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Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Market equilibrium'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 25 July 2025

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1

Subramaniam, Thiagarajah Natchie. "Essays in Market Power Mitigation and Supply Function Equilibrium." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/321578.

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Market power mitigation has been an integral part of wholesale electricity markets since deregulation. In wholesale electricity markets, different regions in the US take different approaches to regulating market power. While the exercise of market power has received considerable attention in the literature, the issue of market power mitigation has attracted scant attention. In the first chapter, I examine the market power mitigation rules used in New York ISO (Independent System Operator) and California ISO (CAISO) with respect to day-ahead and real-time energy markets. I test whether markups

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2

Kostiner, Barry J. (Barry Joseph). "Spatial market equilibrium for resistive electric networks." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1994. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/37544.

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3

Raad, Rodrigo Jardim. "Essays in recursive equilibrium and market selection hypothesis." reponame:Repositório Institucional do FGV, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10438/8515.

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Submitted by Rodrigo Raad (rjraad@gmail.com) on 2011-08-01T19:42:30Z No. of bitstreams: 1 tese-07-28-11.pdf: 1676279 bytes, checksum: 7d90ecb1faf2651b3aefa84a97e7308c (MD5)<br>Approved for entry into archive by Marcia Bacha (marcia.bacha@fgv.br) on 2011-08-17T11:54:45Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 tese-07-28-11.pdf: 1676279 bytes, checksum: 7d90ecb1faf2651b3aefa84a97e7308c (MD5)<br>Made available in DSpace on 2011-08-17T11:55:11Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 tese-07-28-11.pdf: 1676279 bytes, checksum: 7d90ecb1faf2651b3aefa84a97e7308c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-02-28<br>Este trabalho

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4

Delgado, Lisa A. "Matching Market for Skills." Diss., Temple University Libraries, 2009. http://cdm16002.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/ref/collection/p245801coll10/id/41030.

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Economics<br>Ph.D.<br>This dissertation builds a model of information exchange, where the information is skills. A two-sided matching market for skills is employed that includes two distinct sides, skilled and unskilled agents, and the matches that connect these agents. The unskilled agents wish to purchase skills from the skilled agents, who each possess one valuable and unique skill. Skilled agents may match with many unskilled agents, while each unskilled agent may match with only one skilled agent. Direct interaction is necessary between the agents to teach and learn the skill. Thus, there

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5

Engström, Per. "Optimal taxation in search equilibrium /." Uppsala : Dept. of Economics [Nationalekonomiska institutionen], Univ, 2003. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-3583.

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6

Liu, Yau-Jr. "Marital-property scheme, marriage promotion and matching market equilibrium." Diss., Columbia, Mo. : University of Missouri-Columbia, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10355/5856.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Missouri-Columbia, 2006.<br>The entire dissertation/thesis text is included in the research.pdf file; the official abstract appears in the short.pdf file (which also appears in the research.pdf); a non-technical general description, or public abstract, appears in the public.pdf file. Title from title screen of research.pdf file viewed on (March 5, 2007) Vita. Includes bibliographical references.

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7

Qiu, Shuo. "Insurance Market Equilibrium: Contract Formation, Heterogeneity, and Operational Efficiency." Diss., Temple University Libraries, 2008. http://cdm16002.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/ref/collection/p245801coll10/id/9768.

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Business Administration<br>Ph.D.<br>The three essays of this dissertation investigate the insurance equilibrium from various perspectives. The first essay uses Cournot game-theoretic model to study the insurance contract formation and provides theoretical justification for policy limit. The second essay introduces buyers' heterogeneous risk aversion into Wilson's equilibrium, derives new equilbria, and provides the conditions under which those new equilibria will hold. The third essay studies the operational efficiency of life insurers in China. Through comparing the efficiency of domestic and

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8

Delgado, Maria Jose Herrero. "A strategic bargaining approach to market institutions." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 1985. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.241655.

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9

McCune, Benton John Varadarajan Kasturi. "Algorithmic game theory and the computation of market equilibria." [Iowa City, Iowa] : University of Iowa, 2009. http://ir.uiowa.edu/etd/405.

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10

Jenkinson, T. J. "An econometric analysis of wage flexibility." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1986. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.384792.

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11

Zhuang, Jifang. "A stochastic equilibrium model for the North American natural gas market." College Park, Md. : University of Maryland, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/1903/2885.

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Thesis (Ph. D.) -- University of Maryland, College Park, 2005.<br>Thesis research directed by: Civil Engineering. Title from t.p. of PDF. Includes bibliographical references. Published by UMI Dissertation Services, Ann Arbor, Mich. Also available in paper.

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12

Clarkson, Peter Mackay. "Capital market equilibrium and differential information : an analytical and empirical investigation." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 1986. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/27056.

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This dissertation examines implications of models of differential information that formalize the following intuition: securities for which there is relatively little information are perceived as relatively more risky because of the higher uncertainty surrounding the exact parameters of their return distributions. The testable implications of the theoretical model depend on the nature of the assumed economy. In a small market setting we find that the presence of differential information will lead investors to make an upward adjustment to the measure of systematic risk that they employ for the

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13

Kuminoff, Nicolai V. "Recovering Preferences for Public Goods from a Dual-Market Locational Equilibrium." NCSU, 2006. http://www.lib.ncsu.edu/theses/available/etd-09272006-090248/.

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This research extends the existing literature on revealed preference models of location choice by developing a ?dual-market? sorting framework that uses information on households and their location choices in the housing and labor markets to infer their demand for local public goods. It also recognizes that households may differ in their relative preferences for those public goods. Four interrelated objectives are addressed. First, the analysis develops a theoretical model that relates households? location choices in the housing and labor markets to the levels of local public goods provided by

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14

Kaplanis, Costas Polydefkis. "The effects of dividend policy and taxes on capital market equilibrium." Thesis, London Business School (University of London), 1995. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.338292.

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15

Wernicke, Matthias. "The implications of product market competitiveness for wages, product quality and union power." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2003. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.289014.

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16

Delgado, Sylvia. "Factor proportions, market size and the location of economic activity." Thesis, University of Sussex, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.368023.

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17

Sarkar, Agnirup. "Dynamic general equilibrium analysis of stock market behaviour in a growing economy." Thesis, Durham University, 2016. http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/11831/.

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The link between stock market activities and economic growth is a contentious topic in macro finance. A branch of the theoretical literature identifies stock markets as the main determinant of growth, while another branch links stock markets with the level or growth of per capita income of a nation. The second strand of literature, which mainly evolves from the Lucas (1978) asset pricing framework, models only the consumption side of the economy and establishes causality flowing from output or its growth to stock prices. Cochrane (1991) models only the production side but not the consumption s

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18

POMPERMAYER, FABIANO MEZADRE. "SPATIAL PRICE OLIGOPOLY EQUILIBRIUM MODELS TO THE BRAZILIAN PETROLEUM REFINED PRODUCTS MARKET." PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO, 2002. http://www.maxwell.vrac.puc-rio.br/Busca_etds.php?strSecao=resultado&nrSeq=3623@1.

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COORDENAÇÃO DE APERFEIÇOAMENTO DO PESSOAL DE ENSINO SUPERIOR<br>O mercado brasileiro de derivados de petróleo está sendo aberto para competição este ano, saindo de um ambiente de preços regulados pelo Governo Federal para um ambiente onde os preços são estabelecidos pelas leis de oferta e demanda. Neste contexto, existe a preocupação de como serão estes preços, e seus impactos sobre os consumidores e sobre os produtores locais. Esta Tese propõe alguns modelos matemáticos para estimar preços, níveis de produção, níveis de consumo (demanda), e importação e exportação de derivados de pet

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19

Cesari, R. "Risk and equilibrium prices of contingent claims with application to Italian securities." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1987. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.381791.

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20

McCune, Benton John. "Algorithmic game theory and the computation of market equilibria." Diss., University of Iowa, 2009. https://ir.uiowa.edu/etd/405.

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It is demonstrated that for certain markets where traders have constant elasticity of substitution utility (CES) functions, the existence of a price equilibrium can be determined in polynomial time. It is also shown that for a certain range of elasticity of substitution where the CES market does not satisfy gross subsitutability that price equilibira can be computed in polynomial time. It is also shown that for markets satisfying gross substitutability, equilibria can be computed in polynomial time even if the excess demand is a correspondence. On the experimental side, equilibrium computatio

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21

Costa, Rafael de Farias. "The impacts of improving Brazil's transportation infrastructure on the world soybean market." Texas A&M University, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/85773.

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The lack of adequate transportation infrastructure in Brazil has been a bottleneck for the soybean producers for many years. Moreover, the costly inland transportation incurred from this bottleneck has resulted in a loss in competitiveness for Brazil compared to other exporting countries, especially the United States. If transportation costs are reduced by introducing improved infrastructure, Brazil is expected to increase its competitiveness in the world soybean market by increasing its exports and producer revenues. On the other hand, the United States and other significant soybean competing

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22

Khan, Rosli Azad. "The effect of time-value distributions on competitive equilibrium in the bus market." Thesis, Cranfield University, 1992. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.333547.

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23

Alikhanzadeh, Amir Hessam. "Oligopolistic and oligopsonistic bilateral electricity market modeling using hierarchical conjectural variation equilibrium method." Thesis, Brunel University, 2013. http://bura.brunel.ac.uk/handle/2438/7690.

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An electricity market is very complex and different in its nature, when compared to other commodity markets. The introduction of competition and restructuring in global electricity markets brought more complexity and major changes in terms of governance, ownership and technical and market operations. In a liberalized electricity market, all market participants are responsible for their own decisions; therefore, all the participants are trying to make profit by participating in electricity trading. There are different types of electricity market, and in this research a bilateral electricity mar

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24

Sserwanja, Isaac. "Empirical studies of equilibrium-correction dynamics and financial market linkages in the macroeconomy." Thesis, University of Kent, 2015. https://kar.kent.ac.uk/54767/.

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We apply a general-to-specific modelling approach to estimate a six-dimensional parsimonious structural vector error-correction model of the US economy. We use graph theory methods to determine the instantaneous causal structure of the system from the data thus, overcoming the common problem of making ad-hoc assumptions about the order of causality. Model reduction procedures allow us to control for the curse-of-dimensionality inhibiting such high-dimensional vector autoregressive systems. The corporate-government bond yield risk premium is identified as one of five cointegration relations cha

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25

Song, Baohui. "Market power and competitive analysis of China's soybean import market." Lexington, Ky. : [University of Kentucky Libraries], 2006. http://lib.uky.edu/ETD/ukyagec2006d00443/dissertation.pdf.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Kentucky, 2006.<br>Title from document title page (viewed on July 18, 2006). Document formatted into pages; contains viii, 121 p. : ill. (some col.). Includes abstract and vita. Includes bibliographical references (p. 112-117).

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26

Pincin, Jared Andrew. "Ethanol and its effect on the U.S. corn market how the price of E-85 influences equilibrium corn prices and equilibrium quantity /." Auburn, Ala., 2007. http://repo.lib.auburn.edu/07M%20Theses/PINCIN_JARED_44.pdf.

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27

Nolte, Stephan-Alfons. "The future of the world sugar market." Doctoral thesis, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Landwirtschaftlich-Gärtnerische Fakultät, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.18452/15758.

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Die Dissertation beschäftigt sich mit den Auswirkungen verschiedener Politikoptionen auf den Weltzuckermarkt. Dazu wird ein räumliches Preisgleichgewichtsmodell wie von Takayama und Judge vorgeschlagen mit hoher Abdeckung von Regionen und Politiken erstellt. Der Vorteil dieses Modelltyps gegenüber den in bisherigen Analysen verwendeten besteht in seiner Fähigkeit, die Annahme der Ursprungshomogenität (im Gegensatz zu Modellen, die auf dem Armington Ansatz basieren) mit der Möglichkeit zu kombinieren, bilaterale Handelsströme explizit abzubilden. Ein wesentlicher Nachteil ist die quasi-normativ

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28

De, Santis Roberto A. "Trade policy and general equilibrium under different market regimes with numerical applications to Turkey." Thesis, University of Warwick, 1998. http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/109571/.

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This dissertation investigates issues concerning export quotas and tariffs within a general equilibrium (GE) framework, under assumptions of both perfect and imperfect competitive markets, when trade is all intraindustry. The dissertation addresses important, though relatively neglected, contemporary trade policy issues in the developing world, such as Voluntary Export Restraints (VERs) and optimal export taxes. Given the complexity of the GE analysis with increasing returns to scale and imperfect competition, I also employ computational techniques in order to better understand the economic im

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29

Casagrande, Sara. "A digital simulation model of out-of-equilibrium market behaviour: a Keynesian-Sraffian approach." Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Trento, 2017. https://hdl.handle.net/11572/369269.

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Keynesian economics has devoted particular attention to out of full employment equilibrium phenomena, but the lack of an analytical framework for describing how economic agents interact and organize their production and consumption decisions has made it difficult to establish whether the economic system is self-adjusting at an out-of-full employment equilibrium. One of the purposes of Sraffa's book Production of Commodities by Means of Commodities was to understand the conditions that allow the system to reproduce itself. But how trade takes place remains an open question. For Sraffian econom

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Casagrande, Sara. "A digital simulation model of out-of-equilibrium market behaviour: a Keynesian-Sraffian approach." Doctoral thesis, University of Trento, 2017. http://eprints-phd.biblio.unitn.it/2099/1/PhD_Thesis_Sara_Casagrande_04_2017.pdf.

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Keynesian economics has devoted particular attention to out of full employment equilibrium phenomena, but the lack of an analytical framework for describing how economic agents interact and organize their production and consumption decisions has made it difficult to establish whether the economic system is self-adjusting at an out-of-full employment equilibrium. One of the purposes of Sraffa's book Production of Commodities by Means of Commodities was to understand the conditions that allow the system to reproduce itself. But how trade takes place remains an open question. For Sraffian econo

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31

Robles, Jiménez Francisco Javier. "Essays on assignment markets: Vickrey outcome and Walrasian Equilibrium." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/404095.

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This thesis is devoted mainly to the study of assignment problems in two- sided markets. The thesis is divided into three parts. The underlying objective of this division is to provide different perspectives to the analysis of allocations of indivisible objects. Essentially, we explore three distinct processes to determine allocations: the Walrasian economy in which trades are regulated by a system of prices and budget constraints, the cooperative game of exchange among coalitions of the traders, and a noncooperative approach. The second chapter of this thesis, One-seller assignment mark

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32

Verikios, George. "Understanding the world wool market : trade, productivity and grower incomes." University of Western Australia. School of Economics and Commerce, 2007. http://theses.library.uwa.edu.au/adt-WU2007.0064.

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[Truncated abstract] The core objective of this thesis is summarised by its title: “Understanding the World Wool Market: Trade, Productivity and Grower Incomes”. Thus, we wish to aid understanding of the economic mechanisms by which the world wool market operates. In doing so, we analyse two issues trade and productivity and their effect on, inter alia, grower incomes. To achieve the objective, we develop a novel analytical framework, or model. The model combines two long and rich modelling traditions: the partial-equilibrium commodity-specific approach and the computable-general-equilibrium

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33

Bautista, Alderete Guillermo. "Alternative Models to Analyze Market Power and Financial Transmission Rights in Electricity Markets." Thesis, University of Waterloo, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10012/825.

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One of the main concerns with the introduction of competition in the power sector is the strategic behaviour of market participants. Computable models of strategic behaviour are becoming increasingly important to understand the complexities of competition. Such models can help analyze market designs and regulatory policies. In this thesis, further developments on the modelling and analysis of strategic behaviour in electricity markets are presented. This thesis work has been conducted along three research lines. <br /><br /> In the first research line, an oligopolistic model of

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34

Yen, Meng-Fen Yen. "Three Essays on International Trade, Market Structure, and Agricultural Cooperatives." The Ohio State University, 2017. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1502465536450035.

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35

Karahan, Gözde. "An Econometric Analysis of the Office Market Rent in Istanbul : Long-run Equilibrium Rent Estimation." Thesis, KTH, Fastigheter och byggande, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-254731.

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The Istanbul metropolitan area is the largest office investment made in Turkey. According to the CBRE ERIX data, the total office stock in Istanbul by the end of 2018 exceeded 7 million sqm. There is approximately 1 million sqm of pipeline figures. The biggest problem for office projects which in the hold-on status and under construction status, Turkey's economy is rapidly affecting office rents and tenants of office the selection criteria. In particular, high financing costs and construction costs increase the importance of predicting the rent figures in office investments. This degree projec

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36

Orellana, Alarcón Rodrigo Ignacio. "Dynamic equilibrium in limit order markets: analysis of depth disclosure and lit fragmentation." Tesis, Universidad de Chile, 2016. http://repositorio.uchile.cl/handle/2250/140420.

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Magíster en Ciencias de la Ingeniería, Mención Matemáticas Aplicadas<br>Ingeniero Civil Matemático<br>Se desarrolla un modelo dinámico a tiempo contínuo que permite el comercio de múltiples mercados financieros interconectados, organizados como limit order markets, en el cual agentes endógenamente toman decisiones óptimas para maximizar el valor esperado de sus ganacias. Los agentes toman sus decisiones considerando incentivos propios, condiciones de mercado, potenciales decisiones de negociación futuras y diferentes estrategias adoptadas por otros agentes. Se concentra el estudio al aná

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37

Yamaura, Koichi. "Market power of the Japanese non-GM soybean import market." Thesis, Manhattan, Kan. : Kansas State University, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/827.

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Stavrunova, Olena. "Labor market policies in an equilibrium matching model with heterogeneous agents and on-the-job search." Diss., University of Iowa, 2007. http://ir.uiowa.edu/etd/150.

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39

Vocke, Ralph. "An applied general equilibrium analysis of trade liberalisation and European market integration : the case of Finland." Thesis, University of York, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.416230.

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Hughes, Matthew. "Price Signaling in a Two-Market Duopoly." University of Akron / OhioLINK, 2016. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=akron1458311593.

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41

Banerjee, Dyuti Sanker. "Essays on bids and offer matching in the labor market." Diss., Virginia Tech, 1994. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/37259.

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This dissertation is a collection of essays on bids and offer matching in a labor market for new entrants to white-collar jobs. The papers compare some of the different institutions for determining wages and conducting the hiring process in the market for new entrants to white collar jobs. The first essay analyzes how does a firm announce and commit to a wage prior to deriving specific information about applicants' productivity and the consequences of following this hiring process. In the model there are two firms and at least as many applicants as the number of firms. All applicants apply

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42

Ounaies, Senda. "Optimal investment in friction markets and equilibrium theory with unbounded attainable sets." Thesis, Paris 1, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018PA01E022/document.

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Cette thèse traite des phénomènes liés aux mathématiques financières et économiques. Elle est composée de deux sujets de recherche indépendants. La première partie est consacrée à deux contributions au problème de Merton. Pour commencer, nous étudions le problème de l’investissement optimal et de la consommation de Merton dans le cas de marchés discrets dans un horizon infini. Nous supposons qu’il y a des frictions sur les marchés en raison de la perte due aux échanges financières. Ces frictions sont modélisées par des fonctions de pénalités non linéaires où les modèles classiques de coût de t

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43

Stiassny, Alfred, and Christina Uhl. "Does Elderly Employment have an Impact on Youth Employment? A General Equilibrium Approach." WU Vienna University of Economics and Business, 2014. http://epub.wu.ac.at/4246/1/wp178.pdf.

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Does an increase of elderly employment cause a decline in youth employment? A simplified view of a demand driven economy would give a positive answer to this question. Econometric studies based on a single equation approach deliver little support for this belief. However, these studies typically suffer from identification problems to which no attention is paid in most cases. We therefore use a general equilibrium framework when trying to quantify these effects. Using yearly and quarterly Austrian labor and gdp data, we estimate two model variants by Bayesian methods: a) a standard equilibrium

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Weiss, Matthias M. "Labor market effects of technological change and working time reduction : some insights from a general equilibrium perspective /." [S.l. : s.n.], 2003. http://www.gbv.de/dms/zbw/374577609.pdf.

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Willenbockel, Dirk. "Consequences of the Single European Market for UK trade, competition and welfare : a computable general equilibrium assessment." Thesis, London Business School (University of London), 1993. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.319910.

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46

Kollenberg, Sascha [Verfasser], and Rüdiger [Akademischer Betreuer] Kiesel. "Responsive market regulation in environmental economics : an agent-based stochastic equilibrium approach / Sascha Kollenberg ; Betreuer: Rüdiger Kiesel." Duisburg, 2018. http://d-nb.info/1164376411/34.

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Park, Yongmin. "Interactions between heterogeneity in nominal rigidities and search frictions in general equilibrium models." Thesis, University of Exeter, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10871/33065.

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This dissertation consists of three chapters that aim to build a framework which can be used to study interactions between the labour market and macroeconomic dynamics. To achieve this, we reformulate a standard New Keynesian dynamic stochastic general equilibrium (DSGE) model to include search and matching frictions in the labour market and heterogeneity in price and wage stickiness. The first chapter, coauthored with Professor Engin Kara, builds a real business cycle model with labour search frictions and heterogeneity in wage stickiness. Shimer’s (2005) critique on labour search models, tha

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Gregoriou, Andros. "The impact of transactions costs in the UK stock market : evidence and implications." Thesis, Brunel University, 2003. http://bura.brunel.ac.uk/handle/2438/5243.

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There has been an increasing interest in the finance literature regarding the impact of transactions costs on US equity markets. The US empirical evidence indicates that transactions costs influence both trading volume (Atkins and Dyl (1997)) and asset returns (Amihud and Mendelson (1986)). Additionally, the theoretical finance literature also indicates that transactions costs affect equilibrium asset returns (Fisher (1994)). In this thesis we assess the impact of transactions costs on the UK equity markets, from four aspects. Firstly, we provide empirical support to the hypothesis that transa

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Mastromonaco, Ralph Anthony. "Non-Market Valuation in Equilibrium." Diss., 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10161/5491.

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<p>This dissertation investigates the non-market value of environmental quality in several contexts with attention paid to equilibrium effects. Chapter One contributes to the ongoing debate concerning the effect of various actions taken by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency under CERCLA, commonly known as the Superfund Program, on housing prices. The study differs from national sample analyses and site-specific analyses by providing policy-relevant estimates of the hedonic price function in a particular region for the average site. Further, an estimate of the effect on housing prices i

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Lee, Ta-wei, and 李大偉. "Market entry and industrial equilibrium." Thesis, 2008. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/cwwt2x.

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碩士<br>國立中山大學<br>經濟學研究所<br>96<br>The most people in the study tradition economic theory often thought the market competition degree is intense promotes the essential condition which the social welfare increases, but recent researchers have already discussed the implications of entry on social welfare to a large extent and found that entry does not increase welfare always. Previous works are useful the input suppliers and final good producers are vertically integrated; those analyses may not be suitable in vertically separated industries. Let us consider an economy with upstream and downstream m

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