Academic literature on the topic 'Korea history 1910-1945'

Ch'oe namsŏn (1890–1957) was a leading Korean intellectual during the era of Japanese control (1910–1945). His activities included publishing Korea's first popular modern magazine, pioneering modern poetry in Korean, drafting the Declaration of Independence for the 1919 March First Independence Movement, and publishing numerous articles on Korean culture. He was also a leading Korean historian at a time when Japanese scholars monopolized Korean studies.

One of the most neglected aspects of the history of Korea under Japanese colonial rule is the significant role of the drug trade during the colonial period. Korea emerged as a major producer of opium and narcotics in the 1920s, and in the 1930s became an important supplier to the opium monopoly created by the Japanese-sponsored Manchukuo regime. The latter development sparked an international controversy due to Manchukuo's unsavory reputation in connection with the illicit drug trade, and would later lead the International Military Tribunal for the Far East to identify Korea as the ‘principal source of opium and narcotics at the time of the Mukden Incident and for some time thereafter.’

Buddhist art became the focus of discussion when Japanese scholars began to construct Korean art history as an academic discipline. This paper presents a case study of how a particular Buddhist site, Mount Nam in Kyŏngju, was recognized, researched, and represented during the colonial period (1910–1945). By analyzing representative Japanese publications on the subject, I argue that there existed disconnection between the colonial government and the site-researchers. I re-evaluate the conventional narrative that the colonizers regarded Buddhist statues as “art” removed from their original religious setting. This paper reveals a more layered picture of the early years of historical discourse on the so-called Buddha Mountain and Buddhist sculptures of Korea.

This essay has been written to critically explore the societal idealization of oneness held among the Korean people. Particular emphasis is paid to scholarly works published between the years 2010 and 2016. The central finding procured by reviewing works meeting this study’s inclusion criteria suggests that the notion of ethnocultural oneness is a modern myth structured along the political ideologies of the state. As such, attention is duly afforded to the historic origins of oneness and how this perception emerged in the twentieth century as a response to the period of Japanese colonization (1910-1945), the Korean War (1950-1953), and the years (1960-1988) in which Korea experienced rapid industrial development. It is assumed that the knowledge generated from this study may be used to (a) extend critical discourse on Korea’s cultural history, (b) provide an alternative view on the formation of Korea’s national identity, and (c) illuminate taken for granted perceptions that have been propagated among the people of Korea in the twentieth century as means to promote a sense of togetherness.

During the Constituent Assembly that began in May 31 1948, Syngman Rhee, the Chairman of the National Assembly, supported Land Reform and mentioned about democracy. During his speech called "The Problem of Land Reform" in December 4 1948, President Syngman Rhee argued the three reasons why the Land Reform should be done: Christianity, abolition of discrimination according to social status, and democracy. The thesis analyzes how "democracy" was depicted in Rhee's major writings and activities in three periods. The Late period of Joseon (1895~1910) is when Rhee argued democracy, Christianity, and the ideology of freedom and equality through his writings at Hansung Prison. The Independence Movement period (1910~1945) is when Rhee, through interview and works, explained democracy as freedom and equality that rooted from the Bible. The early period of the foundation of Korea (1945~1950) is when Rhee, through speeches, applied his conviction in democracy through the Land Reform. The ideological background that abolished the landlordism continued for thousands years and distributed lands to farmers for the first time in the history was Rhee's democracy.

Abstract In 1912, Horii Duplication opened a branch office in Keijō, or present-day Seoul, aiming to sell what the company optimistically described as “a great invention of the East,” its patented tōshaban (K. tŭngsap’an) duplicator. The tŭngsap’an was, indeed, a remarkably accessible technology. It was simple and inexpensive to operate; it could reproduce images, roman letters, and East Asian scripts; and it was capable of generating duplicates on any type of paper using readily available ink. Tŭngsap’an technology was deeply implicated in Japanese expansionism from its inception, and in Korea, its role in enabling knowledge production, surveillance, and other forms of political control furthered the reach of the colonial state. Even so, tŭngsap’an duplication was widespread beyond official use, and its unique combination of affordances led colonial authorities to view the tŭngsap’an as both a tool for and a target of state surveillance, especially as independence activists utilized tŭngsap’an duplication in fluid and interactive ways to further resistance efforts. The paradoxes that tŭngsap’an duplication embodied make it a unique site of textual practice, and a rich vantage point from which to study how arrangements of power in colonial Korea were enacted, experienced, navigated, and contested.

In studying the patent medicine industry in colonial Korea (1910–1945), I pay attention to the inordinately large number of peddlers and small retailers—45,688 in 1935—who functioned as human intermediaries in the burgeoning medicinal market. By almost exclusively studying printed advertisements, previous scholars have depicted the patent medicine industry as the vanguard of modern marketing or as a willing partner in the commercial propagation of the hegemonic vision of the colonial biopower. Conscious of the severely limited reach of modern media in the colonial context, I argue instead that incentivized sales intermediaries were equally significant in the success of the patent medicine industry. But the significance and contributions of the peddlers to the patent medicine industry were double-edged—the peddlers helped the industry by facilitating physical dissemination of patent medicine to end consumers, but their constant use of deception and fraud tainted the reputation of the industry. The anticipated move toward stricter regulation, however, did not happen due to two interrelated factors—a nascent group of pharmacists trained in modern pharmacology had strong ties to the patent medicine industry and the lukewarm response from the colonial government put the brakes on any meaningful reform. Overall, by bringing to the fore the pivotal roles peddlers played, my article provides a more nuanced discussion of the marketing practices of the patent medicine industry, the nature of the emerging professional class of pharmacists, and the efficacy (or lack thereof) of the regulatory power of the colonial government.

After 500 years of stability in Korea under the Joseon Dynasty (1392–1910), the Japanese colonial occupation (1910–1945) brought about major changes to Korean society and resulted in a significant decline in Korean culture including music. Some Japanese apologists claim that through colonisation the colonised territories would have received developmental aid and economic benefits. This instantly raises some important questions in regard to music education in Korea. If the claim of colonial development were true, Korean primary music education could also have benefited from Japanese colonisation. The aim of this thesis is to examine the key characteristics of, and changes to, Korean music education under Japanese colonial rule. To analyse the effects of colonialism on Korean primary school music education, I have examined primary sources (music textbooks and education policy documents from that period) and scrutinised the intentions of colonial Korean music education through interviews with 42 eyewitnesses who attended primary school at the time, now aged between 75 and 90 years. Interview questions were also used as a basis for the analysis of school activities with musical content at primary schools. The interviews also focused on day-to-day school life, curriculum, and the impacts of colonial education on the pupils’ later life, degree of musical acculturation, and cultural identity.
Thesis (PhD Doctorate)
Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)
Queensland Conservatorium
Arts, Education and Law
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Thesis (DTh)--Stellenbosch University, 2000
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Many people are taking a keen interest in the growth of the Korean Church, and many research results are appearing. However, when dealing with the growth of Korean churches, account should be taken of the fact that this growth can only be fully understood and explained when studied against the historical background of the church's suffering in Korea. The purpose of this dissertation is to examine the effect of the japanese colonial rule in Korea and in particular the impact caused by the introduction of a central element in japanese national religion, namely Shintoism. Resistance to the Shinto shrine ceremonies resulted in the church being persecuted in various ways, and this had an effect on the life as well as the growth of the Presbyterian Church in Korea. Chapter one of this dissertation compnses of the introduction, which deals with the research problem, purpose of the research, hypothesis, delimitations of the research, assumptions, definition of terms and proposed outline of the study. Chapter two provides a historical overview of the context of the Korean Presbyterian Church under japanese colonial rule (1910-1945), so as to gain an understanding of the historical background of the Korean Presbyterian Church. The history of the Korean Presbyterian Church up to 1945 can be divided into four different periods, according to certain significant events as phases in its life: the rise of the Church (1884-1907), the revival of the Church(1907-1912), growing confrontation (1912-1935), and persecution of the Church (1935-1945). These four periods are briefly described and analysed, paying particular attention to the Japanese period. Chapter three presents an analysis of the growth of the Presbyterian Church in Korea under Japanese colonial rule. This is done from a missiological perspective, in terms of the witness and growth of the church. The facts of church growth, the reasons for church growth and problems affecting church growth are discussed. The latter includes the problem of the influence of the traditional Shamanistic faith, the issue of the social involvement of the church and the problem of pro- Japanese attitudes in the church. Chapter four deals with the history and character of Shintoism and the Korean Christians' conflict with it. The first section discusses the types, standardization and liturgical structure of Shrine rites. The second part analyses the resistance of the Korean Presbyterian Church to the imposition of Shintoism which led, on the one hand, to a sharp division within the church, on the other hand, to conflict and subsequent persecution of those who chose to resist Shinto shrine obeisance. Chapter five deals with the witness of faith, on the part of those who resisted the shrine rites. This is done especially by presenting several studies of Korean Christian resistance leaders, and examines their ministry and views in order to determine reasons why they resisted Shintoism. The case studies represent both North and South Korea, as well as Manchuria. In conclusion, chapter SIX exammes the effects of Shinto persecution on the growth of Presbyterian Church in Korea, companng anti-Shinto with the pro-Shinto shrine groups. And the findings reveal that the Shinto shrine issue had certain specific long term effects on the Presbyterian Church in Korea, inter alia, in terms of growth patterns and membership trends.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: DIE IMPAK VAN DIE JAPANNESE KOLONIALE BEWIND OP DIE GETUIENIS EN GROEI VAN DIE KOREAANSE PRESBITERIAANSE KERK Daar heers vandag 'n wye en lewendige belangstelling in die groei van die Koreaanse kerk, met die gevolg dat baie navorsingsresultate nou die lig sien. Maar, wanneer die groei in die Koreaanse Kerke ondersoek word, moet rekening gehou word met die feit dat hierdie groei slegs volledig verstaan en gemterpreteer kan word teen die historiese agtergrond van die kerk se lyding in Korea. Die doel van hierdie verhandeling is om die effek van die Japannese koloniale bewind in Korea te ondersoek en, in besonder, die impak veroorsaak deur die invoer van 'n sentrale element in die Japannese nasionale geloof, naamlik Sjintoisrne. Die gevolg van verset teen die Sjinto - heiligdom seremonies was vervolging van die kerk op verskeie wyses, en dit het die lewe sowel as die groei van die Presbiteriaanse Kerk in Korea beinvloed. Hoofstuk 1 sluit in die inleiding wat handel oor die navorsingsprobleem, doel van hierdie navorsing, hipotese, afbakening van die navorsing, uitgangspunte, begripsomskrywing en voorgestelde inhoudsuitreensetting. Hoofstuk 2 bied 'n historiese oorsig oor die konteks van die Koreaanse Presbiteriaanse Kerk onder Japannese koloniale bewind (1910-1945), om sodoende 'n begrip van die historiese agtergrond van die Koreaanse Presbiteriaanse Kerk te bewerkstellig. Die geskiedenis van die Koreaanse Presbiteriaanse Kerk tot 1945 kan in vier verskillende periodes verdeel word volgens sekere betekenisvolle gebeure of stadiums in die lewe van die Kerk: die opkoms van die Kerk (1884-1907), die herlewing van die Kerk (1907-1912), groeiende konfrontasie (1912-1935) en vervolging van die Kerk (1935-1945). Hierdie vier peri odes word kortliks beskryf en ontleed, met besondere aandag aan die Japannese periode. Hoofstuk 3 bied 'n analise van die groei van die Presbiteriaanse Kerk in Korea onder Japannese koloniale bewind. Dit geskied vanuit 'n missiologiese perspektief met betrekking tot die getuienis en groei van die Kerk. Besonderhede oor kerkgroei, die redes hiervoor en probleme wat die groei beinvloed, word bespreek. Laasgenoemde sluit in die vraag na die invloed van die tradisionele Sjamanistiese geloof, die sosiale betrokkenheid van die Kerk en die probleem van pro-Japannese standpunte in die Kerk. Hoofstuk 4 handel oor die geskiedenis en karakter van Sjintoisme en die Koreaanse Christene se verset daarteen. Die eerste deel bespreek die tipes, standaardisering en liturgiese struktuur van die heiligdom rites. Die tweede deel ontleed die Koreaanse Presbiteriaanse Kerk se verset teen die afdwing van Sjintoisme wat, aan die een kant, lei tot 'n skerp verdeling binne die Kerk, en, aan die ander kant, tot konflik en die daaropvolgende vervolging van die mense wat gekies het om hul te verset teen eerbetoningsrites in Sjinto heiligdomme. Hoofstuk 5 behandel die geloofsgetuienis van die wat hul teen eerbetoningsrites verset het. Dit geskied veral deur verskeie gevallestudies van Koreaanse Christen versetleiers. Die bediening en die sienswyse van hierdie leiers word ondersoek om sodoende die redes vir hul verset teen Sjintoisme vas te stel. Die gevallestudies verteenwoordig sowel Noord- as Suid-Korea, asook Mantjoerye. Ten slotte ondersoek hoofstuk 6 die effek van Sjinto vervolging op die groei van die Presbiteriaanse Kerk in Korea, en vergelyk anti-Sjinto'istiese met die pro-Sjintoistiese groepe. Die bevindinge dui daarop dat die Sjinto heiligdom-geskilpunt sekere langtermyn gevolge vir die Presbiteriaanse Kerk in Korea gehad het, onder andere met betrekking tot groeipatrone en lidmaatskapstendense.

Le théâtre (yŏn'gŭk) et le cinéma (yŏnghwa) sont introduits en Corée à l'aube du XXe siècle, dans le flux des cultures étrangères lié à la situation géopolitique du pays. Cette thèse vise à éclairer la formation du groupe professionnel des acteurs, au sein de ces deux mondes du spectacle naissants qui se construisent sous la colonisation japonaise. Au moyen d'une approche socio-historique, s'appuyant notamment sur les outils conceptuels de Norbert Elias, elle aborde cette configuration non comme une entité homogène et réifiée, mais comme portée par un ensemble d'individus toujours en mouvement qui s'inscrivent dans de multiples relations d'interdépendance. Désignés par le même nom de « paeu », ces acteurs qui partagent les conditions communes s'imposant à leur activité l'exercent dans des environnements de travail mobiles, avec leurs aspirations et préoccupations respectives. C'est donc dans un amalgame complexe du fait colonial et de l'urbanisation du pays qu'ils vivent leur métier, où se mêlent présence du censeur, rencontre avec le public, rémunération instable, et phénomène des stars. S'accumulent ainsi leurs expériences concrètes à partir desquelles, et selon les choix possibles, chacun poursuit ou ajuste sa propre trajectoire professionnelle. À la fois activité, personne et groupe d'individus, le paeu fait l'objet de nombreux actes de définition, sans cesse renouvelés, auxquels participent bien d'autres acteurs sociaux – tels les journalistes et les milieux littéraires, les spectateurs et les lecteurs de journaux, les autres praticiens du spectacle – et les paeu eux‑mêmes. Au-delà de l'espace public tenu par la presse, ces actes s'effectuent aussi dans les pratiques de formation et de recrutement. De même, ils prennent sens dans les catégorisations renvoyant à la polarisation et à la division du travail dans le champ théâtral. Dans l'ensemble des représentations relatives au paeu, celui-ci est souvent comparé au kwangdae – gens du spectacle d'antan situés au plus bas de l'échelle sociale. Tout au long des trois premières décennies de leur existence, la voix la plus commune des acteurs modernes s'exprime avec vigueur pour nier ce lien et réclamer le respect dû au yesulga, autrement dit, à l'artiste
Theater (yŏn'gŭk) and cinema (yŏnghwa) were introduced in Korea at the dawn of the 20th century through the flow of foreign cultures due to the geopolitical situation of the country. This thesis aims to clarify how the occupational group of actors formed within these two worlds of art and entertainment as they were built under Japanese colonial rule. By means of a socio-historical approach that relies in particular on the conceptual tools of Norbert Elias, this research considers this configuration not as a homogeneous and reified entity but rather as one that is carried by a set of constantly moving individuals within multiple interdependent relationships. Although they shared the name "paeu" and the common conditions prescribed for their activity, actors conducted this activity in diverse work environments in accordance with their respective aspirations and concerns. They practiced their profession in a complex amalgam of the colonial fact and the urbanization of the country, wherein mingled the presence of the censor, contact with the audience, unstable remuneration, and the phenomenon of the stars. In doing so, they accumulated practical experiences from which each individual continued on or adjusted his or her own professional trajectory, also depending on the possible choices. Being simultaneously an activity, a person, and a group of individuals, paeu was once the subject of numerous acts of definition that were constantly renewed. In addition to paeu themselves, many other social actors participated in these acts, including journalists, literary circles, spectators, newspaper readers, and other practitioners of art and entertainment. Beyond the public sphere held by the press, these acts also took place in training and recruitment practices in this sector, and in the categorizations connected with the polarization and division of work in the theatrical field. In the set of related representations, modern actors were often compared to kwangdae, who were practitioners of the entertainment arts world in the past and were situated at the bottom of the social hierarchy. The most common voice of modern actors throughout the first three decades of their existence expressed vigorous denial of this link and claimed the respect due to yesulga – in other words, to the artist

This study argues that American views of Korea during the period of Japanese colonial rule (1910-1945) shaped U.S. policy toward Korea in the colonial period and after, setting the stage for direct U.S. involvement in Korea's post-liberation years after 1945. Korean nationalists perceived the U.S. as a special ally and a model country, and expected it to play a positive role in resolving Korea's colonial status. In fact, American views of Korea in the early twentieth century were mixed, and depended greatly on the respective observers' relationship to Korea--whether as missionary, as scholar, or as diplomat. At the same time, Japan played a crucial role in mediating American views, reflecting the Asia colonizer's interest in winning international approval for its imperialist project. When Korean-American diplomatic relations began in the late nineteenth century, Americans observers typically regarded Korea as an uncivilized but distinct Asian country. This perception of backwardness persisted into the early twentieth century, even as Korea lost its status as a nation-state with the Japanese annexation of 1910. Awareness of Japanese subjugation of Korea would expand significantly in the period 1919-1922, as journalists and missionaries conveyed news of the March First Movement to the American public and Korean nationalists countered Japanese government efforts to influence international opinion. Nationalist efforts to influence U.S. policymaking in the 1920s and 1930s were persistent but never fully successful, in part because of Korean factional rivalries, changing Japanese strategies of colonial control, and American diplomats' desire to protect U.S. colonial interests in the Philippines. Although Korean nationalists failed to accomplish their ultimate goal of participating directly in the U.S. government's wartime discussions on Korea in the early 1940s, they nevertheless succeeded in making the American public aware that Korea was a cultural and racial entity distinct from Japan. This awareness would lay a foundation for American direct intervention in Korean political, social, and military problems after 1945.

The purpose of this thesis is to relate literacy (nonformal education) to social development. It begins with a theoretical discussion on literacy and social development and uses Paulo Freire's dialogical framework to determine the contribution literacy can make. In using the context of a South Korean literacy campaign, this work covers the historical development of the Korean alphabet and initiation of Hangeul literacy. It examines the arrival of Christian missionaries in Korea and how they used literacy to maximise conversion and Church establishment. Literacy became the Christian Church's mission and this is examined in the light of the Korean struggle for independence during the Japanese occupation. The impact of literacy on social development in political, economic and social sectors is evaluated. The paper discusses the problem of literacy and social development in developing nations and suggests some strategies for the society and Church.
Thesis (M.Th.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 2005.

This dissertation follows the activism of Korean students in New York City and the trajectory of their American education as it applied to Korea’s colonization under the Empire of Japan. As a focused historical account of the educational experiences of Korean students in New York from 1907 to 1937, this dissertation uses archival evidence from their associations, correspondence, publications, and the institutions they studied at to construct a transnational narrative that positions the Korean students operating within and outside the confines of their colonial experience. The following dissertation answers how the Korean students applied their American education and experiences to the Korean independence movement, and emphasizes the interplay of colonization, religion, and American universities in contouring the students’ activism and hopes for a liberated Korea.

Western medicine integrated laboratory science with clinical experience in the nineteenth century. A similar process of integration took place in the non-Western world, though somewhat later, and with differences derived from specific historical and social contexts. This article describes this process in Korea, where Western medicine was first introduced in the 1880s, and medical education followed soon afterwards. During the Japanese colonial rule, which began in 1910, medical research was accommodated at the Severance Medical College, which was established and supported by Western missionaries, as well as the government medical college and the Faculty of Medicine at Keijo Imperial University in Seoul. This paper surveys the history of medical research from the introduction of Western medicine into Korea in the late nineteenth century to the appearance of first Korean medical researchers during the colonial period.