercive counter-strategy from actors at the last mile and their ability to exploit information asymmetries. Upper-level NREGA bureaucrats in Andhra Pradesh do not possess the capacity to change the power axis through direct confrontation with local elites, but instead have relied on a continuous series of responses that react to local implementation and information, a process of patching development. Patching development is a top-down, fine-grained, iterative socio-technical process that makes local information about implementation visible through technology and enlists participation from marginalized citizens through social audits. These processes are neither neat nor orderly and have led to a contentious sphere where the exercise of power over documents, institutions, and technology is intricate, fluid, and highly situated. The book throws new light on the challenges and benefits of using information and technology in novel ways to implement development programs. While focused on one Indian state, the implications for increasing citizen participation and government transparency have global relevance.
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Lucangelo, Umberto, and Massimo Ferluga. Pulmonary mechanical dysfunction in the critically ill. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0084.
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In intensive care units practitioners are confronted every day with mechanically-ventilated patients and should be able to sort out from all the data available from modern ventilators to tailored patient ventilatory strategy. Real-time visualization of pressure, flow and tidal volume provide valuable information on the respiratory system, to optimize ventilatory support and avoiding complications associated with mechanical ventilation. Early determination of patient–ventilator asynchrony, air-trapping, and variation in respiratory parameters is important during mechanical ventilation. A correct evaluation of data becomes mandatory to avoid a prolonged need for ventilatory support. During dynamic hyperinflation the lungs do not have time to reach the functional residual capacity at the end of expiration, increasing the work of breathing and promoting patient-ventilator asynchrony. Expiratory capnogram provides qualitative information on the waveform patterns associated with mechanical ventilation and quantitative estimation of expired CO2. The concept of dead space accounts for those lung areas that are ventilated but not perfused. Calculations derived from volumetric capnography are useful indicators of pulmonary embolism. Moreover, alveolar dead space is increased in acute lung injury and its value decreased in case of positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP)-induced recruitment, whereas PEEP-induced overdistension tends to increment alveolar dead space.
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Broomhall, Susan. Dirk Hartog’s Sea Chest. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198802648.003.0011.
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This chapter charts the affective power and significance that Dutch East India Company (Vereenigde Oostindische Compagnie or VOC) objects have held from the seventeenth century to the present, because of their physical form and their location and assemblage with other objects on the Australian coast. The chapter explores how objects and people not only operate in relation to each other, but also in particular spaces and in specific historical contexts. Thus, the emotional and social power of these objects has created varied narratives over time that situate first the VOC, then the Dutch nation, as a global power, demonstrate the frailty of human capacity, celebrate the ambition and achievement of individual discoverers, and allow a new vision of Australia and its communities to emerge.
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Riehl, Mark. TMS stimulator design. Edited by Charles M. Epstein, Eric M. Wassermann, and Ulf Ziemann. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198568926.013.0003.
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Transcranial magnetic stimulators have progressed from basic implementations to integrated systems optimized for treatment of pathologies. This article reviews key factors of design of such clinically targeted systems, discussing design principles, procedure-specific features, and clinical safety requirements. A power source, a capacitor, and a high-power switch controlled by a processor form the basic stimulator. The fundamental operating mechanism of a TMS stimulator is to create a changing magnetic field that can induce a current in adjacent conductive material. The clinical TMS system must incorporate patient positioning, patient comfort, coil positioning features, and intuitive user controls and means of managing patient data to be a fully effective system. The most important safety risk with repetitive TMS reported in the literature is the risk of inducing seizure. Other safety considerations include proper use of human factor analysis to minimize improper operation, the biocompatibility of materials touching the patient, and addressing acoustic noise.
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Mahmood, Zaad. Partisan Government and Interest Groups. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199475278.003.0005.
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The chapter further elaborates the theme of partisanship by analysing the role of business groups and trade unions in shaping labour market reforms. The chapter evaluates business and trade unions as contending interests in shaping labour reforms across the states to explain variations in labour market. Disaggregated analysis of relative strength and organization of the interest groups shows that the influence of interest groups depends more on their proximity to the government than material resources or their organizational capacity. This is most evident in Maharashtra and Andhra Pradesh where relative strength of business groups and trade unions do not corroborate labour market outcomes. The finding reaffirms the centrality of governments and political parties due to the historical weakness of civil society organizations and legacy of state intervention in India.
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Mansingh, Surjit. Indira Gandhi’s Foreign Policy. Edited by David M. Malone, C. Raja Mohan, and Srinath Raghavan. Oxford University Press, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198743538.013.8.
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Indira Gandhi’s foreign policy illustrates realist theory in being more attuned to power relations and pragmatic solutions than to moral principles or liberal institutions. Throughout her two tenures in office she manoeuvred successfully to an improved status, especially when dealing with the Bangladesh crisis. Had Mrs Gandhi been a ‘hard realist’ she might have effectively curtailed Pakistan’s capacity to make mischief. She could have used India’s regional dominance to build a South Asian community and formulate a strategy for the adjacent Persian Gulf. She did not do so, and her domestic policy blunders led to her downfall in 1977. On her return to power she did not disrupt India’s beneficial ties with the Soviet Union, tried to mend relations with China, and took steps to strengthen India’s ties with the United States. She hosted several high-level international conferences but her domestic political blunders, as in Punjab, ultimately cost her life.
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Washburn, David A., Michael J. Beran, and J. David Smith. Metamemory in Comparative Context. Edited by John Dunlosky and Sarah (Uma) K. Tauber. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199336746.013.21.
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Demonstrations of animal memory were among the earliest experimental results obtained in psychology, but investigations of whether animals show metacognitive competencies are relatively new. Such investigations require innovative paradigms in which uncertainty can be created and empirically validated, methods by which nonverbal organisms can indicate their recognition of confidence or uncertainty, and systematic inquiry to determine whether such responses are externally, associatively generated or are subjective and metacognitive. This third point requires particular attention to balance competing considerations like anthropomorphism, parsimony, and interpretive errors, such as being too inclined to infer analogous mechanisms, or conversely to reject real demonstrations of animal metamemory by holding them to different evidentiary standards than is human metacognition. The results from numerous attempts to address these challenges are reviewed, yielding the overall conclusion that the capacity for metamemory and metacognition has been demonstrated at least by some animals in ways that defy low-level associative interpretation.
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Venet, Fabienne, and Alain Lepape. Immunoparesis in the critically ill. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0313.
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In parallel with an exaggerated pro-inflammatory response, critically-ill patients develop an immunosuppressive phase, termed immunoparesis/immunoparalysis or immune reprogramming. Innate and adaptive immune responses are affected. In particular, impaired neutrophil recruitment to injury sites and abnormal accumulation in remote sites; monocyte deactivation with preferential anti-inflammatory cytokine production and altered antigen presentation capacity; and a dramatic lymphopenia associated with major induction of apoptosis, functional, and phenotypic alterations have been described. The intensity and duration of this injury-induced immune dysfunction have been associated with an increased risk of death and secondary nosocomial infections. Innovative therapeutic strategies aiming at restoring immunological functions are currently being tested. GM-CSF appears to be an interesting candidate while IFN-γ and IL-7 represent novel future therapeutic approaches. There is thus an urgent need for further clinical trials of such immunoadjuvant therapies that should include large cohorts of critically-ill patients stratified by relevant markers of immune dysfunction.