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Journal articles on the topic 'Lipooligosaccharide'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 20 February 2023

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1

Houliston, R. Scott, Evgeny Vinogradov, Monika Dzieciatkowska, Jianjun Li, Frank St. Michael, Marie-France Karwaski, Denis Brochu, et al. "Lipooligosaccharide ofCampylobacter jejuni." Journal of Biological Chemistry 286, no. 14 (January 21, 2011): 12361–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1074/jbc.m110.181750.

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Sun, Shuhua, N. Karoline Scheffler, Bradford W. Gibson, Jing Wang, and Robert S. Munson. "Identification and Characterization of the N-Acetylglucosamine Glycosyltransferase Gene of Haemophilus ducreyi." Infection and Immunity 70, no. 10 (October 2002): 5887–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.70.10.5887-5892.2002.

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ABSTRACT Haemophilus ducreyi is the causative agent of chancroid, a sexually transmitted ulcerative disease. In the present study, the Neisseria gonorrhoeae lgtA lipooligosaccharide glycosyltransferase gene was used to identify a homologue in the genome of H. ducreyi. The putative H. ducreyi glycosyltransferase gene (designated lgtA) was cloned and insertionally inactivated, and an isogenic mutant was constructed. Structural studies demonstrated that the lipooligosaccharide isolated from the mutant strain lacked N-acetylglucosamine and distal sugars found in the lipooligosaccharide produced by

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3

Pollard, Angela, Frank St. Michael, Lynn Connor, Wade Nichols, and Andrew Cox. "Structural characterization of Haemophilus parainfluenzae lipooligosaccharide and elucidation of its role in adherence using an outer core mutant." Canadian Journal of Microbiology 54, no. 11 (November 2008): 906–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/w08-082.

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The opportunistic pathogen Haemophilus parainfluenzae is a gram-negative bacterium found in the oropharynx of humans. Haemophilus parainfluenzae is a member of the Pasteurellaceae family in which it is most closely related to Haemophilus sengis and Actinobacillus . Characterization of surface displayed lipooligosaccharide has identified components that are crucial in adherence. We examined the oligosaccharide structure of lipooligosaccharide from 2 clinical isolates of H. parainfluenzae. Core oligosaccharide was isolated by standard methods from purified lipooligosaccharide. Structural informa

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4

Corsaro, M. Michela, Rosa Lanzetta, Ermenegilda Parrilli, Michelangelo Parrilli, M. Luisa Tutino, and Salvatore Ummarino. "Influence of Growth Temperature on Lipid and Phosphate Contents of Surface Polysaccharides from the Antarctic Bacterium Pseudoalteromonas haloplanktis TAC 125." Journal of Bacteriology 186, no. 1 (January 1, 2004): 29–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jb.186.1.29-34.2004.

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ABSTRACT The chemical structural variations induced by different growth temperatures in the lipooligosaccharide and exopolysaccharide components extracted from the Antarctic bacterium Pseudoalteromonas haloplanktis TAC 125 are described. The increase in phosphorylation with the increase in growth temperature seems to be general, because it happens not only for the lipooligosaccharide but also for the exopolysaccharide. Structural variations in the lipid components of lipid A also occur. In addition, free lipid A is found at both 25 and 4°C but not at 15°C, which is the optimal growth temperatu

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Greiner, L. L., H. Watanabe, N. J. Phillips, J. Shao, A. Morgan, A. Zaleski, B. W. Gibson, and M. A. Apicella. "Nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae Strain 2019 Produces a Biofilm Containing N-Acetylneuraminic Acid That May Mimic Sialylated O-Linked Glycans." Infection and Immunity 72, no. 7 (July 2004): 4249–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.72.7.4249-4260.2004.

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ABSTRACT Previous studies suggested that nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae (NTHI) can form biofilms during human and chinchilla middle ear infections. Microscopic analysis of a 5-day biofilm of NTHI strain 2019 grown in a continuous-flow chamber revealed that the biofilm had a diffuse matrix interlaced with multiple water channels. Our studies showed that biofilm production was significantly decreased when a chemically defined medium lacking N-acetylneuraminic acid (sialic acid) was used. Based on these observations, we examined mutations in seven NTHI strain 2019 genes involved in carbohydra

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6

Starner, Timothy D., W. Edward Swords, Michael A. Apicella та Paul B. McCray. "Susceptibility of Nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae to Human β-Defensins Is Influenced by Lipooligosaccharide Acylation". Infection and Immunity 70, № 9 (вересень 2002): 5287–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.70.9.5287-5289.2002.

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ABSTRACT Nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae (NTHI) lipooligosaccharide htrB mutants exhibited greater than 45-fold-increased sensitivity to human β-defensin 2 (HBD-2) compared to the wild type. Complementation by htrB in trans to acylation competence reversed this increased sensitivity. In contrast, NTHI was more susceptible to HBD-3 and showed no changes in sensitivity as a result of lipooligosaccharide mutations in oligosaccharide and lipid A biosynthesis genes.

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7

Lewis, Lisa A., Biswa Choudhury, Jacqueline T. Balthazar, Larry E. Martin, Sanjay Ram, Peter A. Rice, David S. Stephens, Russell Carlson, and William M. Shafer. "Phosphoethanolamine Substitution of Lipid A and Resistance of Neisseria gonorrhoeae to Cationic Antimicrobial Peptides and Complement-Mediated Killing by Normal Human Serum." Infection and Immunity 77, no. 3 (December 29, 2008): 1112–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.01280-08.

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ABSTRACT The capacity of Neisseria gonorrhoeae to cause disseminated gonococcal infection requires that such strains resist the bactericidal action of normal human serum. The bactericidal action of normal human serum against N. gonorrhoeae is mediated by the classical complement pathway through an antibody-dependent mechanism. The mechanism(s) by which certain strains of gonococci resist normal human serum is not fully understood, but alterations in lipooligosaccharide structure can affect such resistance. During an investigation of the biological significance of phosphoethanolamine extensions

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8

Grenier, Daniel. "Binding properties of Treponema denticola lipooligosaccharide." Journal of Oral Microbiology 5, no. 1 (January 1, 2013): 21517. http://dx.doi.org/10.3402/jom.v5i0.21517.

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9

Arking, Dan, Yanhong Tong, and Daniel C. Stein. "Analysis of Lipooligosaccharide Biosynthesis in theNeisseriaceae." Journal of Bacteriology 183, no. 3 (February 1, 2001): 934–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jb.183.3.934-941.2001.

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ABSTRACT Neisserial lipooligosaccharide (LOS) contains three oligosaccharide chains, termed the α, β, and γ chains. We used Southern hybridization experiments on DNA isolated from variousNeisseria spp. to determine if strains considered to be nonpathogenic possessed DNA sequences homologous with genes involved in the biosynthesis of these oligosaccharide chains. The presence or absence of specific genes was compared to the LOS profiles expressed by each strain, as characterized by their mobilities on sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis gel and their reactivities with vari

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10

Parker, Craig T., Michel Gilbert, Nobuhiro Yuki, Hubert P. Endtz, and Robert E. Mandrell. "Characterization of Lipooligosaccharide-Biosynthetic Loci of Campylobacter jejuni Reveals New Lipooligosaccharide Classes: Evidence of Mosaic Organizations." Journal of Bacteriology 190, no. 16 (June 13, 2008): 5681–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jb.00254-08.

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ABSTRACT The lipooligosaccharide (LOS) biosynthesis region is one of the more variable genomic regions between strains of Campylobacter jejuni. Indeed, eight classes of LOS biosynthesis loci have been established previously based on gene content and organization. In this study, we characterize additional classes of LOS biosynthesis loci and analyze various mechanisms that result in changes to LOS structures. To gain further insights into the genomic diversity of C. jejuni LOS biosynthesis region, we sequenced the LOS biosynthesis loci of 15 strains that possessed gene content that was distinct

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11

Puig, Carmen, Sara Marti, Peter W. M. Hermans, Marien I. de Jonge, Carmen Ardanuy, Josefina Liñares, and Jeroen D. Langereis. "Incorporation of Phosphorylcholine into the Lipooligosaccharide of Nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae Does Not Correlate with the Level of Biofilm FormationIn Vitro." Infection and Immunity 82, no. 4 (January 22, 2014): 1591–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.01445-13.

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ABSTRACTNontypeableHaemophilus influenzae(NTHi) is an opportunistic pathogen that causes otitis media in children and community-acquired pneumonia or exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in adults. A large variety of studies suggest that biofilm formation by NTHi may be an important step in the pathogenesis of this bacterium. The objective of this report was to determine the relationship between the presence of phosphorylcholine in the lipooligosaccharide of NTHi and the level of biofilm formation. The study was performed on 111 NTHi clinical isolates collected from oropharyn

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12

Juneau, Richard A., Bing Pang, Kristin E. D. Weimer, Chelsie E. Armbruster, and W. Edward Swords. "NontypeableHaemophilus influenzaeInitiates Formation of Neutrophil Extracellular Traps." Infection and Immunity 79, no. 1 (October 18, 2010): 431–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.00660-10.

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ABSTRACTNontypeableHaemophilus influenzae(NTHI) is a leading cause of otitis media infections, which are often chronic and/or recurrent in nature. NTHI and other bacterial species persistin vivowithin biofilms during otitis media and other persistent infections. These biofilms have a significant host component that includes neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs). These NETs do not mediate clearance of NTHI, which survives within NET structures by means of specific subpopulations of lipooligosaccharides on the bacterial surface that are determinants of biofilm formationin vitro. In this study, t

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13

Evans, J. S., and M. C. J. Maiden. "Purification of meningococcal lipooligosaccharide by FPLC techniques." Microbiology 142, no. 1 (January 1, 1996): 57–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/13500872-142-1-57.

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14

Berrington, A. W., Y. C. Tan, Y. Srikhanta, B. Kuipers, P. Ley, I. R. A. Peak, and M. P. Jennings. "Phase variation in meningococcal lipooligosaccharide biosynthesis genes." FEMS Immunology & Medical Microbiology 34, no. 4 (December 2002): 267–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-695x.2002.tb00633.x.

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15

Nassif, Xavier. "Gonococcal lipooligosaccharide: an adhesin for bacterial dissemination?" Trends in Microbiology 8, no. 12 (December 2000): 539–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0966-842x(00)01879-5.

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16

Gulati, Sunita, Sanjay Ram, Daniel P. McQuillen, Michael K. Pangburn, and Peter A. Rice. "Factor H interactions with sialylated gonococcal lipooligosaccharide." Molecular Immunology 35, no. 6-7 (April 1998): 398. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0161-5890(98)90801-x.

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17

Syrogiannopoulos, G. A., E. J. Hansen, A. L. Erwin, R. S. Munford, J. Rutledge, J. S. Reisch, and G. H. McCracken. "Haemophilus influenzae Type b Lipooligosaccharide Induces Meningeal Inflammation." Journal of Infectious Diseases 157, no. 2 (February 1, 1988): 237–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/infdis/157.2.237.

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18

Gaultier, Gabrielle N., Kayla N. Colledanchise, Alaa Alhazmi, and Marina Ulanova. "The Immunostimulatory Capacity of Nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae Lipooligosaccharide." Pathogens and Immunity 2, no. 1 (February 16, 2017): 34. http://dx.doi.org/10.20411/pai.v2i1.162.

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Background: We have recently found that lipooligosaccharide (LOS) isolated from encapsulated strains of Haemophilus influenzae (H. influenzae) has strong adjuvant, but diminished pro-inflammatory ability as compared to Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide (LPS). In this study, we aimed to determine the immunostimulatory capacity of nontypeable/ non-encapsulated H. influenzae (NTHi) LOS by comparing the effect of killed bacteria with LOS isolated from the same strain.Methods: Following stimulation of human monocytic THP-1 cells with killed NTHi strain 375, or with the corresponding amount of LOS

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19

HANSEN, ERIC J., GEORGE H. MCCRACKEN, and GEORGE SYROGIANNOPOULOS. "Haemophilus influenzae type b lipooligosaccharide induces meningeal inflammation." Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal 6, no. 12 (December 1987): 1150. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00006454-198706120-00027.

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20

HANSEN, ERIC J., GEORGE H. MCCRACKEN, and GEORGE SYROGIANNOPOULOS. "Haemophilus influenzae type b lipooligosaccharide induces meningeal inflammation." Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal 6, no. 12 (December 1987): 1150. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00006454-198712000-00027.

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21

Post, Deborah M. B., DeSheng Zhang, Jerrold P. Weiss, and Bradford W. Gibson. "Stable isotope metabolic labeling of Neisseria meningitidis lipooligosaccharide." Journal of Endotoxin Research 12, no. 2 (April 2006): 93–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/09680519060120020501.

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22

Apicella, Michael A. "Gonococcal lipooligosaccharide: an adhesin for bacterial dissemination? Response." Trends in Microbiology 8, no. 12 (December 2000): 541. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0966-842x(00)01880-1.

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23

Petricoin, E. F., and D. C. Stein. "Molecular analysis of lipooligosaccharide biosynthesis in Neisseria gonorrhoeae." Infection and Immunity 57, no. 9 (1989): 2847–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.57.9.2847-2852.1989.

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24

Danaher, R. J., J. C. Levin, D. Arking, C. L. Burch, R. Sandlin, and D. C. Stein. "Genetic basis of Neisseria gonorrhoeae lipooligosaccharide antigenic variation." Journal of bacteriology 177, no. 24 (1995): 7275–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jb.177.24.7275-7279.1995.

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25

Alibaud, Laeticia, Jakub Pawelczyk, Laila Gannoun-Zaki, Vipul K. Singh, Yoann Rombouts, Michel Drancourt, Jaroslaw Dziadek, Yann Guérardel, and Laurent Kremer. "Increased Phagocytosis ofMycobacterium marinumMutants Defective in Lipooligosaccharide Production." Journal of Biological Chemistry 289, no. 1 (November 14, 2013): 215–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1074/jbc.m113.525550.

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26

Kerwood, Deborah E., Herman Schneider, and Ryohei Yamasaki. "Structural analysis of lipooligosaccharide produced by Neisseria gonorrhoeae, strain MS11mk (variant A): a precursor for a gonococcal lipooligosaccharide associated with virulence." Biochemistry 31, no. 51 (December 1992): 12760–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/bi00166a008.

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27

Estabrook, M. M., R. E. Mandrell, M. A. Apicella, and J. M. Griffiss. "Measurement of the human immune response to meningococcal lipooligosaccharide antigens by using serum to inhibit monoclonal antibody binding to purified lipooligosaccharide." Infection and Immunity 58, no. 7 (1990): 2204–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.58.7.2204-2213.1990.

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28

Jones, Allison, Miriam Geörg, Lisa Maudsdotter, and Ann-Beth Jonsson. "Endotoxin, Capsule, and Bacterial Attachment Contribute to Neisseria meningitidis Resistance to the Human Antimicrobial Peptide LL-37." Journal of Bacteriology 191, no. 12 (April 17, 2009): 3861–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jb.01313-08.

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ABSTRACT Pathogenic bacteria have evolved numerous mechanisms to evade the human immune system and have developed widespread resistance to traditional antibiotics. We studied the human pathogen Neisseria meningitidis and present evidence of novel mechanisms of resistance to the human antimicrobial peptide LL-37. We found that bacteria attached to host epithelial cells are resistant to 10 μM LL-37 whereas bacteria in solution or attached to plastic are killed, indicating that the cell microenvironment protects bacteria. The bacterial endotoxin lipooligosaccharide and the polysaccharide capsule

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29

Marsden, Gemma L., Jianjun Li, Paul H. Everest, Andrew J. Lawson, and Julian M. Ketley. "Creation of a Large Deletion Mutant of Campylobacter jejuni Reveals that the Lipooligosaccharide Gene Cluster Is Not Required for Viability." Journal of Bacteriology 191, no. 7 (January 30, 2009): 2392–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jb.01397-08.

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ABSTRACT Deletion of the lipooligosaccharide biosynthesis region (Cj1132c to Cj1152c) from the genome of Campylobacter jejuni NCTC11168 shows that the core is not required for viability. The mutant was attenuated for growth and has increased sensitivity to antibiotics and detergents. Natural transformation and invasion of cultured host cells was abolished.

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30

Choi, Joshua, Andrew D. Cox, Jianjun Li, William McCready, and Marina Ulanova. "Activation of Innate Immune Responses by Haemophilus influenzae Lipooligosaccharide." Clinical and Vaccine Immunology 21, no. 5 (March 26, 2014): 769–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/cvi.00063-14.

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ABSTRACTA Gram-negative pathogenHaemophilus influenzaehas a truncated endotoxin known as lipooligosaccharide (LOS). Recent studies onH. influenzaeLOS highlighted its structural and compositional implications for bacterial virulence; however, the role of LOS in the activation of innate and adaptive immunity is poorly understood. THP-1 monocytes were stimulated with either lipopolysaccharide (LPS) fromEscherichia colior LOS compounds derived fromH. influenzaeEagan, Rd, and Rdlic1 lpsAstrains. Cell surface expression of key antigen-presenting, costimulatory, and adhesion molecules, as well as gen

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31

Albiger, Barbara, Linda Johansson, and Ann-Beth Jonsson. "Lipooligosaccharide-Deficient Neisseria meningitidis Shows Altered Pilus-Associated Characteristics." Infection and Immunity 71, no. 1 (January 2003): 155–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.71.1.155-162.2003.

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ABSTRACT Molecular interaction between host mucosal surfaces and outer membrane components of microbes is crucial in the infection process. The outer membrane of pathogenic Neisseria contains surface molecules such as pili, PilC, and Opa and a monolayer of lipooligosaccharide (LOS), all of which are involved in the interaction with host cells. Pili mediate the initial attachment to human epithelial cells, which is followed by tight contact between bacteria and the eucaryotic cells, leading to bacterial invasion. To further examine the basis for bacterium-host cell contact, we constructed an LO

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32

Marr, Nico, Alexey Novikov, Adeline M. Hajjar, Martine Caroff, and Rachel C. Fernandez. "Variability in the Lipooligosaccharide Structure and Endotoxicity amongBordetella pertussisStrains." Journal of Infectious Diseases 202, no. 12 (December 15, 2010): 1897–906. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/657409.

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33

McLaughlin, R., S. M. Spinola, and M. A. Apicella. "Generation of lipooligosaccharide mutants of Haemophilus influenzae type b." Journal of Bacteriology 174, no. 20 (1992): 6455–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jb.174.20.6455-6459.1992.

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34

Sandlin, R. C., and D. C. Stein. "Role of phosphoglucomutase in lipooligosaccharide biosynthesis in Neisseria gonorrhoeae." Journal of Bacteriology 176, no. 10 (1994): 2930–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jb.176.10.2930-2937.1994.

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35

PHONGSISAY, V., and B. FRY. "Bidirectional transcription of lipooligosaccharide synthesis genes from Campylobacter jejuni." International Journal of Medical Microbiology 297, no. 6 (October 15, 2007): 431–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijmm.2007.05.003.

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36

Ahmed, H. J., S. Borrelli, J. Jonasson, L. Eriksson, S. Hanson, B. Höjer, M. Sunkuntu, et al. "Monoclonal antibodies againstHaemophilus ducreyi lipooligosaccharide and their diagnostic usefulness." European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases 14, no. 10 (October 1995): 892–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01691496.

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37

Ram, Sanjay, Andrew D. Cox, J. Claire Wright, Ulrich Vogel, Silke Getzlaff, Ryan Boden, Jianjun Li, et al. "Neisserial Lipooligosaccharide Is a Target for Complement Component C4b." Journal of Biological Chemistry 278, no. 51 (October 2, 2003): 50853–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1074/jbc.m308364200.

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38

Lin, Leo Y. C., Bojana Rakic, Cecilia P. C. Chiu, Emilie Lameignere, Warren W. Wakarchuk, Stephen G. Withers, and Natalie C. J. Strynadka. "Structure and Mechanism of the Lipooligosaccharide Sialyltransferase fromNeisseria meningitidis." Journal of Biological Chemistry 286, no. 43 (August 31, 2011): 37237–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1074/jbc.m111.249920.

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39

Giles, Sarah K., Uwe H. Stroeher, Bhavya Papudeshi, Robert A. Edwards, Jessica AP Carlson-Jones, Michael Roach, and Melissa H. Brown. "The StkSR Two-Component System Influences Colistin Resistance in Acinetobacter baumannii." Microorganisms 10, no. 5 (May 8, 2022): 985. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms10050985.

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Acinetobacter baumannii is an opportunistic human pathogen responsible for numerous severe nosocomial infections. Genome analysis on the A. baumannii clinical isolate 04117201 revealed the presence of 13 two-component signal transduction systems (TCS). Of these, we examined the putative TCS named here as StkSR. The stkR response regulator was deleted via homologous recombination and its progeny, ΔstkR, was phenotypically characterized. Antibiogram analyses of ΔstkR cells revealed a two-fold increase in resistance to the clinically relevant polymyxins, colistin and polymyxin B, compared to wild

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40

Blake, M. S., C. M. Blake, M. A. Apicella, and R. E. Mandrell. "Gonococcal opacity: lectin-like interactions between Opa proteins and lipooligosaccharide." Infection and immunity 63, no. 4 (1995): 1434–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.63.4.1434-1439.1995.

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Pettit, R. K., E. S. Martin, S. M. Wagner, and V. J. Bertolino. "Phenotypic modulation of gonococcal lipooligosaccharide in acidic and alkaline culture." Infection and immunity 63, no. 7 (1995): 2773–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.63.7.2773-2775.1995.

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42

Inzana, T. J., J. Hensley, J. McQuiston, A. J. Lesse, A. A. Campagnari, S. M. Boyle, and M. A. Apicella. "Phase variation and conservation of lipooligosaccharide epitopes in Haemophilus somnus." Infection and immunity 65, no. 11 (1997): 4675–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.65.11.4675-4681.1997.

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43

Tong, Y., D. Arking, S. Ye, B. Reinhold, V. Reinhold, and D. C. Stein. "Neisseria gonorrhoeaestrain PID2 simultaneously expresses six chemically related lipooligosaccharide structures." Glycobiology 12, no. 9 (September 1, 2002): 523–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/glycob/cwf047.

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44

Silipo, Alba, Antonio Molinaro, Luisa Sturiale, J. Maxwell Dow, Gitte Erbs, Rosa Lanzetta, Mari-Anne Newman, and Michelangelo Parrilli. "The Elicitation of Plant Innate Immunity by Lipooligosaccharide ofXanthomonas campestris." Journal of Biological Chemistry 280, no. 39 (July 27, 2005): 33660–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1074/jbc.m506254200.

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45

Ren, Huiping, Lynn G. Dover, Salim T. Islam, David C. Alexander, Jeffrey M. Chen, Gurdyal S. Besra, and Jun Liu. "Identification of the lipooligosaccharide biosynthetic gene cluster from Mycobacterium marinum." Molecular Microbiology 63, no. 5 (March 2007): 1345–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2958.2007.05603.x.

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46

Inzana, Thomas J., Jennifer Hensley, John McQuiston, Alan J. Lesse, Anthony A. Campagnari, Stephen M. Boyle, and Michael A. Apicella. "Phase Variation and Conservation of Lipooligosaccharide Epitopes in Haemophilus somnus." Infection and Immunity 66, no. 8 (August 1, 1998): 4010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.66.8.4010-4010.1998.

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47

Mertsola, J., R. S. Munford, O. Ramilo, X. Sáez-Llorens, M. M. Mustafa, G. H. McCracken, and E. J. Hansen. "Specific detection of Haemophilus influenzae type b lipooligosaccharide by immunoassay." Journal of Clinical Microbiology 28, no. 12 (1990): 2700–2706. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jcm.28.12.2700-2706.1990.

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48

Lewis, Lisa, Sanjay Ram, Jacqueline Balthazar, Larry Martin, Yih-Ling Tzeng, David Stephens, Peter Rice, and William Shafer. "Gonococcal lipooligosaccharide phosphoethanolamine substitutions modulate serum resistance and C4bp binding." Molecular Immunology 44, no. 1-3 (January 2007): 204–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.molimm.2006.07.135.

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Arya, Subhash C. "Serological diagnosis of tuberculosis employing lipooligosaccharide antigen in developing countries." Tubercle and Lung Disease 77, no. 3 (June 1996): 291. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0962-8479(96)90017-9.

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Campagnari, Anthony A., Stanley M. Spinola, Alan J. Lesse, Yousef Abu Kwaik, Robert E. Mandrell, and Michael A. Apicella. "Lipooligosaccharide epitopes shared among Gram-negative non-enteric mucosal pathogens." Microbial Pathogenesis 8, no. 5 (May 1990): 353–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0882-4010(90)90094-7.

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