Relevant bibliographies by topics / Internal and external reasons

Contents

  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'Internal and external reasons'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 3 June 2025
Last updated: 31 July 2025

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Journal articles on the topic "Internal and external reasons"

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WONG, DAVID B. "Moral Reasons: Internal and External." Philosophy and Phenomenological Research 72, no. 3 (2006): 436–558. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1933-1592.2006.tb00581.x.

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Shevchenko, A. A. "Practical Normativity: Internal and External Reasons." Siberian Journal of Philosophy 16, no. 2 (2018): 42–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.25205/2541-7517-2018-16-2-42-52.

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Brunero, John. "RECENT WORK ON INTERNAL AND EXTERNAL REASONS." American Philosophical Quarterly 54, no. 2 (2017): 99–117. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/44982129.

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Abstract This paper examines some recent arguments for intemalism that (i) appeal to an analogy between practical and theoretical reasons, (ii) look toward our practices of reasoning with others, or (iii) tie reasons to good deliberation. The conclusion of this paper is a skeptical one: none of these new arguments gives us sufficient reason to think that internalism is true.
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Williams, Bernard, and Tomasz Żuradzki. "Racje wewnętrzne i zewnętrzne (przeł. Tomasz Żuradzki)." Roczniki Filozoficzne 67, no. 1 (2019): 231–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.18290/rf.2019.67.1-11.

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Godshalk, Veronica M., and C. Melissa Fender. "External and Internal Reasons for Career Plateauing." Group & Organization Management 40, no. 4 (2014): 529–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1059601114558062.

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Horning, Amber, Lyndsay Thompson, and Christopher Thomas. "Harlem Pimps’ Reflections on Quitting: External and Internal Reasons." Victims & Offenders 14, no. 5 (2019): 561–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15564886.2019.1628147.

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Giriūnas, Lukas, Jonas Mackevičius, and Romualdas Valkauskas. "Clusterization of reasons for bankruptcy of enterprises." Buhalterinės apskaitos teorija ir praktika, no. 14 (December 18, 2013): 72–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.15388/batp.2013.13465.

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Bankruptcies of enterprises are among the most common events in the market economy. They cause a lot of negative effects not only for the company and its employees, but also for other companies and institutions, the state and society. 
 Although the researchers have examined the reasons for bankruptcy, there is no list of the signs clearly indicating the likelihood of bankruptcy. Or such list is impossible due to the fact that causes of bankruptcy are related to the complex and constantly changing external environment of the company. That is why various features are only the symptoms poin
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Brewer, Talbot. "The Real Problem With Internalism About Reasons." Canadian Journal of Philosophy 32, no. 4 (2002): 443–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00455091.2002.10716526.

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Over the past two decades, moral philosophers have been engaged in a seemingly interminable debate about the role of internal and external reasons in practical reasoning. The rough distinction between these two sorts of reasons is this: internal reasons apply to particular agents in virtue of their relation to that agent's desires, preferences, or other motivational states, while external reasons are normative for particular agents quite independently of their relation to the subjective motivational states of these agents.
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Gizbert-Studnicki, Tomasz. "On legal things to do: external and internal legal reasons." Revus, no. 37 (May 24, 2019): 29–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.4000/revus.4791.

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S.V., Orekhova, and Nikitinа O.M. "DOMESTIC LABOR MARKETS: PHENOMENON AND REASONS FOR SEPARATION." Russian Electronic Scientific Journal 49, no. 3 (2023): 170–80. https://doi.org/10.31563/2308-9644-2023-49-3-170-180.

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Social and labor transformation determines the choice between a closed or open personnel policy. The reasons for choosing a closed personnel policy are explained by the concept of internal labor markets. The article is devoted to the theoretical area of internal labor market phenomenon as well as the rationale for its sustainable functioning in organizations. The key characteristics of internal labor market are the need for a specific human capital of workers, intra-company labor pricing, long-term labor contracts, the presence of formalized and transparent institutions for the development and
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Internal and external reasons"

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Twahirwa, Eunice Ishimwe Mariella. "Internal Versus External Reasons for the Rand-Dollar Exchange Rate Volatility." University of the Western Cape, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/5738.

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Magister Commercii - MCom (Economics)<br>Increased exchange rate volatility is an impediment to the health of the economy of a country. Following the 1995 policy shift made by the South African Reserve Bank, from a fixed exchange rate regime to a free floating exchange rate regime; the rand/dollar exchange rate became volatile. The aim of the study was to investigate the forces that lead the exchange rate volatility. In more details, the study looked at the relationship between the rand/dollar exchange rate and its determinants. In terms of the methodology, a Structural Vector Autoregressive (
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Tretjakova, Anna, and Olli Nurkkala. "The Reasons Behind Corporate Philanthropy (CP). Creating Brand Value by CP. : A multiple case study from Sweden and Finland." Thesis, Umeå universitet, Företagsekonomi, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-60205.

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Everyday Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) plays a bigger role in companies’ work. People become more aware of how different organizations take care of their network. Certain consumer groups have expectations from companies’ CSR work, and they are willing to pay more for the brands of these firms compared to others. These facts have forced the companies to put more effort into their CSR work. On the other hand it has become an opportunity for corporations, which are forerunners in this area. CSR can be interpreted so that communities have expectations from the firms and the work the latter
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Schaefer, Brian. "Universal rights from external reasons." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/4005.

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The thesis is an attempt to find a satisfactorv grounding for universal moral rights. It attempts to ground universal moral rights in a revised version of the framework of moral reasons offered by T.M. Scanlon in What We Owe to Each Oflzer. In doing so it takes on several related projects. It makes a case for why rights generally, and universal rights in particular, are an essential part of a proper moral theory. It then attempts an extended argument in support of why the method of grounding universal rights at which I eventuallv arrive is superior to competitors. The argument encompasses both
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Pollard, Matthew. "Internal drama and external theatre." Thesis, University of Sussex, 2007. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.436381.

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Cherniawsky, Debra Lynn. "External and internal environmental manifestations." The Ohio State University, 1990. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1303489130.

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Subramanian, Uma Maheswari. "On internal and external syntax mismatches /." The Ohio State University, 1992. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1487760357821743.

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O'Sullivan, Cornelius Noel. "Internal and external governance in UK companies." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2000. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/10933/.

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The 1990s witnessed an increased interest in issues of governance and accountability in U.K. companies. In the wake of a series of governance reports (e.g. Cadbury, 1992; Greenbury, 1995; Hampel, 1998), U.K. companies have significantly altered their governance characteristics. The objective of this thesis is to examine the utilisation of governance mechanisms by U.K. companies immediately prior to the beginning of this governance revolution. My first objective is to ascertain the extent to which board composition and leadership, managerial ownership and external shareholder control were subst
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Chalari, Athanasia. "The relationship between internal and external conversation." Thesis, University of Warwick, 2007. http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/1120/.

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This study offers a definition, description, analytical theorisation and critical discussion concerning the relationship between internal and external conversation. 'Internal conversation' refers to the inner dialogues that individuals have with themselves· about themselves and the social environment, while 'external conversation' refers to those parts of internal conversation that the individual shares with others. The central question of this research, concerning the relationship between internal and external conversation, derives from a common observation which remains unanswered: why do p
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Bernhardi, Ernest F. III. "Typography: From Internal Conflict to External Content." VCU Scholars Compass, 2010. http://scholarscompass.vcu.edu/etd/2100.

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This body of work represents a celebration and pursuit of realizing an alternative language, one capable of expressing internal conflict through process and response to external typographic form and content.
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Ma, Linlin. "Internal versus External Replacement of Mutual Fund Managers." Digital Archive @ GSU, 2013. http://digitalarchive.gsu.edu/finance_diss/23.

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I use a unique dataset of 1,808 mutual fund manager replacements to study the determinants and the subsequent impact of the choice between hiring the successor from within (internal hire) and outside (external hire) the fund family. I find that fund families prefer to replace their top performers with internal hires and bottom performers with external hires. External hires demonstrate superior ability to turn around bottom performing funds, but exhibit inferior ability to maintain the record of top performing funds. I find no cross-sectional difference in post-replacement performance between i
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Books on the topic "Internal and external reasons"

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Peplau, Hildegard E. Internal vs. external regulation. American Nurses' Association, 1986.

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Setiya, Kieran. Internal reasons: Contemporary readings. MIT Press, 2012.

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Gertner, Robert H. Internal versus external capital markets. National Bureau of Economic Research, 1994.

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Dharam, S. S. Internal and external threats to Sikhism. Gurmat Publishers, 1986.

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Dharam, S. S. Internal and external threats to Sikhism. Gurmat, 1986.

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M, Asaf K., and Barakat Abul, eds. Central Asia, internal and external dynamics. Institute of Regional Studies, 1997.

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Utah. Division of Wildlife Resources. Internal/external operational environment assessment report. The Division, 2000.

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Kalam, Abul, ed. Bangladesh: Internal dynamics and external linkages. University Press Ltd., 1996.

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1959-, Rowley Chris, and Bae Johngseok 1963-, eds. Korean business: Internal and external industrialization. Frank Cass, 1998.

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Gerritsen, Marinel, and Dieter Stein, eds. Internal and External Factors in Syntactic Change. DE GRUYTER MOUTON, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/9783110886047.

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Book chapters on the topic "Internal and external reasons"

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Magnani, Lorenzo. "Inferring Reasons Internal and External Reasons in Practical Cognition." In The Logic of Social Practices II. Springer Nature Switzerland, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-39113-2_4.

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Magnani, Lorenzo. "Correction to: Inferring Reasons. Internal and External Reasons in Practical Cognition." In The Logic of Social Practices II. Springer Nature Switzerland, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-39113-2_12.

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Yu, Xiu-bao. "Strategic Decision Biases and Decision Making Principles." In Management for Professionals. Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-33-4713-7_7.

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AbstractThis article, through some examples, introduces a few types of biases in strategic decisions and the reasons for their biases. It proposes a strategic decision tendentious model on the basis of consideration of internal and external situations. Three important principles that ought to be complied with in the strategic decision makings are proposed and introduced.
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Guillén, Javier, Rony Kalman, Sara Wells, Mark Gardiner, and Thomas Steckler. "Implementing Quality Systems in the Management of the Animal Care and Use Program." In Laboratory Animal Science and Medicine. Springer Nature Switzerland, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-65414-5_18.

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AbstractThe laboratory animal science community is moving toward increasing the quality of their work. There are two main reasons for that: first, the objective of improving the care and use of the animals to ensure animal well-being; and second, the general trend by animal researchers toward enhancing the quality, reproducibility, and translatability of the research outcome. Therefore, animal care and use program managers are more and more involved, by personal and/or institutional commitment, in the implementation of quality practices in all animal program areas. In addition to internal qual
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"External and internal reasons." In The Cunning of Reason. Cambridge University Press, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cbo9780511621161.007.

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"Internal and external reasons." In The Myth of Morality. Cambridge University Press, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cbo9780511487101.006.

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"Internal and external reasons." In How to Get Philosophy Students Talking. Routledge, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315670645-79.

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Wong, David B. "Moral Reasons—Internal and External *." In Natural Moralities. Oxford University Press, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/0195305396.003.0007.

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Gaus, Gerald F. "The Internal and External Perspectives." In Justificatory Liberalism An Essay on Epistemology and Political Theory. Oxford University PressNew York, NY, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195094398.003.0003.

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Abstract Thus far I have focused on the causal dimension of the basing relation. But, of course, that one belief causes another does not show that it is a reason for it. As Pollock notes, our beliefs can be knit together causally in odd ways: I might believe that I am going to be late to my class, and that might cause me to run on a slippery sidewalk, lose my footing, and fall down, whereupon I find myself flat on my back looking up at the birds in the tree above me. My belief that I was going to be late caused me to have the belief that there were birds in the tree, but I do not believe the l
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Weaver, Bryan R., and Kevin Scharp. "Reasons." In Semantics for Reasons. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198832621.003.0001.

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Chapter 1 clarifies, organizes, and in some case corrects the extensive literature on the different kinds of reasons. We focus in particular on (i) contributory, conclusive, and sufficient reasons, (ii) adaptive, evaluative, and practical reasons, (iii) normative, motivating, and explanatory reasons, (iv) permissive and obligatory reasons, (v) internal and external reasons, and (vi) agent-neutral and agent-relative reasons. In each case, the chapter traces the history of these terms involved and establish the best way to understand them. The result is the most systematic and comprehensive reas
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Conference papers on the topic "Internal and external reasons"

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Alotaibi, Mohammed. "CP Upgrade Options for Aboveground Storage Tanks." In MPWT 2019. NACE International, 2019. https://doi.org/10.5006/mpwt19-14297.

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Abstract Storage tanks are the primary means for storing large volumes of liquids and gaseous products. Metal loss from internal and external corrosion can reduce the service life of a tank. It is important to maintain the integrity of steel storage tanks for safety, economic, and environmental reasons. Saudi Aramco implemented three different scenarios of cathodic protection (CP) during bottom plate replacement for three typical tanks. The tanks’ bottom plates were replaced based on thickness measurements and visual inspection that revealed severe corrosion from soil. The main reason for such
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Kharusi, Amjad, Janardhan Rao Saithala, Mohammed Al Ghafri, Mohammed Ossama, and Talal Nabhani. "Field Experience of Various Coating Systems in Oil & Gas Industry." In CONFERENCE 2024. AMPP, 2024. https://doi.org/10.5006/c2024-20360.

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Abstract Internal and external coatings have been used extensively for the corrosion protection of a wide range of process components such as flowlines, pipelines, piping, vessels, tanks etc. that are used in oil and gas industry. Coatings are a critical barrier as part of a corrosion management strategy and shall be capable of providing long term corrosion protection in corrosive environment. Coatings are exposed to wide range of temperatures, high pressure environments, and acid gases (H2S and CO2), and are subjected to mechanical damage, etc. during operating service life. The authors’ comp
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Tator, Kenneth B., and Robert Lanterman. "Coating Deterioration - a Mechanistic Overview." In CORROSION 2016. NACE International, 2016. https://doi.org/10.5006/c2016-07065.

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Abstract Coatings of many different types are widely used to provide color and pleasing aesthetics, and to prevent deterioration of the underlying substrate when exposed to various environments. To do this the coating must remain intact and adherent on the surface to which it has been applied. While the vast majority of all coatings perform admirably, premature failure can and does occur. The most common reasons for premature coating failure are insufficient surface preparation and/or deficient coating thickness. However, sometimes even properly specified, applied and cured coatings fail prema
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Saithala, Janardhan Rao, Tim Illson, Ian Thompson, et al. "Corrosion Management of Duplex Stainless Steel Gas Production Flowlines." In CORROSION 2014. NACE International, 2014. https://doi.org/10.5006/c2014-3974.

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Abstract Onshore gas production facilities commonly consist of a network of flowlines feeding the gas inlet manifold before processing. A number of operators use duplex stainless steel (DSS) as one of the materials of construction (MOC) for gas flowlines due to their good corrosion resistance with the aim of avoiding extensive maintenance and providing high gas production availability. However duplex stainless steels (DSS’s) can still be susceptible to internal and external corrosion threats in both above-ground and buried environments. The threat of corrosion can be effectively managed if DSS
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Al-Ali, Samir K., Husain J. Alshammari, Faisal H. Al-Refai, Vinod K. Bhatia, and Mohd Al-Otaibi. "Monitoring of Stagnant and Low-Flow Lines in Petroleum Refineries." In CORROSION 2017. NACE International, 2017. https://doi.org/10.5006/c2017-09682.

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Abstract With new advancements in the petroleum refining processes, the need for monitoring of corrosion on the new and old systems is also transforming. This paper describes the experience gained in monitoring of stagnant and low flow lines of a refinery in Kuwait After witnessing a failure in one of the de-salter relief lines of the crude distillation unit, a comprehensive plan was prepared to identify and address similar cases in the entire refinery which was a major challenge. This paper describes the probable causes and the adopted remedies for the localized corrosion observed in the insu
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Yao, Yucheng, Fan Yang, Kaiyue Wang, and Xiabing Zhou. "Internal-External Information Enhanced Causal Reasoning." In 2024 International Joint Conference on Neural Networks (IJCNN). IEEE, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ijcnn60899.2024.10651415.

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Smith, Matthew, Jason Friel, and Jared Kloda. "Hydraulic System Internal and External Leakage Diagnostics." In Vertical Flight Society 70th Annual Forum & Technology Display. The Vertical Flight Society, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.4050/f-0070-2014-9538.

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The Sikorsky Aircraft Corporation and the U.S. Army Aviation Development Directorate - Aviation Applied Technology Directorate (ADD-AATD) are jointly sponsoring the Capability-Based Operations and Sustainment Technology-Aviation (COST-A) program. The objective of COST-A is to demonstrate an integrated set of high-value diagnostics, prognostics, and system health management technologies that reduce the maintenance burden, without sacrificing safety, of six different rotorcraft systems. The major goals of the COST-A vehicle management system (VMS) effort include developing diagnostics for assess
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Chen, Hua, Ding Tong, and Xiaochun Wang. "Vortices and Performance of Internal and External Volutes." In ASME Turbo Expo 2015: Turbine Technical Conference and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2015-42462.

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In this paper, the cross flow in several internal and external volutes of a small centrifugal compressor is examined to highlight its effects on compressor performance. Different levels of the loss associated with shear stress related to the vortices in the volute cross section are shown to be the reason behind the diverse performance of internal volutes and external volutes. A numerical simulation is carried out to substantiate this and to further study this effect of cross sectional shape of volutes.
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Konak, Fatih, and Hakan Turan. "Was the Turkish Financial Crisis in 2001 Caused by External or Internal Factors?" In International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c04.00724.

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There has been much discussion on the issue of whether financial crisis are caused by external factors or internal factors. This research has attempted to demonstrate what were the real reasons whether internal or external factors, behind the Turkish financial crisis in 2001. The crucial question that demands an answer is ‘which one of them overwhelmingly triggered the crisis. It was argued that before the crisis occurred, the Turkey economy had been affected by some unfavourable external shocks such as, rise in crude oil prices which increased the current account deficit; however, it can be s
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Unnthorsson, Runar, Halldor Palsson, and Rikey Huld Magnusdottir. "Waste-Heat for Pre-Heating Internal Combustion Engines." In ASME 2012 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2012-89591.

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The pre-heating of engine coolant using electrical and fuel-based pre-heaters has been practiced for decades. There are many valid reasons for pre-heating engines such as increasing fuel economy, reducing pollution from combustion, reducing engine wear and increasing comfort. Those reasons are particularly true in colder climates where cars are used for short trips of up to 10 minutes or 5 kilometers. In this paper an unconventional approach for pre-heating engines before starting is studied. The pre-heating is accomplished by assuming storage of a certain amount of the engine’s hot coolant in
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Reports on the topic "Internal and external reasons"

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Alexander, Chris, and Chantz Denowh. PR-652-195104-R01 Development of Heavy Wall ILI Test Samples. Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0011680.

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Guidance is needed for the pipeline industry's in-line inspection (ILI) technologies as current industry practices address mainly thin-wall pipe specifications as well as spool and defect design. Heavy-wall pipe is mostly found in subsea applications where the predominant threats are internal; however, external defects cannot be discounted. Nondestructive evaluation (NDE) sensing technologies for heavy-wall pipe often have very different specs for examining external versus internal features. The end uses for ILI technologies in the heavy-wall subsea applications often put a premium on low limi
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Denowh, Chantz, Chris Alexander, and Ahmed Hassanin. PR-652-195104-R02 Development of Heavy Wall ILI Test Samples. Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0012096.

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Guidance is needed for the pipeline industry's in-line inspection (ILI) technologies as current industry practices address mainly thin-wall pipe specifications as well as spool and defect design. Heavy-wall pipe is mostly found in subsea applications where the predominant threats are internal; however, external defects cannot be discounted. Nondestructive evaluation (NDE) sensing technologies for heavy-wall pipe often have very different specifications for examining external versus internal defects. The end uses for ILI technologies in the heavy-wall subsea applications often put a premium on
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Westley, Glenn D. Microfinance in the Caribbean: How to Go Further. Inter-American Development Bank, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0009204.

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This paper discusses microfinance institutions (MFIs) in the Caribbean. It argues that the reason they have lagged is fundamentally explained by factors internal to the MFIs, rather than external to them. The paper introduces four Caribbean MFIs, two with track records of low loan delinquency rates and two with track records of high loan delinquency rates, and analyzes their lending methodology. The paper concludes that Caribbean MFIs can become profitable, successful financial institutions by making changes to their internal policies and procedures. This is a very empowering conclusion, for i
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Pinchuk, O. P., O. M. Sokolyuk, O. Yu Burov, Evgeniy Lavrov, Svitlana Shevchenko, and Valeriia Aksakovska. ICT for training and evaluation of the solar impact on aviation safety. CEUR Workshop Proceedings, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.33407/lib.naes.722580.

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The paper discusses information and communication technology use for studying reasons of aviation accidents because of the aviation operator errors as result of internal and external influence. The model and technique are proposed and include integrated ICT united previously developed (initial professional selection and day-to-day pre-shift check), open access cloud-based (NASA and ICAO) and real-time operative (air traffic controllers and pilots control) ICTs, which data are stored in one database. Proposed ICT has been checked to study effect of the solar wind parameters (speed and density)
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Gertner, Robert, David Scharfstein, and Jeremy Stein. Internal versus External Capital Markets. National Bureau of Economic Research, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w4776.

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Cappelli, Peter, and David Neumark. External Job Churning and Internal Job Flexibility. National Bureau of Economic Research, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w8111.

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Hogan, Kevin, and Benny Martinez. External and Internal Nuclear Material Transactions - US Approach. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1165178.

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Lazear, Edward, and Paul Oyer. Internal and External Labor Markets: A Personnel Economics Approach. National Bureau of Economic Research, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w10192.

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Terzyan, Aram. Chechnya's Internal Oppression and External Military Actions in Ukraine. Eurasia Institutes, 2024. https://doi.org/10.47669/ihrdp-1-2024.

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This paper examines the dual dynamics of domestic repression and external military involvement under Ramzan Kadyrov's authoritarian regime in the Chechen Republic. It delves into systemic human rights violations, including the persecution of activists, LGBTQ+ individuals, independent journalists, and religious minorities, while highlighting Kadyrov’s strategic use of state-controlled Islam to enforce sociopolitical control. In parallel, the paper explores the deployment of Chechen forces in the Russia-Ukraine war, analyzing how Kadyrov leverages the conflict to consolidate his authority and st
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Farboodi, Maryam, Gregor Jarosch, and Robert Shimer. Internal and External Effects of Social Distancing in a Pandemic. National Bureau of Economic Research, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w27059.

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