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1
Galletly, Cherrie, Shuichi Suetani, Duncan McKellar, and David J. Castle. "T85. LIVING WITH PSYCHOSIS IN LATER LIFE." Schizophrenia Bulletin 46, Supplement_1 (April 2020): S263—S264. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/schbul/sbaa029.645.
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Abstract Background Whilst there is considerable focus on early intervention for young people with psychotic disorders, there is little research looking at older people. Although some of these individuals have a recent onset, most will have been living with psychosis for many years. The older population has increased risks of cardiometabolic complications and this is likely to be complicated by psychosis. Methods The Australian Survey of People Living with Psychosis included 1478 participants aged 18–49 years, and 346 participants aged 50–64 years. The two groups were compared across a range of demographic, diagnostic, physical health, substance abuse and lifestyle factors. Results The older group contained significantly more women (48.3% vs 38.6%, p<0.0001). There was a smaller proportion of people with ICD-10 schizophrenia (36.1% vs 45.4% p<0.012), and higher proportions with schizoaffective disorder and affective psychoses. Significantly fewer of the older participants were prescribed clozapine (11.0% vs 16.8%, p < 0.0001). The mean age of onset was later in the older group (30.05 vs 22.23 years, p < 0.0001). There was a striking difference in rates of drug and alcohol abuse. The older group had lower rates of hazardous, harmful or dependent drinking (15.3% vs 35.9%, p < 0.0001), lifetime cannabis use (35.6% vs 74.1%, p < 0.0001), past year cannabis use (11.1% vs 38.1%, p < 0.0001), lifetime amphetamine use (12.8% vs 47.0%, p < 0.0001), and past year amphetamine use (2.9% vs 14.9%, p < 0.0001). The older group were also less likely to currently smoke tobacco (56.9% vs 68.9%, p < 0.0001). Older people were more likely to live alone (45.1% vs 28.6%, p < 0.000). They were less likely to experience food poverty; in the last year 19.5% of older people and 30.7% of younger people had run out of food and did not have money to buy more. Cognitive function was poorer with slower processing speed in the older group, with the NART error score indicating premorbid intelligence was lower in the older group. Older people were more likely to be overweight or obese (80.6% vs 74.3%, p < 0.0001), as well as being more likely to have metabolic syndrome (56.1% vs 48.5%, p = 0.034). There was a greater proportion with very low exercise in the older group (41.6% vs 31.7% p = 0.003). Discussion Older people with psychosis are more likely to be female and more likely to be diagnosed with an affective psychosis. The poorer cognitive function and higher rates of obesity and metabolic syndrome are consistent with changes seen in aging in the normal population. The older group have much lower rates of both lifetime and current drug and alcohol abuse, and smoking. Whilst there is considerable attention to cardiovascular health as a determinant of premature mortality, our results suggest that lifetime alcohol, cannabis and amphetamine use may also be associated with failure to survive into older age.
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Wingenbach, Rachel, Jong-Min Kim, and Hojin Jung. "Living longer in high longevity risk." Journal of Demographic Economics 86, no. 1 (February 7, 2020): 47–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/dem.2019.20.
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AbstractThere is considerable uncertainty regarding changes in future mortality rates. This article investigates the impact of such longevity risk on discounted government annuity benefits for retirees. It is critical to forecast more accurate future mortality rates to improve our estimation of an expected annuity payout. Thus, we utilize the Lee–Carter model, which is well-known as a parsimonious dynamic mortality model. We find strong evidence that female retirees are likely to receive more public lifetime annuity than males in the USA, which is associated with systematic mortality rate differences between genders. A cross-country comparison presents that the current public annuity system would not fully cover retiree's longevity risk. Every additional year of life expectancy leaves future retirees exposed to high risk, arising from high volatility of lifetime annuities. Also, because the growth in life expectancy is higher than the growth of expected public pension, there will be a financial risk to retirees.
3
Booth, Frank W., Matthew J. Laye, and Michael D. Roberts. "Lifetime sedentary living accelerates some aspects of secondary aging." Journal of Applied Physiology 111, no. 5 (November 2011): 1497–504. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00420.2011.
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Lifetime physical inactivity interacts with secondary aging (i.e., aging caused by diseases and environmental factors) in three patterns of response. First, lifetime physical inactivity confers no apparent effects on a given set of physiological functions. Second, lifetime physical inactivity accelerates secondary aging (e.g., speeding the reduction in bone mineral density, maximal oxygen consumption, and skeletal muscle strength and power), but does not alter the primary aging of these systems. Third, a lifetime of physical activity to the age of ∼60–70 yr old totally prevents decrements in some age-associated risk factors for major chronic diseases, such as endothelial dysfunction and insulin resistance. The present review provides ample and compelling evidence that physical inactivity has a large impact in shortening average life expectancy. In summary, physical inactivity plays a major role in the secondary aging of many essential physiological functions, and this aging can be prevented through a lifetime of physical activity.
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McGirr, A., J. Renaud, A. Bureau, M. Seguin, A. Lesage, and G. Turecki. "Impulsive-aggressive behaviours and completed suicide across the life cycle: a predisposition for younger age of suicide." Psychological Medicine 38, no. 3 (September 6, 2007): 407–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291707001419.
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BackgroundIt is unclear whether the association between impulsive-aggressive behaviours and suicide exists across different ages.MethodVia psychological autopsy, we examined a total of 645 subjects aged 11–87 years who died by suicide. Proxy-based interviews were conducted using the SCID-I & SCID-II or K-SADS interviews and a series of behavioural and personality-trait assessments. Secondarily, 246 living controls were similarly assessed.ResultsHigher levels of impulsivity, lifetime history of aggression, and novelty seeking were associated with younger age of death by suicide, while increasing levels of harm avoidance were associated with increasing age of suicide. This effect was observed after accounting for age-related psychopathology (current and lifetime depressive disorders, lifetime anxiety disorders, current and lifetime substance abuse disorders, psychotic disorders and cluster B personality disorders). Age effects were not due to the characteristics of informants, and such effects were not observed among living controls. When directly controlling for major psychopathology, the interaction between age, levels of impulsivity, aggression and novelty seeking predicted suicide status while controlling for the independent contributions of age and these traits.ConclusionsHigher levels of impulsive-aggressive traits play a greater role in suicide occurring among younger individuals, with decreasing importance with increasing age.
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Areias, Maria E. G., Catarina I. Pinto, Patrícia F. Vieira, Marta Castro, Isabela Freitas, Sofia Sarmento, Samantha Matos, Victor Viana, and José C. Areias. "Living with CHD: quality of life (QOL) in early adult life." Cardiology in the Young 24, S2 (August 27, 2014): 60–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1047951114001218.
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AbstractAimsThe aim of this study was to assess the quality of life, psychiatric morbidity, and the psychosocial adjustment of adolescents and young adults with CHD, and determine which variables play a role in buffering stress and promoting resilience and which ones have a detrimental effect; and to investigate the situation on school performance and failures, social and family support, physical limitations, and body image of these patients.MethodsThe study enrolled 137 CHD patients (79 male), with age ranging from 12 to 26 years old (M=17.60±3.450 years). The patients were interviewed regarding social support, family educational style, self-image, demographic information, and physical limitations. They responded to questions in a standardised psychiatric interview (SADS-L) and completed self-reported questionnaires for the assessment of quality of life (WHOQOL-BREF) and psychosocial adjustment (YSR/ASR).ResultsWe found a 19.7% lifetime prevalence of psychopathology in our patients (27.6% in female and 13.9% in male). Of them, 48% had retentions in school (M=1.61 year±0.82). The perception of quality of life in CHD patients is better compared with the Portuguese population in the social relationships and environmental dimensions. However, it is worse in complex forms of CHD than in moderate-to-mild ones, in cyanotic versus acyanotic patients, in moderate-to-severe versus mild residual lesions, in patients submitted versus those not submitted to surgery, in patients with versus without physical limitations, and patients who have need for medication versus those who do not. Social support is very important in improving quality of life of patients in all dimensions as well as academic performance.ConclusionsFemale patients and patients with poor academic performance and poor social support have worse psychosocial adjustment and perception of quality of life.
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Wong, William WL, Gloria Woo, E. Jenny Heathcote, and Murray Krahn. "Disease Burden of Chronic Hepatitis B among Immigrants in Canada." Canadian Journal of Gastroenterology 27, no. 3 (2013): 137–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/924640.
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BACKGROUND: The prevalence of chronic hepatitis B (CHB) infection among immigrants to North America ranges from 2% to 15%, 40% of whom develop advanced liver disease. Screening for hepatitis B surface antigen is not recommended for immigrants.OBJECTIVE: To estimate the disease burden of CHB among immigrants in Canada using Markov cohort models comparing a cohort of immigrants with CHB versus a control cohort of immigrants without CHB.METHODS: Markov cohort models were used to estimate life years, quality-adjusted life years and lifetime direct medical costs (adjusted to 2008 Canadian dollars) for a cohort of immigrants with CHB living in Canada in 2006, and an age-matched control cohort of immigrants without CHB living in Canada in 2006. Parameter values were derived from the published literature.RESULTS: At the baseline estimate, the model suggested that the cohort of immigrants with CHB lost an average of 4.6 life years (corresponding to 1.5 quality-adjusted life years), had an increased average of $24,249 for lifetime direct medical costs, and had a higher lifetime risk for decompensated cirrhosis (12%), hepatocellular carcinoma (16%) and need for liver transplant (5%) when compared with the control cohort.DISCUSSION: Results of the present study showed that the socio-economic burden of CHB among immigrants living in Canada is sub-stantial. Governments and health systems need to develop policies that promote early recognition of CHB and raise public awareness regarding hepatitis B to extend the lives of infected immigrants.
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Schramel, Alexis. "Art for a Lifetime." Innovation in Aging 4, Supplement_1 (December 1, 2020): 814–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igaa057.2964.
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Abstract Art for a lifetime was a bi-weekly programming opportunity in a long-term care (LTC) community taught by students and faculty. We predicted that 1) Resident physical and mental abilities may influence art-making preferences and 2) residents would be concerned about their perceived lack of creativity. Findings revealed that residents with arthritis preferred working with larger forms (e.g., collage and sculpture) and residents with dementia preferred working with bright, colorful materials. Private one-on-one sessions were beneficial for increasing resident confidence and for working on individual projects. Programming also allowed for increased social opportunities among residents, offering occasions to reflect on life experiences. Overall, facilitators of art programming need to quickly adjust and adapt programming based on resident abilities and preferences. Expanding art programming to other long-term care facilities is important for providing increased opportunities for autonomy and decision making, areas that often become more limited when living in LTC.
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Heidinger, Britt J., Aurelia C. Kucera, Jeff D. Kittilson, and David F. Westneat. "Longer telomeres during early life predict higher lifetime reproductive success in females but not males." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 288, no. 1951 (May 26, 2021): 20210560. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2021.0560.
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The mechanisms that contribute to variation in lifetime reproductive success are not well understood. One possibility is that telomeres, conserved DNA sequences at chromosome ends that often shorten with age and stress exposures, may reflect differences in vital processes or influence fitness. Telomere length often predicts longevity, but longevity is only one component of fitness and little is known about how lifetime reproductive success is related to telomere dynamics in wild populations. We examined the relationships between telomere length beginning in early life, telomere loss into adulthood and lifetime reproductive success in free-living house sparrows ( Passer domesticus ). We found that females, but not males, with longer telomeres during early life had higher lifetime reproductive success, owing to associations with longevity and not reproduction per year or attempt. Telomeres decreased with age in both sexes, but telomere loss was not associated with lifetime reproductive success. In this species, telomeres may reflect differences in quality or condition rather than the pace of life, but only in females. Sexually discordant selection on telomeres is expected to influence the stability and maintenance of within population variation in telomere dynamics and suggests that any role telomeres play in mediating life-history trade-offs may be sex specific.
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Krysinska, Karolina, David Lester, Jennifer Lyke, and Jozef Corveleyn. "Trait Gratitude and Suicidal Ideation and Behavior." Crisis 36, no. 4 (July 2015): 291–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/0227-5910/a000320.
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Abstract. Background: Despite the progress of positive psychology, current knowledge regarding suicide protective factors is limited. Trait gratitude (a tendency to experience gratitude in daily life) may protect against suicidal ideation and behavior. Aims: The study tested a model of causal effects among gratitude, religiosity, reasons for living, coping, and social support as predictors of suicidal ideation, suicide threats, and suicide attempts after controlling for depression and stressful life events. Method: A sample of 165 college students were administered measures of gratitude, religiosity, reasons for living, social support, coping skills, stress, and depression. The study assessed lifetime and current suicidal ideation as well as lifetime suicide threat and attempt. Results: Both gratitude and religiosity, along with social support, coping skills, and reasons for living, correlated negatively with prior suicidal ideation, but not with prior attempted suicide. After controlling for risk factor (depression and stress), the impact of gratitude and religiosity was no longer statistically significant. Conclusion: Further research could help understand the role of positive emotions and human strengths, such as gratitude, in preventing and alleviating suicidal ideation and behavior.
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Le Boeuf, Burney, Richard Condit, and Joanne Reiter. "Lifetime reproductive success of northern elephant seals (Mirounga angustirostris)." Canadian Journal of Zoology 97, no. 12 (December 2019): 1203–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjz-2019-0104.
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Lifetime reproductive success of individuals in a natural population provides an estimate of Darwinian fitness. We calculated lifetime reproductive success in a colony of female northern elephant seals (Mirounga angustirostris (Gill, 1866)) by monitoring annual breeding throughout life of 7735 female weanlings marked individually at Año Nuevo, California, USA, from 1963 to 2005. Great variation in lifetime reproductive success was evident in three aspects of life history: (1) 75% of the females died before reaching breeding age and produced no pups; (2) nearly half of the survivors bred for only a few years before dying, and young females had low weaning success; (3) less than 1% of the females in the sample were exceptionally successful producing up to 20 pups in life. Many females that bred early, while still growing, had decreased lifespan, low weaning success, and lower lifetime reproductive success than females that postponed first breeding. Exceptional reproductive success was associated with giving birth annually, living long (up to age 23), and weaning large pups that were more likely to survive and breed. We conclude that there is strong selection for increased lifespan and multiparous supermoms that contribute significantly to pup production in the next generation.
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Bhagyashri Vijay Chaudhari and Priya P. Chawle. "Life Lessons of the Pandemic ”Covid - 19”." International Journal of Research in Pharmaceutical Sciences 11, SPL1 (August 13, 2020): 469–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.26452/ijrps.v11ispl1.2814.
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“A lesson learned the hard way is a lesson learned for a lifetime.” Every bad situation hurts; however, it sure does teach us something a lesson. In the same manner of a new lesson for Human lifetime, history is observing 'The Novel COVID-19 ’, a very horrible and strange situation created due to fighting with a microscopic enemy. WHO on 11 February 2020 has announced a name for new disease as - 19 and has declared as a global public health emergency and subsequently as pandemic because of its widespread. This began as an outbreak in December 2019, with its in Wuhan, the People Republic of China has emerged as a public health emergency of international concern. is the group of a virus with non-segmented, single-stranded and positive RNA genome. This bad situation of pandemic creates new scenes in the life of people in a different manner, which will be going to be life lessons for them. Such lessons should be kept in mind for the safety of living beings and many more things. In this narrative review article, reference was taken from a different article published in various databases which include the view of different authors and writers on the "Lessons to be from Corona".
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Miszkurka, M., C. Steensma, and S. P. Phillips. "Correlates of partner and family violence among older Canadians: a life-course approach." Health Promotion and Chronic Disease Prevention in Canada 36, no. 3 (March 2016): 45–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.24095/hpcdp.36.3.01.
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Introduction Knowledge about individual and interpersonal correlates of violence in Canadian seniors is limited. This study identifies correlates of current and past violence by intimate partner and family member(s) in community-dwelling Canadian seniors, while accounting for childhood adverse circumstances. Methods We performed logistic regression analysis of baseline data from a longitudinal study of community-dwelling individuals aged 65 to 74 years and living in Kingston (Ontario) and Saint-Hyacinthe (Quebec). Domestic violence was assessed using the Hurt- Insult-Threaten-Scream (HITS) screening tool. Odds ratios (ORs) are reported with 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Results Current violence of a psychological nature was reported by 18% of the sample. Women were at greater risk of current and lifetime violence perpetrated by a family member (current violence: adjusted OR ¼ 1.83; 95% CI: 1.02–3.30) as well as experiencing violence from their intimate partner in their lifetime than were men (adjusted OR ¼ 2.48; 95% CI: 1.40–4.37). Risk factors have accumulated over the life course that were found to be consistently associated with both current and lifetime violence included having witnessed violence at home in childhood (lifetime violence by family member: adjusted OR ¼ 9.46; 95% CI: 5.11–17.52), as well as poor quality of relationships with intimate partners, family and friends. Conclusion Our research documents the ongoing impact of early adversity on subsequent partner and family violence in Canada. Findings identify some preventable factors associated with current psychological violence and past violence among communitydwelling Canadian seniors.
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Yakubovsky, E. G. "INCREASED LIFE EXPECTANCY BASED ON PHYSICAL FORMULAS." Globus 7, no. 1(58) (February 4, 2021): 4–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.52013/2658-5197-58-1-1.
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Life expectancy is due to the frequency of processes occurring in the body. The lower the frequency, the longer the lifespan. The frequency is influenced by the fraction of vacuum particles in a free, unbound state. Elementary particles are connected, grouped particles of vacuum. But in a free state, a large proportion of them affect the frequency of oscillations, increasing it, therefore, reducing the lifetime. The connection between a living organism and an inanimate body has been drawn. Dislocations are analogous to vacuum particles. Their low density and low fraction of vacuum particles describe the theoretical ultimate strength and lifetime. The increase in density and the formation of crystalline elementary particles cause the average lifetime and average strength, orders of magnitude smaller than the theoretical one. A further increase in the dislocation density causes cracks and ruptures, and partly chaotic formation — tumors, partly crystalline. Chaos and order are described by a complex unified field that causes tumors. This unified field is described by the hydrodynamic, acoustic, complex Reynolds number with a small imaginary part. But the formation of a small imaginary Reynolds number is an inevitable process with increasing time, as is the formation of tumors. But how to deal with them. It is necessary for the tumors to pass from a partially chaotic state to a crystalline one, forming elementary particles. This requires a periodic unified field with a wavelength equal to a constant period, which is formed by vacuum particles in elementary, crystalline particles. In addition, an imaginary magnetic field is required, which has a sign opposite to the Reynolds number. Just irradiating the tumor will not help, you need a certain wavelength and a certain sign of the imaginary magnetic
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Maccone, Claudio. "Life expectancy and life energy according to Evo-SETI theory." International Journal of Astrobiology 18, no. 1 (February 19, 2018): 36–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1473550417000477.
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AbstractThis paper is profoundly innovative for the Evo-SETI (Evolution and SETI) mathematical theory. While this author's previous papers were all based on the notion of a b-lognormal, that is a probability density function in the time describing one's life between birth and ‘senility’ (the descending inflexion point), in this paper the b-lognormals range between birth and peak only, while a descending parabola covers the lifespan after the peak and down to death. The resulting finite curve in time is called a LOGPAR, a nickname for ‘b-LOGnormal and PARabola’. The advantage of such a formulation is that three variables only (birth, peak and death) are sufficient to describe the whole Evo-SETI theory and the senility is discarded forever and so is the normalization condition of b-lognormals: only the shape of the b-lognormals is kept between birth and peak, but not its normalization condition.In addition, further advantages exist:1) The notion of ENERGY becomes part of Evo-SETI theory. This is in addition to the notion of ENTROPY already contained in the theory as the Shannon Information Entropy of b-lognormals, as it was explored in this author's previous papers. Actually, the LOGPAR may now be regarded as a POWER CURVE, i.e. a curve expressing the power of the living being to which it refers. And this power is to be understood both in the strict sense of physics (i.e. a curve measured in Watts) and in the loose sense of ‘political power’ if the logpar refers to a Civilization.Then the integral in the time of this power curve is, of course, the ENERGY either absorbed or produced by the physical phenomenon that the LOGPAR is describing in the time. For instance, if the logpar shows the time evolution of the Sun over about 10 billion years, the integral of such a curve is the energy produced by the Sun over the whole of its lifetime. Or, if the logpar describes the life of a man, the integral is the energy that this man must use in order to live.2) The PRINCIPLE OF LEAST ENERGY, reminiscent of the Principle of Least Action, i.e. the key stone to all Physics, also enters now into the Evo-SETI Theory by virtue of the so-called LOGPAR HISTORY FORMULAE, expressing the b-lognormal's mu and sigma directly in terms of the three only inputs b, p, d. The optimization of the lifetime of a living creature, or of a Civilization, or of a star, is obtained by setting to zero the first derivative of the area under the logpar power curve with respect to sigma. That yields the best value of both mu and sigma fulfilling the Principle of Least Energy for Evo-SETI Theory.3) We also derive for the first time a few more mathematical equations related to the ‘adolescence’ (or ‘puberty’) time, i.e. the time when the living organism acquires the capability of producing offsprings. This time is defined as the abscissa of ascending inflection point of the b-lognormal between birth and peak. In addition, we prove that the straight line parallel to the time axis and departing from the puberty time comes to mean the ‘Fertility Span’ in between puberty and the EOF (End-Of-Fertility time), which is where the above straight line intersects the descending parabola. All these new results apply well to the description of Man as the living creature to which our Evo-SETI mathematical theory perfectly applies.In conclusion, this paper really breaks new mathematical ground in Evo-SETI Theory, thus paving the way to further applications of the theory to Astrobiology and SETI.
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Chen, Sherry Yong, and E. Matthew Husband. "Contradictory (forward) lifetime effects and the non-future tense in Mandarin Chinese." Proceedings of the Linguistic Society of America 3, no. 1 (March 3, 2018): 6. http://dx.doi.org/10.3765/plsa.v3i1.4296.
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Lifetime effects refer to the inferences about the life/death of the individual in sentences with individual-level predicates like ‘Mary is/was blue-eyed’. In English, contradictory lifetime inferences arise when the subject denotes one living and one dead individual (e.g. Saussuredead and Chomskyliving #are/??were both linguists.), but no such inferences arises in Mandarin Chinese, a language that has been considered “tenseless” due to the lack of past tense morphemes. This paper investigates the online processing of contradictory lifetime effects and presents additional empirical observations about “forward lifetime effects”, which suggest that both covert past tense and tenseless accounts of Chinese are inadequate for capturing temporal interpretations in this language; instead, finite clauses in Chinese display a Future/Non-Future distinction and are likely to possess a tense node. We discuss our findings in relation to the typology of tense as well as implications for other superficially tenseless languages.
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Ibrahim, Ahmad, Philippe Colson, Vicky Merhej, Rita Zgheib, Mohamad Maatouk, Sabrina Naud, Fadi Bittar, and Didier Raoult. "Rhizomal Reclassification of Living Organisms." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 11 (May 26, 2021): 5643. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms22115643.
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Living organisms interact with each other during their lifetime, leading to genomes rearrangement and sequences transfer. These well-known phenomena give these organisms mosaic genomes, which challenge their classification. Moreover, many findings occurred between the IXXth and XXIst century, especially the discovery of giant viruses and candidate phyla radiation (CPR). Here, we tried to provide an updated classification, which integrates 216 representative genomes of the current described organisms. The reclassification was expressed through a genetic network based on the total genomic content, not on a single gene to represent the tree of life. This rhizomal exploration represents, more accurately, the evolutionary relationships among the studied species. Our analyses show a separated branch named fifth TRUC (Things Resisting Uncompleted Classifications). This taxon groups CPRs together, independently from Bacteria, Archaea (which regrouped also Nanoarchaeota and Asgard members), Eukarya, and the giant viruses (recognized recently as fourth TRUC). Finally, the broadening of analysis methods will lead to the discovery of new organisms, which justify the importance of updating the classification at every opportunity. In this perspective, our pragmatic representation could be adjusted along with the progress of evolutionary studies.
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Hale. "The Value of Life and the Cost of Living – Damages for Wrongful Birth (Staple Inn Reading 2001)." British Actuarial Journal 7, no. 5 (December 1, 2001): 747–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1357321700002592.
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ABSTRACTThe lecture begins by outlining the differences in lifetime earnings between men and women, and between women with different levels of skill and with different numbers of children. It continues with a discussion on wrongful conception and wrongful birth, and the legal implications when damages are sought when children are born who were not meant to have been born. Many examples of claims for damages brought before the courts, over a period of time, are used to illustrate various aspects of this. Cases concerning both healthy and disabled children are discussed, and the changes that occur for all women who have given birth and the mother's responsibility of care are considered.
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Siraj, Amir, and Abraham Loeb. "Possible Transfer of Life by Earth-Grazing Objects to Exoplanetary Systems." Life 10, no. 4 (April 17, 2020): 44. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/life10040044.
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Recently, a 30-cm object was discovered to graze the Earth’s atmosphere and shift into a Jupiter-crossing orbit. We use the related survey parameters to calibrate the total number of such objects. The number of objects that could have exported terrestrial microbes out of the Solar System is in the range 2 × 10 9 – 3 × 10 11 . We find that 10 7 – 10 9 such objects could have been captured by binary star systems over the lifetime of the Solar System. Adopting the fiducial assumption that one polyextremophile colony is picked up by each object, the total number of objects carrying living colonies on them upon capture could be 10– 10 3 .
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RAMBERG, INGA-LILL, and DANUTA WASSERMAN. "Prevalence of reported suicidal behaviour in the general population and mental health-care staff." Psychological Medicine 30, no. 5 (September 2000): 1189–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s003329179900238x.
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Background. Higher rates of suicidal behaviour have been reported among staff in mental health care than in the general population. However, no studies of these two groups have been carried out simultaneously, using the same methods. This study aims to investigate whether they differ in terms of age- and sex-standardized prevalence of suicidal behaviour.Methods. Identical questions about suicidal behaviour were addressed in the same year to a random sample of the general population and to mental health-care staff in Stockholm. Life weariness among the latter was also investigated.Results. Age- and sex-standardized past year prevalences of suicidal thoughts and suicide attempts were found to be similar among mental health-care staff and the general population. Lifetime prevalence of both suicidal thoughts and suicide attempts was significantly higher among mental health-care staff than among the general population. Psychologists/social workers have a higher probability of: lifetime thoughts of life is not worth living; death wishes; and, suicidal thoughts, than nurses/assistant nurses.Conclusions. Reports on lifetime prevalence of suicidal behaviour may be biased in populations that are not reminded of these problems in everyday life. Data on past year prevalence of suicidal behaviour show clearly the similarity between the general population and the mental health-care staff.
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Nitsch, Aïda, Charlotte Faurie, and Virpi Lummaa. "Are elder siblings helpers or competitors? Antagonistic fitness effects of sibling interactions in humans." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 280, no. 1750 (January 7, 2013): 20122313. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2012.2313.
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Determining the fitness consequences of sibling interactions is pivotal for understanding the evolution of family living, but studies investigating them across lifetime are lacking. We used a large demographic dataset on preindustrial humans from Finland to study the effect of elder siblings on key life-history traits. The presence of elder siblings improved the chances of younger siblings surviving to sexual maturity, suggesting that despite a competition for parental resources, they may help rearing their younger siblings. After reaching sexual maturity however, same-sex elder siblings' presence was associated with reduced reproductive success in the focal individual, indicating the existence of competition among same-sex siblings. Overall, lifetime fitness was reduced by same-sex elder siblings' presence and increased by opposite-sex elder siblings' presence. Our study shows opposite effects of sibling interactions depending on the life-history stage, and highlights the need for using long-term fitness measures to understand the selection pressures acting on sibling interactions.
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Montes de Oca, Verónica, Telésforo Ramírez García, Rogelio Sáenz, and Jennifer Guillén. "The Linkage of Life Course, Migration, Health, and Aging." Journal of Aging and Health 23, no. 7 (August 30, 2011): 1116–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0898264311422099.
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Migration is a phenomenon that impacts individuals throughout the life course. Particularly, Mexican elderly migrants show evidence of lifetime accumulations of the effects of migration on health conditions. Objectives: Examine how the relationship between historical time and individual time explains different factors impacting the health of Mexican adult and elderly migrants in Mexico and the United States. Method: Data from in-depth interviews with Mexican migrants living in selected locations in Mexico and the United States were used to illustrate the links between life course conditions, aging, migration, and health outcomes. Results and Discussion: According to this theoretical perspective and the data, historical time, age at migration, and the conditions under which the migration trajectory developed, show different impacts on the health and quality of life of the elderly, as revealed through analysis of labor experience, disease and accidents, medical service, health treatment, transnational networks, and family formation.
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Artero, Sylvaine, Jacques Touchon, Anne-Marie Dupuy, Alain Malafosse, and Karen Ritchie. "War exposure, 5-HTTLPR genotype and lifetime risk of depression." British Journal of Psychiatry 199, no. 1 (July 2011): 43–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.bp.110.087924.
Abstract:
BackgroundIn 1962 approximately 1.5 million French people living in Algeria were repatriated to France in very poor and often life-threatening conditions. These people constitute a cohort for the study of the long-term impact of gene–environment interaction on depression.AimsTo examine the interaction between a highly stressful life event and subsequent depression, and its modulation by a length polymorphism of the serotonin transporter gene (5–HTTLPR).MethodA community sample of people aged 65 years and over residing in the Montpellier region of the south of France was randomly recruited from electoral rolls. Genotyping was performed on 248 repatriated persons and 632 controls. Current and lifetime major and minor depressive disorders were assessed according to DSM-IV criteria.ResultsA significant relationship was observed between exposure to repatriation and subsequent depression (P<0.002), but there was no significant effect of gene alone (P = 0.62). After controlling for age, gender, education, disability, recent life events and cognitive function, the gene–environment interaction (repatriation×5-HTTLPR) was globally significant (P<0.002; OR = 3.21, 95% CI 2.48–5.12). Individuals carrying the two short (s) alleles of 5-HTTLPR were observed to be at higher risk (P<0.005; OR = 2.34, 95% CI 1.24–4.32), particularly when repatriation occurred before age 35 years (P<0.002; OR = 2.91, 95% CI 1.44–5.88), but this did not reach significance in those who were older at the time of the event (P = 0.067).ConclusionsThe association between depression and war repatriation was significantly modulated by 5-HTTLPR genotype but this appeared to occur only in people who were younger at the time of exposure.
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Pinho, Adriana de Araujo, Wilza Vieira Villela, Regina Maria Barbosa, and Simone Souza Monteiro. "Abortion among women living with or not living with HIV/AIDS users of public health services in São Paulo municipality: prevalence, contexts and reasons." Revista Brasileira de Saúde Materno Infantil 19, no. 4 (December 2019): 837–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1806-93042019000400006.
Abstract:
Abstract Objectives: we investigated the lifetime prevalence of abortion and life contexts and reasons reported for first abortion among women living (WLHA) and not living with HIV/AIDS(WNLHA). Methods: representative samples of 975 users of public health care reference network for HIV/AIDS and of 1,003 users of the primary care public services in São Paulo municipality were selected by cluster-stratified sampling and answered an electronic socio-behavioral questionnaire. Results: the prevalence of abortion was 11.9% (CI95%9.8-13.9) among WLHA and 3.0% (CI95%2.4-5.7) for WNLHA.Most abortions (128) among WLHA occurred before diagnosis and 28 after diagnosis or during pregnancy when diagnosis was given. The majority of women did not use any contraception at the time of the first abortion. The use of misoprostol was the most reported method. Having HIV was very important in deciding to abort for half of the WLHA. Absence of marital life and the lack of desire to have children were the most reported reasons by both groups. Conclusions: the similarity in contexts and reasons to abort among WLHA and WNLHA suggests that they share experiences molded by gender and social inequalities that affect their ability to access sexual and reproductive health resources and services.
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Tortelli, A., F. Perquier, V. Le Masson, D. Sauze, N. Skurnik, and R. M. Murray. "Prevalence and associated risk factors of psychotic symptoms in homeless people in France." European Psychiatry 41, S1 (April 2017): S341. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2017.02.303.
Abstract:
IntroductionHomeless people are more likely to have higher prevalence of psychotic disorders than general population. However, we know less about the prevalence of psychotic symptoms in this group.ObjectivesTo estimate the lifetime and current prevalence of psychotic symptoms and their correlates among homeless people living in the Paris metropolitan area.MethodsWe analysed data from 839 homeless randomly selected for the “Samenta” survey that studied mental health and addiction problems in this population. The mini-international neuropsychiatric interview was used to assess psychotic symptoms. Separate multivariate logistic regression analyses were conducted to estimate the associations of sociodemographic characteristics (age, gender, education level and migrant status), early life experiences (sexual abuse, physical and psychological violence, substance use) and psychiatric disorders.ResultsThe lifetime prevalence of psychotic symptoms was 35.4% (95% CI = 28.1–43.5) and the prevalence of current symptoms was 14,0% (95% CI = 9,8–19,6) with no significant difference between migrant and native groups, after exclusion of subjects with a diagnosis of psychotic disorder (n = 145). In multi-adjusted models, childhood sexual abuse was associated with an increased risk of lifetime or current psychotic symptoms (OR > 4, P < 0.05). Early life psychological violence was strongly associated with the risk of lifetime psychotic symptoms in natives (OR = 6.33; 95% CI = 2.10–19.0), whereas alcohol misuse in adolescence was related to lifetime or current psychotic symptoms in migrants (OR = 3.34; 95% CI = 1.20–9.37).ConclusionHomeless people are at higher risk of psychotic symptoms compared to the general population in France. Our findings are consistent with the hypothesis that childhood abuse is an important risk factor of the psychosis continuum.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.
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Orsini, Marco, Marcos RG De Freitas, Osvaldo JM Nascimento, Mariana Pimentel Mello, Valéria Silveira, Carlos Henrique Melo Reis, Miriam Calheiros, et al. "Illness narratives, dependence level and life satisfaction in post-polio syndrome." Revista Neurociências 18, no. 3 (March 31, 2001): 359–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.34024/rnc.2010.v18.8461.
Abstract:
Objective. The purpose of this study was to investigate the lifetime illness experience of four patients with Post-Polio Syndrome (PPS). Method. The empirical contents were submitted to a categorization process containing questions referring to: (1) the acute phase of paralytic poliomyelitis and recollection of past clinical pictures and syndromes; (2) physical rehabilitation, guidance as well as care at services for the disabled; (3) adaptation to a new lifestyle; (4) living with PPS and related prejudices and misconceptions; (5) apprehensions towards the future. The level of functional independence (autonomy) was measured using the Barthel Index, a questionnaire regarding several practical motor skills. Results. We have found that the symptoms in post-polio patients increased their day-to-day level of motor disability and sometimes decreased their overall level of life satisfaction. Conclusion. Rehabilitation processes as well as counseling have a positive influence on (PPS) patients.
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Smith, M. G., S. R. Swamy, and L. A. Pon. "The life cycle of actin patches in mating yeast." Journal of Cell Science 114, no. 8 (April 15, 2001): 1505–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jcs.114.8.1505.
Abstract:
Actin patches are core components of the yeast actin cytoskeleton that undergo redistribution during establishment of cell polarity. Using 4D imaging, we observe the life cycle of actin patches in living yeast for the first time. We observe assembly of actin patches at sites of polarized growth, and disassembly of actin patches concomitant with movement away from those sites. The total lifetime of an actin patch is 10.9+/-4.2 seconds. These findings indicate that actin patches are labile structures, and that the localization of actin patches during establishment of cell polarity occurs by assembly of these structures at sites of polarized cell surface growth. These findings were confirmed and extended by analysis of myosin I proteins and their receptor, verprolin, proteins implicated in actin assembly in yeast. Deletion of type I myosins or their receptor has no effect on the velocity of actin patch movement. However, these mutants show a 65% reduction in number of patch movements and a three-fold increase in patch lifetime. Finally, the actin patch resident proteins Abp1p, fimbrin, and Arp2p show normal association with actin patches in myosin I and verprolin mutants. However, cofilin accumulates in abnormal ‘bars’ of G-actin in myo3(Δ),myo5(Δ) and vrp1(Δ) strains, and Las17p/Bee1p is not associated with actin patches in vrp1(Δ) strains. These findings imply a multi-step process for actin patch assembly. Early events in this process, including assembly of Abp1p, fimbrin and Arp2p with F-actin, can occur throughout the cell and do not require myosin I proteins or their receptor. Later events in this process are myosin I-dependent, and are required for assembly of actin patches at sites of polarized cell surface growth. http://www.biologists.com/JCS/movies/jcs1990.html
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Malkoc, Nedim, and Serap Çolak. "Investigation of Health Sciences University Students' Healthy Living Behavior Perceptions." World Journal of Education 10, no. 4 (July 24, 2020): 124. http://dx.doi.org/10.5430/wje.v10n4p124.
Abstract:
All of the behaviors that people exhibit in order to stay healthy both physically and psychologically and maintain their health during their lifetime are included in the definition of "healthy life behavior". In this study, it was aimed to identify and compare the perceptions of healthy life behavior of students of the Department of Exercise and Sport Sciences and Psychology Department Students who study at the University of Health Sciences. A total of 199 students, 97 students from the sports science department (age: 19.84 ± 1.801, weight: 65.30 ± 12.460), and 102 students from the psychology department (age: 20.12 ± 1.916 weight: 60.17 ± 9.881) participated in the study. There was a statistically significant difference between the scale total scores of the participants and the dimensions of health responsibility, physical activity, nutrition, stress management, and the measurements of the students of sports science students and students of psychology sciences in terms of an increase in sport sciences students (p <0.05). There was no significant difference between the participants' interpersonal communication and spiritual development scores, which are the sub-dimensions of the scale (p˃0.05). University education is an education period in which students can decide independently. These results showed that sports students and psychology sciences students' different undergraduate education also affected their healthy lifestyle behaviors. In this context, it is concluded that directing students of other departments of the university to exercise and sports activities will contribute to their perceptions of healthy lifestyle.
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Chatterjee, Shoumitro, and Tom Vogl. "Escaping Malthus: Economic Growth and Fertility Change in the Developing World." American Economic Review 108, no. 6 (June 1, 2018): 1440–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/aer.20170748.
Abstract:
Following mid-twentieth century predictions of Malthusian catastrophe, fertility in the developing world more than halved, while living standards more than doubled. We analyze how fertility change related to economic growth during this episode, using data on 2.3 million women from 255 household surveys. We find different responses to fluctuations and long-run growth, both heterogeneous over the life cycle. Fertility was procyclical but declined and delayed with long-run growth; fluctuations late (but not early) in the reproductive period affected lifetime fertility. The results are consistent with models of the escape from the Malthusian trap, extended with a life cycle and liquidity constraints. (JEL D15, I12, I15, J13, J16, O15, O47)
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Treyer, Valerie, Rafael S. Meyer, Andreas Buchmann, Giovanni A. G. Crameri, Sandro Studer, Antje Saake, Esmeralda Gruber, et al. "Physical activity is associated with lower cerebral beta-amyloid and cognitive function benefits from lifetime experience–a study in exceptional aging." PLOS ONE 16, no. 2 (February 19, 2021): e0247225. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0247225.
Abstract:
Background Exceptional agers (85+ years) are characterized by preserved cognition presumably due to high cognitive reserve. In the current study, we examined whether personality, risk and protective factors for dementia as well as quality of life are associated with core features of Alzheimer’s disease (amyloid-deposition and hippocampal volume) as well as cognition in exceptional aging. Methods We studied 49 exceptional agers (average 87.8 years, range 84–94 years), with preserved activities of daily living and absence of dementia. All participants received a detailed clinical and neuropsychological examination. We used established questionnaires to measure lifetime experience, personality, recent physical and cognitive activity as well as quality of life. Cerebral amyloid-deposition was estimated by 18-[F]-Flutemetamol-PET and manual hippocampal volumetry was performed on 3D T1 MRI images. Results In this sample of exceptional agers with preserved activities of daily living, we found intact cognitive performance in the subjects with the highest amyloid-load in the brain, but a lower quality of life with respect to autonomy as well as higher neuroticism. Higher self-reported physical activity in the last twelve months went with a lower amyloid load. Higher self-reported leisure-time/ not work-related activity went with better executive functioning at older age. Conclusion Even in exceptional aging, high amyloid load may subtly influence personality and quality of life. Our findings support a close relationship between high physical activity and low amyloid-deposition and underscore the importance of extracurricular activities for executive functions. As executive functions are known to be a central resource for everyday functioning in fostering extracurricular activities may be effective in delaying the onset of dementia.
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Ruiz Vargas, Estefanía, Luciano A. Sposato, Spencer A. W. Lee, Vladimir Hachinski, and Lauren E. Cipriano. "Anticoagulation Therapy for Atrial Fibrillation in Patients With Alzheimer’s Disease." Stroke 49, no. 12 (December 2018): 2844–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/strokeaha.118.022596.
Abstract:
Background and Purpose— Direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs) are safer, at least equally efficacious, and cost-effective compared to warfarin for stroke prevention in atrial fibrillation (AF) but they remain underused, particularly in demented patients. We estimated the cost-effectiveness of DOACs compared with warfarin in patients with AF and Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Methods— We constructed a microsimulation model to estimate the lifetime costs, quality-adjusted life-years (QALYs), and cost-effectiveness of anticoagulation therapy (adjusted-dose warfarin and various DOACs) in 70-year-old patients with AF and AD from a US societal perspective. We stratified patient cohorts based on stage of AD and care setting. Model parameters were estimated from secondary sources. Health benefits were measured in the number of acute health events, life-years, and QALYs gained. We classified alternatives as cost-effective using a willingness-to-pay threshold of $100 000 per QALY gained. Results— For patients with AF and AD, compared with warfarin, DOACs increase costs but also increase QALYs by reducing the risk of stroke. For mild-AD patients living in the community, edoxaban increased lifetime costs by $6603 and increased QALYs by 0.076 compared to warfarin, yielding an incremental cost-effectiveness ratio of $86 882/QALY gained. Even though DOACs increased QALYs compared with warfarin for all patient groups (ranging from 0.019 to 0.085 additional QALYs), no DOAC treatment alternative had an incremental cost-effectiveness ratio <$150 000/QALY gained for patients with moderate to severe AD. For patients living in a long-term care facility with mild AD, the DOAC with the lowest incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (rivaroxaban) costs $150 169 per QALY gained; for patients with more severe AD, the incremental cost-effectiveness ratios were higher. Conclusions— For patients with AF and mild AD living in the community, edoxaban is cost-effective compared with warfarin. Even though patients with moderate and severe AD living in the community and patients with any stage of AD living in a long-term care setting may obtain positive clinical benefits from anticoagulation treatment, DOACs are not cost-effective compared with warfarin for these populations. Compared to aspirin, no oral anticoagulation (warfarin or any DOAC) is cost effective in patients with AF and AD.
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Sabel, Clive E., John F. Pearson, Deborah F. Mason, Ernest Willoughby, David A. Abernethy, and Bruce V. Taylor. "The latitude gradient for multiple sclerosis prevalence is established in the early life course." Brain 144, no. 7 (March 11, 2021): 2038–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/brain/awab104.
Abstract:
Abstract The strongest epidemiological clue that the environment at the population level has a significant impact on the risk of developing multiple sclerosis is the well established, and in many instances, increasing latitudinal gradient of prevalence, incidence and mortality globally, with prevalence increasing by up to 10-fold between the equator and 60° north and south. The drivers of this gradient are thought to be environmental with latitude seen as a proxy for ultraviolet radiation and thus vitamin D production; however, other factors may also play a role. Several important questions remain unanswered, particularly when in the life course is the gradient established, does lifetime migration mitigate or exacerbate previously reported latitude gradients at location of diagnosis, and do factors such as sex or multiple sclerosis disease phenotype influence the timing or significance of the gradient? Utilizing lifetime residence calendars collected as part of the New Zealand National Multiple Sclerosis Prevalence Study, we constructed lifetime latitudinal gradients for multiple sclerosis from birth to prevalence day in 2006 taking into account migration internally and externally and then analysed by sex and multiple sclerosis clinical course phenotype. Of 2917 individuals living in New Zealand on prevalence day, 7 March 2006, with multiple sclerosis, 2127 completed the life course questionnaire and of these, 1587 were born in New Zealand. All cohorts and sub-cohorts were representative of the overall multiple sclerosis population in New Zealand on prevalence day. We found that the prevalence gradient was present at birth and was, in fact, stronger than at census day, and the slope of the gradient persisted until the age of 12 before gradually declining. We found that internal and external migration into New Zealand had little, if any, effect on the gradient except to decrease the significance of the gradient somewhat. Finally, we found as we had reported previously, that the lifetime prevalence gradients were largely driven by females with relapse onset multiple sclerosis. These findings confirm for the first time the importance of early life environmental exposures in the risk of multiple sclerosis indicating strongly that exposures as early as in utero and at birth drive the latitudinal gradient. Consequently, prevention studies should be focused on high-risk individuals and populations from the earliest possible time points especially, when appropriate, on females.
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Rudeva, Irina, and Sergey K. Gulev. "Climatology of Cyclone Size Characteristics and Their Changes during the Cyclone Life Cycle." Monthly Weather Review 135, no. 7 (July 1, 2007): 2568–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/mwr3420.1.
Abstract:
Abstract Climatology of the atmospheric cyclone sizes and their change over the cyclone life cycle is analyzed on the basis of tracking 57 yr of NCEP–NCAR reanalysis sea level pressure data over the Northern Hemisphere. To quantify the atmospheric cyclone sizes a coordinate transform was used, which allows for the collocation of the cyclone center with the virtual pole and for the establishment of a unique coordinate system for the further determination of cyclone geometry. This procedure was incorporated into a numerical cyclone tracking scheme and provided quantitative estimation of cyclone geometry at every stage of the cyclone development. Climatological features of the distribution of the cyclone size characteristics (effective radius, asymmetry) are considered for the cyclones with different central pressure, deepening rate, and lifetime. Mean effective cyclone radius may experience significant changes, ranging from 300–400 km over the continents to more than 900 km over the oceans. There is found to be a strong dependence of the cyclone effective radius on the cyclone lifetime and intensity, implying the largest cyclone sizes for the most intense and long-living transients. Analysis of size changes during the cyclone life cycle implies that the cyclone radius increases during the development stage from 50% to 150%. Size evolution during the cyclone life cycle implies a universal dependence of the normalized cyclone effective radius and the normalized cyclone age. The actual maximum cyclone radius can be determined from these two nondimensional parameters and cyclone central pressure. Further application of the analysis of cyclone size and shape are discussed.
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Gruzdev, V. "From the editor." Kazan medical journal 22, no. 2 (December 24, 2020): 125–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/kazmj52859.
Abstract:
This February marks a quarter of a century since the death of Vyacheslav Avksentievich Manassein, a man who was "the living conscience of a Russian doctor" during his lifetime. The tremendous experiences that took place after the death of V. A-cha blocked his bright image from the eyes of the modern generation of Russian doctors. Now that our life has entered a calmer channel, the editors of the Kazan Medical Journal consider it their duty to remind fellow doctors about this true teacher of life and his precepts, especially since V. Ah was a Kazan by origin, and the editor of the Journal had the good fortune to be one of - alas! - the few who survived, his direct disciples.
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Quandt, Sara A., Dana C. Mora, Theresa L. Seering, Haiying Chen, Thomas A. Arcury, and Paul J. Laurienti. "Using Life History Calendars to Estimate in Utero and Early Life Pesticide Exposure of Latinx Children in Farmworker Families." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 10 (May 16, 2020): 3478. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17103478.
Abstract:
(1) Background: Early life exposure to neurotoxic chemicals can have later impacts on child health. Most research designs must assume that current exposure is similar to past. Life history calendar methods can help to provide data on early life exposure. (2) Methods: Life history calendars were completed by mothers of 8-year-old children from Latinx farmworker and non-farmworker families (n = 73 and 65, respectively). Measures were created of months exposure through living adjacent to farm fields and having household members who worked in jobs exposing them to toxic chemicals. Data were divided into time periods of in utero, early childhood (birth-35 months) and later childhood (36–96 months). Cluster analysis compared the measures for children from farmworker and non-farmworker parents. (3) Results: Although, as a group, children from farmworker families have greater lifetime months of probable exposure to pesticides than children in non-farmworker families, cluster analysis reveals groups of children who do not follow that pattern. (4) Conclusions: The life history calendar is a technique for obtaining data on early life toxic chemical exposure that may help assign children to proper exposure groups. Conducting secondary analyses using such information can help to clarify the association of exposures to health outcomes.
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Op den Velde, W., P. G. H. Aarts, P. R. J. Falger, J. E. Hovens, E. Frey-Wouters, H. Van Duijn, and J. H. M. De Groen. "Prevalence and Course of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in Dutch Veterans of the Civilian Resistance during World War II: An Overview." Psychological Reports 78, no. 2 (April 1996): 519–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1996.78.2.519.
Abstract:
This study concerns the prevalence of current and lifetime Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) in various groups of officially recognized Veterans of the Dutch civilian Resistance against the Nazi occupation during World War II. In total, 1046 Resistance veterans living in The Netherlands and 52 who emmigrated to the United States after the war were examined. Between four and five decades after the end of WW 11, between 25 and 50% were suffering from current PTSD. The life-time prevalence is estimated to be substantially higher. The course of PTSD proved highly variable. There had often been a delay of several decades between the end of the war and reoccurrence or first onset of posttraumatic symptoms. The prevalence of PTSD in Resistance veterans who emigrated to the United States was hardly different from that of the veterans still living in The Netherlands.
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Giuliano, A. R., M. R. Papenfuss, C. A. Denman, J. Guernsey de Zapien, M. Abrahamsen, and J. B. Hunter. "Human papillomavirus prevalence at the USA–Mexico border among women 40 years of age and older." International Journal of STD & AIDS 16, no. 3 (March 1, 2005): 247–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1258/0956462053420095.
Abstract:
The incidence of cervical cancer increases with age among USA Hispanics and women living in Latin America starting in the fourth decade of life. We conducted a study of women ≥40 living at the USA–Mexico border to determine the prevalence and risk factors for human papillomavirus (HPV) infection detected by polymerase chain reaction. In all, 9.2% of participants tested HPV positive. Compared with women aged 50–59, odds ratios of 8.82 and 6.67 were observed for women ≥60 and 40–49, respectively. Among women aged 40–49, both oncogenic and non-oncogenic HPV infections were detected; however, women ≥ 60 were positive for predominantly oncogenic genotypes. HPV risk significantly increased with ≥2 lifetime sexual partners in adjusted models. These data suggest that the prevalence of HPV infection may have a second peak among post-menopausal Hispanic women.
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Tran, Ngan T., Maylis Labonne, Huy D. Hoang, and Jacques Panfili. "Changes in environmental salinity during the life of Pangasius krempfi in the Mekong Delta (Vietnam) estimated from otolith Sr : Ca ratios." Marine and Freshwater Research 70, no. 12 (2019): 1734. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf18269.
Abstract:
Pangasius krempfi is a commercially important catfish in the Mekong River and is believed to migrate along the Mekong River basin. To verify this migration, elemental concentrations were measured in the water and in otoliths to infer the salinity of the water through the fish’s lifetime. In 2017, eight element concentrations were measured along the Mekong Delta using solution-based inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Concentrations of Sr, Li and Rb were strongly and positively correlated with salinity. Otoliths were taken from P. krempfi caught in the brackish waters of the lower Mekong Delta and seven element:Ca ratios were measured from the core to the otolith edge using laser ablation ICP-MS. The Sr:Ca, Ba:Ca, P:Ca and Mn:Ca ratios varied through the lifetime of the fish, but only Sr:Ca was suitable for estimating ambient salinity. The Sr:Ca profiles in otoliths were analysed and significantly correlated between individuals, with all fish hatched in water with very low levels of salinity, indicating a single freshwater spawning ground, and then living in waters with higher salinity, with two types of migration behaviour. Some individuals may return to low-salinity waters when older. These conclusions were supported by the Ba:Ca and Mn:Ca ratios. These migration patterns may have implications for fishery management.
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Wójcik-Augustyniak, Marzena, Marek Szajczyk, Alenka Ojstršek, and Marjan Leber. "LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENT OF METALLISED TEXTILES. THE CASE STUDY OF MATUROLIFE PROJECT." Zeszyty Naukowe Uniwersytetu Przyrodniczo-Humanistycznego w Siedlcach. Seria: Administracja i Zarządzanie 50, no. 50 (April 9, 2020): 5–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.34739/zn.2019.50.01.
Abstract:
This article provides an overview of the Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) method which supports manufacturers’ environmental information needs by evaluation of the environmental aspects and potential influences throughout the lifetime of the product. In the article results are presented of the first phase of the life cycle assessment of metallised textiles and the context for the analysis is a new project: „Metallisation of Textiles to make Urban living for Older people more Independent & Fashionable – MATUROLIFE”, implemented under the HORIZON 2020 Programme – “Advanced materials & innovative design for improved functionality & aesthetics in high added value consumer goods”.The article presents the most important assumptions for assessing the environmental effects associated with the metallization of various textiles, including primarily electroless copper coating, by calculating the demand for materials and energy, and taking into account emissions to air, water and soil, and by assessing their impact on the environment. The use of LCA as a management tool with great potential for making decisions within strategic business planning was analyzed.
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Tremlett, Helen, Feng Zhu, Alberto Ascherio, and Kassandra L. Munger. "Sun exposure over the life course and associations with multiple sclerosis." Neurology 90, no. 14 (March 7, 2018): e1191-e1199. http://dx.doi.org/10.1212/wnl.0000000000005257.
Abstract:
ObjectiveTo examine sun exposure and multiple sclerosis (MS) over the life course (ages 5–15 and 16–20 years, every 10 years thereafter).MethodsCases with MS (n = 151) and age-matched controls (n = 235) from the Nurses' Health Study cohorts completed summer, winter, and lifetime sun exposure history questionnaires. Cumulative ambient ultraviolet (UV)-B (based on latitude, altitude, cloud cover) exposure before MS onset was expressed as tertiles. Seasonal sun exposure was defined as low vs high hours per week (summer [≤9 vs >10 h/wk]; winter [≤3 vs >4 h/wk]). Relative risks (RRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were estimated via conditional logistic regression with adjustment for body mass index, ancestry, smoking, and vitamin D supplementation.ResultsMost participants were white (98%); the mean age at MS onset was 39.5 years. Living in high (vs low) UV-B areas before MS onset was associated with a 45% lower MS risk (adjusted RR 0.55, 95% CI 0.42–0.73). Similar reduced risks (51%–52%) for medium or high exposure were observed at ages 5 to 15 years and at 5 to 15 years before MS onset (adjusted p < 0.05). At age 5 to 15 years, living in a high (vs low) UV-B area and having high (vs low) summer sun exposure were associated with a lower MS risk (RR 0.45, 95% CI 0.21–0.96).ConclusionLiving in high ambient UV-B areas during childhood and the years leading up to MS onset was associated with a lower MS risk. High summer sun exposure in high ambient UV-B areas was also associated with a reduced risk.
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Öcal, Ruhsen, Ilkin Iyigündogdu, Nazli Gursoy Kirnap, Irem Talu, Defne Alkislar, Dilay Aras, Aylin Uner, and Ece Uzunalioglu. "Frequency of headache among university students and its effect on daily living activities." Neurology Asia 26, no. 3 (September 2021): 535–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.54029/2021wdk.
Abstract:
Background & Objective: Headache is a common symptom in the general population. The aim of this study was to investigate the frequency of headache among a university students population in Ankara, Turkey; and to evaluate the factors affecting the headache and the effect of headache on students’ quality of life. Methods: A face-to-face questionnaire was applied to all participants in the study. In the questionnaire, demographic data, personal background and family history of the participants as well as the presence of headache were collected. The characteristic features of the headache, accompanying symptoms and medication use for the headache were evaluated. The 36-Item Short Form Survey (SF-36), Beck depression and Beck anxiety scales were administered to all participants. Results: Three hundred and sixty six university students participated in the study. Three hundred and thirty one participants (90.4%) had experienced headache at least once in their lifetime. Headache was more common in women (p˂0.01). Depression was found in 135 (36.9%) students with the Beck depression scale, and anxiety was found in 236 (64.5%) students with the Beck anxiety scale. There was no relationship between depression or anxiety and the presence of headache (p>0.05). Emotional role difficulties, social function, pain and general health scores were significantly lower on SF-36 in the group with headache (p˂0.05) than without headache. Conclusion: Headache adversely affects the quality of life and is a common symptom among university students, independent of depression and anxiety.
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Harvey, Jeffrey A., Lucas de Haan, Oriol Verdeny-Vilalta, Bertanne Visser, and Rieta Gols. "Reproduction and Offspring Sex Ratios Differ Markedly among Closely Related Hyperparasitoids Living in the Same Microhabitats." Journal of Insect Behavior 32, no. 3 (May 2019): 243–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10905-019-09730-z.
Abstract:
Abstract Closely related species in nature usually exhibit very similar phylogenetically conserved traits, such as reproduction, behavior and development. Here, we compared fecundity schedules, lifetime reproductive success and offspring sex ratios in three congeneric facultative hyperparasitoid wasps that exhibit several overlapping traits and which co-occur in the same small-scale habitats. Gelis agilis, G. proximus and G. hortensis are abundant in meadows and forest edge habitats in the Netherlands. Gelis agilis is asexual (all female), whereas the other two species reproduce sexually. Here they developed on cocoons of the primary parasitoid Cotesia glomerata. When provided with unlimited hosts, lifetime reproductive success was three times higher in G. proximus than in G. agilis with G. hortensis producing intermediate numbers of offspring. All three species depleted their teneral reserves during their lives. Females of G. proximus and G. hortensis lived significantly longer than females of G. agilis. Offspring sex ratios in young G. proximus mothers were female-biased and marginally male-biased in G. hortensis. As mothers aged, however, the ratio of male:female progeny produced rapidly increased until no daughters emerged later in life. Our results reveal significant differences in reproductive traits among the three species despite them co-occurring in the same microhabitats, being very closely related and morphologically similar. The increase in the production of male progeny by Gelis mothers over time suggests a depletion in sperm number or viability with age. This is especially interesting, given that Gelis species are among the least fecund parasitoids thus far studied. It is likely that in the field most Gelis mothers are probably only able to parasitize a few hosts and to maintain the production of female offspring.
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Yonkers, Kimberly A. "Panic and Agoraphobia: Gender as a Factor." CNS Spectrums 9, no. 9 (September 2004): 6–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1092852900001991.
Abstract:
Anxiety is a common experience, particularly as a response to life stressors. However, severe and uncontrollable anxiety can become a mental disorder. Community studies indicate that 19% of men and 31% of women will develop some type of anxiety disorder during their lifetime. In one such study, the National Comorbidity Survey (NCS), risk factors associated with a lifetime of anxiety disorder included lower income, less education, living in the northeast, and being female. The impact of patient sex is profound in that it increases the likelihood of developing an anxiety disorder by 85% in women compared to men.Panic disorder is characterized by brief but intense recurrent episodes of fear or discomfort. Diagnostic criteria require recurrent panic attacks in 1 month or one panic attack with continuous fear of other attacks. Symptoms associated with the panic attack include palpitations; sweating; feeling short of breath or a choking sensation; nausea or abdominal discomfort; feeling dizzy; having a sense of unreality; numbness or tingling; chills or hot flushes; and a fear of dying or losing control.
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Oikonomakis, Leonidas. "Chicha-Coronavirus: 1-0. On trust, natural disasters, and pandemics in the Ecuadorian Amazon." Mundo Amazónico 11, no. 2 (October 13, 2020): 244–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.15446/ma.v11n2.88313.
Abstract:
Sarayaku is an Amazonian Kichwa community on the shores of Río Bobonaza, Ecuador. There is no road connecting it to the rest of the country no electricity and no telephone network. I happened to be there on fieldwork during the times of a double disaster: the COVID19 crisis, and the biggest flood in the community’s living memory. This short article explores how the community managed both the flood and the COVID19 crisis, according to communitarian practices, as well as how relations of trust are built during sad “everyday life” events in the life of an Amazonian community, as well in not-so-everyday-life emergency situations that are more rare, yet more intense when they occur. While trust-building is crucial in any anthropological or sociological research that involves fieldwork, in the relevant bibliography trust-building during everyday life “insignificant” actions has only recently been attributed the value it deserves. At the same time, trust-building during emergencies has also gone largely unnoticed, maybe due to the rarity of events of disaster/emergency in the lifetime of an Amazonian community.
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Zheng, Bin, and Liang Ping Luo. "Topology Optimization Design of Implantable Energy Harvesting Device." Applied Mechanics and Materials 55-57 (May 2011): 498–503. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.55-57.498.
Abstract:
When designing implantable biomedical MEMS devices, we must provide electric power source with long life and small size to drive the sensors and actuators work. Obviously, traditional battery is not a good choice because of its large size, limited lifetime and finite power storage. Living creatures all have non-electric energy sources, like mechanical energy from heart beat and pulse. Piezoelectric structure can convert mechanical energy to electric energy. In the same design condition, the more electric energy is generated, the better the piezoelectric structure design. This paper discusses the topology optimization method for the most efficient implantable piezoelectric energy harvesting device. Finally, a design example based on the proposed method is given and the result is discussed.
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Boettiger, David C., Pairoj Chattranukulchai, Anchalee Avihingsanon, Romanee Chaiwarith, Suwimon Khusuwan, Matthew G. Law, Jeremy Ross, and Sasisopin Kiertiburanakul. "Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease thresholds for statin initiation among people living with HIV in Thailand: A cost-effectiveness analysis." PLOS ONE 16, no. 9 (September 9, 2021): e0256926. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0256926.
Abstract:
Background People living with HIV (PLHIV) have an elevated risk of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) compared to their uninfected peers. Expanding statin use may help alleviate this burden. We evaluated the cost-effectiveness of reducing the recommend statin initiation threshold for primary ASCVD prevention among PLHIV in Thailand. Methods Our decision analytic microsimulation model randomly selected (with replacement) individuals from the TREAT Asia HIV Observational Database (data collected between 1/January/2013 and 1/September/2019). Direct medical costs and quality-adjusted life-years were assigned in annual cycles over a lifetime horizon and discounted at 3% per year. We assumed the Thai healthcare sector perspective. The study population included PLHIV aged 35–75 years, without ASCVD, and receiving antiretroviral therapy. Statin initiation thresholds evaluated were 10-year ASCVD risk ≥10% (control), ≥7.5% and ≥5%. Results A statin initiation threshold of ASCVD risk ≥7.5% resulted in accumulation of 0.015 additional quality-adjusted life-years compared with an ASCVD risk threshold ≥10%, at an extra cost of 3,539 Baht ($US113), giving an incremental cost-effectiveness ratio of 239,000 Baht ($US7,670)/quality-adjusted life-year gained. The incremental cost-effectiveness ratio comparing ASCVD risk ≥5% to ≥7.5% was 349,000 Baht ($US11,200)/quality-adjusted life-year gained. At a willingness-to-pay threshold of 160,000 Baht ($US5,135)/quality-adjusted life-year gained, a 30.8% reduction in the average cost of low/moderate statin therapy led to the ASCVD risk threshold ≥7.5% becoming cost-effective compared with current practice. Conclusions Reducing the recommended 10-year ASCVD risk threshold for statin initiation among PLHIV in Thailand would not currently be cost-effective. However, a lower threshold could become cost-effective with greater preference for cheaper statins.
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M, Sabarinathan. "Kanmani Gunasekaranin Vandhaarankudi Puthinam Kattum Sadangugal." International Research Journal of Tamil 3, S-1 (June 19, 2021): 203–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.34256/irjt21s133.
Abstract:
Man has lived by various rituals since before he tried to live a civilized life. As civilization grows, all living beings are living their lives trapped within the triad of 'pati, pasu, pasam'. Just as cultivation brought the lands under its control for good growth, and all weeds were all removed and well cultivated, so too for an organism to grow well, our ancestors sowed the good and destroyed the evil and led a life of living with culture. There, rituals are included and guide the lives of the people. Rituals are generally divided into two types of rituals, pleasure rituals and suffering rituals. The nature of the rituals is revealed by classifying the rituals celebrated in the festivals as rituals performed in the Mangala event and the rituals performed in the Mangala event as the rituals performed in the Mangala event. And music and drama are well developed in rituals. Due to the economic crisis at the Mangala event, musical instruments such as the trumpet were reduced, but musical instruments called 'drums' were forced into the funeral ceremonies of the Mangala event. Rituals are the color of life in every human being who lives within the confines of 'arrogance, vanity, delusion'. Women play an important role in rituals. Various rituals take place, from putting the newborn baby in the cradle to experiencing various pleasures due to karma during their lifetime and burying them in the ground. The cradle-to-cradle and naming ceremony rituals are the same for the newborn male and female. For women, the yellow bathing ceremony and bracelet events are considered to be unique to women. Wedding ceremonies and death ceremonies come and go in everyone's life and go after its reaction. According to Kanmani Gunasekara's novel 'Vandarangudi', the study reveals that people are practicing rituals and worshiping God with devotion without harming the culture.
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Iqbal, Muhammad Waqas, and Biswajit Sarkar. "Recycling of lifetime dependent deteriorated products through different supply chains." RAIRO - Operations Research 53, no. 1 (January 2019): 129–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/ro/2017051.
Abstract:
Conservation of natural resources in order to protect the environment, support the economy, and offer a better life to living beings has become an urgent need of modern business so that future generations can survive within available resources and in a healthy environment. Recycling of used products plays an important role in the conservation of natural resources and the development of sustainable business for deteriorating products because the number of these items increases with time, which creates economic loss and environmental pollution. This paper considers the production and cycle time as decision variables to design a forward and reverse supply chain system that produces two different types of products, which are subject to deterioration. Rate of deterioration is time-varying and depends on the maximum lifetime of products. Used products of a forward supply chain are collected and treated as raw materials in a reverse supply chain to produce other products. The system involves three types of inventory stocks, i.e., product 1, 2, and returned inventory. The objective of this research is to minimize total cost per unit time for two types of systems, one in which products of both the supply chains deteriorate and the second in which the products of the first supply chain deteriorate. Kuhn−Tucker method is employed to solve the model and a solution algorithm is proposed to obtain optimal solution. Application of the model is supported with numerical examples and sensitivity analysis. Some managerial insights are provided to help managers while applying the proposed models in real situations. Results of numerical experiments suggest for deteriorating products to plan short replenishment cycles of inventory.
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Agodoa, Irene, Deborah Lubeck, Nickhill Bhakta, Mark Danese, Kartik Pappu, Robin Howard, Michelle Gleeson, Marc Halperin, and Sophie Lanzkron. "Societal Costs of Sickle Cell Disease in the United States." Blood 132, Supplement 1 (November 29, 2018): 4706. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood-2018-99-119420.
Abstract:
Abstract Introduction Sickle cell disease (SCD) is a lifelong and costly chronic disease characterized by hemolytic anemia, pain crisis, and multi-end organ damage. Published estimates of SCD prevalence in the United States (US) range from approximately 85,000 to 100,000 people, most of whom are African American or Hispanic American. Individuals with SCD on average live two to three decades less than the general US population (Piel et al 2017). They also have markedly impaired patient-reported health-related quality-of-life (HRQOL) due in part to fatigue, pain, and impaired physical functioning, which leads to a significant reduction in work productivity. However, there are limited data available on the societal costs of SCD, such as lost lifetime earnings, which may lead to an underestimate of the true impact of this disease in a vulnerable population. Objectives We developed a simulation model to estimate the differences in life expectancy measured in years, quality-adjusted life-years (QALY) and income lost due to reduced life expectancy. Results were compared between a population of patients born with SCD in the US and a sex- and race-matched US population born without SCD and to the general US population. Methods To build the model, we (1) generated a Poisson regression from published birth and mortality estimates for SCD supplemented with data from the Centers for Disease Control (CDC) Multiple Cause of Death database to create age-specific life tables for a population of individuals with SCD (SCD population); (2) used published life tables from the CDC to develop age-specific death rates for a population without SCD (non-SCD population); (3) incorporated published utility weights for SCD adolescents and adults, and for the US general population to estimate the impact of the disease on HRQOL; (4) used US Bureau of Labor Statistics Supplemental Survey of Annual Personal Income data to calculate the expected annual personal income based on age, race, and gender; (5) built a cohort simulation model using R (version 3.4.2) to estimate the life expectancy, QALYs, and lost income for the SCD population compared to the non-SCD population, and the US general population. All analyses used Monte Carlo sampling to characterize uncertainty. Results We estimated that there would be 1,950 newborns with SCD born in the US annually. The projected life expectancy at birth is 54 years for the SCD population compared with 76 years for the age- and race-matched non-SCD population and 79 years for the general US population. Moreover, the quality-adjusted life expectancy of the SCD population (33 years) is less than half that of the matched non-SCD population (67 years) and general US population (69 years). Projected lifetime income for an individual in the SCD population is approximately $1.2 million compared with $1.9 million for an individual in the matched non-SCD population and $2.0 million in the general US population (Figure). Therefore, our model estimates that each individual with SCD loses over $700,000 in lifetime income due to early mortality associated with SCD. Conclusions A contemporary simulated cohort of individuals born with SCD is projected to live 22 years less than a matched population of individuals without SCD. Moreover, when adjusted for diminished HRQOL, our model suggests that patients living with SCD lose over three decades in life expectancy compared to a matched non-SCD population. Given the 22-year difference in life expectancy results in approximately $700,000 in lost lifetime income for each person born with SCD, a contemporary SCD birth cohort of 1,950 individuals would lose over $1.4 billion in lifetime income due to premature mortality. These losses are a conservative estimate since they do not include any direct medical costs or other societal costs such as lost educational potential, lost workdays due to caregivers caring for their affected children, or patient time spent in the hospital or visiting the emergency department; nor do they account for additional challenges in finding and maintaining active employment that have been previously described as substantial among individuals with SCD. In conclusion, SCD has devastating societal consequences beyond the resources required to provide medical care for patients underscoring the urgent need to develop disease-modifying therapies that can improve the underlying morbidity and mortality of individuals living with SCD. Disclosures Agodoa: Global Blood Therapeutics: Employment. Lubeck:Global Blood Therapeutics: Research Funding. Danese:Global Blood Therapeutics: Consultancy, Research Funding. Pappu:Global Blood Therapeutics: Employment. Howard:Global Blood Therapeutics: Employment. Gleeson:Global Blood Therapeutics: Consultancy, Research Funding. Halperin:Global Blood Therapeutics: Consultancy, Research Funding. Lanzkron:PCORI: Research Funding; NHLBI: Research Funding; GBT: Research Funding; selexys: Research Funding; Ironwood: Research Funding; Pfizer: Research Funding; Prolong: Research Funding; HRSA: Research Funding.
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Melo, Ana Paula Souto, Eduardo de Paula Lima, Fabiana Cristina Ribeiro de Barros, Lidyane do Valle Camelo, and Mark Drew Crosland Guimarães. "Homelessness and incarceration among psychiatric patients in Brazil." Ciência & Saúde Coletiva 23, no. 11 (November 2018): 3719–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1413-812320182311.12522016.
Abstract:
Abstract Psychiatric patients are at increased risk of adverse life events, such as being incarcerated and homelessness in their life course. Using data from a cross-sectional multicenter study of 2,475 patients selected from 26 mental health services in Brazil, we examined the association of sociodemographic, clinical, behavioral, and adverse life characteristics with history of homelessness, incarceration or their co-occurrence during lifetime. Odds ratios were obtained by multinomial logistic regression models. The prevalence of homelessness, incarceration and co-occurrence of these two conditions were 8.6%, 16.4%, and 9.4%, respectively. Lower income, living in unstable condition, intellectual disability, and cigarette smoking were associated with homelessness. Being male, lower schooling, sex under effect of alcohol or drugs, and multiple sex partners were associated with incarceration. Psychiatric hospitalizations, substance use, and history of sexually transmitted diseases, and sexual, physical, or verbal violence were associated with co-occurrence of both conditions. Our findings suggest that incarceration and homelessness are very prevalent and correlated in psychiatric patients in Brazil. Many of the associated factors are potentially modifiable, and may act synergistically requiring integrated care.
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YANG, ZAIGUI. "POPULATION AGING AND PUBLIC PENSION: THE CASE OF BEIJING ANALYZED BY AN OLG MODEL." Singapore Economic Review 61, no. 04 (September 2016): 1550045. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217590815500459.
Abstract:
This paper employs an overlapping-generations (OLG) model with altruistic motive and lifetime uncertainty to investigate the urban public pension system in China. Focusing on the case of Beijing, we examine the effects of the individual contribution rate, firm contribution rate, life expectancy and population growth rate on the capital-labor ratio, savings, per capita consumption and pension benefits. By controlling the firm contribution rate to adjust the capital-labor ratio of the market economy to the modified golden rule level, we find the optimal firm contribution rate. We also discuss the optimal firm contribution rate in Beijing under three cases: risen life expectancy, fallen population growth rate and the joint case of risen life expectancy and fallen population growth rate, and estimate the optimal firm contribution rate in 2020s. Integrating the established effects and the current economic goals, it is concluded that it will do more good than harm to strictly implement Beijing municipal population policy, improve the living and medical conditions, reduce the firm contribution rate, and raise the individual contribution rate.