Relevant bibliographies by topics / Medicinal Plants - drug effects

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers

Academic literature on the topic 'Medicinal Plants - drug effects'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 1 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Medicinal Plants - drug effects"

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Saranya, K., V. Manivasagan, K. Gopi, and K. Karthik. "Broad-spectrum survey of medicinal plants as a potential source of anticancer agents." Boletin Latinoamericano y del Caribe de Plantas Medicinales y Aromaticas 21, no. 1 (January 30, 2022): 1–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.37360/blacpma.22.21.1.01.

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Cancer is an abnormal and uncontrolled growth of cells that spreads through cell division. There are different types of medicines available to treat cancers, but no drug is found to be fully effective and safe for humans. The major problem involved in the cancer treatments is the toxicity of the established drug and their side effects. Medicinal plants are used as folk medicines in Asian and African populations for thousands of years. 60% of the drugs for treating cancer are derived from plants. More than 3000 plants have anticancer activity. The present review aims at the study of a broad spectrum survey of plants having anticancer components for different type of cancers. This article consists of 364 medicinal plants and their different parts as potential Source of Anticancer Agents.
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Gbeassor, M., Y. Kossou, K. Amegbo, C. De Souza, K. Koumaglo, and A. Denke. "Antimalarial effects of eight african medicinal plants." Journal of Ethnopharmacology 25, no. 1 (February 1989): 115–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0378-8741(89)90051-2.

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Maher, Tahani, Raha Ahmad Raus, Djabir Daddiouaissa, Farah Ahmad, Noor Suhana Adzhar, Elda Surhaida Latif, Ferid Abdulhafiz, and Arifullah Mohammed. "Medicinal Plants with Anti-Leukemic Effects: A Review." Molecules 26, no. 9 (May 7, 2021): 2741. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules26092741.

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Leukemia is a leukocyte cancer that is characterized by anarchic growth of immature immune cells in the bone marrow, blood and spleen. There are many forms of leukemia, and the best course of therapy and the chance of a patient’s survival depend on the type of leukemic disease. Different forms of drugs have been used to treat leukemia. Due to the adverse effects associated with such therapies and drug resistance, the search for safer and more effective drugs remains one of the most challenging areas of research. Thus, new therapeutic approaches are important to improving outcomes. Almost half of the drugs utilized nowadays in treating cancer are from natural products and their derivatives. Medicinal plants have proven to be an effective natural source of anti-leukemic drugs. The cytotoxicity and the mechanisms underlying the toxicity of these plants to leukemic cells and their isolated compounds were investigated. Effort has been made throughout this comprehensive review to highlight the recent developments and milestones achieved in leukemia therapies using plant-derived compounds and the crude extracts from various medicinal plants. Furthermore, the mechanisms of action of these plants are discussed.
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Setorki, Mahbubeh. "Medicinal herbs with anti-depressant effects." Journal of Herbmed Pharmacology 9, no. 4 (July 1, 2020): 309–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.34172/jhp.2020.39.

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Depression is a life-threatening chronic illness which affects people worldwide. Drugs used to treat this disease have multiple side effects and may cause drug-drug or drug-food interactions. Additionally, only 30% of patients respond adequately to the existing drugs and the remaining do not achieve complete recovery. Thus, finding effective treatments that have adequate efficacy, fewer side effects and lower cost seem to be necessary. The purpose of this study was to review animal and double-blind clinical studies on the anti-depressant effects of medicinal herbs. In this study, validated scientific articles indexed in PubMed, SID, Web of Science and Scopus databases were reviewed. A database search was performed using the following terms: clinical trials, depression, major depressive disorder, essential oil, extract and medicinal plant. Positive effects of a number of herbs and their active compounds such as St John’s-wort, saffron, turmeric, ginkgo, chamomile, valerian, Lavender, Echium amoenum and Rhodiola rosea L. in improvement of symptoms of mild, moderate or major depression have been shown in clinical trials. The above plants show antidepressant effects and have fewer side effects than synthetic drugs. Hence, they have the potential to treat patients with depression.
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Chhipa, Abu Sufiyan, and S. S. Sisodia. "Indian Medicinal Plants with Antidiabetic Potential." Journal of Drug Delivery and Therapeutics 9, no. 1 (January 15, 2019): 257–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.22270/jddt.v9i1.2282.

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Medicinal plants should be evaluated extensively to determine the active principles present in them that are responsible for the hypoglycemic activity of these plants. Herbal drugs have gained popularity among the general population due to their ability to treat ailments with minimum side effects. The multi-target approaches of medicinal plants make them least susceptible to failure during the treatment therapy. Medicinal plants showing prominent anti-diabetic activity during the initial studies should be further explored to identify the active principles present in them that can become the promising drug candidates for the disease treatment in the coming future. Keywords: Anti-diabetic, Diabetes Mellitus, Insulin, hypoglycemic, anti-hyperglycemic, anti-hyperlipidemic
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Ojetunde, A. O. "ANTIDIABETIC EFFECTS OF MEDICINAL PLANTS." Eastern Ukrainian Medical Journal 9, no. 1 (2021): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.21272/eumj.2021;9(1):1-17.

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Diabetes is a chronic disorder that is characterized by an increase in blood glucose (hyperglycemia) with alteration of protein, carbohydrates, and fat metabolism. Consequently, it can lead to renal failure, atherosclerosis, nerve damage, blindness, and coronary heart disease. It is also known as the 5th leading cause of death. Although, there are numerous types of glucose-lowering drugs that exhibit anti-diabetic effects but results of treatment in patients are still not so perfect. Therefore, many treatments that include the use of medicinal plants are suggested and encouraged. Medical plants are believed to contain chemical substances with potential curative effects and can often have anti-diabetic effects. This study introduced about 23 effective medicinal plants reported by various experimental researchers with the curative potential to treat diabetes. Although, most of the research used animal models, there is a clear indication that medicinal plants with anti-diabetic potentials are being investigated by several researchers. However, there is a need for further research to be conducted with isolated bioactive ingredients present in these plants in order to have potential ingredients that could be used as a pharmacological agent in the treatment of diabetes mellitus with fewer adverse effects. Again, the mechanisms of action of these medicinal plants in ameliorating diabetes need to be investigated.
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Ilhan, Mert, Fatma Tuğçe Gürağaç Dereli, and Esra Küpeli Akkol. "Novel Drug Targets with Traditional Herbal Medicines for Overcoming Endometriosis." Current Drug Delivery 16, no. 5 (May 29, 2019): 386–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1567201816666181227112421.

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Endometriosis is a disease in which the lining of the endometrium is found outside of the uterus. Recent medical treatments for endometriosis have adverse effects, limiting their long-term use. Furthermore, the recurrence of the disease after the cessation of therapy is quite common, and most patients need to continue treatment to maintain a hypoestrogenic environment till conception. Notwithstanding recent advances in computational and chemical practices, traditional medicines are considered the most consistent sources for the discovery of new drugs. Numerous medicinal plants and plantderived compounds have been tested against gynecological disorders, mainly endometriosis. This review aimed to describe the pharmacological activity profile of the medicinal plants and their active ingredients and draw attention to the discovery of multitargeted drug molecules for rational therapy.
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Shen, Yu-Li, Xiao-Qin Li, Rong-Rong Pan, Wei Yue, Li-Jun Zhang, and Hong Zhang. "Medicinal Plants for the Treatment of Hair Loss and the Suggested Mechanisms." Current Pharmaceutical Design 24, no. 26 (November 14, 2018): 3090–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1381612824666180911114810.

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Hair loss may not be recognized as a life-threatening disorder. However, it has a great harm to a person’s self-respect, mental health, and entirety quality of life. Androgenic alopecia (AGA) is the most common type of hair loss, which affects a great number of both men and women. Alopecia can be treated with various hair loss strategies, including hair transplant, cosmetics and medication. Medical treatment shows the outstanding ability in improving hair growth. Plenty of drugs prevents alopecia by inhibiting the secretion of male hormone. But these medicines exhibit some undesirable side effects. Since hair loss requires a long-term treatment and minimizing adverse side effects is extremely urgent in drug development. Accordingly, new agents are obtained from natural products with less adverse effects. Traditional Chinese medicines exhibit unique advantages in hair loss treatment. This review generalizes and analyzes the recent progress of medicinal plants for the treatment of hair loss, suggested mechanisms and outlines a number of trials taken or underway to optimize the treatment.
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Mustafa, Sodah Bint, Muhammad Akram, Hafiz Muhammad Asif, Imran Qayyum, Asif Mehmood Hashmi, Naveed Munir, Fahad Said Khan, Muhammad Riaz, and Saeed Ahmad. "Antihyperglycemic Activity of Hydroalcoholic Extracts of Selective Medicinal Plants Curcuma longa, Lavandula stoechas, Aegle marmelos, and Glycyrrhiza glabra and Their Polyherbal Preparation in Alloxan-Induced Diabetic Mice." Dose-Response 17, no. 2 (April 1, 2019): 155932581985250. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1559325819852503.

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Background: Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disorder associated with relative or absolute insulin deficiency or resistance, characterized by hyperglycemia. Modern prescriptions such as pioglitazone have better therapeutic potential, but its side effects and financial burden for developing countries have motivated the researchers to find alternative natural drugs to compete hyperglycemia in patients with diabetes. The present study was conducted to explore the therapeutic potential of selected medicinal plants for the treatment of diabetes as an alternative to allopathic medicines. Method: In present study, hydroalcoholic extracts of Curcuma longa, Lavandula stoechas, Aegle marmelos, and Glycyrrhiza glabra and their polyherbal preparation (PHP) as compound drug were investigated for their antihyperglycemic potential in alloxan-induced diabetic mice. The study subjects (mice) were divided into different groups as normal control, diabetic control, pioglitazone treated (standard drug), test groups (plant extract treated 50, 100, and 150 mg/kg body weight), and PHP-treated group. Blood glucose concentration of all the study animals was determined by Glucose strip test. Qualitative phytochemical analysis of all the plant extracts was also performed following standard methods. Result: It was investigated that treatment of alloxan-induced diabetic mice with hydroalcoholic extracts of studied medicinal plants showed significant ( P < .05) effects on fasting blood glucose levels (from baseline to normal range) in a manner comparable to that of the reference drug, pioglitazone (1 mg/kg body weight intraperitoneal). The tested plant extracts significantly ( P < .05) reduced the glucose concentration in blood of diabetes-induced mice in a dose-dependent manner. Conclusion: It could be concluded that studied medicinal plants have antihyperglycemic activity. The study findings favor the use of traditional herbal medicinal practices for the management of diabetes that might due to the presence of bioactive phytoconstituents in plants. However, larger studies are required to identify, isolate, and characterize the bioactive phytoconstituents responsible for antihyperglycemic activity of studied medicinal plants.
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Ghanadi, Koroush, Afshin Hasanvand, Saber Abbaszadeh, Saeid Heidari-Soureshjani, and Tahra Suhan. "Phytotherapy: An anti-hepatotoxicity and hepatoprotective approach in chemotherapy." Plant Science Today 6, no. 2 (April 1, 2019): 114–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.14719/pst.2019.6.2.514.

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Chemotherapy induced-hepatotoxicity is one of the prevalent problems among cancer patients, with a wide spectrum of complications from liver dysfunction to liver necrosis. Therefore, in this study, we review the research findings on the effects of medicinal herbs and herbal compounds on the hepatotoxicity induced by anticancer drugs. The words hepatotoxicity and hepatoprotective along with the words cancer drug or chemotherapy in combination with some herbal terms such as medicinal plant, phyto* and herb* were used to search for relevant publications indexed in the Institute for Scientific Information (ISI) and PubMed. Available evidence shows that certain medicinal plants and herbal derivatives can reduce cancer drug-induced hepatotoxicity and protect liver cells against complications by regulating hepatic enzymes and increasing antioxidant enzyme activities. Some herbal formulations, including traditional Chinese medicine, have also been reported to exhibit such effects. Medicinal plants can exert anti-hepatotoxicity effects mainly by increasing antioxidant activity, inhibiting inflammatory processes, and reducing cell necrosis induced by anti-cancer drugs. Phytotherapy can be used as an effective complementary treatment for anticancer drug-induced hepatotoxicity and prevent various complications in the liver.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Medicinal Plants - drug effects"

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Müller, Adrienne Carmel. "African traditional medicine-antiretroviral interactions : effects of Sutherlandia frutescens on the pharmacokinetics of Atazanavir." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1013373.

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In response to the urgent call for investigations into antiretroviral (ARV)-African traditional medicine (ATM) interactions, this research was undertaken to ascertain whether chronic administration of the ATM, Sutherlandia frutescens (SF) may alter the bioavailability of the protease inhibitor (PI), atazanavir (ATV), which may impact on the safety or efficacy of the ARV. Prior to investigating a potential interaction between ATV and SF in vitro and in vivo, a high performance liquid chromatography method with ultraviolet detection (HPLC-UV) was developed and validated for the bioanalysis of ATV in human plasma and liver microsomes. An improved and efficient analytical method with minimal use of solvents and short run time was achieved in comparison to methods published in the literature. In addition, the method was selective, linear, accurate and precise for quantitative analysis of ATV in these studies. Molecular docking studies were conducted to compare the binding modes and affinities of ATV and two major SF constituents, Sutherlandioside B and Sutherlandin C, with the efflux transporter, P-glycoprotein (P-gp) and the CYP450 isoenzyme, CYP3A4 to determine the potential for these phytochemicals to competitively inhibit the binding of ATV to these two proteins, which are mediators of absorption and metabolism. These studies revealed that modulation of P-gp transport of ATV by Sutherlandioside B and Sutherlandin C was not likely to occur via competitive inhibition. The results further indicated that weak competitive inhibition of CYP3A4 may possibly occur in the presence of either of these two SF constituents. The Caco-2 cell line was used as an in vitro model of human intestinal absorption. Accumulation studies in these cells were conducted to ascertain whether extracts and constituents of SF have the ability to alter the absorption of ATV. The results showed that the aqueous extract of SF significantly reduced ATV accumulation, suggesting decreased ATV absorption, whilst a triterpenoid glycoside fraction isolated from SF exhibited an opposing effect. Analogous responses were elicited by the aqueous extract and a triterpenoid glycoside fraction in similar accumulation studies in P-gp overexpressing Madin–Darby Canine Kidney Strain II cells (MDCKII-MDR1), which signified that the effects of this extract and component on ATV transport in the Caco-2 cells were P-gp-mediated. The quantitative analysis of ATV in human liver microsomes after co-incubation with extracts and components of SF was conducted to determine the effects of SF on the metabolism of ATV. The aqueous and methanolic extracts of SF inhibited ATV metabolism, whilst the triterpenoid glycoside fraction had a converse effect. Analogous effects by the extracts were demonstrated in experiments conducted in CYP3A4-transfected microsomes, suggesting that the inhibition of ATV metabolism in the liver microsomes by these SF extracts was CYP3A4-mediated. A combination of Sutherlandiosides C and D also inhibited CYP3A4-mediated ATV metabolism, which was in contrast to the response elicited by the triterpenoid fraction in the liver microsomes, where other unidentified compounds, shown to be present therein, may have contributed to the activation of ATV metabolism. The in vitro studies revealed the potential for SF to alter the bioavailability of ATV, therefore a clinical study in which the effect of a multiple dose regimen of SF on the pharmacokinetics (PK) of a single dose of ATV was conducted in healthy male volunteers. The statistical analysis showed that the 90 % confidence intervals around the geometric mean ratios (ATV + SF/ATV alone) for both Cmax and AUC0-24 hours, fell well below the lower limit of the "no-effect" boundary of 0.8 – 1.25, implying that the bioavailability of ATV was significantly reduced in this cohort of subjects. It may thus be concluded that if the reduction in bioavailability observed in this clinical study is found to be clinically relevant, co-administration of SF commercial dosage forms and ATV in HIV/AIDS patients may potentially result in subtherapeutic ATV levels, which may in turn contribute to ATV resistance and/or treatment failure. This research has therefore highlighted the potential risk for toxicity or lack of efficacy of ARV regimens which may result when ATMs and PIs are used concurrently and that patients and health care practitioners alike should be aware of these perils.
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Van, Gend Tania Anli. "Effect of a South African medicinal plant on antiretroviral drug induced abnormalities in rats." Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/1080.

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The worldwide AIDS epidemic is known to have had a profoundly negative social, economic and personal impact and has taken a heavy toll on existing health care systems, particularly in developing countries. South Africa is experiencing an HIV epidemic with enormous social and economic consequences. Lopinavir/ritonavir antiretroviral treatment has been accredited with having a significantly positive effect and is a key advance in controlling HIV morbidity and mortality. An indigenous South African medicinal plant, Sutherlandia frutescens, known for its anti-diabetic properties and immune-boosting effects, is used for treating HIV positive patients suffering from opportunistic infections. Despite the use of the medicinal plant extract as homeotherapeutic medication, there is little evidence of toxicity testing that identifies its potential for interaction with antiretroviral drugs. However, scientific data relating to the mechanism through which Sutherlandia frutescens acts on the immune system has not been comprehensively documented. The aim of this study was to investigate lopinavir/ritonavir induced metabolic abnormalities in rats and whether the introduction of a plant extract of Sutherlandia frutescens would counteract the side effects of ARV medication. The results indicated that the rodents did not become insulin resistant, however, biochemical analysis indicated that extended ARV drug treatment would have caused insulin resistance. Significant morphological changes were found in the livers, kidneys and pancreases of rats exposed to the lopinavir/ritonavir. Rats exposed to the Sutherlandia frutescens plant extract showed improved histopathology with minimal abnormalities.
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Mukinda, James Tshikosa. "Acute and chronic toxicity of the flavonoid-containing plant, Artemisia afra in rodents." Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2005. http://etd.uwc.ac.za/index.php?module=etd&amp.

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The aim of this study was to investigate the possible toxicity of the flavonoid-containing plant, Artemisia afra and especially establish the safety of the aqueous extract of this plant after acute and chronic administration to mice and rats respectively.
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Miyake, Mônica Aidar Menon. ""Efeitos da infusão de Luffa operculata sobre o epitélio e a atividade mucociliar do palato isolado de rã"." Universidade de São Paulo, 2004. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/5/5143/tde-20102005-113139/.

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Luffa operculata é uma planta medicinal popularmente usada para tratamento de rinites e rinossinusites. A infusão de seu fruto seco é usada no nariz, liberando secreção mucosa profusa, mas pode causar irritação, epistaxe ou anosmia. Avaliamos os efeitos de diferentes concentrações da infusão do fruto seco da Luffa operculata na velocidade de transporte mucociliar (VTM), freqüência de batimento ciliar (FBC), diferença de potencial transepitelial (DPT) e morfologia do epitélio (microscopia de luz e eletrônica de transmissão), no modelo do palato isolado de rã. Os resultados apontam para dano epitelial dose-dependente no epitélio mucociliar, sugerindo que ela seja potencialmente nociva à mucosa nasal humana
Luffa operculata is a medicinal plant popularly used for treatment of rhinitis and rhinosinusitis. Its dry fruit infusion is used into the nose, delivering profuse mucous secretion, but may cause nasal mucosa irritation, epistaxis or anosmia. We evaluated the effects of different concentrations of Luffa operculata dry fruit infusion on mucociliary transport velocity (MTV), ciliary beat frequency (CBF), transepithelial potential difference (TPD) and epithelial morphology (light and electron transmission microscopy) of the isolated frog palate preparation. Results pointed to dose-dependent epithelial damage on mucociliary epithelium, suggesting that it is potentially noxious to the human nasal mucosa
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Dias, Araujo Mazzari A. L. "In vitro effects of selected medicinal plants shortlisted for clinical use in the Brazilian public health system in CYP3A4 mRNA gene expression, glutathione levels and P-glycoprotein activity and their implications for herb-drug interactions." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2017. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1535229/.

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The Brazilian Unified Public Health System (SUS) shortlisted various plant species of interest (RENISUS) for future clinical use. However, very little is known about their effects on metabolic and transporter proteins, which could potentially lead to herb-drug interactions (HDI). To evaluate this, we conducted in vitro preclinical studies on twenty-four plant extracts to disclose their effects on CYP3A4 mRNA gene expression, intracellular glutathione (GSH) levels, inhibition of γ-glutamyl transferase (GGT) in HepG2 cells and P- glycoprotein (P-gp) activity in vincristine resistant Caco-2 (Caco-2 VCR) cells. We also investigated whether four Brazilian native species were able to activate the human pregnane X receptor (hPXR) in transiently co-transfected HeLa cells. This preclinical research showed that all but two plant extracts were able to modulate at least one of the selected targets. CYP3A4 mRNA gene expression in HepG2 cells was significantly affected by half of the extracts. The antagonistic effect of Solanum paniculatum L. on hPXR could explain its ability to inhibit CYP3A4. GSH levels were affected by 80% of the extracts. There was depletion of intracellular GSH levels by Cordia verbenacea A. DC., Costus spicatus (Jacq.) Sw., Persea americana Mill., Salix alba L., Schinus terebinthifolia Raddi and Syzygium jambolanum (Lam.) DC. accompanied because of the inhibition of GGT activity. P-gp activity was modulated in a significant manner by 17% of the extracts. The approaches used for the conduction of in vitro preclinical studies in herbal medicines revealed a series of challenges faced especially by academics in order to anticipate cases of HDI. Clinicians have also to consider the presence of intrinsic factors such as genetic polymorphisms in each patient. The possible presence of undesirable interactions between RENISUS herbal medicines and essential drugs in SUS need eventually be clinically confirmed to attest our observed in vitro effects.
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Mogatle, Seloi. "African traditional medicines-antiretroviral drug interactions: the effect of African potato (Hypoxis hemerocallidea) on the pharmacokinetics of efavirenz in humans." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1003251.

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African Potato (Hypoxis hemerocallidea), (AP) is an African traditional medicine (TM) that is commonly used for various nutritional/medicinal purposes and also by people infected with the human immuno deficiency virus HIV and AIDS patients as an immune booster. The use of AP has also been recommended by the former Minister of Health of South Africa for use by HIV positive people. The main phytochemical component of AP is a norlignan glucoside, hypoxoside, and other relatively minor components have also been reported. A recent in vitro study reported the effects of AP extracts, hypoxoside and rooperol (the metabolite of hypoxoside) on human metabolic enzymes such as the cytochrome P450 (CYP450) group of enzymes and also on the transporter protein, p-glycoprotein (P-gp). This research focussed on investigating the clinical significance of those in vitro effects on the pharmacokinetics of efavirenz (EFV) in humans. EFV was chosen as the substrate drug because it is in first-line regimen of treatment of HIV/AIDS in South Africa, and also has been reported to be a substrate for the specific CYP isozymes, 3A4 and 2B6, in common with APs metabolic involvement with 3A4. A high performance liquid chromatography method with ultra-violet detection (HPLC-UV) for the quantitative determination of EFV in plasma was developed and successfully validated according to international standards with good reproducibility, accuracy, recovery, linear response and requisite sensitivity. The preparation of the plasma samples for analysis was effected by using a simple and rapid precipitation method, and the mobile phase consisted of readily available solvents. EFV in plasma samples was found to be stable under the relevant storage conditions studied. The oral dose of AP, administered as a freshly prepared traditional decoction, was standardised based on the hypoxoside content, and the quality of all the AP decoctions was analysed immediately prior to administration, using a validated HPLC-UV method. A single dose, two-phase sequential study was conducted over a period of 31 days in 10 healthy volunteers. The clinical study was approved by the Rhodes University Ethical Standards Committee, and all the participants agreed to the conditions of the study by giving their informed consent. On day 1 of the study, human subjects were administered a 600 mg EFV tablet and blood samples were collected before dosing and at various intervals over a period of 48 hr post dosing. From day 16, a traditionally prepared AP decoction was administered daily at a standardized dose of 15 mg/kg/day per subject until day 30. On day 29, volunteers were administered a single 600 mg dose of EFV as was done on day 1. Plasma samples were harvested immediately after blood sample collection and frozen at -80 ºC until assayed. Geometric mean ratios of relevant pharmacokinetic parameters, Cmax (maximum plasma concentration achieved following dosing) and AUC0-48 (area under the curve of a plot of drug plasma concentrations versus time representing the extent of absorption) of EFV before and after co-administration of 14 successive daily doses of AP were compared and evaluated to determine whether an interaction had occurred. All subjects completed the study and the geometric mean ratios of Cmax and AUC0-48 were 97.30 and 102.82 with corresponding 90% confidence intervals (CIs) of 78.81-120.14% and 89.04-118.80%, respectively. Whereas the acceptance criteria for the ratios of the AUCs fell within the preset 90% CIs indicating no interaction, the Cmax ratios fell outside the limits. Although the protocol was developed in accordance with the United States of America Food & Drug Administration’s Guidance for Drug Interactions, a priori stating that both criteria need to fall within the acceptance limits to indicate no interaction, an argument is presented to waive the Cmax requirement for the declaration of an interaction. As a result, the pharmacokinetic data generated during this study indicated that the effect of AP on the pharmacokinetics of EFV is not clinically significant. Hence, co-administration of AP is unlikely to affect the clinical use of EFV. In summary the objectives of this project were: 1. To develop and validate a suitable HPLC-UV method for the quantitative determination of EFV in plasma. 2. To perform a mini-validation of the determination of hypoxoside for use as a marker in the quality control and standardisation of AP decoctions. 3. To conduct a clinical interaction study in order to determine whether AP affects the pharmacokinetics of EFV following concurrent administration. 4. To apply the validated HPLC-UV method to determine plasma concentrations of EFV in plasma of human subjects. 5. To use appropriate statistical methods and treatments such as a non-compartmental pharmacokinetic analysis to determine the occurrence of an interaction.
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Fontenele, Juvenia Bezerra. "Estudo farmacolÃgico da fraÃÃo hexÃnica de Lonchocarpus sericeus (Poir) Kunth e seus constituintes quÃmicos, lonchocarpina e derricina." Universidade Federal do CearÃ, 2004. http://www.teses.ufc.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=33.

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FundaÃÃo de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do CearÃ
CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeiÃoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel Superior
O gÃnero Lonchocarpus à bastante conhecido e amplamente estudado, porÃm nÃo hà registros na literatura cientÃfica dos usos farmacolÃgicos da espÃcie Lonchocarpus sericeus (Poir.) Kunth, (Leguminosae Papilionaceae). Estudos quÃmicos demonstraram que a fraÃÃo hexÃnica das cascas das raÃzes de L. sericeus (FLS) à rica nas chalconas: lonchocarpina (LCC) e derricina (DRC). O objetivo deste trabalho foi investigar os efeitos tÃxicos e as aÃÃes farmacolÃgicas da FLS e de sua chalconas LCC e DRC. A DL50 para FLS em camundongos foi de 781,5 mg/kg por v.o. e 446,2 mg/kg, por via i.p. A FLS e a DRC mostraram efeito inibitÃrio concentraÃÃo-dependente sobre o desenvolvimento embrionÃrio de ovos de ouriÃo-do-mar Lytechinus variegatus. A FLS, LCC e DRC apresentaram ainda atividade citotÃxica sobre cÃlulas de leucemia linfocÃtica de origem humana. A FLS, administrada por via sistÃmica, apresentou atividade antiedematogÃnica nos modelos de edema de pata induzidos por carragenina (Cg) e levedura de cerveja, mas nÃo sobre aqueles induzidos por dextrano ou bradicinina. O efeito da FLS no edema por Cg nÃo foi modificado pela associaÃÃo com a indometacina ou L-NAME, mostrando que a mesma parece nÃo interferir com a via da COX ou do sistema NO. Entretanto, este efeito da FLS foi potencializado pela pentoxifilina (PTX) evidenciando uma possÃvel inibiÃÃo da FDE e/ou da sÃntese de citocinas inflamatÃrias como o TNF-alfa. Apesar de ter inibido significativamente a migraÃÃo de neutrÃfilos na cavidade peritoneal de ratos induzida por Cg, a FLS apresentou um efeito inibitÃrio bem maior sobre Ãquela induzida por fMLP, demonstrando que a mesma alÃm de bloquear a sÃntese e/ou liberaÃÃo de mediadores inflamatÃrios como PGs, LTs e citocinas, pode tambÃm bloquear uma das etapas da migraÃÃo ou ainda, inibir alguma das molÃcula de adesÃo envolvidas neste processo. A FLS tambÃm reduziu o dano tissular induzido por Ãcido acÃtico em ratos, evidenciado atravÃs de seu efeito inibitÃrio sobre a atividade da MPO. Entretanto, a mesma nÃo foi capaz de suprimir a formaÃÃo do tecido de granulaÃÃo, induzida por pellet de algodÃo, onde as PGs desempenham um papel essencial. A atividade antinociceptiva da FLS tambÃm foi observada em modelos experimentais de dor como teste das contorÃÃes abdominais induzidas pelo Ãcido acÃtico e teste da formalina, em camundongos. Todavia, a FLS nÃo modificou a resposta nociceptiva ao estÃmulo tÃrmico no teste da placa quente. Este efeito antinociceptivo da FLS independe do sistema opiÃide e da via do NO, e tambÃm nÃo envolve a participaÃÃo do componente adrÃnergico, porÃm alÃm de outros mecanismos, a inibiÃÃo da FDE e/ou da sÃntese de citocinas como TNF-alfa parecem exercer um papel importante na antinocicepÃÃo da FLS. A atividade antiagregante plaquetÃra da FLS, LCC e DRC tambÃm foi estudada e os resultados demonstraram que as mesmas possuem efeito inibitÃrio da agregaÃÃo in vitro em plasma humano rico em plaquetas, frente aos agonistas ADP, colÃgeno, trombina, Ãcido araquidÃnico e adrenalina. O efeito antiagregante plaquetÃrio da FLS, LCC e DRC foi potencializado pela PTX, um inibidor da fosfodiesterase de AMPc, mas nÃo pela L-arginina ou pelo Ãcido acetilsalicÃlico. Desta forma, a FLS possui atividade citotÃxica, antiinflamatÃria, analgÃsica e antiagregante plaquetÃria. Estes efeitos parecem ser mediados pelas chalconas LCC e DRC, presentes na FLS.
The Lonchocarpus genus is well known and much studied though there is no record on scientific publications about the pharmacological properties of the species Lonchocarpus sericeus (Poir.) Kunth, (Leguminosae Papilionaceae). Chemical research determined that the hexanic fraction from root bark of L. sericeus (FLS) is rich in two chalcones: lonchocarpin (LCC) and dericin (DRC). This workâs purpose was to investigate the toxical effects and the pharmacological actions of FLS and its chalcones LCC e DRC. The LD50 of FLS in mice was 781,5 mg/kg, p.o. and 446,2 mg/kg, i.p. FLS and DRC showed concentration-dependent inhibition on the development of the sea urchin Lytechinus variegatus eggs. Additionaly, FLS, LCC and DRC showed cytotoxic activity on human lymphocytic leukemia cells. Sistemically administered FLS demonstrated anti-edematogenic activity on carragenan (Cg)- and yeast-induced rat paw edema models, but did not show any effect on dextran- or bradikinin-induced rat paw edema models. The FLS effect on Cg model was not modified by treatment with indomethacin or L-NAME what implies that it seems not to affect COX or NO pathways. Notwithstanding, this FLS effect was indeed potentiated by pentoxifylline (PTX) suggesting a possible phosphodiesterase (PDE) or TNF-alfa like cytokines inhibition. Even though FLS significantly inhibited the Cg-induced neutrophil migration on peritoneal cavity of rats, it showed a even stronger inhibitory effect upon fMLP-induced neutrophil migration on peritoneal cavity. This demonstrates that FLS, besides blocking the synthesis or liberation of inflammation mediators such as PG, LT and cytokines can also block one of the migration steps or maybe some of the adhesion molecules involved. FLS also reduced tissue damage induced by acetic acid in rats, demonstrated by its ability to inhibit myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity. However, FLS was not capable of blocking cotton pellet induced granulation tissue formation, which is dependet on PG. FLS antinociceptive activity was observed in experimental pain models, such as the acetic acid-induced abdominal contractions and formalin test, both in mice. Nevertheless, FLS did not modify nociceptive response to thermic stimuli in the hot plate model. FLS antinociceptive effect does not depend on opioid or NO release, and equally is independent from adrenergic activity, though it seems to involve PDE and/or TNF-alfa and other cytokines inhibition. Anti-platelet activity of FLS, LCC and DRC was also studied and all of them showed in vitro platelet aggregation inhibition in platelet-rich human plasma, upon ADP, collagen, thrombin, arachidonic acid or adrenalin agonist addition. FLS, LCC and DRC anti-platelet effect was potentiated by PTX, a PDE inhibitor, but not by L-arginine or aspirin. In conclusion, FLS possess cytotoxic, anti-inflammatory, analgesic and anti-platelet activities. These effects seem to be mediated by the chalcones LCC e DRC, present in FLS.
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Nkosi, Themba Johan. "Antimicrobial activities of three medicinal plants against selected diarrheagenic pathogens." Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/d1020759.

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Diarrhea is a global concern that the United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF) and the World Health Organization (WHO), have confirmed to be the second major cause of death in children under the age of five. Major bacterial pathogens that cause diarrhea include Escherichia coli, Salmonella species, Shigella species and Staphylococcus aureus. Antibiotic therapy is recommended depending on the severity and presentation of the disease; however, the appearance of antibiotic-resistant bacteria is an emerging global threat to the ability to treat these bacterial infections. This situation could be overcome by the discovery of new natural antibiotics. Plants have been a source of medicine for centuries and have been used to treat diseases including diarrhea. This makes plants a natural potential target to study for their antibiotic properties. The objective of this study was to determine the antibiotic properties of medicinal plants against known pathogens that cause bacterial diarrhea. Three medicinal plants, Cassia abbreviata, Kigelia africana, and Geranium incanum were investigated for their antimicrobial properties against these strains of microorganisms: American Type Culture Collection (ATTC) and Clinical Strains (CS). The plant materials were ground into powder, which was then dissolved in methanol, acetone and distilled water to extract the active compounds. The plant extracts were then used to (i) determine their antibiotic activity, (ii) determine the minimum inhibitory concentration (MICs), (iii) analyze the thin layer chromatography (TLC) fingerprints, and (iv) analyze the autobiography assay. The results obtained in this study met the aim and objectives of this study. The antimicrobial activities of the selected plants were obtained as discussed in Chapter 2 and 3. These results indicated that the traditional plants could be used as antimicrobials. In the screening assays, the test microorganisms were inhibited by the plant extracts, when they were subjected to plant extracts. This was performed on Mueller Hinton agar as sensitivity testing, which revealed clear zones of inhibition. The MIC values for each plant extract were established which ranged from 0.101 to 13.3 mg/dl. The TLC analysis revealed the spots which contained the active compounds which inhibited the bacterial growth. A bioautography assay was performed on the TLC plates, which exposed the exact spots containing the active compound inhibiting the bacteria. These results are clearly consistent with what former scientists have observed. Detailed explanations on the results are in Chapter 3 and 4 of this paper. It is important to note that all the procedures performed in this study were in vitro assays. Some effective in vitro assay activity may not always result in the same effective in vivo activity, because some active compounds may be metabolized and degraded into inactive metabolites. For this reason, the in vitro results obtained in this study, may not reflect the true effectiveness of the compounds in in vivo trials. It is therefore advised that future scientists should take a step further in analyzing the plant extracts through in vivo assays. Further testing and study on these plants at an advanced molecular level will be beneficial in the medical fields in the search for new antibiotics to treat infectious diseases. Purification and further analysis of their products can be helpful in the production of pure natural medicines. This will discover the active ingredients and compounds responsible for inhibition of the microorganisms. This will make the compounds potential candidates for a scientific validation and analysis for future scientists to bring a new dawn in the fight against infectious diseases.
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Khan, Fatima. "Effects of Leonotis leonorus aqueous extract on the isolated perfused rat heart." Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2007. http://etd.uwc.ac.za/index.php?module=etd&action=viewtitle&id=gen8Srv25Nme4_8367_1256897201.

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An aqueous extract prepared from the leaves and smaller stems of Leonotis leonorus was used to investigate the potential effects on certain cardiovascular parameters such as left ventricular systonic pressure, end-diastolic pressure, developed pressure, heart rate, cardiac work and coronary perfusion pressure in isolated rat hearts..."

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Mativandlela, Sannah Patience Nkami. "Antituberculosis activity of flavonoids Galenia africana L. var. africana." Pretoria : [s.n.], 2009. http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-10172009-095531/.

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Books on the topic "Medicinal Plants - drug effects"

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Harkness, Richard. Mosby's handbook of drug-herb and drug-supplement interactions. St. Louis, Mo: Mosby, 2002.

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Harkness, Richard. Mosby's handbook of drug-herb and drug-supplement interactions. St. Louis: Mosby, 2003.

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T, Chen Tina, ed. Chinese herbal formulas and applications: Pharmacological effects & clinical research. City of Industry, Calif: Art of Medicine Press, 2009.

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Brinker, Francis J. Herb contraindications and drug interactions: With appendices addressing specific conditions and medicines. Sandy, Or: Eclectic Institute, 1997.

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Herb contraindications and drug interactions: With appendices addressing specific conditions and medicines. 3rd ed. Sandy, Or: Eclectic Medical Publications, 2001.

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Brinker, Francis J. Herb contraindications and drug interactions: With appendices addressing specific conditions and medicines. 2nd ed. Sandy, Or: Eclectic Medical Publications, 1998.

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Meyler's side effects of herbal medicines. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 2009.

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Brinker, Francis J. Herb contraindications & drug interactions: With extensive appendices addressing specific conditions, herb effects, critical medications, and nutritional supplements. 3rd ed. Sandy, Or: Eclectic Medical Publications, 2001.

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Herbal supplements: Efficacy, toxicity, interactions with western drugs, and effects on clinical laboratory tests. Hoboken, N.J: John Wiley & Sons, 2011.

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Cassileth, Barrie R. Herb-drug interactions in oncology. 2nd ed. Shelton, Conn: People's Medical Pub. House-USA, 2010.

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Book chapters on the topic "Medicinal Plants - drug effects"

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Wangchuk, Phurpa. "Plant Alkaloids: Classification, Isolation, and Drug Development." In Medicinal Plants, 131–38. Boca Raton : Taylor & Francis, 2019. | “A CRC title, part of the Taylor & Francis imprint, a member of the Taylor & Francis Group, the academic division of T&F Informa plc.”: CRC Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9780429259968-10.

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Sarkar, Angana, Debapriya Sarkar, and Kasturi Poddar. "Plant Metabolites as New Leads to Drug Discovery: Approaches and Challenges." In Medicinal Plants, 61–69. Boca Raton : Taylor & Francis, 2019. | “A CRC title, part of the Taylor & Francis imprint, a member of the Taylor & Francis Group, the academic division of T&F Informa plc.”: CRC Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9780429259968-5.

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Sivaraj, Dhivya, Revathi Ponnusamy, Rahul Chandran, and Parimelazhagan Thangaraj. "Centipede Envenomation Effects on Human Beings and Scientific Research on Traditional Antivenom Agents." In Medicinal Plants, 73–88. Boca Raton : Taylor & Francis, 2018. | “A CRC title, part of the Taylor & Francis imprint, a member of the Taylor & Francis Group, the academic division of T&F Informa plc.”: CRC Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781351046510-4.

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Salim, Angela A., Young-Won Chin, and A. Douglas Kinghorn. "Drug Discovery from Plants." In Bioactive Molecules and Medicinal Plants, 1–24. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-74603-4_1.

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Narain, Narendra, Saravanan Shanmugam, and Adriano Antunes de Souza Araújo. "Antioxidant, Antimicrobial, Analgesic, Anti-inflammatory and Antipyretic Effects of Bioactive Compounds from Passiflora Species." In Medicinal Plants, 243–74. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-31269-5_11.

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Lucinda da Silva, Ruth M., Angélica G. Couto, and Tania M. B. Bresolin. "Medicinal Plants and Pharmaceutical Technology." In Plant Bioactives and Drug Discovery, 359–93. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118260005.ch10.

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Rajani, M. "Bacopa monnieri, a Nootropic Drug." In Bioactive Molecules and Medicinal Plants, 175–95. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-74603-4_9.

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Kennedy, David O., Emma L. Wightman, and Edward J. Okello. "Chapter 27. Medicinal Plants, Phytochemicals and Alzheimer's Disease." In Drug Discovery, 269–90. Cambridge: Royal Society of Chemistry, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/9781849731072-00269.

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Waffo-Teguo, Pierre, Stéphanie Krisa, Tristan Richard, and Jean-Michel Mérillon. "Grapevine Stilbenes and Their Biological Effects." In Bioactive Molecules and Medicinal Plants, 25–54. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-74603-4_2.

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Carrubba, Alessandra. "Weed and Weeding Effects on Medicinal Herbs." In Medicinal Plants and Environmental Challenges, 295–327. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-68717-9_17.

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Conference papers on the topic "Medicinal Plants - drug effects"

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Triyono, Agus, Widhi Astana, Fajar Novianto, Zuraida Zulkarnain, Ulfa Fitriani, Ulfatun Nissa, and Danang Ardianto. "The Effect of Hyperuricemia Herbs Drink on the Quality of Life." In The 7th International Conference on Public Health 2020. Masters Program in Public Health, Universitas Sebelas Maret, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.26911/the7thicph.05.40.

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ABSTRACT Background: The prevalence of hyperuricemia increased rapidly in recent years and has closely interdependent relationship with other metabolic disorders. Conventional medication drugs are usually associated with many side effects. About 75 to 80% of the world population use herbal medicines, mainly in developing countries, for primary health care because of their better acceptability with human body and lesser side effects. This study aimed to examine the effect of hyperuricemia herbs drink on the quality of life. Subjects and Method: A quasi experiment with no control group was carried out at Hortus Medicus clinic, Tawangmangu, Central Java. A sample of 30 hyperuricemia patients (blood uric acid 7-10 mg/dl) was selected for this study. The study subjects consume hyperuricemia herbs drink for 28 days. The dependent variable was quality of life. The independent variables were hyperuricemia herbs drink consumption. Data on quality of life were measured by Short Form-36 (SF-36). Mean difference of quality of life score before and after intervention were analyzed by independent t test. Results: Quality of life score after consuming hypercuremia herbs drink for 28 days (Mean= 80.37; SD=11.89) was higher than before (Mean= 76.20; SD= 15.08), and it was statistically significant (p= 0.001). There was no difference of quality of life score (physical function, physical role, mental health social function, and emotional role dimensions) before and after therapy. Conclusion: Hyperuricemia herbs drink for 28 days is effective to improve quality of life. Keywords: hyperurisemia herbs drink, traditional medicine, quality of life Correspondence: Agus Triyono. Research Center and Development of Traditional Medicinal and Medicinal Plants, Tawangmangu, Central Java, Indonesia. Jl. Lawu 11 Tawangmangu, Karanganyar, Central Java, Indonesia. Email: agustriyono_21@yahoo.com. Mobile: 081329038465 DOI: https://doi.org/10.26911/the7thicph.05.40
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Weisenburger, S., A. o`Mahony, and E. Koch. "Investigation of EPs®7630 in co-culture assays to predict possible drug effects." In 67th International Congress and Annual Meeting of the Society for Medicinal Plant and Natural Product Research (GA) in cooperation with the French Society of Pharmacognosy AFERP. © Georg Thieme Verlag KG, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0039-3400055.

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Karaturk, Ahmet. "EFFECTS OF HEAVY METAL ACCUMULATION ON WILD MEDICINAL PLANTS GROWN ON RESIDENTIAL PART OF SARAJEVO / UČINCI AKUMULACIJE TEŠKIH METALA NA LJEKOVITE BILJKE KOJE RASTU U REZIDENCIJALNOM DIJELU SARAJEVA." In Drugi međunarodni kolokvijum „BIODIVERZITET – TEORIJSKI I PRAKTIČNI ASPEKTI“ / Second International Colloqium „BIODIVERSITY – THEORETICAL AND PRACTICAL ASPECTS“. Akademija nauka i umjetnosti Bosne i Hercegovine/Academy of Sciences and Arts of Bosnia and Herzegovina, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.5644/proc.bd-01.12.

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Tanvir, Rabia, Imran Sajid, Shahida Hasnain, Andreas Kulik, and Stephanie Grond. "Bioprospecting of Asteraceae Medicinal Plants of Pakistan for their Associated Bioactive Endophytic Actinomycetes for New Drug Targets." In 2nd International Electronic Conference on Medicinal Chemistry. Basel, Switzerland: MDPI, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ecmc-2-a004.

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Jerpseth, Laura, Ketan Thakare, Zhijian Pei, and Hongmin Qin. "Experimental Investigation of Effects of Extrusion Pressure on Cell Growth of Bioprinted Algae Cells in Green Bioprinting." In ASME 2020 15th International Manufacturing Science and Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/msec2020-8481.

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Abstract In bioprinting, biomaterials are deposited layer-by-layer to fabricate structures. Bioprinting has many potential applications in drug screening, tissue engineering, and regenerative medicine. Both animal cells and plant cells can be used to synthesize bioinks. Green bioprinting uses bioinks that have been synthesized using plant cells. Constructs fabricated via green bioprinting contain immobilized plant cells, with these cells arranged at desired locations. The constructs provide scaffolds for cell growth. Printing parameters affecting the growth of cells in green bioprinted constructs include print speed, needle diameter, extrusion temperature, and extrusion pressure. This paper reports a study to examine effects of extrusion pressure on cell growth (measured by cell count) in bioprinted constructs, using bioink containing Chlamydomonas reinhardtii algae cells. Three levels of extrusion pressure were used: 3, 5, and 7 bar. Cell counts in the bioprinted constructs were measured on the third and sixth days after bioprinting. It was found that, as extrusion pressure increased, cell count decreased on both the third and sixth days after bioprinting. Furthermore, the difference in cell counts between the third and the sixth days decreased as extrusion pressure increased. These trends suggest that increasing extrusion pressure during green bioprinting negatively affects cell growth. A possible reason for these trends is physical damage to or death of cells in the bioprinted constructs when extrusion pressure became higher.
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Biagi, M., G. Baini, E. Miraldi, C. Terrosi, and MG Cusi. "In vitro neuraminidase inhibitory effect and activity against influenza virus A H1N1 of herbal drugs used for common cold." In 67th International Congress and Annual Meeting of the Society for Medicinal Plant and Natural Product Research (GA) in cooperation with the French Society of Pharmacognosy AFERP. © Georg Thieme Verlag KG, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0039-3400052.

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Meda, Shashwath, Erwin Boer, Nicolas Ward, Gregory Book, Michael Stevens, Catherine Boyle, Muhammad Mubeen, and Godfrey Pearlson. "Longitudinal Effects of Acute Cannabis Exposure on Automobile Driving Behavior in a Naturalistic Simulated Environment." In 2020 Virtual Scientific Meeting of the Research Society on Marijuana. Research Society on Marijuana, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.26828/cannabis.2021.01.000.21.

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Background: Driving is a complex day-to-day activity that employs a variety of cognitive and psychomotor functions in harmony, many of which are known to be affected acutely by CNB intoxication which could in turn pose a significant public health risk. The recent legalization of both recreational and/or medicinal marijuana in several states has thus created an urgent need to better understand the effects of CNB on such functions in the context of driving. The present study employs a longitudinal, double-blind, placebo- 2 active dose study to investigate the effects of CNB on a variety of driving-related behaviors in a controlled, naturalistic simulated environment. Methods: The current study employed N=37 subjects (N=25 male, frequent cannabis users, mean age 24.25+7.01), each exposed to a placebo, low and high dose of CNB on three separate days. On each day, following a single acute inhaled 0.5 g dose of either 0%, 3% or 5-7% of THC via a desktop vaporizer, subjects drove a virtual driving simulator (RTI SimVehicle platform) three times inside an MRI scanner and once out of scanner, randomized, and dispersed throughout an eight hour daily period. During each driving session three distinct real time behavioral tasks corresponding to lane-keeping following simulated wind gusts (operational), lead car following (tactical) and safe overtaking (strategic) were assessed and corresponding behavioral data were computed using custom Matlab scripts. Data were analyzed using a mixed model framework in SPSS v24 which included dose, session, instrument (desktop v MRI), dose*session, dose*instrument and session*instrument as primary factors, covarying for age and sex. Results: Intoxicated subjects made significantly fewer gas pedal corrections (p<0.02) during the car following task and similarly fewer corrections to the steering reversal rate (p<0.02) during the lane weaving task, suggesting reduced awareness under the influence of cannabis. In addition we found that several variables showed significant differences in terms of estimates captured throughout the day suggesting that overall risk taking lessened as the day progressed and CNB effects wore off. Also, data trends suggested that under the high dose subjects took longer to return to baseline from their ‘impaired’ driving patterns. Key metrics that showed such significant daily effects included mean headway (p<0.001) and time to collision (p=0.02) from the car following task, deviation of lane position (p=0.03) from the lane weaving task, median gap (p=0.02) and overtaking speed (p=0.02) from the overtaking task. Although many driving measurements differed depending on whether driving was done in MRI or at a desktop setting, these differences had no relationship to different drug dose levels. Conclusion: In summary, key driving functions affected under higher doses of CNB largely agreed current cross sectional literature. Generally, largest impairments in driving behavior seemed to occur within 1-4 hours after drug exposure, which might have important implications for real life driving situations. Our preliminary analyses yield numerous metrics that changed throughout the day, suggesting broad-based impairment on many metrics commonly used to quantify driving performance and risk.
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Hyun, Sinjae, Sun Jin Moon, and Chong S. Kim. "Computational Modeling of Aerosol Deposition Characteristics in Cyclic Bifurcating Tube Flow." In ASME 2010 Summer Bioengineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/sbc2010-19169.

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An accurate model of the human respiratory system allows health scientists to gain insight into the interactions between particulate matter (PM) and the exposed surfaces of the lung airways. Respiratory dose simulations and modeling are frequently used for evaluating health effects of inhaled toxic substances [1–4] and for analyzing the risk potentials of inhaled toxic or harmful PM such as vehicle emissions [4,5]. Pharmaceutical companies and pulmonologists find it useful in evaluating efficacy of inhaled medicinal aerosols and devising new patient treatment regimen [6–8], especially in vulnerable population groups such as children, industrial workers, and the elderly [10]. Recently, the respiratory system has seen increased attention as a possible venue for drug delivery to fight diseases such as AIDS, diabetes, and various cancers, among others. Computational fluid dynamics modeling and simulation continues to be an important tool for understanding of delivery of pharmaceutical aerosols to the lung airways and thereby improving treatment of airway disease, particularly, asthma with bronchodilators and corticosteroids inhalers [11,12].
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