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Journal articles on the topic 'Levels of fear'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 2 June 2025

Last updated: 31 July 2025

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1

Burkhardt, Käthe, Helene Loxton, and Peter Muris. "Fears and Fearfulness in South-African Children." Behaviour Change 20, no. 2 (2003): 94–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1375/bech.20.2.94.24837.

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AbstractThe present study examined common childhood fears in 9- to 13-year-old South-African children (N = 404) from white, coloured, and black cultural groups. Fears were assessed by means of two methods — the fear list method and the Fear Survey Schedule for Children-Revised (FSSC-R). Results showed that fear rank orders as obtained with the fear list method were quite different from those derived from the FSSC-R. Furthermore, clear differences in fear levels were found among the three cultural groups. More specifically, coloured and black South-African children displayed significantly highe

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Galt, Cynthia P., and Bert Hayslip. "Age Differences in Levels of Overt and Covert Death Anxiety." OMEGA - Journal of Death and Dying 37, no. 3 (1998): 187–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/u0m0-bwmv-wf6f-u4dh.

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The current study explored the relationship between conscious (overt) and unconscious (covert) death anxiety and chronological age, wherein composite scores as well as factor scores were used in the comparison of younger and older adults. Results indicated that there were reliable age differences in both overt and covert levels of death fear. Contrary to previous literature, older adults evidenced higher levels of overt fear, while younger adults' covert fears were greater. These data further substantiate the distinction between overt and covert levels of death anxiety in adulthood, where cumu

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МОВЧАН, Михайло Миколайович. "РІВНІCТРАХУ І ФОБІЯ: ФІЛОСОФСЬКИЙ АНАЛІЗ". Філософські обрії, № 33 (16 липня 2015): 118–25. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.20386.

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The article examines fear as an important part of human existence. Showing the level of fear for his intensity (anxiety, fright, dread, fear, horror, panic). Anxiety – objectless fear is caused by human imagination or thought about the possible adverse outcome. Anxiety unique to humans. Fright – intermittent be strong emotional experience, as a reaction to a sudden, unexpected danger. Dread – is the primary form of fear, resulting in indecisive assessing a situation that can cause fear. Fear – state that expresses the uncertainty in search of safety, which is due  

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Tulga, Ahmet Yiğitalp. "INFLUENCE OF VARIOUS MEDIA SOURCES ON THE FEAR OF TERRORISM: A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF JAPAN AND TAIWAN." Doğu Asya Araştırmaları Dergisi 8, no. 15 (2025): 1–18. https://doi.org/10.59114/dasad.1553272.

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This study examines the relationship between media consumption and fear of terrorism in Japan and Taiwan, two countries that experience low exposure to terrorism yet exhibit high levels of fear regarding terrorism. The analysis investigates the effects of active media sources (such as newspapers and the internet) and passive media sources (such as television, radio, and social media) on fear of terrorism, using data from the seventh wave of the World Values Survey. Ordered Logistic Regression (OLR) analysis was conducted on data from 1,273 participants in Japan and 1,221 participants in Taiwan

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Lim, Soomin, Namki Choi, and Seonmi Kim. "Analysis and Consideration of Factors for Predicting Cooperation Levels in Pediatric Dentistry." JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN ACADEMY OF PEDTATRIC DENTISTRY 51, no. 3 (2024): 229–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.5933/jkapd.2024.51.3.229.

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This study aimed to evaluate various factors related to cooperation levels in pediatric dentistry and determine their correlation with children’s cooperation during dental treatments. This study included one hundred children and their guardians who visited the dental hospital at the Chonnam National University. Children and their guardians completed surveys regarding dental fear, dental caries experience, dental treatment experience, temperament, and guardians’ dental anxiety, as well as the background characteristics of the children. Based on these data, factors associated with children’s coo

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Sabourin, Brigitte, Sherry Stewart, and Margo Watt. "Fear of Fear Influences Physical Exercise Levels in Young Adult Women." Canadian Journal of Diabetes 37 (April 2013): S279. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jcjd.2013.03.312.

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Cougle, Jesse R., Berta J. Summers, Ashleigh M. Harvey, Kirsten H. Dillon, and Nicholas P. Allan. "Contamination-Focused Exposure as a Treatment for Disgust-Based Fears: A Preliminary Test in Spider-Fearful Women." Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy 44, no. 6 (2016): 640–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1352465816000333.

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Background: Disgust is thought to play a prominent role in multiple anxiety disorders and fears, including spider phobia, though little attention has been given to specific treatment strategies that may be effective for multiple disgust-based fears. Aims: In the present study, we evaluated contamination-focused exposure as a potential transdiagnostic treatment strategy for disgust-based fears in a spider fearful sample. Method: Women with significant spider fear were randomized to three 30-minute sessions of exposure therapy involving repeated contact with a dirt mixture (n=17) or a waitlist c

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Widiartha Wahyudi, Mariza Fitriati, Prananda Surya Airlangga, and Bambang Pujo Semedi. "Preoperative anxiety and plasma adrenaline levels changes in caesarean section with spinal anesthesia: a literature review." Bali Medical Journal 13, no. 3 (2024): 1002–8. https://doi.org/10.15562/bmj.v13i3.5299.

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Anxiety is a subjective condition of emotional unease, anguish, apprehension, or fearful concern accompanied by somatic and autonomic symptoms that impairs functioning or activity is called anxiety. Different epidemiological research showed that preoperative anxiety varied among patients undergoing surgery including caesarean section. Anxiety and fears such as anxiousness, worry of not waking up from anesthesia, worry of pain following surgery, and fear of dying can all affect patients who are scheduled for surgery. This literature review aims to comprehend preoperative anxiety and plasma adre

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Kiyani, Amber, Syed Hamza Zia, Kanwal Sohail, Zarnab Rizwan, and Ghina Rizwan. "The Effect of Fear of COVID-19 on Dental Anxiety Levels." Journal of the Pakistan Dental Association 31, no. 02 (2022): 95–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.25301/jpda.312.95.

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OBJECTIVE: Dental anxiety can be adversely affected by pandemics like corona virus. Most patients have preferred to defer their dental appointments and that patients generally neglect their health in epidemics. The investigation was carried out to determine the effect of the current coronavirus pandemic on dental anxiety by comparing through and post 1st wave of pandemic dental anxiety scores. METHODOLOGY: A cross-sectional study was conducted on the Pakistani population using online surveys from June to August 2020. A total of 681 participants were recruited. Standardized and validated questi

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Palacios Alarcon, Ronny David, and Jardel Coutinho Dos Santos. "Exploring the causes of fear of foreign language learning: A pre-service case study." Arandu UTIC 12, no. 1 (2025): 573–89. https://doi.org/10.69639/arandu.v12i1.627.

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Fear is a crucial variable that influences either positively or indirectly the acquisition of foreign languages, usually among teachers of language preservation. This research aims to explore the causes of fear in learning English as a foreign language (EFL) and how it manages to impact both on teaching and on the acquisition of the foreign language. The mixed method collected data from 19 participants who offered their services through surveys, interviews, and classroom observations. The results indicate that the most common fears a student may experience through language acquisition are fear

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Hayslip, Bert, and Duke Stewart-Bussey. "Locus of Control-Levels of Death Anxiety Relationships." OMEGA - Journal of Death and Dying 17, no. 1 (1987): 41–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/kh7n-ue5d-nye4-jyfa.

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In an effort to more fully understand locus of control-death fear relationships, fifty-nine individuals were administered the Levenson Locus of Control scale, the Collett-Lester and Templer scales measuring overt death fear, and a sentence completion task assessing dimensions of covert fear. Correlational analysis suggested interactions among aspects of locus of control and aspects of death fear varying along the death/dying, self/other, and overt/covert continua. These data are felt to enable one to more completely understand the role that perceived controllability of life events play in dete

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Serim-Yıldız, Begüm, Özgür Erdur-Baker, and Aslı Bugay. "The Common Fears and Their Origins Among Turkish Children and Adolescents." Behaviour Change 30, no. 3 (2013): 199–209. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/bec.2013.18.

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The present study aimed to investigate the common fears and their origins among children and adolescents from different age, gender, and socioeconomic levels (SES). The sample was comprised of 642 females (48.8%) and 673 males (51.2%) with a total of 1,315 participants aged between 8 and 18 (M = 13.15; SD = 3.18). The Fear interview was utilised to examine the common fears and the role of conditioning, modelling and negative information in the development of children's fears. The result showed that the most common fear in Turkey was ‘God’, followed by ‘losing my friends’ and ‘going to Hell’. I

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Özbek, Sıtkı, and Hüseyin Nasip Özaltaş. "The Investigation According to Some Variables of COVID-19 Fear Levels of High School Students in the Pandemic Process." Journal of Educational Issues 7, no. 3 (2021): 251. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/jei.v7i3.19185.

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The aim of this study was to examine the COVID-19 fear of high school students in the COVID-19 pandemic proccess, based on a few characteristics. Within the scope of this aim, the study’s research group; in the 2020-2021 academic year, a total of 760 students, 382 girls and 378 boys, were identified using a sample technique that can be readily located among high school students who continue their studies in Krşehir province. In the research, for determining the COVID-19 fear levels of students, Ahorsu et al. (2020), and Bakioğlu et al. (2020) “COVID-19 Fear Scale” adapted into Turkish was used

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McGrath, Kathryn. "Continuing Education Module The Courage to Birth." Journal of Perinatal Education 21, no. 2 (2012): 72–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/1058-1243.21.2.72.

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Childbirth educator Kathryn McGrath reflects on fear and courage and comes to see some levels of fear as a normal part of the process of pregnancy and birth and not something to be brushed aside. In this article, originally presented as a keynote address in 2005 at the Lamaze International Annual Conference, McGrath discusses fear during pregnancy and birth and presents ways in which the childbirth educator can acknowledge and accept women’s fears, and help find the courage they need to give birth.

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Savenkova, Iryna, and Maryna Stashevska. "Relationship between fear and emotionality." Scientific Visnyk V.O. Sukhomlynskyi Mykolaiv National University. Psychological Sciences, no. 2 (21) (2021): 48–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.33310/2078-2128-2021-21-2-48-52.

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The purpose of this article is to present the results of theoretical and empirical research of the ratio of indicators of actual fears and qualitative indicators of emotionality. Theoretical analysis of the notion of " fear" is given. Met hod s . "Questionnaire of the hierarchical structure of personality fears" by Yu. Shcherbatykh and E. Ivleva and "Four-modal test-questionnaire of emotionality" by O.P. Sannikova were used for empirical research. Re s ult s . The correlation analysis between the indicators of actual fears and the qualitative indicators of emotionality revealed positive signif

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Wilke, Jan, Tatjana Pfarr, and Mandy-Deborah Möller. "Even Warriors Can be Scared: A Survey Assessing Anxiety and Coping Skills in Competitive CrossFit Athletes." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 6 (2020): 1874. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17061874.

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Competition anxiety has been demonstrated to decrease sports performance while increasing burnout risk. To date, its degree in CrossFit (CF) is unknown. The present study, therefore, examines competition fear and relevant coping skills as well as potential correlates of both in individuals participating in CF events. A total of n = 79 athletes answered a battery of three questionnaires (competition fear index, athletic coping skills inventory, mindfulness attention awareness scale). Substantial levels of anxiety, particularly regarding the somatic dimension of the competition fear index, were

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Kaçoğlu, Celil, Halil O. Çobanoğlu, and Emre Şahin. "An investigation of fear of COVID-19 status in university student athletes from different sports associated with contact." Physical education of students 25, no. 2 (2021): 117–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.15561/20755279.2021.0207.

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Background and Study Aim. The aim of this research is to (i) examine the COVID-19 fear scales according to the contact rate of the sports branch of the athletes and (ii) examine the COVID-19 fear scales according to some demographic variables of the athletes. Material and Methods. Sport Sciences Faculty students athletes (n=176) in sports with different levels of contact voluntarily participated in the current study. The fear of COVID-19 scale consisting of a total of 7 items and demographic information form and a single sub-dimension were applied online via Google® forms to individuals

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Seebeck, Renée F., Malcolm H. Johnson, and Ross A. Flett. "The Nature and Extent of Social Anxiety and Avoidance in Patients with Chronic Pain." Australian Journal of Rehabilitation Counselling 9, no. 1 (2003): 52–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1323892200000508.

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The present study explored the nature and extent of social anxiety and avoidance, anxiety sensitivity, and pain-related anxiety and avoidance in 46 clinic-referred chronic pain patients, compared with a community-based group reporting pain (n = 66) and healthy controls (n = 57). The chronic pain patients consistently reported higher levels of social distress, social avoidance, fear of negative evaluation, anxiety sensitivity, and pain-related anxiety and avoidance as compared with controls. Group differences in social distress, social avoidance, fear of negative evaluation, pain-related cognit

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Vazquez, Katherine, Kehinde E. Cole, and Ryan G. Parsons. "Sex and the facilitation of cued fear by prior contextual fear conditioning in rats." Learning & Memory 31, no. 9 (2024): a054010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1101/lm.054010.124.

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Previous studies have shown that the formation of new memories can be influenced by prior experience. This includes work using Pavlovian fear conditioning in rodents that has shown that an initial fear conditioning experience can become associated with and facilitate the acquisition of new fear memories, especially when they occur close together in time. However, most of the prior studies used only males as subjects, resulting in questions about the generalizability of the findings from this work. Here we tested whether prior contextual fear conditioning would facilitate later learning of cued

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TOK, Türkay Nuri. "Öğretmen ve Okul Yöneticilerinin Telefonsuz Kalma Korkusu." International Journal of Social Sciences 7, no. 31 (2023): 423–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.52096/usbd.7.31.23.

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This study, which investigated the fears of teachers and school administrators working in public schools and institutions in Denizli's central districts in the 2022-2023 academic year, was conducted in a quantitative and screening model. Data were collected from 394 administrators and teachers using easily accessible sampling method. The fear levels of teachers and school administrators being without a phone are mostly at "Moderate" and in some items at "Light" levels. While the general nomophobia levels of teachers and school administrators were at the "Medium" level with the sub-dimensions o

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Shehada, Ameer Khalil, Ahmed Hassan Albelbeisi, Ali Albelbeisi, Abdel Hamid El Bilbeisi, and Amany El Afifi. "The fear of COVID-19 outbreak among health care professionals in Gaza Strip, Palestine." SAGE Open Medicine 9 (January 2021): 205031212110229. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/20503121211022987.

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Introduction: The emergence of the COVID-19 and its consequences has led to fears, worries, and anxiety among individuals, particularly among healthcare professionals. The present study aimed to assess the fear of COVID-19 among different healthcare professionals in the Gaza Strip, Palestine. Methods: A cross-sectional, snowball sampling technique and an online questionnaire were employed among healthcare professionals. A total of 300 participants completed the questionnaire. The validated fear of COVID-19 Scale Arabic version was used. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS version 22.

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Jorjandi Rahmatabadi, Alireza, Zahra Naqash, Shahnaz Rahnama Hassanabadi, Azam Nazifi, and Mahsa Firuzi Moghadam. "Objective: This research was conducted with the purpose of examining the effectiveness of acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT) based on a positive psychology approach on rumination and both positive and negative meta-emotions in anxious women. Methods and Materials: The study employed a quasi-experimental design. The population consisted of all anxious women in Tehran in the year 2022, from which 30 individuals were selected as the sample. Fifteen participants were placed in the experimental group and fifteen in the control group. The instruments used for data collection were the Rumination Questionnaire and the Meta-emotions Questionnaire. Findings: Data analysis was conducted using covariance analysis tests. The results indicated that the intervention of acceptance and commitment therapy based on a positive psychology approach has a significant effect on rumination and positive and negative meta-emotions in anxious women (p < 0.05). Conclusion: Therefore, acceptance and commitment therapy based on the positive psychology approach can be utilized for anxious women." Psychology of woman journal 4, no. 2 (2023): 109–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.61838/kman.pwj.4.2.13.

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Objective: This study aims to examine the relationship between perceived social support and fear of intimacy among single girls, focusing on how support from family, friends, and significant others influences fear of intimacy levels. Methods and Materials: A cross-sectional study design was utilized with 350 single girls aged 18 to 35 years. Participants completed the Fear of Intimacy Scale (FIS) and the Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support (MSPSS), assessing support from family, friends, and significant others. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 27, employing descriptive stat

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Makó, H. Sz, B. Veszprémi, L. Várhegyi, and N. Mészáros. "Nature of fears at the time of abortion and possible correlation to anxiety and depression." European Psychiatry 26, S2 (2011): 1687. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0924-9338(11)73391-0.

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IntroductionAbortion exerts its effects on psychological wellbeing of a great number of women all over the world. Numerous psychological research deals with describing normative responses to the intervention and determining possible psychopathological outcomes.ObjectivesOur aim was to justify whether women differ from one another already at the time of the intervention in terms of their level of anxiety and the degree of depression, which might correlate primarily to the difficulties regarding the process of making the decision for abortion and to the nature of their fears.MethodsIn our resear

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Mendes, Rute, Wanessa Cristina Baccon, and Carlos Laranjeira. "Fear of COVID-19, Mental Health and Resilient Coping in Young Adult Male Inmates: A Portuguese Cross-Sectional Study." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 20, no. 8 (2023): 5510. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20085510.

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Inmates are highly exposed to mental and physical disorders. Therefore, periodic screening of their mental health and other health risks is required. This study aims to investigate the perceived fear of COVID-19 and the psychological impact of the pandemic in a sample of young adult male inmates. An institutional-based quantitative cross-sectional study design was performed. Data collection took place from July to September 2022 at a juvenile prison in the central region of Portugal. Data were collected using questionnaires on demographic and health characteristics; fear of COVID-19; depressio

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Ümit, Bayın, Makas Samet, Çelik Eyüp, and Biçener Eda. "Examination of Individuals' Level of Fear of COVID-19, Fear of Missing Out (FoMO), and Ruminative Thought Style." Education Quarterly Reviews 4, no. 2 (2021): 264–73. https://doi.org/10.31014/aior.1993.04.02.215.

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  In the current study, it was aimed to examine the relationships between individuals’ fear of COVID-19, fear of missing out (FoMO), and ruminative thought style levels. The participants consisted of 408 individuals aged between 17-68, of which 110 were male and 298 were female. In this study, The Fear of COVID-19 Scale, Fear of Missing Out Scale, and Ruminative Thought Style Questionnaire were used in order to collect data. Relational survey method was used in the research. In the mediation analysis, it was observed that the ruminative thought style has a mediator role in the relat

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Stears, Keenan, Melissa H. Schmitt, Christopher C. Wilmers, and Adrian M. Shrader. "Mixed-species herding levels the landscape of fear." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 287, no. 1922 (2020): 20192555. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2019.2555.

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Prey anti-predator behaviours are influenced by perceived predation risk in a landscape and social information gleaned from herd mates regarding predation risk. It is well documented that high-quality social information about risk can come from heterospecific herd mates. Here, we integrate social information with the landscape of fear to quantify how these landscapes are modified by mixed-species herding. To do this, we investigated zebra vigilance in single- and mixed-species herds across different levels of predation risk (lion versus no lion), and assessed how they manage herd size and the

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Jnr, Reginald Arthur-Mensah, Sabina Coffie, Lincoln Tetteh-Ahinakwa, and Abigail Agartha Kyei. "Levels of Fear in Patients Scheduled for Amputation at The Korle Bu Teaching Hospital, Ghana." International Journal of Psychological Studies 13, no. 1 (2021): 48. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ijps.v13n1p48.

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The purpose of this study was to identify the prevalence and levels of fear in patients scheduled for amputations at the Korle Bu Teaching Hospital (KBTH), Accra, Ghana. A total of 30 patients hospitalized at the surgical wards and the orthopaedic and accident center wards between November 2019 and May 2020 were included in the study. The Surgical Fear Questionnaire (SFQ) was used to measure the levels of fear in the patients the day before surgery. Findings showed that the major type of amputation was below knee amputation, 16/30 (53.3%), the main reason for amputation was due to Diabet

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Ibrahim, Maria Salem, Hala Alibrahim, Abdullah Al Madani, Abdulaziz Alamri, Mohamed Bamashmous, and Abrar Tounsi. "Fear Factor in Seeking Dental Care among Saudis during COVID-19 Pandemic." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 20 (2021): 10589. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182010589.

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The recent coronavirus disease of 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic led to major lifestyle changes. The present study sought to assess factors associated with fear to seek dental care during COVID-19 pandemic in Saudi Arabia. This cross-sectional study was conducted during the COVID-19 outbreak in 2020. An online questionnaire was filled by a convenient sample of adult Saudi residents through mobile instant messaging application. The following measures were collected: sociodemographic characteristics, fear of COVID-19 using validated Fears of Illness and Virus Evaluation scale, fear to seek dental care

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Ditton, Jason, Derek Chadee, and Furzana Khan. "The Stability of Global and Specific Measures of the Fear of Crime: Results from a Two Wave Trinidadian Longitudinal Study." International Review of Victimology 10, no. 1 (2003): 49–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/026975800301000103.

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The ‘fear of crime’ is a politically important measure, and much is made of year to year changes in levels when generated by repeat cross-sectional national surveys such as the British Crime Survey. Data from the first two waves of a longitudinal survey of the fear of crime undertaken in Trinidad indicate that identical year on year fear levels regularly conceal considerable gross changes in reported fear, many of which are mutually cancelled in the calculation of net year- on-year fear levels. These results question either or both of the stability of the fear of crime, and of measures used to

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Lachowska, Karolina. "Kogo powinni się bać Polacy? Czyli o konstrukcji wroga w narracjach Zjednoczonej Prawicy." Zeszyty Prasoznawcze 66, no. 4 (256) (2023): 65–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.4467/22996362pz.23.039.18673.

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Whom Should Poles Fear? The Construction of an Enemy in the Narrative of the United Right The article’s main objective is to analyse the statements made by politicians from the United Right regarding their methods of arousing social fears and generating an enemy. The starting point is the concept of three levels of fear proposed by Martha Nussbaum: fears arising from actual events that create uncertainty, the displacement of fear onto someone/something unrelated to the actual problem but serving as a convenient substitute (scapegoating), and the employment of the idea of a hidden/imaginary ene

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Hassan, Sibtul, Ibraheem Khan, Haneena Khan, Ahmed Khan, Ayesha Khan, and Hamza Waheed. "Effect of Covid-19 Fear on Dental Anxiety Levels among Adult Patients in Periurban Islamabad." Pakistan Journal of Medical and Health Sciences 16, no. 5 (2022): 1012–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.53350/pjmhs221651012.

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Objectives: To evaluate dental anxiety levels and fear of covid-19 and the correlation of dental anxiety with covid-19 fear. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted at Rawal General and Dental Hospital Islamabad, Pakistan using convenient sampling technique over a period of 6 months. A sample size of 167 adult (18yrs+) patients was taken. Data was collected through validated questionnaires in the OPD. Results: It was observed that people with higher fear of covid-19 had significantly higher dental anxiety levels and vice versa. The relation being significant (p <0.05). Conclusion: it

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Yeşilçinar, İlknur, Gülten Güvenç, Mehmet Ferdi Kinci, Burçin Bektaş Pardes, Gülşah Kök, and Ahmet Akın Sivaslioğlu. "Knowledge, Fear, and Anxiety Levels Among Pregnant Women During the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Cross-Sectional Study." Clinical Nursing Research 31, no. 4 (2022): 758–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/10547738221085662.

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This study aimed to evaluate pregnant women’s knowledge, fear, and anxiety levels during the coronavirus outbreak. This cross-sectional study was conducted on 170 pregnant women between May 20 and July 10, 2020. Data collection form for demographics and obstetric details, questionnaire on knowledge, attitudes, and practice toward COVID-19, and State-Trait Anxiety Inventory-I were used. The vast majority of pregnant women were afraid of being infected with the COVID-19 and causing mother-to-baby transmission. A positive correlation was found between fear of coronavirus transmission and the leve

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Aue, Tatjana, Marie-Eve Hoeppli, and Camille Piguet. "The Sensitivity of Physiological Measures to Phobic and Nonphobic Fear Intensity." Journal of Psychophysiology 26, no. 4 (2012): 154–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/0269-8803/a000078.

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We investigated whether amygdala activation, autonomic responses, respiratory responses, and facial muscle activity (measured over the brow and cheek [fear grin] regions) are all sensitive to phobic versus nonphobic fear and, more importantly, whether effects in these variables vary as a function of both phobic and nonphobic fear intensity. Spider-phobic and comparably low spider-fearful control participants imagined encountering different animals and rated their subjective fear while their central and peripheral nervous system activity was measured. All measures included in our study were sen

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Morton, Sarah C. M., Ashley Miller, and Robin S. Everhart. "Examining associations between medical fear and perceptions of provider trust, provider empathy, and medical mistrust among college-attending young adults." PLOS One 20, no. 6 (2025): e0321412. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0321412.

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Objective The current study examined associations between various dimensions of medical fear (e.g., blood, mutilation, sharp objects, injection/blood draws, examinations/symptoms) and perceptions of provider trust, provider empathy, healthcare system mistrust, and attitudes toward medical care-seeking. Additionally, we explored the associations between different dimensions of medical fear and medical care engagement. Methods A convenience sample of 479 young adults (18–26 years) attending a large, urban Mid-Atlantic university completed a cross-sectional online survey during the fall of 2022 a

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Choi, Edmond P. H., Wenjie Duan, Daniel Y. T. Fong, et al. "Psychometric Evaluation of a Fear of COVID-19 Scale in China: Cross-sectional Study." JMIR Formative Research 6, no. 3 (2022): e31992. http://dx.doi.org/10.2196/31992.

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Background At the very beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic, information about fear of COVID-19 was very limited in Chinese populations, and there was no standardized and validated scale to measure the fear associated with the pandemic. Objective This cross-sectional study aimed to adapt and validate a fear scale to determine the levels of fear of COVID-19 among the general population in mainland China and Hong Kong. Methods A web-based questionnaire platform was developed for data collection; the study instruments were an adapted version of the 8-item Breast Cancer Fear Scale (“Fear Scale”) and

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Diamond, Deborah, George Matchett, and Graham C. L. Davey. "The Effect of Prior Fear Levels on UCS-expectancy Ratings to a Fear-relevant Stimulus." Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology Section A 48, no. 1 (1995): 237–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14640749508401386.

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Blubaugh, Carmen K., Ivy V. Widick, and Ian Kaplan. "Does fear beget fear? Risk-mediated habitat selection triggers predator avoidance at lower trophic levels." Oecologia 185, no. 1 (2017): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00442-017-3909-1.

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Harrawood, Laura K., Lyle J. White, and John J. Benshoff. "Death Anxiety in a National Sample of United States Funeral Directors and its Relationship with Death Exposure, Age, and Sex." OMEGA - Journal of Death and Dying 58, no. 2 (2009): 129–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/om.58.2.c.

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The purpose of this study is to examine the relationship between the level of death anxiety among a national sample of United States funeral directors with varying levels of death exposure, age, and sex. Utilizing the Multidimensional Fear of Death Scale (MFODS), the results showed a significant, but weak negative relationship between levels of death anxiety and the participants' reported number of funerals attended per year. The correlation between death anxiety scores and the number of reported embalming cases performed yearly was, however, not significant. We found a significant negative co

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Akbulut, Yasemin, Merve Onder, Gamze Kutlu, Fatih Durur, and Kaan Orhan. "Determining the COVID-19 Knowledge, Awareness and Anxiety Levels of Intern Dentists." International Journal of Occupational Safety and Health 13, no. 1 (2023): 108–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ijosh.v13i1.45270.

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Introduction: COVID-19 is a contagious disease caused by Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). The nature of dentistry leads to close contact with patients and exposure to saliva, blood, and other bodily fluids during treatment processes and it is a field where high-frequency devices that can make it easier for virus contamination are used. This study aims to determine the knowledge and approaches of COVID-19 infection control of intern dentists who have begun face-to-face education and their COVID-19-related fear and anxiety levels. Methods: The study comprised 4th and

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Shechory-Bitton, Mally, and Keren Cohen-Louck. "Does Fear of Terrorism Differ From Fear of Crime and Sexual Assault: A Question of Geographical Location and Residential Area." International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology 62, no. 3 (2016): 806–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0306624x16658472.

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The study describes an examination of three types of fear: crime, sexual assault, and terrorism. The sample consisted of 507 adults from three different geographical locations in Israel with different levels of crime and terror attacks. With regard to fear of crime and fear of sexual assault, the results were compatible with the findings of many studies that indicate the effect of residential area features on levels of fear. Fear of terrorism was found to be more complex. The theoretical framework used to assess fear of crime is not fully suitable for assessing and examining fear of terrorism.

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Witte, Kim, and Mike Allen. "A Meta-Analysis of Fear Appeals: Implications for Effective Public Health Campaigns." Health Education & Behavior 27, no. 5 (2000): 591–615. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/109019810002700506.

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The fear appeal literature is examined in a comprehensive synthesis using meta-analytical techniques. The meta-analysis suggests that strong fear appeals produce high levels of perceived severity and susceptibility, and are more persuasive than low or weak fear appeals. The results also indicate that fear appeals motivate adaptive danger control actions such as message acceptance and maladaptive fear control actions such as defensive avoidance or reactance. It appears that strong fear appeals and high-efficacy messages produce the greatest behavior change, whereas strong fear appeals with low-

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Hart, Dennis L., Mark W. Werneke, Steven Z. George, et al. "Screening for Elevated Levels of Fear-Avoidance Beliefs Regarding Work or Physical Activities in People Receiving Outpatient Therapy." Physical Therapy 89, no. 8 (2009): 770–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.2522/ptj.20080227.

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BackgroundScreening people for elevated levels of fear-avoidance beliefs is uncommon, but elevated levels of fear could worsen outcomes. Developing short screening tools might reduce the data collection burden and facilitate screening, which could prompt further testing or management strategy modifications to improve outcomes.ObjectiveThe purpose of this study was to develop efficient yet accurate screening methods for identifying elevated levels of fear-avoidance beliefs regarding work or physical activities in people receiving outpatient rehabilitation.DesignA secondary analysis of data coll

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Sailer, Clara O., Laura M. Holsen, Avery Van De Water, et al. "ODP370 Disconnect Between Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Activity and Amygdala Activation Using Novel Neuroimaging Fear Paradigm in Youth With Avoidant/Restrictive Food Intake Disorder." Journal of the Endocrine Society 6, Supplement_1 (2022): A518. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/jendso/bvac150.1077.

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Abstract Background Avoidant/restrictive food intake disorder (ARFID) is characterized by restrictive eating patterns without shape or weight concerns, leading to nutritional deficits and psychosocial impairment. Three distinct phenotypes have been described that can co-occur: 1) sensory sensitivity, 2) lack of interest in eating or food, and 3) food avoidance due to fear of aversive consequences. Hyperactivation of a "defensive motive system", characterized by a neurocircuit activation of the amygdala and the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, could mediate fear/threat pathways in ARF

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Koyun, Merve, Hatice Uzsen, Esra Tural Buyuk, and Nevin Kiroglu. "The Effect of Watching Animation-Assisted Information Video on Fear and Anxiety in Children Before an Endoscopy Procedure." Gastroenterology Nursing 48, no. 1 (2025): 19–27. https://doi.org/10.1097/sga.0000000000000850.

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The purpose of this study was to evaluate the impact of children watching a video about their upcoming procedure on reducing anxiety and fear before endoscopy. This randomized controlled trial included 46 children aged between 6 and 12 years who underwent endoscopy in the pediatric gastroenterology unit of a hospital in the Black Sea Region of Turkey. Children were randomly assigned to the experimental group or the control group. Children in the experimental group (n = 22) watched video about their procedure, whereas children in the control group (n = 24) received a verbal explanation about th

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Homberg, Judith R. "Serotonergic Modulation of Conditioned Fear." Scientifica 2012 (2012): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.6064/2012/821549.

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Conditioned fear plays a key role in anxiety disorders as well as depression and other neuropsychiatric conditions. Understanding how neuromodulators drive the associated learning and memory processes, including memory consolidation, retrieval/expression, and extinction (recall), is essential in the understanding of (individual differences in vulnerability to) these disorders and their treatment. The human and rodent studies I review here together reveal, amongst others, that acute selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) treatment facilitates fear conditioning, reduces contextual fear, a

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Hauser, Eduardo, Lislayne Luiza da Silva, Paula Bertolini de Paiva, Ana Carolina Silva de Souza, Fernando Luiz Cardoso, and Giovana Zarpellon Mazo. "Balance in seniors who exercise, considering different levels of fear of falling." Acta Scientiarum. Health Sciences 39, no. 1 (2017): 45. http://dx.doi.org/10.4025/actascihealthsci.v39i1.32302.

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The aging process brings changes to one’s body balance and may trigger a fear of falling. The aim of this study was to compare and verify correlation between different methods that assess body balance among elderly individuals who exercise, according to different levels of fear of falling. The sample was composed of 186 individuals (68.28±6.years) who exercise. Balance assessment used Timed Up and Go, Unipedal Stance, Sitting-Rising and Functional Reach tests. A question about fear of falling was applied in the form of an interview. Statistical analysis used Spearman and Kruskall Wallis correl

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Altan, Halenur, Erg z, Melek Belevcikli, and Tuba Kasap. "Assessment of dental anxiety and fear levels of pediatric patients diagnosed with familial mediterranean fever." Annals of Medical Research 29, no. 8 (2022): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.5455/annalsmedres.2022.02.066.

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Objective: Familial Mediterranean Fever (FMF) is an autoinflammatory disease characterized by recurrent fever, arthritis, and inflammation of the serous membranes, with an autosomal recessive with recurrent attacks and is a disease that begins in childhood and lasts a lifetime. In this study, it was aimed to evaluate the relationship between disease activity and dental fear-anxiety, and dental behaviour level in children with FMF who had pain and hospital experience in early childhood. Materials and Methods: The study included 207 children ranging in age from 5 to 15 years; 93 patients with FM

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Bivens, Alexander J., Robert A. Neimeyer, Thomas M. Kirchberg, and Marlin K. Moore. "Death Concern and Religious Beliefs among Gays and Bisexuals of Variable Proximity to Aids." OMEGA - Journal of Death and Dying 30, no. 2 (1995): 105–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/dlql-ajc5-gbxv-ucd3.

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In view of the high mortality rates associated with a diagnosis of AIDS, we investigated gay and bisexual (G/B) men's levels of death fear and threat and their relation to religiosity. Participants were grouped into three categories: forty-three who were seropositive for HIV (the HIV+ group), sixty-eight who were seronegative but who were involved as volunteers or professionals in AIDS hospices, wards or organizations (the AIDS-involved group), and fifty-five who had no direct involvement in AIDS other than their risk group membership (the uninvolved group). We found that 1) the HIV+ group rep

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Morgado-Toscano, Cristina, Juan Gómez-Salgado, Juan Jesús García-Iglesias, Javier Fagundo-Rivera, Daniel López-López, and Regina Allande-Cussó. "Levels of Anxiety and Fear among Nurses During the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Systematic Review." Journal of Nursing Management 2023 (February 21, 2023): 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2023/2191984.

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Aim. The aim of this review is to find out what levels of anxiety and fear have been shown by nurses during the COVID-19 pandemic. Background. Health security crises affect not only physical health but also the mental health and wellbeing of healthcare professionals due to a higher level of exposure. Evaluation. A systematic review was carried out following the PRISMA statement. Methodological quality was assessed using the Joanna Briggs Institute critical appraisal tools. The literature search was carried out in the PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science (WoS) electronic databases based on the ke

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Clarke, Sarah T., Barbara M. Murphy, Michelle Rogerson, Michael Le Grande, Robert Hester, and Alun Conrad Jackson. "Conceptualizing Fear of Progression in Cardiac Patients: Advancing our Understanding of the Psychological Impact of Cardiac Illness." Heart and Mind 8, no. 1 (2024): 29–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/hm.hm-d-23-00046.

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Abstract Background: An emerging area of psycho-cardiology explores fear of disease progression in cardiac patients, following extensive research of this topic in psycho-oncology. Novel interventions that target cardiac fear of progression(FoP) may be valuable in bridging the gap between the high psychological support needs in cardiac care and limitations surrounding the efficacy of standard psychosocial treatments. However, there appears to be limited research characterizing FoP in cardiac patients with which to inform potential interventions. Aims: Using a mixed methods approach in two inter

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