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Books on the topic 'Lexical feature'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 9 March 2023

Last updated: 31 July 2025

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1

National Institute of Standards and Technology (U.S.), ed. A lexical analogy to feature matching and pose estimation. U.S. Dept. of Commerce, Technology Administration, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 2002.

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2

National Institute of Standards and Technology (U.S.), ed. A lexical analogy to feature matching and pose estimation. U.S. Dept. of Commerce, Technology Administration, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 2002.

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3

Kornai, A. Lexical categories and x-bar features. Akade miai Kiado, 1985.

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4

Milud, Mohamed. Oil and gas terminology: the experience of linguistic description. INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1894396.

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The monograph is devoted to the study of the structural and semantic features of the terminological vocabulary of the oil and gas industry. The results of the interaction of different languages in this area are considered. The term-forming processes and structural types of lexical units of this terminology are described in some detail. The question of partial belonging of terms of the oil and gas sublanguage is studied, a review of Russian-French dictionaries of oil and gas terms is conducted. Being the most unique, this terminology continues to be one of the most complex and little-studied te

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5

Mironova, Dina, Natal'ya Kalashnikova, Inna Malyhina, and Dzhamilya Godina. Hotel business: English in the professional field. Professional English in Hospitality Industry. INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2025. https://doi.org/10.12737/2122974.

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The textbook presents theoretical and practical issues of the organization of the hotel business, trends and modern concepts of its development. The combination of theoretical and practical materials, the availability of examples from the practice of the hotel business will allow you to master all professional competencies. It consists of 12 sections devoted to topics such as the features of the hospitality industry, the organizational structure of hotels, career prospects and hotel management, hotel classification, hotel services, etc. The material is selected from authentic sources, on the b

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6

Azova, Ol'ga, Elena D'yakova, Zhanna Antipova, and Mariya Vorob'eva. Speech therapy technologies. INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1038017.

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The textbook discusses the features of the formation of speech and motor functions in children, as well as their disorders. Technologies of examination of the pronouncing side of speech, lexical and grammatical structure of language and coherent speech, tempo-rhythmic organization of speech and motor functions in children are presented. The methods and techniques of diagnostics, criteria for assessing the violation of the formation of functions are described in detail. Meets the requirements of the federal state educational standards of higher education of the latest generation. For students o

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7

McDonald, Russ. ‘Pretty Rooms’. Edited by Jonathan Post. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199607747.013.0017.

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I first propose a new context for examining the sonnets and then scrutinize some verbal features of the poems with that context in mind. The context is visual design in the second half of the 16th century: the cultural commitment to arrangement in Tudor England is visible in furniture, textiles, gardening, and to a certain degree in painting, but especially in architecture, particularly Elizabethan domestic architecture. The feature I analyse is a species of poetic ornament: literal and lexical forms of repetition. My aim is to identify the increasing devotion to order in Elizabethan visual cu

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8

Bárány, András. Differential object marking in Hungarian. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198804185.003.0002.

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This chapter provides an overview of differential object agreement in Hungarian. Finite verbs in Hungarian always agree with the subject in person and number, and sometimes agree with the object. Generally, the trigger of object agreement is argued to be related to definiteness. It is argued that while both syntactic and semantic properties are relevant for determining object agreement, the syntactic structure of the object is the main factor: objects have to be DPs to agree, and can sometimes even be indefinite. The focus is on lexical, third person noun phrases, including common nouns and pr

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9

Hu, Xuhui. The syntax and semantics of Chinese resultatives. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198808466.003.0004.

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This chapter investigates the syntactic derivation of Chinese resultatives. While in English resultatives the [uDiv] feature is valued with the mechanism of feature sharing, in Chinese resultatives it is valued by a verbal C-functor, by nature equivalent to en in flatten. The Chinese V–V resultative compound is a single de-adjectival verb: the first verb is a verbal C-functor and the second one is an adjective. The V–V resultative construction is therefore analyzed as a causative construction involving a de-adjectival verb. This single hypothesis provides a unified account of the seemingly mys

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10

Mauranen, Anna. Second-Order Language Contact. Edited by Markku Filppula, Juhani Klemola, and Devyani Sharma. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199777716.013.010.

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This chapter discusses the nature of English as a lingua franca (ELF) as uniquely complex ‘second order language contact’, which arises from contact between ‘similects’ of speakers from given first language backgrounds. The data is drawn from speech in academic communities. ELF is best understood as operating on three levels: the macro-social, the micro-social, and the cognitive. English as a lingua franca is largely similar to English as a native language in comparable social circumstances, but it also manifests lexico-grammatical features that are clearly different: nonstandard grammatical a

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11

Lamel, Lori, and Jean-Luc Gauvain. Speech Recognition. Edited by Ruslan Mitkov. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199276349.013.0016.

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Speech recognition is concerned with converting the speech waveform, an acoustic signal, into a sequence of words. Today's approaches are based on a statistical modellization of the speech signal. This article provides an overview of the main topics addressed in speech recognition, which are, acoustic-phonetic modelling, lexical representation, language modelling, decoding, and model adaptation. Language models are used in speech recognition to estimate the probability of word sequences. The main components of a generic speech recognition system are, main knowledge sources, feature analysis, a

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12

Musina, O. R., L. V. Timeeva, and I. V. Yarunina. E-learning English textbook on the topic "Infectious diseases, viruses". SIB-Expertise, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.12731/er0469.12072021.

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The authors of this e-learning resource have developed a system of exercises aimed at mastering of professional medical vocabulary and developing skills of working with authentic texts on the topic ""Infectious diseases, viruses"". Each section contains an authentic text that allows students to get aware and to memorize corresponding terminology. The peculiar feature of this e-learning resource is that after each text there is a series of exercises presented to develop skills of working with medical vocabulary. In addition, each section contains a glossary which includes lexical units for the

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13

Musina, O. R., L. V. Timeeva, and I. V. Yarunina. E-learning English textbook on the topic "Bacterial infections. What are they?". SIB-Expertise, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.12731/er0471.12072021.

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The authors of this e-learning resource have developed a system of exercises aimed at mastering of professional medical vocabulary and developing skills of working with authentic texts on the topic ""Bacterial infections. What are they?"". Each section contains an authentic text that allows students to get aware and to memorize corresponding terminology. The peculiar feature of this EER is that after each text there is a series of exercises presented to develop skills of working with medical vocabulary. In addition, each section contains a glossary which includes lexical units for the studied

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14

Samuelsson, Christer. Statistical Methods. Edited by Ruslan Mitkov. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199276349.013.0019.

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Statistical methods now belong to mainstream natural language processing. They have been successfully applied to virtually all tasks within language processing and neighbouring fields, including part-of-speech tagging, syntactic parsing, semantic interpretation, lexical acquisition, machine translation, information retrieval, and information extraction and language learning. This article reviews mathematical statistics and applies it to language modelling problems, leading up to the hidden Markov model and maximum entropy model. The real strength of maximum-entropy modelling lies in combining

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Musina, O. R., L. V. Timeeva, and I. V. Yarunina. E-learning English textbook on the topic "Social diseases". SIB-Expertise, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.12731/er0470.12072021.

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"The authors of this e-learning resource have developed a system of exercises aimed at mastering of professional medical vocabulary and developing skills of working with authentic texts on the topic ""Socially significant diseases and problems of modern society "". Each section contains an authentic text that allows students to get aware and to memorize corresponding terminology. The peculiar feature of this e-learning resource is that after each text there is a series of exercises presented to develop skills of working with medical vocabulary. In addition, each section contains a glossary whi

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16

Quiles, Rafael Damas. Influence of Latin to the English Language. Morphological and Lexical Features. GRIN Verlag GmbH, 2018.

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17

Gisborne, Nikolas, and Andrew Hippisley. Defaults in linguistics. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198712329.003.0001.

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The notion of default and override can serve linguistic analysis in different ways. In the lexicon defaults are used for the resolution of rule competition, to capture lexical blocking, to select the right stem where there are choices, and when used in inheritance systems to provide for instances that do not meet every characteristic of their class allowing exceptionality to be expressed as semi-regularity. Defaults in syntax and semantics play a more organizational, ontological role, expressing markedness in lists of features and their possible values and resolving conflicts that may arise wh

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18

Cohesion in Literary Texts: A Study of Some Grammatical and Lexical Features of English Discourse. De Gruyter, Inc., 2011.

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19

Aboh, Enoch. Information Structure. Edited by Caroline Féry and Shinichiro Ishihara. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199642670.013.004.

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This chapter discusses the cartographic approach to clause structure according to which information structure directly relates to syntactic heads that project within the clausal left periphery. This view is supported by data from languages in which information-structure-sensitive notions (e.g. topic, focus) are encoded by means of discourse markers that trigger various constituent displacement rules. Such empirical facts are compatible with the cartographic view in which lexical choices condition information packaging and clause structure. Put together, the cross-linguistic data presented in t

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20

Jónsson, Jóhannes Gísli, and Thórhallur Eythórsson, eds. Syntactic Features and the Limits of Syntactic Change. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198832584.001.0001.

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This volume brings together the latest diachronic research on syntactic features and their role in restricting syntactic change. The chapters address a central theoretical issue in diachronic syntax: whether syntactic variation can always be attributed to differences in the features of items in the lexicon, as the Borer-Chomsky conjecture proposes. In answering this question, all the chapters develop analyses of syntactic change couched within a formalist framework in which rich hierarchical structures and abstract features of various kinds play an important role. The first three parts of the

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21

Dworkin, Steven N. Anthology of texts. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199687312.003.0006.

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This short anthology contains extracts from three Castilian prose texts, one from the second half of the thirteenth century (General estoria IV of Alfonso X the Wise), one from the first half of the fourteenth century (El conde Lucanor of don Juan Manuel), and one from near the mid-point of the fifteenth century (Atalaya de las corónicas of Alfonso Martínez de Toledo, Arcipreste de Talavera). These passages illustrate in context many of the phonological, orthographic, morphological, syntactic, and lexical features of medieval Hispano-Romance described in the body of this book. A linguistic com

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22

Jany, Carmen. The Northern Hokan Area. Edited by Michael Fortescue, Marianne Mithun, and Nicholas Evans. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199683208.013.34.

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A number of languages indigenous to Northern California display structural similarities which raise interesting questions about possible contact effects on features of polysynthesis. In particular, the coding of grammatical relations and patterns of verbal compounding and lexical affixation reveal an undeniable areal distribution. The presence of these same features also defines the languages examined in this chapter (Chimariko, Shastan, Karuk, Yana, Atsugewi, Achumawi, and Pomoan) as polysynthetic. While other chapters in this volume are based on a single language family, the present chapter

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23

Loporcaro, Michele. The older stages of the Romance languages. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199656547.003.0006.

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The chapter explores the earliest attested stages of the different Romance branches, elaborating on the picture which has emerged in Chapter 4 and showing that the traces of more-than-binary gender contrasts grow increasingly significant, and geographically widespread, as one proceeds backwards in time. Thus, even Northern Italo-Romance and Gallo-Romance, which have no traces of a functional neuter today, still featured in their medieval stage not only a non-lexical neuter adjective inflection for default/agreement with non-lexical controllers (Gallo-Romance), but neuter agreement on (overdiff

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24

Watson, Janet. South Arabian and Arabic dialects. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198701378.003.0011.

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This chapter examines phonological, morphological, lexical, and syntactic data from a number of contemporary Arabic varieties spoken within historical Yemen—i.e. within the borders of current Yemen and up into southern ˁAsīr in Saudi Arabia—with (a) data from the Ancient South Arabian language, Sabaic; (b) what has been called ‘Ḥimyaritic’, as spoken during the early centuries of Islam; and (c) the Modern South Arabian languages, Mehri and Śḥerɛ̄t. These comparisons show a significant number of shared features. The density of shared features and the nature of sharing exhibited lead to the tent

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25

Belelli, Sara. The Laki variety of Harsin : grammar, texts, lexicon. Edited by Geoffrey Haig. University of Bamberg Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.20378/irb-51703.

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This book presents a documentation and analysis of Harsini, the language variety spoken by the people of Harsin, a small urban centre located in south-east Kermanshah Province, western Iran. The main features of phonology and morphosyntax are outlined, and an extensive corpus of transcribed spoken texts, recorded in situ, is also provided, together with a lexicon. The book also includes comparative notes and discussion of the place of Harsini within Laki, and its relationship to Southern Kurdish. The sound files from the text corpus are available online at https://multicast.aspra.uni-bamberg.d

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26

Andersson, Samuel, Oliver Sayeed, and Bert Vaux. The Phonology of Language Contact. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199935345.013.55.

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This chapter surveys the impact of language contact on phonological systems. The phonology of one language may influence that of another in several ways, including lexical borrowing, rule borrowing, Sprachbund features, and interlanguage effects. Illustrations of these phenomena are drawn from interactions between English and French, Hawaiian, and Japanese at different historical periods; from Quichean languages; from Slavic-influenced dialects of Albanian; from Dravidian influences on Sanskrit; and from South African English, among other examples. The evidence indicates that language contact

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27

Russi, Cinzia. Sicilian Elements in Andrea Camilleri's Narrative Language. The Rowman & Littlefield Publishing Group, 2020. https://doi.org/10.5040/9781683934912.

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Sicilian Elements in Andrea Camilleri’s Narrative Language examines Camilleri’s unique linguistic repertoire and techniques over his career as a novelist. It focuses on the intensification of Sicilian linguistic features in Camilleri’s narrative works, in particular features pertaining to the domains of sounds and grammar, since these have been marginalized in linguistic-centered research on the evolution of Camilleri’s narrative language and remain overall understudied. Through a systematic comparative analysis of the distribution patterns of selected Sicilian features in a selection of Camil

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28

Nordlinger, Rachel. The Languages of the Daly River Region (Northern Australia). Edited by Michael Fortescue, Marianne Mithun, and Nicholas Evans. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199683208.013.44.

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This chapter surveys the polysynthetic characteristics of the languages of the Daly River region of Australia’s Northern Territory. Although they are not all closely related, these languages share many typological features typical of polysynthesis, including the encoding of core arguments in the verbal word; noun incorporation; applicatives; and complex templatic verbal morphology. In addition the Daly languages exhibit complex verbal predicates composed of two discontinuous stems, one functioning broadly to classify the event type and the other providing more specific lexical semantics. These

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29

Arakawa, Kiyohide, and Masaharu Mizumoto. Multiple Chinese Verbs Equivalent to the English Verb “Know”. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190865085.003.0004.

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This chapter examines the basic grammatical and semantic features of knowledge verbs in Chinese—renshi, zhidao, and liaojie—and compares them with their counterparts in English and Japanese. The comparison is mainly based on lexical aspects like being stative or nonstative, whether they express in their basic forms a state, or an event, and so on. The authors then examine whether these verbs allow uses in orders, combine with some auxiliary verbs like the counterparts of “decide to,” “want to,” and the like (which suggest the possibility or the degree of voluntary control). Finally, they propo

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30

Mathieu, Éric, and Robert Truswell. Micro-change and macro-change in diachronic syntax. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198747840.003.0001.

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This introduction discusses current trends in diachronic linguistics with a focus on syntactic change and reviews the fifteen other chapters included in the volume. In the spirit of modern diachronic syntax, the selected articles show that very general patterns of change, emergent, multigenerational diachronic phenomena, interact with small, discrete, local, intergenerational changes in the lexical specification of grammatical features. General topics include acquisition biases, cross-categorial word order generalizations, typological particularities and universals, language contact, and trans

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31

Fortescue, Michael, Marianne Mithun, and Nicholas Evans, eds. The Oxford Handbook of Polysynthesis. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199683208.001.0001.

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This handbook offers an extensive cross-linguistic and cross-theoretical survey of polysynthetic languages, in which single multi-morpheme verb forms can express what would be whole sentences in English. These languages and the problems they raise for linguistic analyses have long featured prominently in language descriptions, and yet the essence of polysynthesis remains under discussion, right down to whether it delineates a distinct, coherent type, rather than an assortment of frequently co-occurring traits. Chapters in the first part of the handbook relate polysynthesis to other issues cent

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32

Faarlund, Jan Terje. The Syntax of Mainland Scandinavian. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198817918.001.0001.

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The term Mainland Scandinavian covers the North Germanic languages spoken in Denmark, Norway, Sweden, and parts of Finland. There is a continuum of mutually intelligible standard languages, regional varieties, and dialects stretching from southern Jutland to Eastern Finland. Linguistically, Danish, Norwegian, and Swedish are thus to be considered one language. Most syntactic patterns and features are shared among the national and regional varieties, but there are also interesting differences. This book presents the main syntactic structures of this language, with the focus on the standard lang

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33

Sadock, Jerrold. The Subjectivity of the Notion of Polysynthesis. Edited by Michael Fortescue, Marianne Mithun, and Nicholas Evans. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199683208.013.7.

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It is argued that no quantitative measures, nor any simple structural distinctions, can accurately separate languages that we would impressionistically count as polysynthetic from those that we would not. Rather, our intuitions are influenced by the type of morphology a language presents, by the phonological and lexical facts associated with its morphology, and by the degree to which its morphology does the work of syntax. Disregarding such features, it can be argued that biblical Hebrew is more synthetic than the Inuit language Kalaallisut, a conclusion that I, and perhaps most typologists wo

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34

Hu, Xuhui. Resultatives at synchronic and diachronic levels. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198808466.003.0005.

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This chapter investigates how a theory of events can be combined and be compatible with the theory of parametric variation in the generative tradition. At the diachronic level, Chinese resultatives developed from serial verb constructions with two subjacent verbal predicates in Old Chinese. The two adjacent verbs are reanalyzed as components of a single de-adjectival verb in the period of Middle Chinese due to language acquirers’ preference for structural simplicity. At the synchronic level, the preference for computational efficiency is also responsible for the fact that English style resulta

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35

Pentiuc, Eugen J. Hearing the Scriptures. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190239633.001.0001.

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This book explores a specific area of “reception history”: Byzantine hymnography’s use and interpretation of Scriptures, primarily the Old Testament (Septuagint), as part of Orthodox tradition. Lexical-biblical-theological analyses of selected Holy Week hymns show the distinctiveness of “liturgical exegesis” (hymnographic biblical interpretation) and its complementarity to “patristic exegesis.” Even though patristic exegesis and liturgical exegesis are closely interrelated in terms of authorship and basic methodology, this volume seeks to show the main dissimilarities between patristic (i.e.,

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36

Cappelen, Herman. Varieties of Conceptual Engineering. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198814719.003.0013.

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Chapter 2 gave an overview of the varieties of conceptual engineering. This chapter shows how the tools of the Austerity Framework enable us gain a greater understanding of the different kinds of conceptual engineering. Some engineers (such as Haslanger and Clark and Chalmers) are concerned with improving the way we speak about a topic. Others, most notably Scharp, are concerned with concepts that they call inconsistent. It is argued that we think of these concepts as lacking an adequate metasemantic base. Finally, there are engineers who seek to exploit lexical effects of certain words, and s

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Lee, Hye-Kyung. Self-referring in Korean, with reference to Korean first-person markers. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198786658.003.0004.

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Lee’s chapter provides a corpus-based analysis of Korean first-person markers by examining the semantic and pragmatic features emerging from their dictionary definitions and their usages in discourse. Specifically, it is demonstrated that the use of the grammatical category of a pronoun does not quite fit the Korean data, because the exceptionally large number of the lexical items are highly specialized in their use. While the first-person markers have the primary function of referring to the speaker, self-referring via first-person markers in Korean is mediated by the speaker’s awareness of h

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Mahmoodi-Bakhtiari, Behrooz. Morphology. Edited by Anousha Sedighi and Pouneh Shabani-Jadidi. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198736745.013.10.

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This chapter is a description of Persian morphology, which intends to provide a general sketch of the morphological features and processes found in Persian. Therefore, after a general study of the Persian morphemes, nominal and verbal morphologies of Persian are introduced, together with a description of the compounding process in both, as well as other methods of word formation in Persian. In our general sketch of the Persian Morphemes, lexical and functional morphemes are presented, and in the study of functional morphemes, free and bound ones have been studied. In terms of Persian nominal m

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39

Harabagiu, Sanda, and Dan Moldovan. Question Answering. Edited by Ruslan Mitkov. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199276349.013.0031.

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Textual Question Answering (QA) identifies the answer to a question in large collections of on-line documents. By providing a small set of exact answers to questions, QA takes a step closer to information retrieval rather than document retrieval. A QA system comprises three modules: a question-processing module, a document-processing module, and an answer extraction and formulation module. Questions may be asked about any topic, in contrast with Information Extraction (IE), which identifies textual information relevant only to a predefined set of events and entities. The natural language proce

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40

Grossman, Eitan, and Jennifer Cromwell. Scribes, Repertoires, and Variation. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198768104.003.0001.

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As in spoken language, variation abounds in written texts. In the latter, linguistic and extralinguistic variation coexists: one finds variation in lexical and grammatical features, as well as in other textual parameters such as orthography, phraseology and formulary, palaeography, layout, and formatting. Such variation occurs both within the written output of individuals and across broader corpora that represent ‘communities’ of diverse types. To encapsulate this, we use the inclusive term ‘scribal repertoires’, a concept that is intended to cover the entire set of linguistic and non-linguist

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41

Foth, Kevin. Semantics and Poetics of the Righteous and the Wicked in the Psalms. Lexington Books, 2025. https://doi.org/10.5040/9781978748293.

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In Semantics and Poetics of the Righteous and the Wicked in the Psalms, Kevin Foth delves into the nuanced roles of the righteous and the wicked and explores their significance beyond conventional moral prototypes. The study argues that the figures of the righteous and the wicked should be considered as part of the conventions of Hebrew psalmody. By leveraging insights from lexical semantics of the terms ??????? and ????? throughout the Hebrew Bible, the study broadens the understanding of these terms in their multifaceted uses within poetic contexts. The analysis further employs narratologica

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42

Ruda, Marta. Syntactic representation of null arguments. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198815853.003.0010.

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Focusing on definite-argument drop, this chapter puts forward the hypothesis that null arguments are minimally represented as [nPn] and maximally as a fully-fledged pronoun ([DP D [PersP Pers [NumP Num [nPn]]]] or [PersP Pers [NumP Num [nPn]]]). The (un)availability of such arguments in a language is a consequence of independent features of its grammar: the lexical specification of its nominalizing n heads (esp. their association with phonetic material) and the avaialbility of post-syntactic type-shifting operations (esp. ι‎). The working of this approach is illustrated mostly with data from E

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43

Lentin, Jérôme. The Levant. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198701378.003.0007.

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This chapter reviews the history of the Arabic dialects spoken in Bilād al-Shām from long before the Arab conquests until today. They belong mainly to the Syro-Lebanese group (including the Cilician and Cypriot dialects), but also to the Shāwi, north Arabian bedouin, and Mesopotamian groups. After an overview of the various but rather scanty available sources, and methodological considerations on the use of the data provided by texts written in Middle Arabic, some basic phonological, morphological, syntactical, and lexical features are studied in an attempt to trace their appearance and histor

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Garbo, Francesca Di, and Yvonne Agbetsoamedo. Non-canonical gender in African languages. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198795438.003.0008.

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This chapter investigates interactions between gender and number, and between gender and evaluative morphology in eighty-four African languages. It argues that interactions of gender with other grammatical domains (e.g. number) and/or with domains of derivational morphology (e.g. diminutive/augmentative) represent instances of non-canonical gender. This is based on two assumptions: (1) canonical morphosyntactic features should be maximally independent from each other, and (2) canonical gender should be an inherent lexical property of nouns, not manipulable for semantic or pragmatic purposes. T

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Bassene, Mamadou, and Ken Safir. Theory and Description. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190256340.003.0012.

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Jóola-Eegimaa, an endangered Atlantic (Niger-Congo) language, has a rich agglutinative morphology resulting in complex words that often permit multiple readings. The regularity and limitations of these ambiguities suggests they are generated by a speaker’s systematic knowledge. Preserving that knowledge demands not simply cataloguing outward forms but also understanding the organizing principles that permit using that knowledge creatively. Investigation of Eegimaa verb stem structure shows that the superficial linear order of stem affixes, seemingly not compositionally transparent, arises from

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Arche, María J., Antonio Fábregas, and Rafael Marín, eds. The Grammar of Copulas Across Languages. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198829850.001.0001.

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Copular verbs and copular sentences have been for many years a central issue in the theoretical discussions about the nature of (light) verbs and other grammatical categories, the ingredients of predication structures, the properties of nominal categories, agreement, and the interaction between syntax and semantics at the level of clause structure. The current research on copulas has gone beyond the investigation of what kind of objects they are, and has implications for the nature of agreement and other formal processes in syntax and morphology, as well as proposals about the types of structu

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Madariaga, Nerea. Diachronic change and the nature of pronominal null subjects. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198815853.003.0007.

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This chapter focuses on the nature of null referential subjects (pro) through a case study in Russian. The loss of pro-drop in Middle Russian implied that: (i) null subjects (NSs) in non-embedded contexts became restricted to instances licensed by pragmatics. (ii) in embedded contexts, learners lost the possibility of parsing pro in the embedded subject gap, and started to parse the alternative null category available, PRO or trace. Afterwards, silent embedded subjects (both finite and non-finite) became licensed only by Obligatory Control. The unified way of licensing NSs in embedded contexts

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Stein, Matthew A. Complex Cystic and Solid Mass. Edited by Christoph I. Lee, Constance D. Lehman, and Lawrence W. Bassett. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190270261.003.0047.

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The breast ultrasound (US) finding known as “complex mass” has undergone a labeling revision with the fifth edition of the BI-RADS Atlas and is now designated as complex cystic and solid mass (CCSM). The updated BI-RADS sought to unambiguously define and differentiate an actionable finding often requiring biopsy from a lesser finding requiring, at most, imaging follow-up to confirm expected stability. This chapter, appearing in the section on nipple, skin and lymph nodes, reviews key imaging and clinical features, imaging protocols and pitfalls, differential diagnosis, and clinical recommendat

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Zuckermann, Ghil'ad. Revivalistics. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199812776.001.0001.

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This seminal book introduces revivalistics, a new trans-disciplinary field of enquiry surrounding language reclamation, revitalization and reinvigoration. The book is divided into two main parts that represent Zuckermann’s fascinating and multifaceted journey into language revival, from the ‘Promised Land’ (Israel) to the ‘Lucky Country’ (Australia) and beyond: PART 1: LANGUAGE REVIVAL AND CROSS-FERTILIZATION The aim of this part is to suggest that due to the ubiquitous multiple causation, the reclamation of a no-longer spoken language is unlikely without cross-fertilization from the revivalis

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Fowler, Amy M. Microlobulated Mass. Edited by Christoph I. Lee, Constance D. Lehman, and Lawrence W. Bassett. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190270261.003.0022.

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According to the fifth edition of the ACR BI-RADS®Atlas, a complete description of masses detected on mammogram and ultrasound requires assessment of the margins using the appropriate lexicon. On mammography, margins of a mass are described as circumscribed, obscured, microlobulated, indistinct, or spiculated. On ultrasound, margins of a mass are described as circumscribed or not circumscribed, which includes angular, microlobulated, indistinct, and spiculated. Thus, microlobulated is a term common to both the mammography and ultrasound BI-RADS® lexicons. This chapter, appearing in the section

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