Academic literature on the topic 'Macro- and microelements'

The basis of the mechanism of ischemic brain tissue are hematological disorders. It is known that divalent ions influence the formation and structure of fibrin. In connection with this fact, a change in macro- and microelement balance serves as a marker of neurotrophic disturbances in the brain long before their clinical manifestations. The imbalance of metal-ligand homeostasis is an unfavorable background for the debut of ischemic stroke. In a multifactorial coagulation system, specific proteins - Protein C and D-dimers - occupy a key place. Many macro- and microelements are mediators of homeostasis and thrombosis: violations of elemental homeostasis are the molecular basis of the ischemic process. In a study conducted in a clinical setting, the combined dynamics of protein C and D-dimers and a complex of macro- and microelements are shown with a high degree of certainty. Using Spearman correlation analysis, reliable correlations were revealed between the concentrations of protein C, D-dimers and macro- and microelements in patients diagnosed with ischemic insult. In the final part of the mathematical processing of the results, multiple regression analysis was used, with the help of which a reliable relationship between protein C, a component of the blood coagulation system, and the concentration of a complex of macro- and microelements contributing to the central mechanism of etiopathogenesis of ischemic stroke is shown: R = 0.95938848, R2 = 0.92042626.

A probabilistic mesomechanical crack nucleation model is proposed to link the microstructural material heterogeneities to the statistical scatter in the macro structural response. The macrostructure is modeled as an ensemble of microelements. Cracks nucleate within the microelements and grow from the microelements to final fracture. Variations of the microelement properties are defined using statistical parameters. A micromechanical slip band decohesion model along with a Paris law crack growth model are used with first order reliability methods and Monte Carlo simulation to determine the distribution of fatigue life for the macrostructure. The modeled response is compared to trends in experimental observations from the literature.

Adverse environmental conditions may affect the condition of the hair follicle, which require the optimal amount and ratio of minerals. The description of the diagnosis and treatment of microelements in patients suffering from diffuse telogen alopecia is presented. Based on the analysis of data from the literature review and the results of treatment of groups of patients the importance of identifying microelement imbalance in order to apply effective treatments is shown. The results obtained, showing the imbalance of macro - and micronutrients, including essential, are the basis for recommendations for patients with diffuse alopecia additional examination for definition of microelement composition of hair. This allows to prescribe different composition of microelement complexes that ensure the replenishment of certain microelements deficiency. And this provides an opportunity to reasonably resolve the issue of the need to include in the treatment plan detoxification measures to reduce the content of toxic and conditionally toxic microelements in the body.

Violation of homeostasis is often connected with a deficiency or excess of certain elements. Undeniable value of biologically active substances of plants is that they are contained in plant raw material in natural balanced complexes and they are an important source of macro- and microelements for a human organism. Study of a chemical composition, including macro- and microelements, a pharmacological effect of Verbena species is a basis for conduction of further researches. There are 250 species of Verbena genus, 3 of which, namely Verbena officinalis L., Verbena supina L. and Verbena hybrida Hort are growing in Ukraine. The aim of our research was to study macro- and microelements in the raw material of Verbena genus species, to reveal the influence of the conditions of growing on the content of elements in the Verbena officinalis L. herb, to compare element composition of the Verbena officinalis L. herb and herbal extracts. Macro- and microelement composition of raw material was researched by using the method of atom-emission spectrometry with inductively bounded plasma iCAP 7000 Duo. To determine the influence of the conditions of increase of macro- and microelements in Verbena officinalis L. herb, their quantity in soils and plants from different areas of growing was defined. To reveal the intensity of absorption of macro- and microelements from the soil by the plants, the coefficients of their biological accumulation were calculated. The comparative determination of the element composition of Verbena officinalis L. herb and herbal extracts VOH-0 (extractant – purified water) and VOH-7 (extractant – 70% ethanol) was also carried out to determine the degree of elements transfer from plant raw material into extracts. Results of the research show that in the samples of Verbena officinalis L. herb, Verbena hybrida Hort. herb and Verbena supine L. leaves there are 22 inorganic elements. Results of studying of element composition of Verbena officinalis L. herb and samples of soil from different areas of growing in Ivano-Frankivsk and Ternopil regions show that the quantitative and qualitative compositions of microelements depend on element exchange of these plants, conditions of growing and element composition of soil. The reverse dependence between the content of most elements in the soil and the coefficient of their accumulation in plants was found out. Concentration of elements in the herb and extracts was identified to have the same profile, but the quantitative content of elements was different, which was influenced by the extractor (purified water, 70% ethanol). Results of our research are currently relevant; they should be taken into account in the development of new herbal medicines, which would have desirable pharmacological effect in the future.

The number of stomata and the concentration of macro- and microelements in four new winter wheat genotypes: Lenta, Lara, Perla and Fiesta were investigated in two localities in Croatia in the 1997/98 growing season. The stomata number per mm2 was determined by a standard method. N was established by the micro-Kjeldahl method, P spectrophotometrically and K, Ca, Mg, Zn, Cu, Fe and Mn by the AAS method. The interrelation of the investigated parameters was determined by multiple regression and correlation analysis. The results obtained indicate that the number of stomata per mm2 and the macro- and microelement concentrations depended on the genotype, the phenophase and the locality. A statistically significant correlation was found between the stomata number per mm2 and the macro- (N, P, K, Ca, Mg) and microelement (Zn, Cu, Fe, Mn) concentrations.

The exotic flavor of Brazilian tropical fruits led to increased consumption. Consumers awareness regarding balanced diets, makes necessary determining nutritional composition - vitamins and minerals of the fruits ordinarily consumed. This study contributed to the evaluation of macro (K, Ca) and microelements (Mn, Fe, Cu, Zn and Br) in eight exotic Brazilian tropical fruits: "abiu" (Lucuma caimito Ruiz & Pav.), "jenipapo" (Genipa americana L.), "jambo rosa" (rose apple, Eugenia Jambos L.), "jambo vermelho" (Syzygium malaccence L., Merr & Perry), "macaúba" (Acrocomia aculeata Jacq. Lood. Ex Mart.), "mangaba" (Hancornia speciosa), "pitanga" (Brazilian Cherry, Eugenia uniflora L.), and tamarind (Tamarindus indica L.), using the Energy Dispersive X-Ray Fluorescence (EDXRF) technique. "jambo vermelho" and "macaúba" presented the highest values of K concentrations, 1,558 and 1,725 mg 100 g-1, respectively. On the other hand, Ca concentrations were highest in "macaúba" (680 mg 100 g-1) and "jenipapo" (341 mg 100 g-1). The microelemental concentrations in these eight fruits ranged from: 0.9 to 2.0 mg 100 g-1 for Mn, 3.9 to 11.4 mg 100 g-1 for Fe, 0.5 to 1.0 mg 100 g-1 for Cu, 0.6 to 1.5 mg 100 g-1 for, Zn and 0.3 to 1.3 mg 100 g-1 for Br. The amounts of macro and microelements in the eight fruits analyzed were compared to other tropical fruits and it was found that some of them could be classified as rich sources for these macro and microelements.

The aim of the research is to study the quantitative content of macro- and micronutrients in the seeds of the Celery family. In the work using the method of X-ray fluorescence analysis, the elemental composition of the seeds of celery crops - carrots, parsley, celery, coriander and parsnip was studied. Individual profiles were compiled (series on the accumulation of macro- and microelements) and their similarity was noted for most elements, which indicates a common metabolic process in plants of related species. Of the macrocells in the seeds of the studied species, Ca and K, as well as P, Mg, S, accumulate in the maximum amount, and of the trace elements Fe, Zn, Mn. Differences in the accumulation of elements in different cultures depended on the type of macro- or microelement. The types of accumulation of Ca, P, K, Zn, Pb, Ni, Zr are relatively weak in types, and the concentrations of Si, Na, Al, Br, Ti Sr, and Fe are most variable in cultures. Significant accumulation of Si in parsnip seeds was noted which is not typical for other studied species. In general, parsnip seeds have the richest set of macro- and microelements in comparison with other celery crops. The seed samples analyzed had a wide variety in the mineral composition. Numerous variations among species belonging to the same family are probably due to individual genetic structure, as well as different growing conditions.

The aim of the research is to study the quantitative content of macro- and micronutrients in the seeds of the Celery family. In the work using the method of X-ray fluorescence analysis, the elemental composition of the seeds of celery crops - carrots, parsley, celery, coriander and parsnip was studied. Individual profiles were compiled (series on the accumulation of macro- and microelements) and their similarity was noted for most elements, which indicates a common metabolic process in plants of related species. Of the macrocells in the seeds of the studied species, Ca and K, as well as P, Mg, S, accumulate in the maximum amount, and of the trace elements Fe, Zn, Mn. Differences in the accumulation of elements in different cultures depended on the type of macro- or microelement. The types of accumulation of Ca, P, K, Zn, Pb, Ni, Zr are relatively weak in types, and the concentrations of Si, Na, Al, Br, Ti Sr, and Fe are most variable in cultures. Significant accumulation of Si in parsnip seeds was noted which is not typical for other studied species. In general, parsnip seeds have the richest set of macro- and microelements in comparison with other celery crops. The seed samples analyzed had a wide variety in the mineral composition. Numerous variations among species belonging to the same family are probably due to individual genetic structure, as well as different growing conditions.

Isotopic effects occurring in living organisms due to metabolism are analyzed. The phenomenon of metabolism is considered in the classical sense as a combination of biochemical reactions (mainly enzyma­tic) that take place in the cells of living beings and provide the cleavage, synthesis and interconversion of complex compounds. The scope of use of natural isotopes is wide and diverse. Isotopes are carriers of information about the birth and transformation of molecules, and isotope fractionation is a chemical characteristic of a substance. Isotope metabolism consists in the intermolecular fractionation of isotopes at separate stages of biochemical reactions, namely the cleavage, synthesis and interconversion of complex compounds caused by differences in the structure and fundamental properties of isotope nuclei. It is proved that the fractionation of isotopes in chemical and biochemical reactions due to isotopic effects is based on two fundamental properties of atomic nuclei — mass and magnetic moment. The kinetic (mass-depen­ dent) isotopic effect distributes the isotopic nuclei by their masses, and the magnetic one fractionates the nuclei by their magnetic moments. The kinetic isotopic effect depends on the magnitude of the difference in the masses of isotopic molecules, temperature and the difference in the activation energies of isotopic forms. The magnetic isotope effect depends on the reaction rate in a single cell, its projection, magnetic moment and energy of electron-nuclear interaction. It is determined that the fractionation of isotopes in living organisms is that the relative content of one of the isotopes in this compound increases by reducing its content in the other. As a result, there is a fractionation of isotopes within one biological object.

Neste estudo foi determinado o conteúdo de metais em adoçantes dietéticos de mesa, consumidos por um número crescente de pessoas preocupadas em manter a forma física e restringir o nível calórico da dieta havendo ou não recomendação médica. Foram coletadas 26 amostras de adoçantes dietéticos distribuídos no mercado de São Paulo, em uma grande variedade de apresentações, produtos, composições e marcas. Como a composição é dependente da produção, esta análise é indispensável ao controle da qualidade e relevante à saúde do consumidor. A Espectrometria de Emissão Óptica com Fonte de Plasma Indutivamente Acoplado (ICP OES) com vista axial, mostrou-se adequada determinação dos macronutrientes Na, K, Ca, Mg e dos microelementos essenciais Fe, Cu, Zn, Cr, Mn e Se, dos potencialmente tóxicos AI, Ni, As, Cd e Pb em adoçantes sólidos e líquidos, atendendo as exigências da legislação brasileira. Assim, foi realizado um estudo comparativo entre as determinações utilizando as metodologias clássicas de pré-tratamento da amostra, como o resíduo de cinzas, a dissolução ácida com aquecimento por microondas com o procedimento sem tratamento prévio das amostras, visando facilitar a análise, uma vez que esta é a etapa que mais consome tempo e esforços. A determinação simultânea do espectro favoreceu a análise, uma vez que 74 comprimentos de onda puderam ser selecionados sem aumento no tempo ou no custo de análise, auxiliando na seleção de 36 linhas analíticas mais adequadas (livre de interferências) à determinação sem tratamento prévio da amostra. Nenhuma amostra de adoçante excedeu o valor recomendado para o somatório dos contaminantes inorgânicos (Aspartame < 10 µg g-1 e Sacarina < 20 µg g-1). No entanto, 6 marcas de adoçantes em pó excederam o valor limite da legislação para As (1,0 µg g-1), excederam o valor para Cr total (0,1 µg g-1) e 2 marcas de adoçante líquido excederam o valor para Ni (0,1 µg g-1). Mostrando que os adoçantes em pó apresentam (≈5 µg g-1) níveis maiores de metais potencialmente tóxicos que os adoçantes líquidos (≈2,O µg mL-1).
The metal content in artificial sweetener usually consumed by a growing population concerned to keep body shape and to restrict the diet caloric content, by medical recommendation or not, was measured. The samples were 26 artificial sweeteners available at São Paulo\'s market, under different forms, and several suppliers, with various sweetener composition, and brands. Because the composition depends on manufacture factors, this analysis is mandatory for quality control and relevant for the user health. Inductively coupled plasma atomic emission with axial view has demonstrated to be an appropriated technique to determine the macronutrient content, such as Na, K, Ca, Mg and essential microelements such as Fe, Cu, Zn, Cr, Mn and Se, besides the potentially toxic elements such as AI, Ni, As, Cd and Pb in solid and liquid sweeteners in accordance with to the Brazilian regulation. It was also performed a comparative study of the sample preparation methodology, using classical sample pretreatment, such as burning to ashes, and acid dissolution with microwave heating and a procedure without prior sample treatment (dissolution and/or convenient dilution), aiming at facilitating the analysis of dietetic sweetener because this step is the most time and labor consuming. The analysis was simplified using the simultaneous spectra acquisition, once 74 wavelengths were selected without time or cost increase, and helping the identification of 36 appropriate analytical lines (free from interferences) to apply to the samples determination without prior treatment. None sweetener exceeded the recommended value of inorganic contaminant (for aspartame samples the value was below 10 µg g-1 and for saccharine samples that was below 20 µg g-1). However, 6 brands of artificial sweetener in powder exceeded the legislation limit value for As (1.0 µg g-1), and other 7 brands exceeded the Cr recommended maximum value (0.1 µg g-1). Other 2 brands of Iiquid sweetener exceeded the Ni recommended maximum value. Therefore, for ali samples, the artificial sweetener in powder presented higher levels of potentially toxic metais (≈5µg g-1) than those in a Iiquid presentation (≈2.0 µg mL-1).

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CNPq e CAPES
A utilização de medicamentos fitoterápicos é global, ocorrendo em diferentes classes sociais. O uso de plantas para fins medicinais foi a base para a consolidação da terapêutica utilizando fitoterápicos, os quais correspondem única e exclusivamente a produtos fabricados a partir de matéria-prima vegetal. A qualidade de um medicamento é resultado de todo o processo para a sua obtenção, desde os componentes utilizados na formulação até sua dispensação aos indivíduos. Dentre as possibilidades de desvio da qualidade com ou sem comprometimento da saúde humana destaca-se o teor de certos elementos químicos presentes nos produtos. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo determinar a partir de um método validado os macroelementos Na, K, Ca, Mg e P e os microelementos Se e Zn em medicamentos fitoterápicos comercializados em farmácias e drogarias da cidade de Salvador-Ba empregando espectrometria de emisão óptica com plasma indutivamente acoplado (ICP OES) e analisar os dados obtidos por ferramentas de análise exploratória, análise de componentes principais (PCA) e análise de grupamentos hierárquicos (HCA). Para validação do método analítico proposto, foram analisados os parâmetros estabelecidos pela IUPAC. A exatidão do método foi confirmada a partir da comparação dos valores de concentração obtidos experimentalmente com os valores certificados em material de referência. A precisão, expressa pelo desvio padrão relativo (RSD), foi avaliada em duas amostras reais, variando entre 1,15 e 14,1%. Os limites de quantificação foram estabelecidos, sendo 0,0026; 0,0385; 0,0207; 0,0071; 0,0072; 0,0010 e 0,0009 mg g-1 para Na, K, Ca, Mg, P, Se e Zn, respectivamente, demonstrando a sensibilidade do método. A partir das análises de PCA e HCA, foi observado a formação de grupos, o que permitiu a discriminação dos medicamentos pelas concentrações dos analitos determinados. Avaliou-se o teor dos mesmos conforme posologia indicada em bulário, evidenciando altos valores de Na e Se em algumas amostras à luz das recomendações de ingestão diária preconizadas pela Organização Mundial da Saúde (OMS) e Agência Nacional de Vigilância Sanitária (ANVISA). O emprego de ferramentas quimiométricas demonstrou-se satisfatório e eficaz para avaliação de macro e microelementos em amostras complexas.
Herbals medicines consume happens all over the world at different social groups. Plants destination to medicinal purpose was the base of consolidation of herbals as therapeutic manner, which corresponds exclusively to manufactured products form plant raw-material. The medicine quality is the result of the whole manufacturing process until its final product obtation, since the compounds addition into formulation up to individuals consume. Among quality deviation possibilities with or without human health damage, it’s highlighted some elements concentration in these products. The present work was purposed to determine from a validated method macroelements Na, K, Ca, Mg and P and microelements Se and Zn in herbal medicines sold in pharmacies and drugstores at Salvador-Ba employing optical emission spectrometry with inductively coupled plasma (ICP OES and to analyse data obtained by exploratory tools, principal component analysis (PCA) and hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA). About validation of the analytical method proposed, IUPAC parameters were established. The accuracy was confirmed from comparison between experimental concentrations obtained and those certified in reference material. The precision, described as relative standard deviation, was established from two real samples, ranging between 1.15 and 14.1%. Limits of quantification were established 0.0026; 0.0385; 0.0207; 0.0071; 0.0072; 0.0010 and 0.0009 mg g-1 for Na, K, Ca, Mg, P, Se e Zn, respectively, showing the sensibility of the method. The PCA and HCA were useful to observe grouping formation, which was possible to medicines discrimination from the determination of analytes concentrations. The analyte content was evaluated according dosage use indicated in bulls, which showed high values of Na and Se in some samples in accordance with intake daily recommendation by World Health Organization (WHO) and Agência Nacional de Vigilância SAnitária (ANVISA). The employing of chemometrics techniques was effective and satisfactory to macro and microelements evaluation in complex samples.

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CAPES
Devido a aspectos nutricionais e socioeconômicos os crustáceos possuem grande importância no cenário nacional por serem alimentos usualmente consumidos na região costeira. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar as concentrações de elementos essenciais e não essenciais em amostras de caranguejo, siri e aratu, na forma catada, comercializados em feiras livres na cidade de Salvador, Bahia, Brasil, de forma a traçar um perfil comparativo em termos de concentrações macro e microelementos. As amostras foram adquiridas nos principais pontos de comercialização de pescados da cidade Feira de São Joaquim, Mercado Popular, Feira dois de Julho e CEASA, sendo oriundas de diversas regiões da Baía de Todos os Santos. No pré-tratamento, as amostras foram secas em liofilizador, a moagem foi realizada com moinhos de bolas e o preparo das amostras foi realizado utilizando forno microondas com cavidade, usando uma mistura de ácido nítrico e peróxido de hidrogênio. Para a determinação dos elementos foi empregada a espectrometria de emissão óptica com plasma indutivamente acoplado (ICP OES). As concentrações encontradas nas amostras variaram expressivamente mesmo quando as mesmas foram indicadas ser de mesmo local de captura. Foram obtidos os seguintes teores médios de concentração, em μg.g-1: para aratu Cu (64,5 ± 1,5), Fe (65,7 ± 2,0), Mn (2,91 ± 0,25), Zn (163 ± 4); para as amostras de caranguejo Cu (53,3 ± 2,5), Fe (69,8 ± 6,0), Mn (3,69 ± 0,31), Zn (309 ± 6); e para as amostras de siri Cu (67,4 ± 3,3), Fe (31,5 ± 3,6), Mn (7,48 ± 2,51), Zn (184 ± 8). As concentrações de todos os elementos analisados mostraram contribuir para o teor de ingestão diária recomendada (IDR). No entanto, as concentrações de Cu e Zn para todas as amostras estão acima do limite máximo de tolerância estabelecido pela ANVISA. Estudos complementares estão sendo realizados visando contribuir para o desenvolvimento de medidas práticas de gerenciamento de modo a proteger a saúde da população.
Salvador

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Mineral deficiencies are present throughout the country and represent a major loss factors in productivity creations of ruminants. The objective of this study was to review regarding mineral deficiencies, as well as a survey of clinical cases of copper deficiency in ruminants treated at the Veterinary Hospital of the Federal University of Campina Grande and characterize the status of trace elements in tissues of sheep and goats created in Paraiba semi-arid. Copper deficiency is initially identified in the state of Paraiba evaluated the database Clinic of Large Animal and Animal Pathology Laboratory of the Veterinary Hospital of the Federal University of Campina Grande in the year 1998 to the year 2011. During the survey data were highlighted in goats four delayed enzootic ataxia outbreaks and congenital copper deficiency case (swayback) in cattle and an outbreak of chronic diarrhea associated with hipocuprose. To trace the trace mineral profile was performed to determine the levels of copper, iron, molybdenum and zinc in samples of liver and serum of sheep and goats, raised and slaughtered in the backlands of Paraiba region, the dry and rainy seasons. The characterization of the trace mineral profile were identified in the serum of small ruminants, marginal copper deficiency and severe deficiency of iron and zinc. In hepatic dose found marginal deficiency of copper levels in both species and iron goats. The clinical presentations of copper deficiency in sheep and cattle and serum and liver marginal concentration of this element suggest that supplementation with copper is needed in grazing ruminants in the semiarid region of Paraíba.
As deficiências de minerais estão presentes em todo território nacional e representam um dos principais fatores de perda na produtividade em criações de ruminantes. O objetivo deste trabalho foi fazer uma revisão a respeito das deficiências de minerais, bem como um levantamento de casos clínicos de deficiência de cobre em ruminantes atendidos no Hospital Veterinário da Universidade Federal de Campina Grande e caracterizar o status de microminerais em tecidos de caprinos e ovinos criados no semiárido paraibano. Para identificação da ocorrência de deficiência de cobre no Estado da Paraíba avaliou-se o banco de dados do Ambulatório de Grandes Animais e do Laboratório de Patologia Animal do Hospital Veterinário da Universidade Federal de Campina Grande do ano de 1998 até o ano de 2011. Durante o levantamento de dados foram evidenciados em caprinos quatro surtos de ataxia enzoótica tardia e um caso de deficiência de cobre congênita (swayback) e em bovinos um surto de diarreia crônica associado a hipocuprose. Para traçar o perfil de microminerais foi realizada a determinação dos teores de cobre, ferro, molibidênio e zinco em amostras de fígado e soro de ovinos e caprinos, criados e abatidos na região do sertão paraibano, nas épocas seca e chuvosa. Na caracterização do perfil de microminerais foram identificadas na dosagem sérica de pequenos ruminantes, deficiência marginal de cobre e deficiência acentuada de ferro e zinco. Na dosagem hepática foram encontrados níveis de deficiência marginal de cobre nas duas espécies e ferro nos caprinos. As apresentações clínicas de carência de cobre em caprinos e bovinos e a concentração marginal sérica e hepática deste elemento sugerem que a suplementação com cobre é necessária em ruminantes em pastejo no semiárido da Paraíba.

Dissertação apresentada na Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia da Universidade Nova de Lisboa para obtenção do Grau de Mestre em Tecnologia e Segurança Alimentar
Desde tempos remotos que o bacalhau salgado seco é utilizado regularmente pelo povo português na sua gastronomia, o que deu a este produto um estatuto privilegiado na dieta Portuguesa, comparativamente a qualquer outro alimento. Os estudos realizados em Portugal recentemente, neste domínio, são escassos. Assim, pretendeu-se com este trabalho fornecer uma contribuição para o conhecimento sobre o bacalhau salgado seco em termos da sua composição química, nutricional e toxicológica bem como de outros aspectos como a cor, como é apresentado e disponibilizado em estabelecimentos comerciais ao consumidor português. Desta forma, foram realizadas análises em três modos de preparação diferentes de bacalhau salgado seco: sem qualquer preparação, demolhado e cozido. Os resultados obtidos evidenciaram, no bacalhau salgado seco sem tratamento, demolhado e cozido, um elevado teor de proteína e um diminuto nível de gordura e colesterol, bem como um baixo valor energético. No que diz respeito à segurança do bacalhau salgado seco estudado verificou-se que 26% das amostras analisadas apresentavam um teor de humidade acima do estabelecido legalmente. Estes níveis de humidade promovem riscos superiores de contaminação microbiológica. Assim sendo, este valor indicia a necessidade de uma maior monitorização da qualidade do bacalhau salgado seco disponibilizado ao consumidor. Quanto ao teor de elementos essenciais é de assinalar o elevado nível de sódio e de zinco fornecido por este produto numa refeição de 150 g, face às necessidades diárias de consumo destes elementos na dieta alimentar. Assim, considerando os valores das doses diárias recomendadas para estes elementos, o bacalhau salgado seco cozido, numa refeição de 150 g, disponibiliza 71,7% de sódio, 25,2% de zinco e 7,5% de magnésio. O bacalhau salgado seco apresenta-se como um alimento com baixos níveis de contaminação pelos metais tóxicos estudados, uma vez que as concentrações encontradas são relativamente diminutas para o mercúrio, cádmio e chumbo, atendendo aos limites estabelecidos pela UE e pela WHO/FAO.

Дисертаційна робота присвячена біотехнологічним аспектам біофортифікації озимої м’якої пшениці геном Gpc-B1 від Тriticum turgidum ssp. dicoccoides, що підвищує вміст білка та мінеральних елементів. Розроблено молекулярно генетичні маркерні системи для комплексного аналізу та відбору рослин з популяції м’якої озимої пшениці, носіїв гена Gpc-B1 від Тriticum turgidum ssp. dicoccoides. З 160-ти дослідних сімей F2 покоління, було відібрано 44-и ліній F5 покоління, гомозиготних за цільовим геном. Вони були комплексно охарактеризовані по генам пуроіндолінів та глютенінів, проведено вимірювання вмісту макро- та мікроелементів, визначено вміст загального білка у зерні та зрештою відібрано 13-ть ліній, які є цінним і перспективним матеріалом для подальших селекційних робіт. Проведено аналіз врожайності та фізіологічних показників ліній пшениці, носіїв гена Gpc-B1 від Triticum turgidum ssp. dicoccoides, який показав, що лінії є стійкими до полягання, середньорослими з середньою врожайністю, високим вмістом та якістю запасного білка.
The dissertation is devoted to the biotechnological aspects of winter bread wheat biofortification by the Gpc-B1 gene introgressed from Triticum turgidum ssp. dicoccoides, which increases the content of protein and minerals in grain. Molecular-genetic marker systems for the complex analysis and selection of bread wheat hybrids, the carriers of Gpc-B1 gene from Triticum turgidum ssp dicoccoides, have been developed. The 44 lines of F5 generation, homozygous in target gene were selected from 160 plants of F2 generation. The generation of F5 hybrid lines was thoroughly characterized by the puroindolins and glutenins genes. The macro- and micronutrient content analysis was performed. The content of total protein in grain was determined, and eventually, 13 hybrid lines were selected for the future work. The analysis of yield and physiological parameters of lines-carriers of Gpc-B1 gene from Triticum turgidum ssp. dicoccoides showed that the lines were resilient to lodging, medium-growing with medium yields.
Диссертация посвящена биотехнологическим аспектам биофортификации озимой мягкой пшеницы геном Gpc-B1 от Тriticum turgidum ssp. dicoccoides, который повышает содержание белка и минеральных элементов в зерне. Разработаны молекулярно генетические маркерные системы для комплексного анализа и отбора образцов мягкой пшеницы, носителей гена Gpc-B1 от Тriticum turgidum ssp. dicoccoides. С их помощью для SSR локусов Xgwm626, Xgwm508, Xgwm193, Xgwm219, расположенных на 6В хромосоме, было рассчитано частоту рекомбинации, которая составила для Xgwm508 = 2,94 ± 1,28%, Xgwm193 = 3,96 ± 1,51%, Xgwm626 = 2,98 ± 1,29%, Xgwm219 = 6,77 ± 2,08%. Из 160-ти семей F2 поколения, методическим ежегодным анализом было отобрано 44 линии F5 поколения, гомозиготных по гену Gpc-B1, перенесенным из Тriticum turgidum ssp. dicoccoides. Проведен анализ аллельного состояния пуроиндолинових генов F5 поколения линий пшеницы, носителей гена Gpc-B1 от Triticum turgidum ssp. dicoccoides, а также был измерен физический показатель твердозерности. Выявлено 17 линий, имеющих такое же аллельное состояние генов, как у исходного сорта Куяльник, а также обнаружены уникальные генотипы, несущие комбинацию Pina-D1b, Pinb-D1a, которую не было выявлено ранее в сортах украинской селекции. Статистическая обработка данных показала, что сочетание аллелей Pina-D1b Pinb-D1a статистически достоверно (р<0,05) обеспечивало большую твердозерность, чем у растений, с аллеями Pina-D1a Pinb-D1b. В ходе выполнения работы был проведен анализ аллельного состояния генов глютенинов озимых линий пшеницы F5 поколения и отобрано 16-ть наиболее ценных, содержащих оптимальную для хлебопекарского качества аллельную формулу локуса Glu-1 (Glu-A1a или Glu-A1b, Glu-B1al, Glu-D1d). Проанализированы линии пшеницы F4 и F5 поколений на содержание макро- и микроэлементов в зерне методом ICP-MS. Было установлено, что присутствие гена Gpc-B1 от Triticum turgidum ssp. dicoccoides в линиях пшеницы приводит к статистически (на уровне 0,05) значимому повышению уровня накопления биологически важных элементов питания – железа, цинка, марганца, меди, селена, а также магния. Проведен комплексный анализ определения содержания общего белка в зерне растений F5 поколения методом Кьельдаля и NIR. В среднем содержание белка в линиях, которые были носителями гена Gpc-B1 из Triticum turgidum ssp. dicoccoides, повышалось на 14% по сравнению с исходным сортом Куяльник. В результате было отобрано 13-ть линий, перспективных для дальнейшей работы. Разработанная технология отбора по урожайности и физиологическим показателям позволила в F6 поколении носителей гена Gpc-B1 от Triticum turgidum ssp. dicoccoides определить линии устойчивые к полеганию, среднерослые и со средней урожайностью, которая даже превышала среднюю урожайность сортов озимой пшеницы 2017 года в Киевской области, и на была 40% выше чем у исходной линии Glupro. Нами был проведен анализ хлебопекарного качества зерна пшеницы методом непрямой оценки «силы» муки – индексом седиментации SDS-30. У большинства линий пшеницы он был больше 80 мл, что считается очень хорошим показателем. Высокий индекс седиментации SDS-30, указывает на отменное хлебопекарное качество муки. Суммируя все показатели разработанной технологии отбора можно отметить, что линии-носители гена Gpc-B1 от Triticum turgidum ssp. dicoccoides являются уникальным генетическим материалом, который сочетает в себе лучшие свойства родителей и в дальнейшем будет использоваться для создания новых высокоперспективных сортов пшеницы.

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CAPES e CNPq
Neste trabalho foram propostas estratégias analíticas visando à avaliação toxicológica de metais e metaloides em medicamentos utilizados no tratamento da anemia ferropriva, empregando técnicas cromatográficas e não cromatográficas. Na primeira parte desta tese determinou-se chumbo nos medicamentos aplicando espectrometria de absorção atômica com atomização eletrotérmica (ETAAS). O preparo da amostra foi realizado fazendo uso de digestão ácida em bloco digestor com sistema de refluxo “dedo frio” usando 3 mL de HNO3 (69% v/v) e 1 mL de H2O2 (30% v/v). Foram otimizadas as temperaturas de pirólise e atomização usando uma mistura de paládio e magnésio como modificador químico convencional, obtendo-se 1100ºC e 2000ºC para pirólise e atomização, respectivamente. Com uma massa característica de 21,3 pg e 0,25 e 0,82 µg L-1, para os limites de detecção (LD) e de quantificação (LQ), respectivamente. A precisão, expressa pelo desvio padrão relativo de 5.92% para uma amostra com concentração de chumbo igual a 2,98 µg g-1. A exatidão foi estimada por comparação entre os resultados obtidos por ETAAS e espectrometria de massas com plasma indutivamente acoplado (ICP-MS). As concentrações de chumbo nas amostras variaram entre 0,096 e 7,068 µg g-1. Na segunda parte deste trabalho, foi efetuada a determinação de mercúrio através de amostragem em suspensão e espectrometria de absorção atômica com alta resolução e fonte contínua com geração de vapor frio (HR-CS CVAAS). As condições ótimas de preparo das suspensões (1,5 mol L-1 de HCl, 1,25% (m/v) de tioureia e 15 minutos de sonicação) foram otimizadas por planejamento fatorial completo. Os limites de detecção e quantificação foram 0,63 ng g-1 e 2,11 ng g-1, respectivamente. O desvio padrão relativo para avaliação da precisão foi calculado usando duas amostras com concentrações 4,82 e 9,61 ng g-1 com resultados 10,89 e 6,84%, respectivamente. Foi estimada a possível perda de mercúrio durante o procedimento proposto e a exatidão, mediante testes de adição e recuperação, variando entre 85,0 e 106,0%. As concentrações de mercúrio ficaram entre 3,17 e 34,86 ng g-1. A terceira parte deste trabalho descreve a determinação de macro e microelementos e o estudo in vitro da bioacessibilidade de ferro em medicamentos usados no tratamento da anemia ferropriva. Foi escolhida a espectrometria de emissão ótica com plasma indutivamente acoplado (ICP OES) como técnica analítica de medida. Foi efetuada digestão ácida para tratamento das amostras e o método foi validado, demonstrando boa sensibilidade, com limites de quantificação (mg L-1) 0,52 para Ca, 0,14 para K, 0,03 para Mg, 0,07 para Mn, 0,40 para Na, 0,36 para P e 0,24 para Zn. A precisão do método foi reconhecida mediante experimentos repetitivos intradia e interdia com resultados abaixo de 20%. Durante estudo da exatidão, testes de adição e recuperação foram executados em diferentes concentrações com resultados entre 81,85 e 114,97%. A robustez do plasma foi calculada mediante uma razão entre as linhas iônica e atômica de magnésio, Mg(II)/Mg(I) e os resultados, mediante análise componentes principais (PCA) e análise por agrupamentos hierárquicos (HCA). O estudo de bioacessibilidade in vitro de Fe demonstrou que alguns medicamentos são melhores bioacessíveis, sendo portanto, mais recomendados para o tratamento da anemia, comprovando dados da literatura farmacológica. Na quarta parte deste trabalho descreve-se o estudo da determinação e especiação simultânea de arsênio e cromo por 11 cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência acoplada à ICP-MS (HPLC-ICP-MS). A determinação total de arsênio e cromo foi realizada usando uma digestão ácida em forno de micro-ondas, uma mistura de 4 mL HNO3 (69% v/v) e 1 mL de H2O2 (30% v/v) e análise por ICP-MS. Para o estudo de especiação foi elaborado um estudo com três possíveis procedimentos para extração das espécies, sendo selecionado um procedimento com água a 80ºC por 30 minutos em energia de micro-ondas. Usando uma fase móvel contendo 1,0 mM de hidróxido de tetrabutilamônio (TBAH), 0,7 mM de ácido etilenodiaminotetracético (EDTA) e 5% de metanol (v/v) em pH 7,2 foi possível separar as espécies presentes com tempo de retenção de 5 minutos com separação de As(III), As(V), Cr(III) e Cr(VI), com limites de detecção de 0,002, 0,003, 0,140 e 0,042 µg g-1, respectivamente. A exatidão do método foi avaliada conforme testes de adição e recuperação, entre 80,64 e 109,36%. O método foi aplicado em amostras do Brasil e Espanha, com concentrações entre 0,1-1,3 e 0,18-62,27 µg g-1 para As e Cr, respectivamente.
In this thesis work analytical strategies have been proposed for toxicological assessment of metals and metalloids in medicines used to treat iron deficiency anemia, using chromatographic and non-chromatographic techniques. In the first part of this thesis, lead was determined in drugs using electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry (ETAAS). Sample preparation was performed using acid digestion in digester block with reflux system "cold finger" using 3 mL of HNO3 (69% v / v) and 1 mL of H2O2 (30% v / v). Pyrolysis and atomization temperatures were optimized using a mixture of palladium and magnesium as conventional chemical modifier, yielding 1100°C and 2000°C for pyrolysis and atomization, respectively. With a characteristic mass of 21.3 pg and 0.25 and 0.82 µg g-1, for limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ), respectively. The accuracy, expressed as relative standard deviation was 5.92% for a sample with lead concentration of 2.98 µg g-1. The accuracy was evaluated by comparing the results obtained by ETAAS and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Lead concentrations found in samples ranged between 0.096 and 7.068 µg g-1. In the second part of this work, the determination of mercury using slurry sampling and high resolution continuous source cold vapor atomic absorption spectroscopy (HR-CS CVAAS) was performed. The optimum conditions for preparation of slurries (1.5 mol L-1 HCl, 1.25% (w / v) thiourea and 15 minutes sonication) were optimized using a two level full factorial design. The limits of detection and quantification were 0.63 ng g-1 and 2.11 ng g-1, respectively. The relative standard deviation for accuracy evaluation was calculated using two samples with concentrations 4.82 and 9.61 ng g-1 from which was obtained as results 10.89 and 6.84%, respectively. The possible loss of mercury was evaluated for the proposed procedure and the accuracy was studied by addition/recovery test, with recoveries ranging from 85.0 to 106.0%. Mercury concentrations ranged between 3.17 and 34.86 ng g-1. The third part of this work describes the determination of macro and micro elements and the in vitro study of iron bioaccessibility in medicines used to treat iron deficiency anemia. It was used inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP OES) measured as an analytical technique. Acid digestion treatment was conducted to the samples and the method was fully validated by demonstrating good sensitivity with quantification limits (mg L-1) 0.52 for Ca, 0.14 for K, 0.03 for Mg, 0.07 for Mn, 0.40 for Na, 0.36 for P and 0.24 for Zn. The precision of the method was evaluated by intraday and interday repetitive experiments with results below 20%. During accuracy evaluation, addition/recovery tests were performed at different concentrations with results between 81.85 and 114.97%. The robustness of plasma was evaluated by a ratio between magnesium atomic and ionic lines, Mg(II)/Mg(I). The results were evaluated by multivariate analysis tools, principal component analysis (PCA) and hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA). The study of in vitro bioaccessibility of Fe showed that some drugs are better bioaccessible, being therefore more recommended for anemia treatment, confirming data of pharmacological literature. The fourth part of this work describes the simultaneous determination of arsenic and chromium speciation using high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to ICP-MS (HPLC-ICP- MS). The total arsenic and chromium determination was carried out using an acid digestion in microwave oven, using a mixture of 4 mL HNO3 (69% v / v) 9 and 1 mL of H2O2 (30% v / v) and analyzed by ICP-MS. For speciation, a study was performed with three possible procedures for extraction of species, being employed a procedure with water at 80 °C for 30 minutes in microwave energy. Using a mobile phase containing 1.0 mM tetrabutylammonium hydroxide (TBAH), 0.7 mM ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) and 5% methanol (v / v) under pH 7.2 was possible the separation of the species present with retention time of 5 minutes with separation of As(III) As(V), Cr(III) and Cr(VI), with a LOD of 0.002, 0.003, 0.140 and 0.042 µg g-1, respectively. The accuracy was assessed using addition/recovery tests, ranging between 80.64 and 109.36%. The method was applied in samples from Brazil and Spain.

У оквиру ове докторске дисертације испитана је биолошка активност екстраката плодних тела и потопљених култура (мицелије и филтрата) аутохтоних врста гљива Coprinus comatus и Coprinellus truncorum. Такође, испитан је  метаболизам фосфата мицелија обе врсте употребом нуклеарно магнетне резонантне спректроскопије (³¹Р NMR), утицај ванадијума на метаболизам фосфата као и идентификација облика ванадата присутних у ћелији мицелије (⁵¹V NMR). Утврђена је антирадикалска и антиоксидативна активност  етанолних,метанолних и водених екстраката гљива при чему су се екстракти потопљених култура издвојили по антирадикалској, а екстракти плодних тела по антиоксидативној активности. Екстракти потопљених култура истакли су се и у погледу антибактеријске активности, где се као најпотентнији показао  хлороформски екстракт филтрата потопљене културе C. comatus. Такође, етанолни екстракт филтрата потопљене културе C. comatus показао се као најпотентнији у анти-ацетилхолинестеразној активности у односу на  конвенционални лек донепезил. Испитан је и утицај екстраката на вијабилност ћелијских линија HepG2 (хумане хепатома ћелије) и Rin-5F (ß ћелије панкреаса пацова).Спектрофотометријским методама одређен је укупан садржај фенола и флавоноида у већини анализираних екстраката.LC/MS идентификацијом и квантификацијом фенолних киселина уочена је разлика између фенолних једињења присутних у плодном телу, мицелији и филтрату потопљене културе. Екстракти потопљених култура бележе већи број и већи садржај једињења. Укупан садржај протеина одређен само у воденим екстрактима, а укупан садржај угљених хидрата у полисахаридним екстрактима.Употребом Фуријеве инфрацрвене спектроскопске методе (FTIR) детектоване су везе између угљених хидрата  присутних у полисахаридним екстрактима, а планарном  хроматографијом показано је да екстракти плодног тела и филтрата врсте С. truncorum, као и екстракт плодног тела врсте C. comatus, садрже велику  количину D-глукозе, док екстракт мицелије C. truncorum, баш као и екстракти филтрата и мицелије C. comatus, садрже највише галактозе. Квалитативном и квантитативном елементарном анализом (ААS) утврђен је виши садржај  калијума и гвожђа у анализираним узорцима. GC-МS идентификацијом и квантификацијом масних киселина указано је на значајно присуство линолне киселине код обе врсте. Како за аутохтону врсту  C.truncorum постоји мало података у литератури, подаци о њеном хемијском саставу могу се сматрати иновативним.Компаративним прегледом биолошке активности и хемијског састава екстраката плодног тела и мицелије и филтрата (потопљених култура) указано је да су анализирани екстракти извори биоактивних супстанци са медицинским потенцијалом, а потопљене културе датих гљива представљају атрактивне кандидате за даља биотехнолошка истраживања.
U okviru ove doktorske disertacije ispitana je biološka aktivnost ekstrakata plodnih tela i potopljenih kultura (micelije i filtrata) autohtonih vrsta gljiva Coprinus comatus i Coprinellus truncorum. Takođe, ispitan je  metabolizam fosfata micelija obe vrste upotrebom nuklearno magnetne rezonantne sprektroskopije (³¹R NMR), uticaj vanadijuma na metabolizam fosfata kao i identifikacija oblika vanadata prisutnih u ćeliji micelije (⁵¹V NMR). Utvrđena je antiradikalska i antioksidativna aktivnost  etanolnih,metanolnih i vodenih ekstrakata gljiva pri čemu su se ekstrakti potopljenih kultura izdvojili po antiradikalskoj, a ekstrakti plodnih tela po antioksidativnoj aktivnosti. Ekstrakti potopljenih kultura istakli su se i u pogledu antibakterijske aktivnosti, gde se kao najpotentniji pokazao  hloroformski ekstrakt filtrata potopljene kulture C. comatus. Takođe, etanolni ekstrakt filtrata potopljene kulture C. comatus pokazao se kao najpotentniji u anti-acetilholinesteraznoj aktivnosti u odnosu na  konvencionalni lek donepezil. Ispitan je i uticaj ekstrakata na vijabilnost ćelijskih linija HepG2 (humane hepatoma ćelije) i Rin-5F (ß ćelije pankreasa pacova).Spektrofotometrijskim metodama određen je ukupan sadržaj fenola i flavonoida u većini analiziranih ekstrakata.LC/MS identifikacijom i kvantifikacijom fenolnih kiselina uočena je razlika između fenolnih jedinjenja prisutnih u plodnom telu, miceliji i filtratu potopljene kulture. Ekstrakti potopljenih kultura beleže veći broj i veći sadržaj jedinjenja. Ukupan sadržaj proteina određen samo u vodenim ekstraktima, a ukupan sadržaj ugljenih hidrata u polisaharidnim ekstraktima.Upotrebom Furijeve infracrvene spektroskopske metode (FTIR) detektovane su veze između ugljenih hidrata  prisutnih u polisaharidnim ekstraktima, a planarnom  hromatografijom pokazano je da ekstrakti plodnog tela i filtrata vrste S. truncorum, kao i ekstrakt plodnog tela vrste C. comatus, sadrže veliku  količinu D-glukoze, dok ekstrakt micelije C. truncorum, baš kao i ekstrakti filtrata i micelije C. comatus, sadrže najviše galaktoze. Kvalitativnom i kvantitativnom elementarnom analizom (AAS) utvrđen je viši sadržaj  kalijuma i gvožđa u analiziranim uzorcima. GC-MS identifikacijom i kvantifikacijom masnih kiselina ukazano je na značajno prisustvo linolne kiseline kod obe vrste. Kako za autohtonu vrstu  C.truncorum postoji malo podataka u literaturi, podaci o njenom hemijskom sastavu mogu se smatrati inovativnim.Komparativnim pregledom biološke aktivnosti i hemijskog sastava ekstrakata plodnog tela i micelije i filtrata (potopljenih kultura) ukazano je da su analizirani ekstrakti izvori bioaktivnih supstanci sa medicinskim potencijalom, a potopljene kulture datih gljiva predstavljaju atraktivne kandidate za dalja biotehnološka istraživanja.
The biological activity of extracts of basidiocarps (fruiting bodies)  and submerged cultures (mycelium and filtrate) of autochthonous mushroom species  Coprinus comatus and  Coprinellus truncorum  was examined. Furthermore, the metabolism of phosphate  of mycelia  of both types was studied using nuclear magnetic  resonance spectros-copy ( ³¹ R NMR), the influence of vanadium on phosphate metabolism and the identification of vanadate oxidation states present in the mycelia cell ( ⁵¹ V NMR). The antiradical and antioxidant activity of methanolic, ethanolic and water fungal extracts was determined. Extracts of submerged cultures achieved the best anti- radical activity while fruit body extracts showed the best antioxidant activity. Extracts of submerged cultures also highlighted in terms of antibacterial activity, where the chloroform extract of the submerged culture  C. comatus  showed as the most potent. Also, the ethanolic extract of the submerged culture of  C. comatus  was found to be most relevant in anti-acetylcholinesterase activity  compared with  the conventional donepezil drug. The influence of extracts on the viability of cell lines HepG2 (human hepatocytes cells) and Rin-5F (ß pancreatic cells of the rat) was also examined.Spectrophotometric methods determined the total con-tent of phenol and flavonoids in most of the analyzed extracts.The LC/MS identification and quantification of phenolic acids revealed the difference between the phenolic compounds present in the fruiting body, mycelium, and the submerged culture filtrate. Extracts of submerged cultures record a greater number and higher content of compounds.The total content of proteins determined only in water extracts  and the total content of  carbohydrates in poly-saccharide extracts. Using the Fourier infrared spectro-scopic method (FTIR), the links between the sugar pre-sent in the  polysaccharide extracts were detected, and planar chromatography showed that the extracts  of the fruiting body and the filtrate of type  C. truncorum, as well as the extract of the fruiting body of the species  C. comatus, contain a large amount of D-glucose, while the extract of the  C. truncorum  mycelia  and  mycelia  of  C. comatus, contain the most galactose. GC-MS identification and quantification of fatty acids indicated a significant presence of linoleic acid in both species, while qualitative and quantitative elemental analysis (AAS) has determined a higher content of potas-sium and iron in the analyzed samples. Since there is no data in the literature for the autochtho-nous species  C. truncorum, the studies on its chemical composition can be considered advanced аs innovative. A comparative review of the biological activity and the chemical composition of the extracts of the fruiting body and  mycelia  and filtrates  of  medium of  submerged cultures  indicated that the extracts were analyzed by sources of bioactive substances with medical potential, and the submerged cultures of these mushrooms are attractive candidates for biotechnological research.
В рамках данной работы была исследованна биологическая активность экстракта плодородных тел и погружонных видов култур (мицелии и филтрата) автотоных видов грибов Coprinus comatus и Coprinellus truncorum. Также, исследованн метаболизм фосфата обеих видов  мицелий с помощью ядерного магнитного резонанса спектроскопии (³¹Р ЯМР), влияние на содержание ванадия в метаболизме фосфата, а также идентификация формы ванадата присущего в клеток мицеллий (⁵¹V ЯМР). Установленная антирадикальная и антиоксидантная активность метанольных, этанольных и водных экстрактов гриб, причём выделяются экстракты погружённых культур по антирадикальной активности и  экстракты плодородных тел по антиоксидантной активности.Экстракты погружённых культур выделялись и в плане антибактериальной активности, причем,  наиболее мощным из филтратов показался экстракт хлороформа погруженной культуры C. comatus. А также этанольный экстракт филтрата погружённой культуры C. comatus оказался найболее мощным в анти-ацетихолинестеразной активностипо сравнению с традиционным лекарством донепезилом. Было исследовано и влияние экстрактов на виябильность клеток линий   HepG2 (гуманые хепатома клетки) и Rin-5F (ß клетки поджелудочной железы крыс).Методом спектрофотометрии определена совокупность фенола и флавоноида в большинстве проанализированных экстрактах.С помощью ЛС ̸МС идентификации и квантификации фенолных кислот была замечена разница между соединениями фенола, присущих в плодородном теле, и мицелии, и филтрата погружённой культуры. Экстракты погружённых культур отражают больше количество и более высокое содержание соединений.Общее содержание белков выделен только в водяных экстрактах, и общее содержание углеводов в полисахаридных экстрактах. Используя инфракрасный метод спектроскопии Фурия (ИКМСФ) были обнаружены связи между сахарами, присущими в полисахаридных экстрактах, а планарной хромотографиой было показано, что экстракты плодородного тела и филтратов вида С. truncorum,  а  также и экстракты плодородного тела вида C. comatus содержат большое количество D-глюкозы, в то время как экстракт мицелии C. truncorum, именно как и экстракт фильтрата и мицелии C. comatus, содержат больше всего галактозы.GC-МS идентификацией и квантификацией жирных кислот показано значительное наличие линолевой кислоты у обоих видах. А качественным и квантитативным элементарным анализом установленно большее содержание калиума и железа в анализированых шаблонах.Из-за того, что для автохтонного вида C. truncorum практически не было данных в литературе, данные о её химическом составе можно считать прогрессивным и инновационным.Сравнительный анализ биологической активности и химического состава экстрактов плодородного тела и мицелии и фильтрат (погружённых культур) показаывает, что проанализированные экстракты — источники биологически активных веществ с медицинским потенциалом, и погружённые культуры данных гриб являются привлекательными кандидатами для биотехнологических исследований.

 У оквиру ове докторске дисертације испитан је хемијски састав и биолошке активности ЕtOH, H₂Oи CHCl₃  екстраката четири врсте гљива рода Ganoderma  (Basidiomycota):  G. applanatum,  G. lucidum,G. pfeifferi,  G. resinaceum  са територије Војводине.Хемијски састав анализираних врста је одређенприменом: ААЅ методе (састав макро-  имикроелемената у сувим остацима гљива) и LC-MS/MS технике (квантитативни састав фенолних једињења и флавоноида) при чему је детектовано 12 једињења. Спектрофотометријским методама је одређен садржај протеина, шећера, укупних фенола и флавоноида, код којих је највећи садржај протеина утврђен за ЕtOH екстракте  G. applanatum  и  G. pfeifferi. Испитивања биолошких активности екстраката обухватила су: одређивање   in vitro   и  in vivo антиоксидантне, антимикробне, антиинфламаторне, антипролиферативне и антијабето гене   aктивности.      Антиоксидантна активност (способност неутрализације слободних радикала и редукциони потенцијал) је одређена спектрофотометријским методама, при којој су најбољу активност остварили Н₂О екстракти  G. applanatum. Антимикробнa активност  анализираних екстраката одређена је испитивањем антибактеријског, антифунгалног и антивиралног потенцијала где се издвојила G. pfeifferi врста. Антиинфламаторни потенцијал EtOH и  CHCl₃ екстраката одређен је  ex vivo  методом мерењем способности инхибиције продукције медијатора инфламације  (продукти  метаболизма арахидонске киселине) при којој су бољу активност испољили CHCl₃ екстракти.Ефекат EtOH и H₂O екстраката врста рода Ganoderma   на раст MCF ћелијске линије испитан је MTT тестом, а посебно су се издвојили  EtOH  екстракти врста после 72h.Остварена антидијабетогена активност EtOH и Н₂О екстраката врста   G. pfeifferi   и  G. resinaceum  код алоксан-индукованог  D. mell itus-a  на  експерименталним  животињама  праћена je регенерацијом  ß- ћелија  Лангерхансових острваца панкреаса. Као потенцијални нефро-  и  хепатопротективни агенси се издвајају екстракти  G. resinaceum.Сумарно, укупни биопотенцијал анализираних врста рода  Ganoderma  на основу спроведених анализа хемијске   kарактеризације и биолошке активности упућује  на  могућност њихове потенцијалне примене као нутрацеутика и додатака исхрани, у будућности уз неопходност додатних микохемијских истраживања ових врста, посебно терпеноида и полисахарида, као и других биолошких активности као што је неуропротективна.
 U okviru ove doktorske disertacije ispitan je hemijski sastav i biološke aktivnosti EtOH, H₂Oi CHCl₃  ekstrakata četiri vrste gljiva roda Ganoderma  (Basidiomycota):  G. applanatum,  G. lucidum,G. pfeifferi,  G. resinaceum  sa teritorije Vojvodine.Hemijski sastav analiziranih vrsta je određenprimenom: AAЅ metode (sastav makro-  imikroelemenata u suvim ostacima gljiva) i LC-MS/MS tehnike (kvantitativni sastav fenolnih jedinjenja i flavonoida) pri čemu je detektovano 12 jedinjenja. Spektrofotometrijskim metodama je određen sadržaj proteina, šećera, ukupnih fenola i flavonoida, kod kojih je najveći sadržaj proteina utvrđen za EtOH ekstrakte  G. applanatum  i  G. pfeifferi. Ispitivanja bioloških aktivnosti ekstrakata obuhvatila su: određivanje   in vitro   i  in vivo antioksidantne, antimikrobne, antiinflamatorne, antiproliferativne i antijabeto gene   aktivnosti.      Antioksidantna aktivnost (sposobnost neutralizacije slobodnih radikala i redukcioni potencijal) je određena spektrofotometrijskim metodama, pri kojoj su najbolju aktivnost ostvarili N₂O ekstrakti  G. applanatum. Antimikrobna aktivnost  analiziranih ekstrakata određena je ispitivanjem antibakterijskog, antifungalnog i antiviralnog potencijala gde se izdvojila G. pfeifferi vrsta. Antiinflamatorni potencijal EtOH i  CHCl₃ ekstrakata određen je  ex vivo  metodom merenjem sposobnosti inhibicije produkcije medijatora inflamacije  (produkti  metabolizma arahidonske kiseline) pri kojoj su bolju aktivnost ispoljili CHCl₃ ekstrakti.Efekat EtOH i H₂O ekstrakata vrsta roda Ganoderma   na rast MCF ćelijske linije ispitan je MTT testom, a posebno su se izdvojili  EtOH  ekstrakti vrsta posle 72h.Ostvarena antidijabetogena aktivnost EtOH i N₂O ekstrakata vrsta   G. pfeifferi   i  G. resinaceum  kod aloksan-indukovanog  D. mell itus-a  na  eksperimentalnim  životinjama  praćena je regeneracijom  ß- ćelija  Langerhansovih ostrvaca pankreasa. Kao potencijalni nefro-  i  hepatoprotektivni agensi se izdvajaju ekstrakti  G. resinaceum.Sumarno, ukupni biopotencijal analiziranih vrsta roda  Ganoderma  na osnovu sprovedenih analiza hemijske   karakterizacije i biološke aktivnosti upućuje  na  mogućnost njihove potencijalne primene kao nutraceutika i dodataka ishrani, u budućnosti uz neophodnost dodatnih mikohemijskih istraživanja ovih vrsta, posebno terpenoida i polisaharida, kao i drugih bioloških aktivnosti kao što je neuroprotektivna.
Whitin this doctoral thesis the chemical composition and biological activity of EtOH, H ₂ O and CHCl₃ extracts of four fungal species which belong to genus Ganoderma  (phylum Basidiomycota) :  G. applanatum,  G. lucidum,  G. pfeifferi,  G. resinaceum  were determinated. The samples were collected from different localities in Vojvodina. Chemical characterization included: AAS methods (compositon of macro- and  microelements in d.w. of fungi) and LC-MS/MS technique (quantitative analysis of phenolic compounds and flavonoids) wherein the 12 selected phenolic compounds were detected. The total proteins, sugars, phenolics and flavonoids content were    determined using spectrophotometric methods. The highest protein content was determined in EtOH extracts of  G. applanatum   and G. pfeifferi  species. In order to assess the biological potential, the in vitro  and in vivo antioxidant, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, antiproliferative and antidiabetic activities of the extracts were investigated.    The antioxidant activity (the ability of neutralizing free radicals and reduction potential) estimated byspectrophotometric methods. The highest   antioxidant potential was noticed in H₂O extracts of  G. applanatum. Evaluation of antimicrobial activity included the estimation of antibacterial, antifungal and antiviral activity, whereby the  species  G. pfeifferi  showed the highest potential The anti-inflammatory activity of EtOH and  CHCl₃  extracts was determined by  ex vivo  method measuring the ability of production inhibition of inflammation mediators  (products of arachidonic acid metabolism), where the CHCl₃  extracts were exhibited better activity.   The effect of EtOH and H₂O extracts of  Ganoderma species on the growth of the cell line MCF-7, has been examined using MTT assay (stand out ethanolic extracts of analyzed species after 72h incubation period).   Achieved antidiabetic activity of EtOH and H₂O extracts of  G. pfeifferi   and G. resinaceum  at alloxan-i nduced D. mellitus in experimental animals was followed by regeneration of  cells of Langerhans pancreatic islets. Extracts of  G.   resinaceum  were allocated as a potential nephro- and  hepatoprotective agents.In summary, the overall biological potential of the analyzed species of the genus  Ganoderma  based on results for chemical and biological characterization indicate that they could be used  as a nutraceuticals and food supplements in the future, with further the necessity of additional mycochemical investigation (especially terpenoids and polysaccharides) and other biological activity such as neuroprotective.

In the book in the form of questions and answers considerable attention is paid to data on the needs of all types of poultry in nutritional, mineral and biologically active substances, taking into account age of poultry. The characteristic of the main feed products is given, and the rational norms for including them in mixed feed for poultry are indicated. The role of vitamins, macro- and microelements, enzyme preparations, probiotics, prebiotics, antibiotics, organic acids, antioxidants, emulsifiers and other sources of biologically active substances in poultry nutrition is shown. Both nutritional factors that reduce the immune system and the causes of major feed diseases, which are related to the quality of feed, with violations in the rationing of nutrients and minerals, are indicated, and also biologically active substances, technologies for feeding and keeping poultry, methods of their prevention are given. It is addressed to specialists and managers of poultry farms, feed industry enterprises, researchers, postgraduates and students.

The book covers the basic principles of nutrient rationing for poultry. The data on the needs of all types of poultry, taking into account age, in nutrients, minerals and biologically active substances are given. The characteristic of the main feed means and rational norms of their inclusion in the compound feed for poultry are given. Modern data on the role of vitamins, macro- and microelements, enzyme preparations, probiotics, prebiotics, phytobiotics, organic acids, antioxidants, fat emulsifiers and other sources of biologically active substances in poultry nutrition are presented. Attention is paid to the main technological parameters of poultry keeping. The nutritional factors that reduce immunity, as well as the causes of the main diseases associated with the quality of feed, with violations in the rationing of nutrient, mineral and biologically active substances, the technology of feeding and keeping poultry, are described, methods of their prevention are given. Criteria for the adequacy of nutrition and maintenance of a bird to its genetic potential are stated. The book is intended for specialists and managers of poultry farms, enterprises of the feed industry, researchers, graduate students and students.

The Federal Research Center of Vegetable Growing has developed the cultivars Valentina (Amaranthus tricolor L.) and Krepysh (Amaranthus cruentus L.), which are successfully grown in several regions of Russia. The dry periods observed in recent years have a negative impact on the development of plants. The red-colored vegetable cultivar demonstrated a higher level of adaptability to drought than the green-colored grain cultivar. It was found that only in the leaves of cv. Valentina multiple spiked crystals consisting of four elements were formed, the predominant proportion belonged to Ca (38.59), then P (0.48), Mg (0.25), and K (0.16) followed, weight%, respectively. Under the conditions of moisture deficiency, the antioxidant activity of water and ethanol extracts in the leaves of both types of amaranth increased from 1.5 to 2.5 times. It was established that under drought conditions, the carbohydrate metabolism and the synthesis of secondary metabolites change. The leaves of the new cultivar of amaranth Valentina are a promising and reproducible source of antioxidants and can be used to create phytobiological preparations. The increased level of the main macro- and microelements—Ca, K, P, Mg, Mo, S and Cl in the seeds of cv. Valentina and Krepysh makes these cultivars promising for use in the food industry.

Due to its advantages, soilless cultivation has been used for both early- and late-maturing grape varieties. High nutritional and energy value is one of the strongest features that make the grape an effective component of agriculture and the human diet. Therefore, it was thought that it would be useful to determine the nutrient content of the berries in a soilless culture study carried out on the Early Cardinal grape variety. One-year-old vines were trained to a guyot system and grown in 32-liter plastic pots containing four different solid growing media, namely, zeolite, cocopeat, and zeolite+cocopeat (Z + C) (1:1 and 1:2, v:v). A total of three different nutrient solutions (Hoagland, Hoagland A (adapted to the vine) and organic liquid worm fertilizer (OLWF)) were applied to the plants. Grapevines were given different solutions starting from the bud burst. Z + C (1:1) substrate mixture giving the highest values of 14 amino acids, vitamins, and most macro- and microelements. Hoagland and Modified Hoagland nutrient solutions mostly gave higher values than OLWF for the properties studied. In general, it was observed that there were no significant losses in terms of mineral, vitamin, and amino acid composition in soilless grape cultivation.

The work is devoted to the study of the influence of changes in the acid-base state on the indices of mineral metabolism in the body of cadmium sulphate-poisoned 6 months age-rats. It is known that the entry of cadmium salts into the body causes disorders of protein, lipid, carbohydrate, and mineral metabolism. As well-known, the endotoxicants affect cellular structures and activate lysosomal enzymes, block mitochondrial oxidation and ribosomal synthesis, initiate free radical processes, that are accompanied by disturbance of rheology and blood coagulation, micro- and macro-circulation, water-electrolyte balance. Such caused alterations in macro- and microelement composition of poisoned animals’ organisms disrupt the course of numerous metabolic processes. The research was conducted on the basis of the Department of Biochemistry and Vivarium of the National University of Life and Environmental Sciences of Ukraine using adult 6 months-age outbred rats breeding of the Research and Production Center of Laboratory Animal Husbandry of Educational and Scientific Institute of Veterinary Medicine and Quality and Safety of Livestock Products. Biological models of introduction of rats into the state of experimental metabolic acidosis and alkalosis before and after cadmium sulphate poisoning have been developed, as well as indices of acid-base status and mineral metabolism of the developed experimental models have been studied. The influence of the changes of parameters of acid-base state of the body on the content in the blood of poisoned rats of macronutrients (sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, inorganic phosphorus) and trace elements (copper, zinc, and iron). At compare of the changes in parameters of acid-base status of the blood of cadmium sulfate-poisoned animals, it was noted that the state of experimental metabolic acidosis is more expressed than alkalosis, that is more effective for correction and normalization of mineral metabolism in poisoned rats.

In the proposed material the features of the accumulation of basic nutrients is considered, such as crude protein, crude fiber and crude fat, as well as some macro- and microelements in haylage and silage, of the agricultural enterprise CJSC "Krasny Mayak".

The article presents the results of a research the effect of acidity of the environment, cold treatment and cultivation on a medium with half the content of macro- and microelements (1/2 B5) on the regeneration of spring rape embryoids.

Applied two preparations of alginite formed from natural bituminous rock alginite in 4 different variants into the soil (granular forms) and spraying on leaves (extracts) in 2 cultivars of Solanum lycoper-sicum L. resulted in reduced production traits on plants and fruits, increased or decreased accumulation of macro and microelements content in plants and fruits and by increasing the antioxidant activity of the fruits compared to the control variant without alginite.

Chemical fertilizers are a quick way to increase nutrients in the soil, but their use is economically costly and dangerous for the environment. Plant Growth Promoting Bacteria (PGPB) are able to increase the bioavailability of fertilizers through biological nitrogen (N) fixation, as well as potassium (K), phosphorus (P), and zinc (Zn) solubilization. The enhanced amount of soluble macro- and microelements in the close proximity of soil-root interface increases the fertilizer use efficiency ~ by 20-40 %.

In Latvia and in the world there are problems with utilization of wood ash from large fireboxes because it is a technologically complicated, time consuming and costly process. The methods used to dispose of the ash when it is deposited in waste landfills are unsustainable. Pollution-increasing solution is needed since pure wood ash is a valuable source of plant nutrients. Ash contains the macro and microelements needed for plants and can replace some of the precious mineral fertilizers in agriculture, especially in organic. Ash use in agriculture is little explored and implemented, the use of the technology is not resolved (ash collection and screening, fractionation, drilling, evaluation, etc.). The LUA studies of ash and slurry mixing problem to prepare ash with mechanized spreaders. Cattle slurry is used as a binder that helps create solid ash fractions that are subject to dispersion with centrifugal fertilizer dispersers with a sufficiently good spreading quality. The research examines the conditions for the creation of different size fractions and their dissolution. The experimental results showed that the best used ratio of the mixtures was 1000 ml of ash and 200 ml of liquid manure or 1000 ml of ash and 300 ml of liquid manure. In this ratio, the produced granule size was very close to the size of mineral fertilizers.

The purpose of this publication was to describe the main ways to optimize the productive process of cultivated plants on land subject to degradation. There are three kinds of correction: physical, chemical and biological. Biological correction is new way to optimize the production process of crops, which is a set of methods of directive effect on plant biology. The key points and essence of biological correction are considered. One of the most effective and economically justified methods of biological correction of plant productivity is non-root treatment of crops by humic substances (HSs) solutions, especially those containing essential macro-and microelements. Such treatments can reduce the negative effects of projected global climate change (excessive UV-B radiation, drought, etc.) on agricultural plants. As confirmation, the results of a field experiment conducted in the arid territory of Egypt are presented. Means of biological correction, such as: Azospirillum sp., vermicompost and HSs solutions (without and with trace elements) were very effective, they increased (more than 2.5 times!) the yield of wheat grain. Thus, to obtain a consistently high crop yield on land subject to degradation, especially in changing climatic conditions, it is necessary to apply three kinds of correction: physical, chemical and biological. Both physical correction and chemical one create the necessary conditions for the growth and development of plants, and biological correction "forces" plants to show their reserve functions, contributing to an additional increase in crop yield.