Relevant bibliographies by topics / Minimum transmission factor

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Academic literature on the topic 'Minimum transmission factor'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 3 June 2025
Last updated: 31 July 2025

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Journal articles on the topic "Minimum transmission factor"

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R, Murugesan*1 Dr M. Vijayaraj2 &. Dr. K. Vetrivel. "MULTI ATTRIBUTE MINIMUM THROTTLE APPROXIMATION BASED SINKHOLE DETECTION IN MOBILE ADHOC NETWORKS." INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENGINEERING SCIENCES & RESEARCH TECHNOLOGY 6, no. 6 (2017): 455–63. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.814697.

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The presence of sinkhole attack in mobile adhoc network affects the quality of service of the network and the problem of mitigating sinkhole attack has been handled with different strategies. Still the methods suffers to achieve the mitigation performance and to overcome this issue, an efficient multi attribute minimum throttle approximation algorithm is presented in this paper. The method performs mitigation of sink hole attacks in distributed manner which improves the quality of service of the network. Each node maintains the trace about node energy, node location, displacement speed, and nu
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Li, Ying Zhi, and Wen Xia Liu. "Transmission Network Planning Model Considering Risk Constraint." Applied Mechanics and Materials 347-350 (August 2013): 1415–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.347-350.1415.

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This paper has discussed the treatment of uncertainty in the market environment, using chance-constrained programming to describe the risk and Monte Carlo simulation method to calculate the risk factor, the risk factor is bound to establish transmission network flexible planning model, the result is a transmission planning of minimum comprehensive cost under uncertain environment for the future program.
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Khan, Ahmad, Zeeshan Rashid, Farhana Umer, Abdur Rehman Yousaf, and Arif Saeed. "Economic Dispatch with Transmission Losses in a Distributed Generation Network of Bahawalpur." Electrical, Control and Communication Engineering 17, no. 1 (2021): 39–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/ecce-2021-0005.

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Abstract In an electrical power system, the ultimate aim is to generate and deliver electrical energy to consumer side with minimum cost involved. Thus, least fuel cost, effective unit commitment and minimum transmission losses are desirous to achieve economic dispatch in a distributed generation network. In this research, economic dispatch considering transmission losses in a distributed generation network of Bahawalpur is reported. A MATLAB algorithm is designed which gives optimum division of power between two power plants and their transmission losses. Power plants considered here are ther
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El-Hageen, Hazem M., Aadel M. Alatwi, and Ahmed Nabih Zaki Rashed. "RZ Line Coding Scheme With Direct Laser Modulation for Upgrading Optical Transmission Systems." Open Engineering 10, no. 1 (2020): 546–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/eng-2020-0066.

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AbstractThis study reports the efficient use of a direct laser modulated response measured with the return-to-zero coding scheme in optical transmission systems. The measured direct laser modulated response has a bit rate of 1.2 Gbps for an optical fiber cable of a transmission length of 10 km. The eye diagram analyzer is used to calculate the maximum quality factor and minimum bit error rate of the proposed model. The maximum quality factor is 531.2, and the minimum bit error rate tends to zero for the same optical fiber channel length compared with that of the previous model. The proposed mo
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Kopecky, Kenneth E., George W. Pugh, and Timothy J. McDonald. "Infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis: Contact transmission." American Journal of Veterinary Research 47, no. 3 (1986): 622–24. https://doi.org/10.2460/ajvr.1986.47.03.622.

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SUMMARY The transmission of Moraxella bovis was studied in calves in the absence of the face fly (Musca autumnalis) or environmental conditions that might insult the eye. Thirty calves were placed in 10 groups of 1 experimentally infected calf and 2 contact calves each. Over 40 days, only 1 eye in 1 contact calf developed clinical infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis. The organism was recovered in only 8 of 20 contact calves, whereas infection and disease occurred in all experimentally infected calves. Transmission of M bovis occurring in the absence of some other intervening factor was prob
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Cavallo, A. J. "Wind Tubine Cost of Electricity and Capacity Factor." Journal of Solar Energy Engineering 119, no. 4 (1997): 312–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2888038.

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Wind turbines are currently designed to minimize the cost of electricity at the wind turbine (the busbar cost) in a given wind regime, ignoring constraints on the capacity factor (the ratio of the average power output to the maximum power output). The trade-off between these two quantities can be examined in a straightforward fashion; it is found that the capacity factor can be increased by a factor of 30 percent above its value at the cost minimum for a ten percent increase in the busbar cost of electricity. This has important implications for the large-scale integration of wind electricity o
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Yang, Shen Quan, Xing Wang Hu, Zhi Jie Zheng, Kui Hua Wu, and Yi Qun Wang. "Transmission Network Planning Scheme Considering N-2 Security under the Market Environment." Advanced Materials Research 986-987 (July 2014): 639–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.986-987.639.

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Traditional Transmission Network Planning scheme only considers N and N-1 security , with little regard for safety of N-2 system. This paper introduces the relaxation factor establishing Transmission Network Planning model, and further considers the N-2 secure of double-circuit transmission line on the basis of relaxation on the N-1 constraints. A hierarchical genetic algorithm (HGA) Model is proposed to solve the model.The final Transmission Network Planning scheme meets the reliability requirements under uncertain environment and has the minimum overall cost.A simulation model to simulate th
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Gita Sekar, Prihanti, Irma Nur Sukmawati, Firman Arief, et al. "Pregnant Women’s Factor toward Motherto-Child Transmission of HIV practice." Saintika Medika 17, no. 2 (2021): 191–203. https://doi.org/10.22219/sm.vol17.smumm2.18536.

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In 2005 , there are 700.000 people infected with HIV each day around the world. Among those 200.000 are children under 15 with the highest mortality rate within those under 1 year old. According to the official guideline of released by Indonesian Ministry of Health 2011, strategies to prevent vertical infection of HIV has to be done comprehensively in order to reduce the risk to a minimum. This study aim to identify the factors of pregnant women toward mother-to-child transmission (MTCT) of HIV practice. A Cross-Sectional study design with observational analytic was conducted in this study and
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Saoud, Hamza A. "Performance Simulation of a FTTH/GPON Optical Communication System for Different Lengths Using OptiSystem software." International Science and Technology Journal 35, no. 1 (2024): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.62341/licase2110.

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High-speed data transmission over long distances is a big challenge in the telecommunications world. Therefore, a reliable communication network is needed to provide this service to subscribers. Fiber optics is based on Fiber to the Home (FTTH / GPON) network, which is a fiber optic architecture that uses fibers as transmission channels to customers' homes or offices. In this proposed paper, the optical fiber analysis to the houses at different lengths (5-35km) presented and discussed. The transmission power was set to 5 dBm, from the results of the design optisystem tools, when the optical fi
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Xing, Jinyuan, Chenze Han, Jun Tian, Hao Wu, and Tiebing Lu. "Influence of Ion Flow Field on the Design of Hybrid HVAC and HVDC Transmission Lines with Different Configurations." Energies 18, no. 14 (2025): 3657. https://doi.org/10.3390/en18143657.

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Due to the coupling of DC and AC components, the ion flow field of HVDC and HVAC transmission lines in the same corridor or even the same tower is complex and time-dependent. In order to effectively analyze the ground-level electric field of hybrid transmission lines, the Krylov subspace methods with pre-conditioning treatment are used to solve the discretization equations. By optimizing the coefficient matrix, the calculation efficiency of the iterative process of the electric field in the time domain is greatly increased. Based on the limit of electric field, radio interference and audible n
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Books on the topic "Minimum transmission factor"

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Wheat, L. Joseph, and Lynn Guptill. Histoplasmosis. Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198570028.003.0076.

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Histoplasma was initially described from a lesion in a horse by Rivolta in 1873, who named the organism Cryptococcus farciminosum. In 1905, Samuel Darling noted the presence of intracellular organisms in many tissues, including the lungs, of a patient suspected of succumbing to miliary tuberculosis (Darling 1906). Darling named the organism Histoplasma capsulatum , because it appeared to be an encapsulated protozoan-like organism. In 1912, mycologist Henrique da Rocha-Lima reviewed Darling’s slides and noted the cytological similarities between Darling’s Histoplasma organism and Cryptococcus f
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Book chapters on the topic "Minimum transmission factor"

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Barrera, Roberto. "4. Risk of ATVs in the US and Territories." In Surveillance and Control of Dengue Vectors in the United States and Territories. Open Book Publishers, 2025. https://doi.org/10.11647/obp.0472.04.

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The risk of acquiring ATVs and the need to control virus transmission varies between geographical locations, depending on the presence and dynamics of the vector and virus populations. US states and territories are classified here with varying expected risks for ATV transmission. This classification is mainly based on historical patterns of ATV transmission, distribution of vector species, and climate. The main purpose of this classification is to allow an initial rapid assessment of the importance of detecting cases in the US. Endemic/Epidemic areas (Puerto Rico, US Virgin Islands, American S
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ROY, SANGITA, and Sheli Sinha Chaudhuri. "Low Complexity Single Color Image Dehazing Technique." In Advances in Multimedia and Interactive Technologies. IGI Global, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-5246-8.ch004.

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Atmospheric particulate matter (APM) disturbs the biotic environment creating global warming, health hazards, and last but not the least, visibility reduction. Removing haze from degraded image is an extremely ill-posed inverse problem. Real time is another factor influencing the quality of resulting image. There is a trade-off between time and quality of resulting image. Single image makes the algorithms more challenging. In this work, the authors have developed fast, efficient, single gray or color image visibility improvement algorithms based on image formation optical model with minimum or
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Bagshaw, Michael. "Aviation medicine." In Oxford Textbook of Medicine, edited by Jon G. Ayres. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198746690.003.0200.

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Travel by air is a safe means of transport, but puts people at various physiological risks and is a potential means of spreading infectious disease. Physiological risks associated with flying include hypoxia, as atmospheric pressure falls with altitude. The minimum cabin pressure in commercial passenger aircraft (565 mm Hg, 75.1 kPa) brings a healthy individual’s arterial P along the plateau of the oxyhaemoglobin dissociation curve until just at the top of the steep part, but does not cause desaturation. By contrast, people with respiratory disease and a low arterial oxygen pressure may desatu
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Luan, Heng, Xiantao Shu, and Jiabing Wang. "Effect of Installation Errors of Helical Gear on Bearing Capacity." In Advances in Transdisciplinary Engineering. IOS Press, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/atde230472.

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Broken tooth roots due to mounting errors in helical gears at high speeds and heavy loads are a common problem in steel mills. Based on the contact characteristics of helical gears, this paper uses the finite element method to simulate the bending stress at the root of the pinion gear and the contact stress at the tooth surface under two cases of different center distance error and axis parallelism error, analysis of the reasonable fluctuation range of the maximum principal stress and the maximum contact stress is obtained by fitting the relationship between these two stresses and the variatio
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Kumar Saw, Bipin, Ghanshyam Singh, and Manish Tiwari. "Different Modulation Schemes Employed in Free Space Optical Communication Systems." In Optical Fibers - Recent Advances, New Perspectives and Applications [Working Title]. IntechOpen, 2024. https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.1007843.

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Numerous modulation schemes are used in free space optical (FSO) transmission, including Phase Shift Keying (PSK), Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM), Space Shift Keying (SSK), Pulse Position Modulation (PPM), Gaussian Minimum Shift Keying (GMSK), and Subcarrier Intensity Modulation (SIM). By changing the phase of digital data, PSK changes the spectrum into orthogonal subcarriers, OFDM changes the beam’s location, PPM changes the positions of pulses, GMSK uses a Gaussian filter to smooth phase shifts, and SIM changes the amplitude of subcarriers. Each scheme is designed to optim
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Ross, Bruce M. "Memory Transmission and Cultivation." In Remembering the Personal Past. Oxford University PressNew York, NY, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195068948.003.0009.

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Abstract This chapter continues the emphasis of the previous chapter on the social aspects of memory. The central focus is the transmission of memories­ communication within society that is linked and interpreted in different ways by the retention capabilities of interacting individuals. Societal contexts are far broader, more representative, and less artificial than the laboratory experiments and psychotherapeutic inteviews that have been central to memory theorizing. In the past, memoric factors in societal interchanges have more often been assumed than studied by humanists and social scient
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Siddiqui, Farhan, and Sherali Zeadally. "Stream Control Transmission Protocol (SCTP)." In Encyclopedia of Internet Technologies and Applications. IGI Global, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-59140-993-9.ch081.

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The proliferation of wired and wireless technologies has given rise to the possibility of multi-access options for mobile, multi-homed hosts. Enabling multi-access techniques improves fault tolerance by adding redundancy to network connections. For example, if a host is enabled with two network interfaces connected to the Internet via two different Internet service providers (ISPs), the failure of one network will not stop data transmission. The host will be capable of continuing the data transfer by switching over to the other network. Furthermore, if both networks are active at the same time
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Anitha R, Veerasundaram M, Rajarajan S, Jaya Prakash E, NandhaKishore J, and Ajay Krishnan S R. "Cascading of Air Quality Detector and Digital Data Transmission with Zero Error in Minimum Duration." In Recent Trends in Intensive Computing. IOS Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/apc210269.

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The paper proposes a system to monitor the environment air quality using an Arduino microcontroller, to enhance the quality IOT Technology is used. The utilization of IoT technology improves the method of monitoring various factors of the environment issues. The MQ-02 gas sensor is used to detect the various gases which are harmful to humans. A Wi-Fi module connects the whole system to the internet and an LCD is employed for the visual Output. This Automated Air management system may be a breakthrough to contribute an answer to the most important threat. The air quality detector overcomes the
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ARISTARKHOV, Grigory M. "Single- and Dual-resonator Structures with the Properties of Multi-Resonator Microwave Networks." In Modern Radio Signals Filtering Devices Methods, Technologies, & Structures. BENTHAM SCIENCE PUBLISHERS, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/9789815196504124010016.

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In the structures considered in the previous chapter, a limited number of operating attenuation poles (transmission zeros) P ≤ N + 1 is formed, which is a limiting factor for a further increase of filter selectivity using resonators with a relatively low intrinsic Q factor. This is due to the structural construction of these circuits and, as it seems to us, an insufficient number of degrees of freedom in the independent control of the frequency properties of partial two-pole impedances Za and Zb of their equivalent circuits. This chapter explores new properties of single- and dual-resonator MS
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Hack, Daniel. "Cultural Transmission and Transgression: Pauline Hopkins." In Reaping Something New. Princeton University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691196930.003.0006.

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This chapter explores a recurrent feature of Pauline Hopkins's compositional practice—the unacknowledged borrowing from other texts, which is at times verbatim or with minimal reworking, at other times containing more extensive reimagining. Here, the chapter focuses on the geopolitics of this practice than in its morality—or more precisely, in how this practice enters into the geopolitics of Hopkins's work, and in particular into her attitude toward Britain and her relations with Victorian literature. From this perspective, as significant as the anglophilia that informs Hopkins's use of Mary H
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Conference papers on the topic "Minimum transmission factor"

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DeSmidt, Hans, and Zhisheng Ai. "Minimum Weight Design of an Electronic Continuously Variable Transmission for Rotorcraft Applications." In Vertical Flight Society 81st Annual Forum and Technology Display. The Vertical Flight Society, 2025. https://doi.org/10.4050/f-0081-2025-290.

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This paper, explores the design and sizing of a planetary gear-based electronic continuously variable transmission (ECVT) for implementation of a parallel gas-electric hybrid helicopter propulsion system. The ECVT consists of a differential planetary gear transmission (PGT) and an electric motor/generator (MG) unit. The ECVT enables power-flow between engine, motor and helicopter main rotor. The parallel arrangement enables the main rotor speed to varied continuously based on the MG speed while the engine speed can remain constant. The performance benefits enabled by the main rotor speed varia
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Wu, Y. "A polynomial phasing scheme to realize minimum crest factor for multicarrier transmission." In 2010 Wireless Telecommunications Symposium (WTS 2010). IEEE, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/wts.2010.5479634.

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Abraham, Tom, and Alfonso Fuentes-Aznar. "Calculation of Partial Transmission Ratios of Two-Stage Gearboxes by Volume Minimization." In ASME 2023 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2023-115086.

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Abstract A primary design parameter of gearboxes is the transmission ratio. A transmission ratio dictates the ratio of input to output speed and, when it is great enough, is commonly split into several partial transmission ratios via multiple gear stages. The method of splitting up a total transmission ratio is often left to best judgment. This study presents an optimization algorithm for selecting the partial transmission ratios of two-stage non-reverted spur/helical gearboxes. The optimization is accomplished by minimizing the volume of the gears within the transmission while ensuring that e
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Leis, B. N. "Evolution of Line-Pipe Steel and Its Implications for Transmission Pipeline Design." In 2002 4th International Pipeline Conference. ASMEDC, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipc2002-27015.

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This paper discusses the evolution of line-pipe steel against the background of the failure incidence and the design basis for transmission pipelines, with a focus on those transporting natural gas. Working-stress design (WSD) is introduced as background for analysis of incident experience. It is shown that failure incidence does not correlate with the WSD factor of safety on pressure-induced stress, leading to the underlying causes of failure and discussion of alternative design philosophies, and consideration of safety factors other than those based on stress, or the effect of pressure. Full
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Temkin, H., A. Antreasyan, N. A. Olsson, T. P. Pearsall та J. C. Bean. "1.3μm Avalanche Photodiodes Formed by Waveguiding in GexSi1-x, Strained Layer Superlattice". У Integrated and Guided Wave Optics. Optica Publishing Group, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/igwo.1986.pdp6.

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Avalanche photodetectors are important components in the implementation of high bit-rate optical fiber communications. Ga0.47In0.53 As and Ge avalanche photodiodes considered for optical communications systems operating near 1.3μm suffer from an excess noise factor near the theoretical maximum. At the other extreme, Si avalanche photodetectors (APDs) have an excess factor near the absolute minimum. Unfortunately, the optical response of Si APDs is limited-to shorter wavelength, far below 1.3-1.5μm optimum spectral region for optical fiber transmission.
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Gaurav, Kumar, Arun Kumar, Maninder Pal Singh, et al. "An Innovative Method to Measure Tapered Roller Bearing Preload in Manual Transmission & Identification of Crucial Influencing Parameters." In 11th SAEINDIA International Mobility Conference (SIIMC 2024). SAE International, 2024. https://doi.org/10.4271/2024-28-0197.

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<div class="section abstract"><div class="htmlview paragraph">In manual transmission, bearing preload is a vital factor for optimum durability and performance of tapered roller bearings (TRB). To achieve better optimization of bearing preload, a precise measurement method is a minimum requisite. This technical paper investigates multiple ideas and develops a novel methodology for accurate bearing preload measurement, overcoming the challenges produced by the complexity of transmission design.</div><div class="htmlview paragraph">This paper provides a systematic approach
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Kitowski, Zach, Andrew Marsh, and Roy Graves. "The Feasibility of Noise Insulating Materials With Variability of Frequencies and Amplitudes." In ASME 2019 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2019-11024.

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Abstract The objective of this experimental investigation was to determine the effectiveness of different thermal insulating materials noise reduction properties when exposed to acoustic signals of varying frequencies and amplitudes. The experimental system incorporated two boxes separated by a thermal insulation wall. A speaker was used in one box with varied sound amplitude and frequency to test how effective the insulating material was at reducing sound transmission through a wall. The sound level was measured with a microphone in each box and the values were used to calculate the Sound Tra
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Zaitsev, Ievgen O., Igor V. Blinov, Victorii O. Bereznychenko, and Serhiy A. Zakusilo. "Electrical Transmission Line Damage Identification System for Distribution Electrical Networks." In 16th IC Measurement and Control in Complex Systems. VNTU, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.31649/mccs2022.21.

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In the paper shows, that one of the important directions of the development of the electric power industry both in the world and in Ukraine is the improvement and construction of electric power networks and systems according to the Smart Grid concept. The main idea of such systems is a reliable, energy-efficient and high-quality energy supply, which based on the growing role of management as a leading factor in the innovative development of electric power and the construction of high-performance information and computing infrastructure. One of the main components of Smart Grid is the diagnosis
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Yan, Jason, Shenwei Zhang, Joe Saunders, and Chris Blackwell. "Reliability-Based Self-Imposed Pressure Restriction / Derate Pressure Estimation for Corrosion and Crack." In 2022 14th International Pipeline Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipc2022-87252.

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Abstract Corrosion and crack anomalies are the major threats to the safety and structural integrity of oil and gas transmission pipelines. Pipeline operators commonly manage the corrosion and crack threats by regular in-line inspection. After inspection, operators need to identify critical anomalies and plan mitigation works. Traditionally, a deterministic approach is used to assess anomalies using characteristic values of pipe properties, anomaly size, growth rate, and considering a minimum required safety factor (e.g., 1.25). TC Energy has used a full reliability-based method to determine th
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Yan, Jason, Shenwei Zhang, Shahani Kariyawasam, Dongliang Lu, and Tammie Matchim. "Reliability-Based Crack Threat Assessment and Management." In 2020 13th International Pipeline Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipc2020-9484.

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Abstract Crack or crack-like anomaly is one of the major threats to the safety and structural integrity of oil and gas transmission pipelines. The crack threat is usually managed by hydrostatic test or regular in-line inspection (ILI). For a given crack ILI pipeline tally, operators need to identify critical anomalies, determine appropriate response time, and whether pressure restriction (derate) is required. Traditionally, a deterministic approach is used to determine the mitigation plan based on characteristic values of pipe properties, conservative crack sizing and crack growth rate, and fu
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Reports on the topic "Minimum transmission factor"

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Nestleroth. L51811 Circumferential Magnetic Flux for In-Line Detection of SCC and Selective Seam Weld Corrosion. Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0010666.

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Longitudinal defects, including stress-corrosion cracking (SCC) and selective seam weld corrosion, can occur in natural gas transmission pipelines. Previously developed nondestructive testing techniques (including angle beam ultrasonics, electromagnetic acoustic transducers (EMATs), and remote field eddy current) are capable of detecting longitudinal defects. Two angle beam ultrasonic syatems are commercially available, and an EMAT system is being commercialized. But there are factors that limit the applicability of these techniques, such as minimum pipe diameter and maximum inspection speed.
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Vargas-Herrera, Hernando, Juan Jose Ospina-Tejeiro, Carlos Alfonso Huertas-Campos, et al. Monetary Policy Report - April de 2021. Banco de la República de Colombia, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.32468/inf-pol-mont-eng.tr2-2021.

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1.1 Macroeconomic summary Economic recovery has consistently outperformed the technical staff’s expectations following a steep decline in activity in the second quarter of 2020. At the same time, total and core inflation rates have fallen and remain at low levels, suggesting that a significant element of the reactivation of Colombia’s economy has been related to recovery in potential GDP. This would support the technical staff’s diagnosis of weak aggregate demand and ample excess capacity. The most recently available data on 2020 growth suggests a contraction in economic activity of 6.8%, lowe
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Monetary Policy Report - January 2021. Banco de la República de Colombia, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.32468/inf-pol-mont-eng.tr1.-2021.

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Macroeconomic Summary Overall inflation (1.61%) and core inflation (excluding food and regulated items) (1.11%) both declined beyond the technical staff’s expectations in the fourth quarter of 2020. Year-end 2021 forecasts for both indicators were revised downward to 2.3% and 2.1%, respectively. Market inflation expectations also fell over this period and suggested inflation below the 3% target through the end of this year, rising to the target in 2022. Downward pressure on inflation was more significant in the fourth quarter than previously projected, indicating weak demand. Annual decelerati
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