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Academic literature on the topic 'Mid-1840s'
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Journal articles on the topic "Mid-1840s"
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HOLTON, KARINA. "Theatre in Ireland in the mid-nineteenth century: the troubled 1840s." Studia Hibernica: Volume 48, Issue 1 48, no. 1 (2022): 63–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.3828/sh.2022.4.
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The mid-nineteenth century was a challenging and turbulent time for Irish theatres, with the 1840s being particularly difficult. The period saw a growing demand for recreation which resulted in a surge of improvements in Irish theatre infrastructure and concerted efforts of theatre managers to attract the public by providing a wide range of entertainment in cities and country towns. Irish audiences had access to a broad repertoire that embraced everything from Shakespeare and high opera to rude farce and low comedy, while developments in transport ensured that internationally renowned performers were familiar to Irish theatre-goers to whom the theatre became increasingly accessible.
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Romanova, Aleksandra Vladimirovna. "EFREM BARYSHEV AND WALTER SCOTT EXCERPTS FROM THE COMMENTARY TO I. A. GONCHAROV’S OBITUARY «E. E. BARYSHEV»." Russkaya literatura 2 (2021): 19–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.31860/0131-6095-2021-2-19-54.
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The article is written in course of the work on the commentary to the obituary by I. A. Goncharov, «E. E. Baryshev» (1881). The circumstances of the work of the two brothers, Ivan and Efrem Baryshev, on the translations of Walter Scott’s novels for the multivolume publication by A. A. Kraevsky in the mid-1840s are outlined.
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PICKARD, JOHN. "The Transition from Shepherding to Fencing in Colonial Australia." Rural History 18, no. 2 (2007): 143–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0956793307002129.
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AbstractThe transition from shepherding to fencing in colonial Australia was a technological revolution replacing labour with capital. Fencing could not be widespread in Australia until an historical conjunction of technological, social and economic changes: open camping of sheep (from about 1810), effective poisoning of dingoes with strychnine (from the mid-1840s), introduction of iron wire (1840s), better land tenure (from 1847), progressive reduction of Aboriginal populations, huge demand for meat (from 1851) and high wages (from 1851). Labour shortages in the gold-rushes of the early 1850s were the final trigger, but all the other changes were essential precursors. Available data are used to test the alleged benefits of fencing: a higher wool cut per head; an increased carrying capacity; savings in wages and the running costs of stations; less disease in flocks; larger sheep; higher lambing percentages, and use of land unsuitable for shepherding. Many of the benefits were real, but some cannot be verified. By the mid-1880s, over ninety-five per cent of sheep in New South Wales were in paddocks, wire fences were spreading rapidly, and the cost of fences was falling. However, shepherding persisted in remote northern areas of Australia until well into the twentieth century.
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Martens, Jeremy. "Forced Labour, Indenture and Convict Transportation: A Case Study of the Western Australian Pastoral Industry, 1830–50." Labour History 125, no. 1 (2023): 31–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.3828/labourhistory.2023.19.
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This article analyses Western Australian pastoralists’ agitation for, and their expanding reliance upon, forced labour in the Avon valley in the 1830s and 1840s. I argue that coercive labour practices were already well established by the time the York Agricultural Society began lobbying for convict transportation in the late 1840s, and that this effort reflected a desire to intensify already existing patterns of unfree labour rather than a brand-new intervention. The shift to forced labour occurred soon after the settler conquest of Ballardong Noongar country facilitated the establishment of a profitable pastoral industry. Pastoralists struggled to hire sufficient numbers of free white workers to work their fields and stations, and to pay the exorbitant wages demanded by them; and they turned instead to Noongar workers, often using coercive methods to maintain labour discipline. Even so, it was clear by the mid-1840s that the settler and Aboriginal labour pool was too small to secure the pastoral industry’s long-term success; and initiatives to augment the colonial workforce by sending out juvenile offenders from Parkhurst prison, and by recruiting Chinese and Indian indentured labourers, were insufficient to meet demand. The Avon valley pastoralists therefore mounted a vigorous campaign to introduce convict labour to Western Australia.
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BARRY, JONATHAN. "The organization of burial places in post-medieval English cities: Bristol and Exeter c. 1540–1850." Urban History 46, no. 04 (2018): 597–616. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0963926818000718.
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ABSTRACT:This article analyses the changing options for the provision of burial places between the Reformation and the mid-nineteenth century in two major provincial cities, Bristol and Exeter. The two cities experienced very different patterns of change, especially in their Anglican provision, reflecting medieval differences of organization as well as the differential impact of dissent. Common factors include the effect of epidemics (plague, cholera) and population pressure, but also great conservatism regarding use of inner-city burial places. The major changes are associated with the three great shocks to church–state relations: the Reformation, the mid-seventeenth-century crisis and the reform period of the 1830s and 1840s.
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Hirano, Junpei, Takehiko Mikami, and Masumi Zaiki. "Analysis of early Japanese meteorological data and historical weather documents to reconstruct the winter climate between the 1840s and the early 1850s." Climate of the Past 18, no. 2 (2022): 327–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/cp-18-327-2022.
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Abstract. The East Asian winter monsoon causes orographic snowfall over the windward side of the Japanese islands (facing the Sea of Japan and the northwesterly winter monsoon flow) and negative temperature anomalies around Japan. Daily weather information recorded in old Japanese diaries can provide useful information on the historical occurrences of snowfall days. Here, this information was combined with recently recovered early daily instrumental temperature data collected during the 19th century to reconstruct the occurrence of winter monsoon outbreak days (WMDs) from the 1840s to the early 1850s in Japan. Analyses of interannual and intra-seasonal variations in WMDs revealed active winter monsoon outbreaks in the early 1840s. In 1840/41 and 1841/42, these synchronously occurred with extreme snow events reported in central and southern China. However, winter monsoon outbreaks were absent during the middle to late winters of the mid-1840s and 1853/1854. Freezing records of Lake Suwa in central Japan showed that it did not freeze during 1844/1845 and 1853/1854, which was in agreement with our finding of inactive winter monsoons in these years. Comparing the occurrences of WMDs with early instrumental surface pressure data revealed that WMDs were associated with the active phases of the winter monsoon, as represented by an east–west surface pressure gradient over East Asia.
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Goldberg, Jan. "On the Origins of Majālis Al-tujjār in Mid-nineteenth Century Egypt." Islamic Law and Society 6, no. 2 (1999): 193–223. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1568519991208709.
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AbstractSeeking to establish the origins of Majālis al-Tujjār, the special mixed commercial courts of Alexandria and Cairo which existed from the mid-1840s until the mid-1870s, I examine whether the Majālis had their origin in Turkey or in Egypt; and whether or not they served foreign interests and were part of the capitulations system. The evidence of a legal case registered in the court records (sijillāt) of the Cairo court suggests that the Majālis, though established as a result of a concerted action of a number of European consuls general in Egypt, were not part of the capitulations system. To the contrary, they were designed to restrict the legal side of that system, that is, consular jurisdiction.
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Cohn, Raymond L., and Simone A. Wegge. "Overseas Passenger Fares and Emigration from Germany in the Mid-Nineteenth Century." Social Science History 41, no. 3 (2017): 393–413. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/ssh.2017.16.
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Mid-nineteenth-century German immigrants who settled in the United States and other faraway destinations faced the formidable hurdle of crossing an ocean and coming up with the resources to pay for it. Using new data from German emigrant newspapers we provide more concrete information on the fares to various international ports, and how they varied seasonally and by method of transport (sail or steam). We do not observe fares declining in the late 1840s and 1850s. Unskilled German workers could not easily afford such a voyage, providing perspective on why German immigration to the United States was positively self-selected.
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Twomey, Christina, and Katherine Ellinghaus. "Protection." Pacific Historical Review 87, no. 1 (2018): 2–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/phr.2018.87.1.2.
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This article is the guest editors’ introduction to a special volume of Pacific Historical Review entitled “Protection: Global Genealogies, Local Practices.” Guest editors Christina Twomey and Katherine Ellinghaus argue that the global discourse of protection had a strong presence beyond British humanitarian circles and a longer chronological and larger geographical reach than historians have previously noted. Articles in the special volume include Christina Twomey’s examination of protection as a concept with its origins in European, rather than British, colonialism, Trevor Burnard’s study of the Protectors of slaves in Berbice in the early to mid-nineteenth century, Goolam Vahed’s analysis of the Protectors appointed to lobby on behalf of immigrant Indian indentured labourers in late nineteenth century Natal, Rachel Standfield’s investigation of the use of language in Protectorates in Australia and New Zealand in the 1840s, Amanda Nettelbeck’s exploration of the concept of Aboriginal vagrancy in Australia in the 1840s, and Katherine Ellinghaus’s comparison of the discourse of protection in policies of exemption and competency utlised in Oklahoma and New South Wales in the 1940s and 1950s.
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Jones, Andrew Michael. "Moderating Evangelicalism: Revd William Muir of St. Stephen's, Edinburgh." Scottish Church History 48, no. 1 (2019): 68–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/sch.2019.0004.
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Of those ministers within the pale of pre-Disruption evangelicalism who remained in the Established Church of Scotland following the cataclysmic events of 18 May 1843, none is more paradigmatic than Revd William Muir. Deeply committed to evangelical preaching, rich parish ministry, philanthropic and evangelistic activism, and the idea of a National Kirk, Muir – along with Norman Macleod and others – played a critical role in piloting the ecclesiastical ship through the rough waters of the mid-to-late 1840s and into the era of recovery in which other establishment evangelicals began to exert influence.
Books on the topic "Mid-1840s"
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Nash, David. Changes in Precipitation Over Southern Africa During Recent Centuries. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190228620.013.539.
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Precipitation levels in southern Africa exhibit a marked east–west gradient and are characterized by strong seasonality and high interannual variability. Much of the mainland south of 15°S exhibits a semiarid to dry subhumid climate. More than 66 percent of rainfall in the extreme southwest of the subcontinent occurs between April and September. Rainfall in this region—termed the winter rainfall zone (WRZ)—is most commonly associated with the passage of midlatitude frontal systems embedded in the austral westerlies. In contrast, more than 66 percent of mean annual precipitation over much of the remainder of the subcontinent falls between October and March. Climates in this summer rainfall zone (SRZ) are dictated by the seasonal interplay between subtropical high-pressure systems and the migration of easterly flows associated with the Intertropical Convergence Zone. Fluctuations in both SRZ and WRZ rainfall are linked to the variability of sea-surface temperatures in the oceans surrounding southern Africa and are modulated by the interplay of large-scale modes of climate variability, including the El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO), Southern Indian Ocean Dipole, and Southern Annular Mode.Ideas about long-term rainfall variability in southern Africa have shifted over time. During the early to mid-19th century, the prevailing narrative was that the climate was progressively desiccating. By the late 19th to early 20th century, when gauged precipitation data became more readily available, debate shifted toward the identification of cyclical rainfall variation. The integration of gauge data, evidence from historical documents, and information from natural proxies such as tree rings during the late 20th and early 21st centuries, has allowed the nature of precipitation variability since ~1800 to be more fully explored.Drought episodes affecting large areas of the SRZ occurred during the first decade of the 19th century, in the early and late 1820s, late 1850s–mid-1860s, mid-late 1870s, earlymid-1880s, and mid-late 1890s. Of these episodes, the drought during the early 1860s was the most severe of the 19th century, with those of the 1820s and 1890s the most protracted. Many of these droughts correspond with more extreme ENSO warm phases.Widespread wetter conditions are less easily identified. The year 1816 appears to have been relatively wet across the Kalahari and other areas of south central Africa. Other wetter episodes were centered on the late 1830s–early 1840s, 1855, 1870, and 1890. In the WRZ, drier conditions occurred during the first decade of the 19th century, for much of the mid-late 1830s through to the mid-1840s, during the late 1850s and early 1860s, and in the early-mid-1880s and mid-late 1890s. As for the SRZ, markedly wetter years are less easily identified, although the periods around 1815, the early 1830s, mid-1840s, mid-late 1870s, and early 1890s saw enhanced rainfall. Reconstructed rainfall anomalies for the SRZ suggest that, on average, the region was significantly wetter during the 19th century than the 20th and that there appears to have been a drying trend during the 20th century that has continued into the early 21st. In the WRZ, average annual rainfall levels appear to have been relatively consistent between the 19th and 20th centuries, although rainfall variability increased during the 20th century compared to the 19th.
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Hewitt, Nancy A. The Spiritual Journeys of an Abolitionist: Amy Kirby Post, 1802–1889. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252038266.003.0006.
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This chapter presents an analysis of Amy Kirby Post, an antislavery Quaker who quit her meeting in the mid-1840s to pursue “worldly” efforts to end slavery. It seeks to explore what led an individual whose Quaker coworshippers already accepted the wrongs of slavery to seek nonetheless a different path, one that she felt offered her a deeper bond between faith and action. What is clearest in examining the life of Post is that she was committed to finding a spiritual home that not only allowed her to pursue social justice on this earth, but also required her to do so. For her, faith had to demand, not simply permit, efforts to build a better world on earth as well as beyond it. During the first four decades of her life, witnessing against social ills in Quaker meetings seemed to satisfy her need to improve the world. But beginning in the 1840s, she embraced a more active sense of religious and political agency, which drew her into the Progressive Friends, spiritualism, and Unitarianism, as well as into an astonishing range of movements for social change.
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Esplin, Scott C. Return to the City of Joseph. University of Illinois Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.5622/illinois/9780252042102.001.0001.
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In the 1840s, Nauvoo, Illinois, was a religious boomtown, the headquarters for The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (Mormonism), a controversial religion whose theology, social practices, and solidarity led to cultural conflict. By the mid-1840s, Joseph Smith, the religion’s prophet-leader, was killed, and thousands of Mormons relocated west to Utah. During the twentieth century, the Latter-day Saints returned to their former headquarters in Nauvoo, Illinois, in a dramatic way. Acquiring nearly half of the property in the city, the faith transformed the sleepy Mississippi River town into a historical re-creation of its earlier splendor. However, as it did in the nineteenth century, Mormonism’s presence in western Illinois in the twentieth century created conflict. Competing groups, including the religion’s sister faith, the Reorganized Church of Jesus Christ, offered a rival interpretation of Nauvoo’s past. Additionally, community members without a connection to either branch of Mormonism sought to preserve their own rich history in the city. Return to the City of Joseph: Modern Mormonism’s Contest for the Soul of Nauvoo examines the conflicts over historical memory that have developed as Mormonism returned to western Illinois. It focuses on the social history of the community, examining interactions between groups impacted by Mormonism’s touristic takeover. In a broader way, it also intersects with studies of historical tourism and pilgrimage.
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Whitehead, James. Cases of Poetry. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198733706.003.0005.
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This chapter looks at how nineteenth-century biography picked up and transformed the image of the Romantic mad poet from earlier periodical criticism. This occurred first in brief lives and ‘cases of poetry’ in periodicals themselves, then in popular anthologies of the ‘infirmities of genius’, and finally in the larger narratives of poetic irrationality or anti-rationality presented in mid-Victorian literary biography. The chapter makes a particular case study of pivotal biographies in the 1840s, 1850s, and 1860s by Thomas Medwin, Thomas Jefferson Hogg, Thomas Love Peacock, Alexander and Anne Gilchrist, Frederick Martin, and others writing on Percy Bysshe Shelley, William Blake, and John Clare respectively. The chapter uses readings of these poetic lives to propose a prehistory of twentieth-century psychoanalytic biography or psychobiographical criticism and its ‘hermeneutics of suspicion’ (Paul Ricœur).
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Archer, Richard. Forward Steps. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190676643.003.0008.
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Reform in all its various coats became somewhat more respectable, but most of all, African Americans were learning how to work the system and were taking the lead in fighting for equal rights. Black Rhode Islanders gained voting rights. Boston's African American community with significant white support kept George Latimer from being reenslaved and in the process prompted the creation of personal liberty laws in every New England state but Maine. By the mid-1840s all of New England north of Rhode Island and Connecticut, with the single exception of Boston, had integrated schools. Black communities with white allies and increasingly sympathetic towns and cities prevailed. That would not have happened in a white supremacist society. New England certainly had its white supremacists, but their number was small. White supremacists were racists, but racists were not necessarily white supremacists.
Book chapters on the topic "Mid-1840s"
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"Mid-1840S To C. 1873." In The Failure of Agrarian Capitalism. Routledge, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780203031247.ch3.
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"MID-1840s TO c. 1873: THE LIBERAL YEARS." In The Failure of Agrarian Capitalism. Routledge, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780203031247-6.
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Roberto, Rose. "The Evolution of Image-Making Industries and the Mid- to Late Victorian Press." In The Edinburgh History of the British and Irish Press, Volume 2. Edinburgh University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/edinburgh/9781474424882.003.0006.
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This chapter examines design history and the evolution of nineteenth-century illustrations in the context of economic knowledge ecologies. It pays special attention to visual trends that emerged in the mid- to late nineteenth century, alongside trends in the growth and competitive nature of the press. The piece also covers professionalisation and then de-professionalisation of the British wood-engraving trade through three different eras divided by trends grouped generally into: the 1830s to the 1840s, the 1840s and the 1850s, and the decades from 1860 to 1900. Among the illustrated periodicals covered include the Penny Magazine (1832–45), general trends in the first two decades of the Illustrated London News (1842–69) and the first three decades of Punch magazine (1841–2002). The piece also contrasts styles, layouts and design in an effort to chart influence of British engravers on the printing industry over the nineteenth century.
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Giles, Paul. "Arthur Hugh Clough and the Poetics of Dissent." In Atlantic Republic. Oxford University PressOxford, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199206339.003.0005.
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Abstract After the fierce political disputes of the 1840s, the American shadow presence began to manifest itself increasingly in English literature of the mid-Victorian period as a disruptive influence, an alternative centre of gravity. The burgeoning culture of the United States threatened to disturb both the imperial geography that would place foreign cultures in subordinate relation to Britain and the moralized forms of aesthetics that sought to equate such cartographies with a just and accurate portrayal of the world.
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Gigante, Denise. "The Literary World." In Book Madness. Yale University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.12987/yale/9780300248487.003.0003.
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This chapter looks at the prevalence of books and printed matter in New York in the 1840s. From storefront windows, new books appealed to pedestrians with siren songs of entertainment and instruction at bargain prices, while literary annuals, gift books, and illustrated editions catered to an expanding American readership. The chapter chronicles the invention of new steam-powered rotary printing technology and stereotype printing in New York in the mid-1840s, and examines how it revolutionized the print industry and enabled a boom in cheap reading matter. Looking at the growing networks of transcontinental and transatlantic correspondence, the chapter recounts how telegraph and railway lines branched across the American continent. The chapter elaborates on how a new generation of American literary professionals (publishers, editors, journalists) struggled to take their place in the transatlantic world of letters. It recounts how the literary professionals shared a desire to publish, edit, review, and publicize more than things in books' clothing: books that really were—or were worthy to be called—books.
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Preston, Katherine K. "“The Life of a Musician”." In George Frederick Bristow. University of Illinois Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5622/illinois/9780252043420.003.0002.
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Bristow’s first teacher was his father, William Richard Bristow; he later studied with George Macfarren, Ole Bull, and others. During the 1840s he performed professionally in theater orchestras (Park, National, and Olympic), joined the Philharmonic Society (1842), and soon began performing in the orchestra (1843). Important mentors included William Musgrif and George Loder. In the same decade he wrote songs, piano pieces, and chamber works, as well the Concert Overture (1845) and Sinfonia No. 1 (1847). By mid-decade he was thoroughly immersed in the thriving performance scene of the city: as an ensemble member, conductor, and solo violinist or pianist.
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Blackwood, Sarah. "Face." In The Portrait's Subject. University of North Carolina Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.5149/northcarolina/9781469652597.003.0002.
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This chapter offers a brief account of the appearance—in the sense of coming into view—of psychology in American culture in the 1840s. It offers an overview of the shifting subjects of both psychology and portraiture at mid-century. To illustrate its arguments, it offers a series of readings on both Nathaniel Hawthorne’s experiences having his portrait taken (in oil, engraving, and by camera), as well as a selection of his many portrait stories. Hawthorne’s short portrait fiction explore the unique power of discourses of legibility and visual access as they were increasingly applied to ideas about selfhood.
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Lenger, Friedrich. "Economy and society." In Germany 1800–1870. Oxford University PressOxford, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199258376.003.0005.
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Abstract Whatever territories may have made up ‘Germany’ around 1800, that Germany was an agrarian society. Seventy years later, the newly created German nation-state of 1870–1 was still an agrarian society, although by then an industrial sector had made its appearance, radic ally transforming several regions and branches of manufacturing, but not yet permeating the entire society. Nonetheless, the industrial revolution, beginning in the mid-1840s, had accelerated a process, already under way, by which a society of orders was transformed into a bourgeois class society, in which ancestry was less important than property and accomplishment.
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Claeys, Gregory. "3. Political economy and social philosophy, 1845–59." In John Stuart Mill: A Very Short Introduction. Oxford University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/actrade/9780198749998.003.0003.
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‘Political economy and social philosophy, 1845–59’ details the third phase of John Stuart Mill’s intellectual growth, which commenced in the late 1830s. He and his wife Harriet declared that they turned back from excessive reactions against Benthamism. Then, in the mid-1840s, Mill abandoned his Ethology project for political economy and began engaging with an approach to socialism through the co-operative movement. This allowed him to project ideals of equality and economic justice as a practical means of overcoming capitalism’s tendency to undermine both. Leslie Stephen explained that, according to Mill, co-operation meant the joint effort of independent individuals, while competition is assumed to remain in full force.
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Melman, Billie. "The Past as an Urban Place: Mid-Victorian Images of Revolution and Governance." In The Culture of History. Oxford University PressOxford, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199296880.003.0004.
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Abstract We would expect the horror generated by the Revolution and the fascination with its violence to have lessened somewhat by the middle of the nineteenth century. This indeed is what some students of Victorian historiography and popular histories tell us, relating this change to a move away from the past and from historical genres to an interest in contemporary topics. The supposed mid-Victorian distancing from history is also, and more broadly, associated with a change in elite and middle-class apprehension about a second, French-style revolution in Britain. Fears of urban anarchy, at their zenith during the 1830s and 1840s, gradually subsided after the debacle of Chartism and the repression, throughout the Continent, of the revolutionary upheaval of January–June 1848.