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Books on the topic 'Less number of semiconductor'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 18 February 2022

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1

Davies, M. B. On the number of positive integers less than or equal toxwithalltheir prime factors less than orequaltoy. UMIST, 1994.

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2

Nayer, Judy. More or less?: A beginning math book. Newbridge Communications, 1998.

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3

Prohorov, Viktor. Semiconductor converters of electrical energy. INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1019082.

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The textbook considers the need, principles and methods of mutual conversion of parameters of electric energy at DC and AC for stationary and Autonomous objects. Features of operation of power electronics elements in specific conditions of their continuous high-frequency switching are described. Low-current control systems that provide the necessary logic for the operation of Executive power devices of converters are considered. A large number of specific practical electrical diagrams of electric energy converters are given. It is intended for students studying in the direction of 13.03.

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4

Borgna, Camilla. Migrant Penalties in Educational Achievement. Amsterdam University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5117/9789462981348.

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The integration of second-generation immigrants has proved to be a major challenge for Europe in recent years. Though these people are born in their host nations, they often experience worse social and economic outcomes than other citizens. This volume focuses on one particular, important challenge: the less successful educational outcomes of second-generation migrants. Looking at data from seventeen European nations, Camilla Borgna shows that migrant penalties in educational achievement exist in each one-but that, unexpectedly, the penalties tend to be greater in countries in which socio-econ

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5

More Than, Less Than. JRourke Educational Media, 2011.

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6

One Grave Less: Number 9 in series. Piatkus Hb/Tpb, 2010.

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7

More Than Less Than. Rourke Publishing (FL), 2010.

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8

U. of Utrecht) National Science Foundation (U. of Wisc. Britannica Mathematics in Context: More or Less, Teacher's Guide (Number). Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 2006.

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9

Capote, Lori. Monster knows more than, less than. 2013.

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10

Dittrich, Walter. Reassessing Riemann's Paper: On the Number of Primes Less Than a Given Magnitude. Springer, 2018.

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11

Rucker, James J. H., and Peter McGuffin. Copy Number Variation in Neuropsychiatric Disorders. Edited by Turhan Canli. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199753888.013.005.

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It has long been known that the human genome is subject to deletion and duplication of genetic material by various molecular mechanisms. Until recently, such events were assumed to be relatively rare phenomena. It is now known that submicroscopic deletions or duplications calledcopy number variants(CNVs) are a major source of genomic variation. Rare CNVs (defined as occurring in less than 1 percent of the population) have been implicated in schizophrenia and autism. Measured in terms of odds ratios, individual CNVs have been shown to have large effects, some increasing the risk of disorder sev

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12

The 2006-2011 World Outlook for Semiconductor High-Voltage Power Supplies in Excess of 2 KV and 100 KW or Less. Icon Group International, Inc., 2005.

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13

Parker, Philip M. The 2007-2012 World Outlook for Semiconductor High-Voltage Power Supplies in Excess of 2 KV and 100 KW or Less. ICON Group International, Inc., 2006.

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14

Board, National Industrial Conference. Practical Experience with the Work Week of Forty-Eight Hours or Less. Research Report Number 32, December, 1920. Leopold Classic Library, 2016.

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15

Glazov, M. M. Electron & Nuclear Spin Dynamics in Semiconductor Nanostructures. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198807308.001.0001.

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In recent years, the physics community has experienced a revival of interest in spin effects in solid state systems. On one hand, solid state systems, particularly semicon- ductors and semiconductor nanosystems, allow one to perform benchtop studies of quantum and relativistic phenomena. On the other hand, interest is supported by the prospects of realizing spin-based electronics where the electron or nuclear spins can play a role of quantum or classical information carriers. This book aims at rather detailed presentation of multifaceted physics of interacting electron and nuclear spins in sem

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16

Göbel, Silke M. Number Processing and Arithmetic in Children and Adults with Reading Difficulties. Edited by Roi Cohen Kadosh and Ann Dowker. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199642342.013.044.

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Basic number processing skills in individuals with reading difficulties (RD) are intact. However, children and adults with RD show clear difficulties in arithmetic, in particular in retrieving known answers from long-term memory (fact retrieval). Fact retrieval deficits are associated with weaknesses in phonological awareness, the ability to segment and manipulate speech sounds. The left angular gyrus has been suggested as a site of neurological overlap between RD and fact retrieval deficits. While there is evidence for an involvement of the angular gyrus in fact retrieval in adults, the evide

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Bertel, E., and A. Menzel. Nanostructured surfaces: Dimensionally constrained electrons and correlation. Edited by A. V. Narlikar and Y. Y. Fu. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199533046.013.11.

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This article examines dimensionally constrained electrons and electronic correlation in nanostructured surfaces. Correlation effects play an important role in spatial confinement of electrons by nanostructures. The effect of correlation will become increasingly dominant as the dimensionality of the electron wavefunction is reduced. This article focuses on quasi-one-dimensional (quasi-1D) confinement, i.e. more or less strongly coupled one-dimensional nanostructures, with occasional reference to 2D and 0D systems. It first explains how correlated systems exhibit a variety of electronically driv

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18

Whitney, Laura, and Tihana Bicanic. Antifungal stewardship. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198758792.003.0016.

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Although the principles of antifungal stewardship are similar to those of antibiotic stewardship, there are a number of key differences, as outlined in this chapter. Antifungal prescribing occupies a specialist niche: it occurs much less frequently than antibacterial prescribing due to the smaller, but increasing, population at risk of fungal infection. Antifungal stewardship is thus less established compared with programmes directed at antibacterials, with a narrower and more complex evidence base. This chapter provides examples of successful stewardship programmes in different settings, allo

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19

Lowe, John J. Epic Sanskrit. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198793571.003.0004.

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This chapter provides a detailed account of the transitive noun and adjective categories attested in Epic Sanskrit. The major Sanskrit epics, the Mahabharata and the Ramayana, provide a large body of data in a form of Sanskrit slightly later than Vedic Prose, and close to the ‘Classical’ Sanskrit language. There is considerably more evidence for transitive nouns and adjectives in the epics than in Vedic Prose, but compared with the Rigveda transitive nouns and adjectives are still less common, and show less morphological variety. Again, statistical analysis shows that there is a clear correlat

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Garner, Robert. 6. Challenges to the Dominant Ideologies. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/hepl/9780198704386.003.0007.

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This chapter examines a range of contemporary ideologies which challenge the traditional ones. Contemporary ideologies differ from traditional ideologies in a number of ways. First, they are less optimistic about the ability of ideology to construct an overarching explanation of the world. Second, they respect difference and variety, a product of social and economic change that has eroded the ‘Fordist’ economy, gave rise to a number of powerful identity groups based on gender, culture, and ethnicity, and raised question marks over the environmental sustainability of current industrial practice

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Charney, Alexander, and Pamela Sklar. Genetics of Schizophrenia and Bipolar Disorder. Edited by Dennis S. Charney, Eric J. Nestler, Pamela Sklar, and Joseph D. Buxbaum. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190681425.003.0013.

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Schizophrenia and bipolar disorder are the classic psychotic disorders. Both diseases are strongly familial, but have proven recalcitrant to genetic methodologies for identifying the etiology until recently. There is now convincing genetic evidence that indicates a contribution of many DNA changes to the risk of becoming ill. For schizophrenia, there are large contributions of rare copy number variants and common single nucleotide variants, with an overall highly polygenic genetic architecture. For bipolar disorder, the role of copy number variation appears to be much less pronounced. Specific

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22

Mills, M. G. L., and M. E. J. Mills. Prey selection and the impact of cheetah predation on prey populations. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198712145.003.0004.

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Small springbok lambs were killed more frequently than expected and large lambs and subadults in more or less expected proportions. Adults were killed less frequently than expected, although old animals, females in late pregnancy, and males were vulnerable. A similar selection process was observed in steenbok, except medium-sized lambs, not small lambs, were usually killed, and there was no selection for sex. Cheetah predation was found to have an important density-dependent regulatory role on these two species. Analyses of prey preference using Jacob’s index showed that springbok were the mos

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Beran, Michael J., Bonnie M. Perdue, and Theodore A. Evans. Monkey Mathematical Abilities. Edited by Roi Cohen Kadosh and Ann Dowker. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199642342.013.025.

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Monkeys are mathematicians, albeit imprecise ones. Comparative research has illustrated that monkeys use quantitative and numerical information, and this chapter outlines many of those findings. We begin with an historical summary of work with primates in assessing the role that number plays in these animals’ lives. We then focus on the question of whether primates can count and can use symbols to represent numerical information. Evidence for counting is limited, but they can make judgments of ordered magnitudes, and they can learn to associate symbols with various quantities and numbers of it

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24

Succi, Sauro. From Kinetic Theory to Navier–Stokes Hydrodynamics. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199592357.003.0005.

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This Chapter illustrates the derivation of the macroscopic fluid equations, starting from Boltzmann’s kinetic theory. Two routes are presented, the heuristic derivation based on the enslaving of fast modes to slow ones, and the Hilbert–Chapman–Enskog procedure, based on low-Knudsen number asymptotic expansions. The former is handier but mathematically less rigorous than the latter. Either ways, the assumption of weak departure from local equilibrium proves crucial in recovering hydrodynamics as a large-scale limit of kinetic theory.

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25

Heitsch, Dorothea. Montaigne on Health and Death. Edited by Philippe Desan. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190215330.013.44.

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The Essays contain a number of well-known gems with regard to early modern medical knowledge (II, 37), healthy living (III, 13), and death and dying (I, 20). That Montaigne treats notions concerning health, sickness, and potential cures as interpretable opinions and considers all medical belief as dependent on individual corporeal and mental givens has been less discussed. That these givens are grounded in notions of a material soul and a thinking body, due to a reversal of hierarchies that is prevalent in the essayist’s writing, is less known. This chapter shows how Montaigne assesses persona

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26

Nicholson, Katharine A., and James D. Berry. Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Clinical Trials. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199937837.003.0030.

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The current state of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) trial design is best understood within the context of ALS research over the past quarter century. Before the early 1990s, trials in ALS were typically small and clinical trial methodology was less rigorous than it is today. With the discovery of the SOD1 gene mutation in the early 1990s, a new era of excitement and innovation for ALS research began. Since then, the number of ALS trials has steadily increased and trial design and methodology has become increasingly sophisticated.

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27

Billiard, Michel, and Yves Dauvilliers. Idiopathic hypersomnia, Kleine–Levin syndrome, and symptomatic hypersomnias. Edited by Sudhansu Chokroverty, Luigi Ferini-Strambi, and Christopher Kennard. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199682003.003.0015.

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Besides obstructive sleep apnea syndrome and narcolepsy, there are a number of other causes of excessive daytime sleepiness, listed in the International Classification of Sleep Disorders, third edition, as central disorders of hypersomnolence. They include primary sleep disorders such as idiopathic hypersomnia, Kleine-Levin syndrome and a number of hypersomnias due to a medical disorder, a medication, or a substance, associated with a psychiatric disorder, or due to insufficient sleep. Idiopathic hypersomnia and Kleine–Levin syndrome have attracted much interest in recent years, and an overvie

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28

Prunty, Helen, Jamie L. Fraser, Charles P. Venditti, and Robin H. Lachmann. Branched Chain Amino Acids. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199972135.003.0016.

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This chapter describes the four most common disorders affecting the degradation of branched chain amino acids: maple syrup urine disease, methylmalonic acidemia, propionic acidemia and isovaleric acidemia. These conditions most commonly present with encephalopathy in the newborn period, although cases with later onset have also been described. Although adult patients are less prone to acute metabolic decompensations, they do develop a number of long-term complications, both neurological and visceral. Management shares features with other disorders of protein metabolism and centers on a low-pro

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29

Onuf, Nicholas Greenwood. Prologue. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190879808.003.0016.

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IN THIS BOOK, I tell a story—a long story consisting of a tightly linked sequence of discrete parts. Each part, or chapter, is more or less sufficient in itself, yet each finds me constantly picking up and playing out distinct variations on a few overarching themes. As the book’s subtitle suggests, it tells a story about modernity and its epochs. Readers will quickly notice that this story is studded with a number of terms, such as frame, epoch, period, transition, and rupture, giving the story its shape, texture, and momentum....

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Sloan, Denise M., and Paula P. Schnurr. Group Therapy. Edited by Charles B. Nemeroff and Charles R. Marmar. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190259440.003.0033.

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There are a number of effective treatments for PTSD; however, the most highly recommended treatments are individually delivered. The literature on group treatment for PTSD has lagged considerably behind that of individual treatment. As a result, much less is known about group treatment for PTSD. This is unfortunate, as group approaches can offer a number of advantages, such as decreasing social isolation and normalizing PTSD symptoms. Moreover, despite the lack of evidence-based group therapy protocols for PTSD, group treatment is frequently used in mental healthcare settings. This chapter pro

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31

Barnhurst, Kevin G. Authorities Replaced Others. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252040184.003.0005.

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This chapter examines the shift in the roles persons play in the news. Studies of newspapers and newscasts show that by the mid-twentieth century, the number of individuals who take action in a news event, or become the victims of those actions in the press, dropped to less than three in the average crime, accident, or job story. Others took their places. A century ago, an official would appear in only one of four stories. However, the number of officials involved in or having direct responsibility over activities in the news has increased steadily until at least one official appeared in almos

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32

Matin, Rubeta, Jane McGregor, and Catherine Harwood. Skin cancer. Edited by Patrick Davey and David Sprigings. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199568741.003.0259.

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Skin cancer is very common in the UK, and its incidence is rising rapidly. There are two broad classes of primary skin cancer: non-melanoma and melanoma. Non-melanoma skin cancer is the commonest form (100 000 cases diagnosed annually in the UK), accounting for nine out of ten skin cancers and includes basal cell carcinoma (BCC) and squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). Cutaneous melanoma is less common (10 000 cases diagnosed in the UK annually) but confers a significantly worse prognosis and accounts for 75% of skin cancer related deaths. There are also a number of other, rarer, non-melanoma skin c

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33

Jacobsen, Dean, and Olivier Dangles. Strategies and adaptations to aquatic life at high altitude. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198736868.003.0005.

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Chapter 5 is focused on how organisms cope with the environmental conditions that are a direct result of high altitude. Organisms reveal a number of fascinating ways of dealing with a life at high altitude; for example, avoidance and pigmentation as protection against damaging high levels of ultraviolet radiation, accumulation of antifreeze proteins, and metabolic cold adaptation among species encountering low temperatures with the risk of freezing, oxy-regulatory capacity in animals due to low availability of oxygen, and root uptake from the sediment of inorganic carbon by plants living in wa

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34

Aikhenvald, Alexandra Y. Sentence Types. Edited by Jan Nuyts and Johan Van Der Auwera. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199591435.013.8.

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“Declarative,” “interrogative,” and “imperative” are grammatical labels, while “statement,” “command,” and “question” describe type of speech act. The major sentence types correspond to these types, and are found in every language. There are also minor, less well-described types, such as exclamatives. Boundaries between sentence types are not water-tight. A command can be phrased using a statement, or as a question, with a difference in illocutionary force. A question may imply a statement rather than seeking information or pronounced with command intonation, and then be understood as a plea,

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Steiner, Eva. Codification. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198790884.003.0002.

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This chapter describes the process of codification a process which has been accelerated in recent years following the setting up of a Commission Supérieure de Codification in 1989. Today's codes are aimed at clarifying, and making more accessible, law which has become more complex owing to the increasing number of statutes in particular areas. The most common current method of codification used is the restatement in one place of the law in a particular area which was previously to be found scattered in different documents. The Commission, meanwhile, has not only introduced a number of new code

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Roach, Rebecca. Introduction. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198825418.003.0001.

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The introduction sets out the scope of the book and excavates a ‘poetics’ of the interview form and practice. Examining the interview’s liminal position in the literary imagination across the last 150 years, the book analyses what this might tell us about conceptions of literature, authorship, and reading publics in modernity. The introduction offers a number of ‘propositions’ for studying interviews: considering the implications of the interview on modes of subjectivity, technologies of inscription, mediation, and communication. Less a taxonomy than a series of exploratory interventions, thes

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Edwards, Chris, and David Warwick. Rheumatology. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198757689.003.0012.

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A number of rheumatological diseases are manifest in the hand and wrist. Many are associated with considerable systemic inflammation. This produces chronic ill-health, poor wound healing, and osteoporosis. Attempts to eliminate inflammation at the earliest opportunity are vital. Multiple involved joints with high acute phase markers (CRP and erythrocyte sedimentation rate raised) and early morning stiffness are key features. Multi-disciplinary management, involving the rheumatologist and hand therapist is essential. With improving medical management, surgical problems are becoming far less com

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38

Heiner, Prof, Bielefeldt, Ghanea Nazila, Dr, and Wiener Michael, Dr. Part 1 Freedom of Religion or Belief, 1.3 The Right to Manifest One’s Religion or Belief. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198703983.003.0005.

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This chapter emphasizes that the outer manifestations of freedom of religion or belief (forum externum) are not in any sense less important than the inner nucleus of a person’s religious or belief-related conviction (forum internum), even though only the latter is protected unconditionally under international human rights law. This chapter also discusses the largely overlapping elements of the right to manifest one’s religion or belief ‘in worship, observance, practice and teaching’. Furthermore, it analyses the implications of the religion-related reservations, declarations, and objections ma

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Walsh, Richard A. Slow with an Altered Sensorium. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190607555.003.0025.

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Catatonia is a neuropsychiatric syndrome that represents an uncommon clinical end point of a number of primary psychiatric and neuromedical conditions. The common pathophysiology may be associated with reduced dopaminergic activity within the frontal–subcortical circuitry. The incidence of catatonia was considerably higher before the introduction of neuroleptics, which reduced its association with poorly controlled schizophrenia. Catatonia is a syndrome with a spectrum from benign to malignant, the latter being a medical emergency with a significant mortality rate. Treatment is with benzodiaze

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40

van Es, Bart. Introduction. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/actrade/9780198723356.003.0001.

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What is a Shakespearean comedy? Nearly half of Shakespeare’s plays could be described as comedies of some kind, but more restrictive criteria would whittle the number to just half a dozen true, festive Shakespearean comedies. The ‘Introduction’ describes how Shakespeare’s writing would have been influenced by the vibrant culture of commercial public theatre that he encountered in London, which drew on two traditions: the classical tradition of the grammar schools and the less structured jesting and clowning that grew from the morality play. Changes to Shakespeare’s plays after his death in thr

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41

White, Miles. Race Rebels. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252036620.003.0006.

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This chapter discusses whiteness, masculine desire, and the animating absent black presence now inverted since its inception in minstrelsy. It shows how the triumph of hardcore rap makes it clear that the transgressive black body, primitivism, and cross-racial desire continue to find value in the marketplace of global popular culture well into the new millennium. The chapter also looks at a number of successful white performers of black music styles, including Elvis Presley, Vanilla Ice, Eminem, and Brother Ali; and addresses whether there are more or less ethical ways in which white and other

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Pagin, Peter. Meaning Holism. Edited by Ernest Lepore and Barry C. Smith. Oxford University Press, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199552238.003.0010.

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The term ‘meaning holism’ (together with variants like ‘semantic holism’ and ‘linguistic holism’) has been used for a number of more or less closely interrelated ideas. According to one common view, meaning holism (MH) is the thesis that what a linguistic expression means depends on its relations to many or all other expressions within the same totality. Sometimes these relations are called ‘conceptual’ or ‘inferential’. A related idea is that what an expression means depends, mutually, on the meaning of the other expressions in the totality, or alternatively on some semantic property of this

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Orth, Stephan R. Smoking in chronic kidney disease. Edited by David J. Goldsmith. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199592548.003.0103.

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Smoking has been acknowledged as the number one preventable cause of death in most countries. The adverse effects of smoking on the kidney are less known. Prospective, population-based, observational studies, and evidence from experimental work indicate that smoking (a) is a relevant risk factor for chronic kidney disease (CKD) in the general population and (b) is associated with an increased risk of deterioration in renal function in CKD patients. The latter is especially true for patients with diabetic nephropathy or hypertensive renal damage. The conclusion is that smoking is an important r

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Peteet, John R. Geriatric and End-of-Life Psychiatry. Edited by John R. Peteet, Mary Lynn Dell, and Wai Lun Alan Fung. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190681968.003.0014.

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As the number of older individuals grows, ethical challenges in their care become more obvious. When an elder loses critical faculties, do they become less of a person? What does it mean to respect the autonomy of an individual who is becoming increasingly dependent on others? How can a psychiatrist contribute to optimal care at the end of life? What is the most appropriate response to requests for assisted suicide? How should clinicians address the existential challenges and spiritual needs of the elderly, and of their caregivers? Answering these questions requires appreciating deeply both th

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Cooper, David E., and Sarah E. Robinson-Bertoni. Dialogue. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190456023.003.0007.

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This chapter brings Daoism into conversation with Islam on the topics of animals, gardens, and stewardship. Despite major differences—Islam is theistic and Daoism is not; Islam defines specific moral rules and Daoism less so—the two share areas of affinity in a number of themes relating to the environment: that the world manifests balance or harmony, and humans have an obligation to maintain or restore that harmony, especially in treatment of animals. The chapter lights on a revised concept of stewardship as a useful, helpfully paradoxical concept: it effectively places human beings both withi

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Wade, Stephen. Charlie Butler. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252036880.003.0011.

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This chapter describes Charlie Butler's recording of “Diamond Joe.” Butler, convict number 10636, recorded “Diamond Joe” at the Mississippi State Penitentiary at Parchman, Mississippi, in the spring of 1937. Two years later, he sang it again into John Lomax's disc machine. At the time, he left only the barest account of how he learned “Diamond Joe,” and none at all concerning how he came to sing. Vanished, too, are most details about his life. Though he appears in the 1920 state census that positively identifies him and his wife, later searches have proven less conclusive. For one thing, he to

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Faxneld, Per. Introduction. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190664473.003.0001.

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Chapter 1 presents the purpose of the study: to map, contextualize, and discuss the discourse of more or less explicit Satanic feminism as it is conveyed in a number of esoteric works, literary texts, autobiographies, scholarly books, political and polemical publications, newspaper reviews, editorials and articles, early works of cinema, paintings, sculptures, and even artefacts of consumer culture such as jewellery. The time period under scrutiny stretches from 1772 to the years before World War II. The great majority of sources, however, belong to the period ca. 1880–1910. Theoretical points

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Pestieau, Pierre, and Mathieu Lefebvre. Old Age Pensions. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198817055.003.0010.

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This chapter gives an overview of the type of pension system existing in Europe. Contributive and redistributive systems are opposed but the chapter shows that pension systems are more often a mix of both. The chapter shows how these systems have been more or less effective in tackling old age poverty in most countries and it points to the main challenges that these systems are facing, namely population ageing and low labour-force participation. The major reforms that have been implemented to ensure future sustainability of pension systems are presented but a number of additional changes that

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Anjum, Rani Lill, and Stephen Mumford. Plural Methods, One Causation. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198733669.003.0027.

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Abstract:

No single method is perfect for identifying causation. One response is to adopt causal pluralism: the view that causation is many things. But this is problematic. A simpler response is to take such pluralism as epistemic or methodological only. If we cannot rely on one method alone, we instead have the option of approaching causation via a number of different methods. A method is useful if it attaches to one or more of the symptoms of causation, where those symptoms are also plural. Such symptoms are the more or less reliable indicators of the presence of causation. Evidence hierarchies could

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Burke, Tom, Miriam Galvin, Sinead Maguire, Niall Pender, and Orla Hardiman. The impact of cognitive and behavioural change on quality of life of caregivers and patients with ALS and other neurological conditions. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198757726.003.0009.

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Abstract:

Cognitive and behavioural changes are relatively common in patients with ALS, but often receive less emphasis than the loss of physical strength and function. There is extensive literature on the impact of cognitive and behavioural changes on Quality of Life (QoL) in caregivers and the patients themselves in a variety of other neurological conditions, the implications of which are directly applicable in many respects to ALS. Based on this information, a number of intervention strategies may be employed, including psycho-educational and psychotherapeutic interventions, group-based support servi

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