Relevant bibliographies by topics / Interpretive biases

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'Interpretive biases'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 8 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Interpretive biases"

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Constans, Joseph I., David L. Penn, Gail H. Ihen, and Debra A. Hope. "Interpretive biases for ambiguous stimuli in social anxiety." Behaviour Research and Therapy 37, no. 7 (1999): 643–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0005-7967(98)00180-6.

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Tran, Tanya B., Paula T. Hertel, and Jutta Joormann. "Cognitive bias modification: Induced interpretive biases affect memory." Emotion 11, no. 1 (2011): 145–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0021754.

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Byrne, Angela, and Michael W. Eysenck. "Individual differences in positive and negative interpretive biases." Personality and Individual Differences 14, no. 6 (1993): 849–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0191-8869(93)90100-h.

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Buhlmann, Ulrike, Sabine Wilhelm, Richard J. McNally, Brunna Tuschen-Caffier, Lee Baer, and Michael A. Jenike. "Interpretive Biases for Ambiguous Information in Body Dysmorphic Disorder." CNS Spectrums 7, no. 6 (2002): 435–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1092852900017946.

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ABSTRACTAnxiety-disordered patients and individuals with high trait anxiety tend to interpret ambiguous information as threatening. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether interpretive biases would also occur in body dysmorphic disorder (BDD), which is characterized by a preoccupation with imagined defects in one's appearance. We tested whether BDD participants, compared with obsessive-compulsive disorder participants and healthy controls, would choose threatening interpretations for ambiguous body-related, ambiguous social, and general scenarios. As we hypothesized, BDD participa
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Joormann, Jutta, Christian E. Waugh, and Ian H. Gotlib. "Cognitive Bias Modification for Interpretation in Major Depression." Clinical Psychological Science 3, no. 1 (2015): 126–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2167702614560748.

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Interpreting ambiguous stimuli in a negative manner is a core bias associated with depression. Investigators have used cognitive bias modification for interpretation (CBM-I) to demonstrate that it is possible to experimentally induce and modify these biases. In this study, we extend previous research by examining whether CBM-I affects not only interpretation but also memory and physiological stress response in individuals diagnosed with major depressive disorder. We found that CBM-I was effective in inducing an interpretive bias. Participants also exhibited memory biases that corresponded to t
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Varela, R. Enrique, Laura A. Niditch, Lauren Hensley-Maloney, Kathryn W. Moore, and C. Christiane Creveling. "Parenting practices, interpretive biases, and anxiety in Latino children." Journal of Anxiety Disorders 27, no. 2 (2013): 171–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.janxdis.2012.12.004.

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Hertel, Paula T. "Interpretive Biases and Ruminative Thought: Experimental Evidence and Clinical Implications." Behavior Therapy 37, no. 3 (2006): 207–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.beth.2005.03.004.

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Ree, Melissa J., and Allison G. Harvey. "Interpretive Biases in Chronic Insomnia: An Investigation Using a Priming Paradigm." Behavior Therapy 37, no. 3 (2006): 248–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.beth.2006.03.002.

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Lester, Kathryn J., Andy P. Field, Samantha Oliver, and Sam Cartwright-Hatton. "Do anxious parents interpretive biases towards threat extend into their child's environment?" Behaviour Research and Therapy 47, no. 2 (2009): 170–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.brat.2008.11.005.

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Cannon, Melinda F., and Carl F. Weems. "Cognitive biases in childhood anxiety disorders: Do interpretive and judgment biases distinguish anxious youth from their non-anxious peers?" Journal of Anxiety Disorders 24, no. 7 (2010): 751–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.janxdis.2010.05.008.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Interpretive biases"

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Godfree, Ross. "Interpretive biases in socially anxious adults." Thesis, University of Southampton, 2013. https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/359459/.

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Social phobia is a highly prevalent and debilitating anxiety disorder that can significantly impact quality of life and produce extreme distress in social situations. Cognitive models of social phobia suggest that information-processing biases are involved in the maintenance of social anxiety. Treatment typically involves a course of Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT). Recent advancements in the understanding of the mechanisms underlying social anxiety have led to specific adjunctive treatments that target processing biases. The current literature review explores the efficacy of training prog
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Parnham-Ormandy, Lynda. "Attentional and interpretive biases in clinical depression." Thesis, University of Southampton, 2004. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.406008.

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Tran, Tanya B. "The Effects of Induced Interpretive Biases on Memory and Emotional Vulnerability." Scholarly Repository, 2008. http://scholarlyrepository.miami.edu/oa_theses/155.

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Cognitive theories propose that interpretive biases play an important role in the onset and maintenance of emotional disorders. To investigate the proposed causal role of interpretive biases, this study examined if it is possible to train interpretations of ambiguous situations, and if this training affects emotional vulnerability and memory. The results indicated that the interpretive training was effective in inducing the intended group differences in interpretive bias, but that the positive training was more effective than negative training. These findings also highlight the potential benef
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Cannon, Melinda. "Cognitive Biases in Childhood Anxiety Disorders: Do Interpretive and Judgment Biases Distinguish Anxious Youth from their Non-anxious Peers?" ScholarWorks@UNO, 2010. http://scholarworks.uno.edu/td/1131.

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The purpose of this study was to examine cognitive biases in clinically anxious children compared to normal children and to determine if cognitive biases could discriminate anxious youth from non-anxious youth. Two specific cognitive biases were the focus of the present study—interpretive biases (i.e., the tendency to interpret neutral stimuli in a negative way) and judgment biases (i.e., a lowered estimate of one's ability to cope with a threatening situation). Twenty-four youth comprised the anxiety disordered sample and were each matched to two normal youth on four demographic variables (ge
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Watts, Sarah. "Selective Attention and Childhood Anxiety: The Associations Among Attention, Memory, Interpretive Biases and Anxiety." ScholarWorks@UNO, 2006. http://scholarworks.uno.edu/td/324.

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This paper examined the links between selective attention, memory bias, interpretive bias, and anxiety problems in a community sample of 81 children (38 females) aged 9-17 years. Cognitive biases were assessed using a word and picture Dot Probe Discrimination task to assess selective attention, a memory task to assess a memory bias, and the CNCEQ to assess interpretive bias. Childhood anxiety was assessed using the parent and child versions of the RCMAS and RCADS. Significant associations were found between the three cognitive biases and childhood anxiety problems. In addition, select
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Egwu, Okenna. "I Should Know Better: An Interpretive Phenomenological Analysis Of New Counselors' Experiences Navigating Their Implicit Biases." W&M ScholarWorks, 2021. https://scholarworks.wm.edu/etd/1627407465.

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Implicit biases are known to have potentially damaging effects in counselors’ professional work. Although it is widely accepted that all people have these personal and unconscious biases, it has been difficult for researchers to identify strategies for consistently eradicating them on an individual level. To engage in multiculturally competent practice, counselors are directed to make every effort to eliminate latent biases. In order to understand how clinicians go about doing this, Interpretive Phenomenological Analysis was employed to explore the nature of counselors’ experiences navigating
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Mobini, Sirous. "Effects of cognitive bias modification and computer-aided cognitive-behaviour therapy on modifying attentional and interpretive biases and anticipatory social anxiety." Thesis, University of East Anglia, 2010. https://ueaeprints.uea.ac.uk/20541/.

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Raykos, Bronwyn C. "Attentional and interpretive biases : independent dimensions of individual difference or expressions of a common selective processing mechanism?" University of Western Australia. School of Psychology, 2007. http://theses.library.uwa.edu.au/adt-WU2007.0018.

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[Truncated abstract] Attentional and interpretive biases are important dimensions of individual difference that have been implicated in the etiology and maintenance of a range of clinical problems. Yet there has been no systematic investigation into the relationship between these dimensions of individual difference. The current research program tested predictions derived from two competing theoretical accounts of the relationship between attentional and interpretive biases. The Common Mechanism Account proposes that cognitive biases represent concurrent manifestations of a single underlying se
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Raykos, Bronwyn C. "Attentional and interpretive biases : independent dimensions of individual difference or expressions of a common selective processing mechanism? /." Connect to this title, 2006. http://theses.library.uwa.edu.au/adt-WU2007.0018.

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Belli, Stefano Roberto. ""Why bother? It's gonna hurt me" : the role of interpersonal cognitive biases in the development of anxiety and depression." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2013. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:49351aab-b4c6-49c8-8376-c5dc0ca096f3.

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Child and adolescent mood and anxiety symptoms are common and debilitating, with long-term effects on well-being. Research presented in this thesis examines interpersonal cognitive factors in the emergence of anxious and depressive symptoms in late childhood through to early adulthood. The thesis considers this issue using three main approaches. For the first, data are presented showing that biases in the appraisals of social situations are the aspects of interpersonal cognition most closely associated with emotional symptoms. For the second, longitudinal twin data are used to examine genetic
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Books on the topic "Interpretive biases"

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Interpreting epidemiologic evidence: Strategies for study design and analysis. Oxford University Press, 2003.

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Association internationale pour le développement de la communication interculturelle. Colloque. Przenikanie siȩ kultur poprzez przekład literacki =: Transfert des cultures par le biais des traductions littéraires : le XXVIe colloque de l'AIMAV. AIMAV, 1999.

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Barnhurst, Kevin G. The Press Grew More Interpretive. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252040184.003.0016.

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This chapter discusses the growing pressure for news to become more interpretive. The Left worries about commercial and public relations influences, and the Right about reporters' biases, but both sides call for news that gives more context. They say the press should also do a better job of explaining where information comes from. News content producers want to supply more and better interpretations and have called for more context that “makes the complex coherent and meaningful,” decried a growing tendency of science news reports to manipulate facts, and warned against surrendering “their fun
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Teubner, Jonathan D. A Historiographical Interlude. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198767176.003.0007.

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The ‘Historiographical Interlude’ presents a brief overview of the cultural, social, and political changes that occur between Augustine’s death in 430 CE and Boethius’ earliest theological writings (c.501 CE). When Augustine, Boethius, and Benedict are treated together in one unified analysis, several historiographical challenges emerge. This Interlude addresses several of these challenges and argues that trends within late nineteenth- and early twentieth-century scholarship established some unfounded interpretive biases. In particular, this section will discuss the contributions of Adolf von
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Dobson, James E. Critical Digital Humanities. University of Illinois Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.5622/illinois/9780252042270.001.0001.

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This book seeks to develop an answer to the major question arising from the adoption of sophisticated data-science approaches within humanities research: are existing humanities methods compatible with computational thinking? Data-based and algorithmically powered methods present both new opportunities and new complications for humanists. This book takes as its founding assumption that the exploration and investigation of texts and data with sophisticated computational tools can serve the interpretative goals of humanists. At the same time, it assumes that these approaches cannot and will not
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Baker, H. Kent, Greg Filbeck, and John R. Nofsinger. Behavioral Finance. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/wentk/9780190868741.001.0001.

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People tend to be penny wise and pound foolish and cry over spilt milk, even though we are taught to do neither. Focusing on the present at the expense of the future and basing decisions on lost value are two mistakes common to decision-making that are particularly costly in the world of finance. Behavioral Finance: What Everyone Needs to KnowR provides an overview of common shortcuts and mistakes people make in managing their finances. It covers the common cognitive biases or errors that occur when people are collecting, processing, and interpreting information. These include emotional biases
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Venzke, Ingo. Sources in Interpretation Theories. Edited by Samantha Besson and Jean d’Aspremont. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198745365.003.0020.

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It is generally recognized that interpretations do not take meanings from norms but give meanings to them. In this way, the practice of interpretation contributes to the process of international law-making. The chapter takes as a starting point the understanding of interpretation in international law as an argumentative practice about the meaning of legal norms. It asks which meaning interpreters should give to a norm and how they should justify their interpretative choices. Turning from the rule of interpretation to the reality of the practice, the chapter further asks, ‘What do interpreters
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Whalen, Paul J., Maital Neta, M. Justin Kim, et al. Neural and Behavioral Responses to Ambiguous Facial Expressions of Emotion. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190613501.003.0013.

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When it comes to being social, there is no other nonverbal environmental cue that is more important for humans than the facial expression of another person. Here we consider facial expressions as naturally conditioned stimuli that, when presented as images in an experimental paradigm, evoke neural and behavioral responses that serve to decipher the predictive meaning of the expression. We will cover data showing that the expressions of others alter our attention to the environment, our biases in interpreting these facial expressions, and our neural responses within an amygdala-prefrontal circu
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Daly, Paul. Understanding Administrative Law in the Common Law World. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192896919.001.0001.

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This book has three goals: to enhance understanding of administrative law; to guide future development of the law; and to justify the core features of the contemporary law of judicial review of administrative action. Around the common law world, the law of judicial review of administrative action has changed dramatically in recent decades, accelerating a centuries-long process of incremental evolution. This book offers a fresh framework for understanding the core features of contemporary administrative law. Through comparative analysis of case law from Australia, Canada, England, Ireland and N
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Book chapters on the topic "Interpretive biases"

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Matheson, Emily. "Attentional and Interpretive Bias." In Encyclopedia of Feeding and Eating Disorders. Springer Singapore, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-287-104-6_187.

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Matheson, Emily. "Attentional and Interpretive Bias." In Encyclopedia of Feeding and Eating Disorders. Springer Singapore, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-287-087-2_187-1.

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Gobert, Janice, Juelaila Raziuddin, and Kenneth R. Koedinger. "Auto-scoring Discovery and Confirmation Bias in Interpreting Data during Science Inquiry in a Microworld." In Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-39112-5_109.

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Bruno, Michael A. "Uncertainty and Interpretive Error." In Error and Uncertainty in Diagnostic Radiology, edited by Michael A. Bruno. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190665395.003.0001.

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Uncertainty pervades medical diagnosis and can rarely be entirely eliminated. Diagnostic imaging is meant to reduce that uncertainty, ideally to the point where a clinician feels confident enough to choose a course of action. But the process of diagnostic imaging is itself prone to high variability and error. Sources of variability include technical, procedural, and anatomic variation, the variable use of language to describe and report radiological abnormalities, and the range of variability in the manifestations of disease processes Cognitive biases and varying understanding of the prevalence and likelihood of disease among radiologists can also lead to interpretive error. This chapter explores the sources of error and the sources of uncertainty in the radiological process. There is considerable overlap between the two.
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Baune, Bernhard T. "Interventions for social cognitive deficits." In Cognitive Dimensions of Major Depressive Disorder. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198835554.003.0010.

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Interventions for social cognitive deficits establishes the large impact these deficits exert on psychosocial functioning in major depressive disorder. The chapter reviews a variety of impairments of social cognition and how these may influence psychosocial functioning in the key domains of social performance, emotional/empathic performance, general cognitive functioning, and quality of life. It introduces multiple treatment modalities including antidepressant medication, psychotherapeutic approaches, and procedural interventions with potential treatment efficacy on facial affect recognition, interpretation of affective pictures, theory of mind performance, and prosody. It reviews evidence indicating that many current therapies are shown to have a normalizing effect on the accuracy of interpretation and the reduction of underlying negative interpretative bias. It concludes from evaluating the literature that certain antidepressants seem to correct facial affect recognition deficits, and several psychotherapeutic approaches appear well-suited for addressing impaired theory of mind or mood-congruent interpretive biases.
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Hashemi, Nader. "The Secular Bias and the Study of Religious Politics." In Overcoming Orientalism. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190054151.003.0003.

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This chapter focuses on the problem of misunderstanding religious politics in the Arab-Islamic world. The goal is to advance an objective historical and comparative framework for interpreting this subject. Two key themes that have been central to John Esposito’s scholarship are examined: the secular bias in modernization theory and the need for a historical and contextual understanding of the many faces of political Islam. To advance this argument, Michael Walzer’s The Paradox of Liberation: Secular Revolutions and Religious Counterrevolutions will be utilized, focusing on his discussion of Algeria and political Islam. It is argued that Walzer offers a typical liberal reading of this topic that upon examination is ideologically biased and analytically distorting. Ironically, his earlier writings on religion and politics provide a more useful interpretive framework for understanding the rise of religious politics in our contemporary world.
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Sinatra, Gale M., and Barbara K. Hofer. "How Do Cognitive Biases Influence Reasoning?" In Science Denial. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190944681.003.0004.

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Individuals like to think of themselves as rational actors, careful and considered in their thinking and capable of sound and reliable judgments. Yet people often engage in automatic, reflexive thinking. It takes effort to turn on the reflective, deliberative mind; and humans are basically cognitive misers. In Chapter 4, “How Do Cognitive Biases Influence Reasoning?,” the authors explain how particular cognitive biases such as confirmation bias, the availability heuristic, illusions of understanding, and the appeal of intuitive theories, influence reasoning about scientific issues. They explain how difficult it is to stay open to new perspectives and to fairly evaluate information that challenges what one thinks one knows—or wants to believe is true. They offer suggestions for what individuals and educators can do to engage in and promote the effortful work of reflective thinking and how to check one’s own biases when interpreting complex scientific topics.
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Weightman, Michael, and Bernhard T. Baune. "Social Cognitive Deficits: Impact on Psychosocial Function and Novel Treatment Opportunities in Major Depressive Disorder." In Cognitive Dimensions of Major Depressive Disorder. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198810940.003.0021.

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This chapter examines current literature regarding the impact of social cognition on psychosocial functioning in major depressive disorder, as well as potential treatment opportunities. Impairments of social cognition influence psychosocial functioning in the key domains of social performance, emotional/empathic performance, general cognitive functioning, and quality of life. Multiple treatment modalities have been used to target these difficulties, including antidepressant medication, psychotherapeutic approaches, and procedural interventions. Studies assess treatment efficacy based on the impact on facial affect recognition, interpretation of affective pictures, theory of mind performance, and prosody. Many current therapies are shown to have a normalizing effect for accuracy of interpretation and reduction in underlying negative interpretative bias. In particular, certain antidepressants seem to correct facial affect recognition deficits, while several psychotherapeutic approaches appear well suited for addressing impaired theory of mind or mood-congruent interpretative biases.
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"Chapter Two. Interpreting Non-Christian Cultures: Jesuit Biases." In The Jesuit Mission to New France. BRILL, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/ej.9789004192850.i-234.10.

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Boerst, Timothy A., Meghan Shaughnessy, Rosalie DeFino, et al. "Preparing Teachers to Formatively Assess." In Handbook of Research on Formative Assessment in Pre-K Through Elementary Classrooms. IGI Global, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-0323-2.ch005.

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To engage in formative assessment, preservice teachers (PSTs) need to develop skill with the practice of interpretation. The initial preparation of teachers would benefit from having a sense of the interpretation skills brought by PSTs to teacher preparation. We articulate the nature of interpreting as a teaching practice including: articulating inferences, sampling evidence, developing and applying guiding criteria, and monitoring and redressing bias and distortion. We use a teaching simulation to identify the assets of PSTs' initial interpretive skills and areas in which PSTs might need to reconsider and change. An investigation with a group of PSTs from one teacher education program suggests that many PSTs bring skills with making evidence-based interpretations about a student's process for solving a mathematics problem. However, their skills are much more limited for making interpretations about a student's understanding and have potential for bias and distortion. Implications for teacher education are discussed.
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Conference papers on the topic "Interpretive biases"

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Hocquette, Céline. "Can Meta-Interpretive Learning outperform Deep Reinforcement Learning of Evaluable Game strategies?" In Twenty-Eighth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence {IJCAI-19}. International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence Organization, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2019/909.

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World-class human players have been outperformed in a number of complex two person games such as Go by Deep Reinforcement Learning systems GO. However, several drawbacks can be identified for these systems: 1) The data efficiency is unclear given they appear to require far more training games to achieve such performance than any human player might experience in a lifetime. 2) These systems are not easily interpretable as they provide limited explanation about how decisions are made. 3) These systems do not provide transferability of the learned strategies to other games. We study in this work
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Gangula, Rama Rohit Reddy, Suma Reddy Duggenpudi, and Radhika Mamidi. "Detecting Political Bias in News Articles Using Headline Attention." In Proceedings of the 2019 ACL Workshop BlackboxNLP: Analyzing and Interpreting Neural Networks for NLP. Association for Computational Linguistics, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.18653/v1/w19-4809.

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Osborn, Joseph C. "Operationalizing Operational Logics: Semiotic Knowledge Representations for Interactive Systems." In Twenty-Sixth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence. International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence Organization, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2017/759.

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All projects in AI begin by selecting or devising knowledge representations suitable for the project's functional requirements. Interactive systems (including games) have semiotic considerations on top of their functional requirements: they must be legible to users, players, and their own designers. AI working within or around interactive systems must acknowledge and support the concerns of human users. These concerns are generally phrased as inductive bias or domain knowledge and handled in an ad hoc way; I argue that it is possible and useful to represent them explicitly within a unifying ap
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Lukens, Claire E., Clifford S. Riebe, David L. Shuster, and Leonard S. Sklar. "GRAIN-SIZE BIAS IN DETRITAL THERMOCHROMETRY: IMPLICATIONS FOR INTERPRETING SEDIMENT PROVENANCE AND LANDSCAPE EVOLUTION." In GSA Annual Meeting in Denver, Colorado, USA - 2016. Geological Society of America, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/abs/2016am-286278.

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HajNasser, Yesser. "MultiResU-Net: Neural Network for Salt Bodies Delineation and QC Manual Interpretation." In Offshore Technology Conference. OTC, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4043/31169-ms.

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Abstract Accurate delineation of salt bodies is essential for the characterization of hydrocarbon accumulation and seal efficiency in offshore reservoirs. The interpretation of these subsurface features is heavily dependent on visual picking. This in turn could introduce systematic bias into the task of salt body interpretation. In this study, we introduce a novel machine learning approach of a deep neural network to mimic an experienced geophysical interpreter's intellect in interpreting salt bodies. Here, the benefits of using machine learning are demonstrated by implementing the MultiResU-N
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Ibrahim Mohamed, Mohamed, Dinesh Mehta, and Erdal Ozkan. "Advanced Machine Learning Methods for Prediction of Fracture Closure Pressure." In SPE Western Regional Meeting. SPE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/200782-ms.

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Abstract Determining the closure pressure is crucial for optimal hydraulic fracturing design and successful execution of fracturing treatment. Historically, the use of diagnostic tests before the main fracturing treatment has significantly advanced to gain more information about the pattern of fracture propagation and fluid performance to optimize the designs. The goal is to inject a small volume of fracturing fluid to breakdown the formation and create small fracture geometry, then once pumping is stopped the pressure decline is analyzed to observe the fracture closure. Many analytical method
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Reports on the topic "Interpretive biases"

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Froot, Kenneth, and Jeffrey Frankel. Interpreting Tests of Forward Discount Bias Using Survey Data on Exchange Rate Expectations. National Bureau of Economic Research, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w1963.

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