Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Model City Areas'

An important part for projects, organizations etc. is to have a good system of how to manage information so that it´s constantly updated, accurate and available for all affected operators. Current degree project is performed on behalf of the IT-company Eurostep AB who has developed a software named Share-A-space for information management and they are now interested to see if there are any demands for Share-A-space in the field of urban development. During the degree project, a model was built using Share-A-space and the model is called CIM (City Information Model). The objective with the degree project was to investigate how information is managed today at the Administration of Urban Development, Stadsbyggnadsförvaltningen, at Eskilstuna municipality and if CIM would facilitate their work. A deeper investigation was made to locate where processes can be more efficient and how functions that CIM contains would be helpful. The degree project contains a literature study, a case study and a result where the literature study contains an environment monitoring, today’s visions of a future coherent digital work approach within municipalities and procedures for urban development. The case study contains information how Eskilstuna municipality is managing information, it also contains a description of how the model was built. The result contain information of how the model operates and the responds from interviews performed after a presentation of the model at the municipality. This degree project concludes that CIM in some ways definitely could be a valid alternative in the municipal work. The municipality didn’t see any benefits by having access to all technical information regarding all specific objects in the city. Processes would on the other hand, become more efficient and CIM would be a helpful tool in planning processes and contribute to make the municipal work more transparent. There were functions in CIM, especially the function to “travel in time”, that was considered extra useful for the employees at the municipality when planning the city but also for private residence to receive a greater understanding of future plans. To implement CIM would, on the other hand, be a resource demanding process which the municipality can´t perform at the moment without receiving financial support.

Cary-Cortona is a city that lies on the periphery of two realities; the reality of pragmatism and the reality of abstraction. It was conceived as a response to the pragmatic questions posed by an uncertain, yet impending future. It was nurtured by the correlation of vaguely related information until the facts and figures themselves became an abyss of abstraction. From the cavernous depths of information came a night of dreams when Cary-Cortona first emerged as walls and columns that began to form a city of arcades and courtyards. On that night the inhabitants walked the streets and alleys and the fragments of a dream became the very real elements of a living town. The subconscious residue of that dream flowed together as expressions of order, hierarchy, and form, drawn into existence through the media of models, drawings and sketches. Those formal expressions have taken on a reality of their own even when seen as abstractions through pragmatic eyes because they represent aspirations not yet realized. Cary-Cortona is very much alive in the realm of ideas, and as an idea it can emote a different series of images from each viewer who sees it. Just as there are limitless images of the future each tied to the individual, Cary-Cortona represents only one aspiration for a small corner of a vast future. In its present form Cary-Cortona is an adolescent in a purgatory between the two realities of abstraction and pragmatism, belonging to neither world completely, yet existing to be judged and scrutinized by both.
Master of Architecture

Coastal urban settlements require a special planning approach since they bring the concepts of &ldquo
urban&rdquo
and &ldquo
coastal&rdquo
together. In relation to the specific contents of these concepts, there are also different models of management plans. &ldquo
Urban Disaster Risk Management&rdquo
and &ldquo
Integrated Coastal Zone Management&rdquo
are two of them. Urban Disaster Risk Management model deals with the planning and management problems of urban settlements in the case of disaster risk conditions. Likewise, Integrated Coastal Zone Management model focuses on the whole coastal area and deals with the sustainable use and protection of all types of coastal resources. However, in case of urban coastal settlements, these models of management plans can be valid together, can overlap, and they can even conflict with each other. In this thesis study, these two models of management plan and their coexistence are considered. A Coastal Area Assessment Model is set up and applied for Iskenderun case. This model provides a detailed spatial analysis opportunity in planning and management of coastal urban settlement. Therefore the model offers a significant input for the planning process through determining urban and coastal risks at the same time. Coastal Area Assessment Model is a tool which takes both Urban Disaster Risk Management and Integrated Coastal Zone Management models&rsquo
concerns into account and evaluates the coastal settlement in terms of urban risk sectors and coastal management issues. This study also introduces an approach on classification of the coastal areas and coastal urban settlements while setting up the Coastal Area Assessment Model. Coastal Area Assessment Model becomes an advantageous tool since it has significant contributions to the planning process by making a simple risk analysis and guiding the proper utilization and protection of the population, built environment, and resources of the coastal areas. Risk sectors, coastal management issues, critical and prior intervention areas of a coastal urban settlement are easily determined, and preparation of development plans of a coastal settlement is guided by the implementation of Coastal Area Assessment Model. In addition to these, general principles on planning and management of coastal settlements are determined by the implementation of the model for the implementation conditions of Urban Disaster Risk Management model, Integrated Coastal Zone Management model, and the Coastal Area Assessment Model in Turkey are also discussed and presented.

NOWADAYS, a number of studies keep on demonstrating the existence of a strong relation between high concentrations of particulate matter (PM) and the prevalence of human morbidity and mortality. Large particles can be filtered in the nose or in the throat, while fine particles (about10 micrometer) can settle in the bronchi and lungs, leading to more serious consequences. According to Karagulian et al. the major sources of urban air pollution are traffic (25%), combustion and agriculture (22%), domestic fuel burning (20%), natural dust (18%) and industrial activities (15%).As a consequence, the detailed study of dispersion phenomena within the urban canopy becomes a target of great interest. To this end, Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) can be successfully employed to predict turbulence and dispersion patterns, accounting for a detailed characterization of the pollutant sources, complex obstacles and atmospheric stability classes.Despite being intrinsically different phenomena, turbulence and dispersion are closely related. It is universally accepted that, to reach accurate prediction of the concentration field, it is necessary to properly reproduce the turbulence one. For this reason, the present PhD thesis is split into two main Sections: one focused on turbulence modelling and the subsequent, centered on the dispersion modelling.Thanks to its good compromise between accuracy of results and calculation time, Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) still represents a valid alternative to more resource-demanding methods. However, focusing on the models’ performance in urban studies, Large Eddy Simulation (LES) generally outperforms RANS results, even if the former is at least one order of magnitude more expensive. Stemming from this consideration, the aim of this work is to propose a variety of approaches meant to solve some of the major limitations linked to standard RANS simulation and to further improve its accuracy in disturbed flow fields, without renouncing to its intrinsic feasibility. The proposed models are suitable for the urban context, being capable of automatically switching from a formulation proper for undisturbed flow fields to one suitable for disturbed areas. For neutral homogeneous atmospheric boundary layer (ABL), a comprehensive approach is adopted, solving the issue of the erroneous stream-wise gradients affecting the turbulent profiles and able to correctly represent the various roughness elements. Around obstacles, more performing closures are employed. The transition between the two treatments is achieved through the definition of a Building Influence Area (BIA). The finalgoal is to offer more affordable alternatives to LES simulations without sacrificing a good grade of accuracy.Focusing on the dispersion modelling framework, there exists a number of parameters which have to be properly specified. In particular, the definition of the turbulent Schmidt number Sct, expressing the ratio of turbulent viscosity to turbulent mass diffusivity, is imperative. Despite its relevance, the literature does not report a clear guideline on the definition of this quantity. Nevertheless, the importance of Sct with respect to dispersion is undoubted and further demonstrated in the works of different authors. For atmospheric boundary layer flows, typical constant values range between 0.2 and 1.3. As a matter of fact, the local variability of Sct is supported by experimental evidence and by direct numerical simulations (DNS). These observations further suggest that the turbulent Schmidt number should be prescribed as a dynamic variable. Following these observations a variable turbulent Schmidt number formulation is proposed in this work. The latter stems from the same hypothesis of the variable formulation developed by Gorlé et al. Moreover, the relevant uncertain model parameters are optimized through uncertainty quantification (UQ). This formulation further increased the accuracy of the predictions, and was successfully verified by Di Bernardino et al. However, the turbulent Schmidt number resulting from this formulation is still intrinsically linked to the turbulence model employed, i.e. to the Cμ coefficient. To overcome this constraint, the nature and the dependencies of Sct were further analyzed through correlation studies and employing principal component analysis (PCA) on data obtained through the proposed ABL RANS model. Subsequently, the same data-driven technique was employed based on the high-fidelity outcomes of a delayed Detached Eddy Simulation (dDES) to derive a generalized turbulentSchmidt number formulation. The latter can be employed within a wide range of turbulence models, without limiting its variability.
Doctorat en Sciences de l'ingénieur et technologie
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

The city of Wellington has a high population concentration and lies within a geologically active landscape at the southern end of the North Island, New Zealand. Wellington has a high seismic risk due to its close proximity to several major fault systems, with the active Wellington Fault located in the north-western central city. Varying soil depth and properties in combination with the close proximity of active faults mean that in a large earthquake rupture event, ground shaking amplification is expected to occur in Thorndon, Te Aro and around the waterfront. This thesis focuses on the area bounded by Thorndon Overbridge in the north, Wellington Hospital in the south, Kelburn in the west, and Oriental Bay in the east. It includes many of the major buildings and infrastructural elements located within the central Wellington commercial area. The main objectives were to create an electronic database which allows for convenient access to all available data within the study area, to create a 3D geological model based upon this data, and to define areas of different seismic subsoil class and depth to rock within the study area at a scale that is useful for preliminary geotechnical analysis (1:5,000. Borelogs from 1025 holes with accompanying geological and geotechnical data obtained from GNS Science and Tonkin & Taylor were compiled into a database, together with the results from SPAC microtremor testing at 12 sites undertaken specifically for this study. This thesis discusses relevant background work and defines the local Wellington geology. A 3D geological model of the central Wellington commercial area, along with ten ArcGIS maps including surficial, depth to bedrock, site period, Vs30, ground shaking amplification hazard and site class (NZS 1170.5:2004) maps were created. These outputs show that a significant ground shaking amplification risk is posed on the city, with the waterfront, Te Aro and Thorndon areas most at risk.

Thesis (MA)--University of Stellenbosch, 2004.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Recently there has been growing interest in evaluating the performance and outcomes of spatial planning policies worldwide. In response to this a research was carried out to evaluate and monitor the effectiveness of spatial planning policies in the Cape Metropolitan Area (CMA). The Planning Indicators Model (PIM), which consists of a set of twenty-six indicators, was applied to monitor and measure the extent to which the Metropolitan Spatial Development Framework (MSDF) has affected land use and physical development in the CMA. To achieve the aim of the study, the research was divided into three phases. The first phase involved a literature review, the second phase involved interviews with planning officials and lastly, the collection of different thematic datasets required to run the Planning Indicators Model. The data sets were used to monitor and display spatiotemporal variations in conformance and performance indices in the form of maps. These maps were used to identify areas where strengths can be protected and where weaknesses need to be corrected. From a set of 26 indicators used for this study only two indicators monitored conformances (Growth of informal housing townships) over the period 1993 – 1998; the others simply indicated the present conditions. This means that the rest of the indicators did not show trends. However, the data are presented in this report as a useful baseline for future conformance and performance monitoring exercises. The study also revealed that for the past twelve years the MSDF has been the subject of extensive debate within the local authorities. Also several indicators seem to overlap and need to be clearly defined, thus it is recommended that some of these indicators should be combined to avoid duplication and confusion. Generally, the PIM can assist in making the impact of spatial planning greater in the CMA.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Onlangs is daar wêreldwyd groeiende belangstelling in die prestasies en uitkomstes van ruimtelike beplannings- beleide. In reaksie daarop is hierdie navorsing gedoen om die doeltreffendheid van die ruimtelike beplannings- beleide van die Kaapse Metropolitaanse Gebied (KMG) te evalueer en te monitor. Die Beplannings Aanwysers Model (BAM) wat bestaan uit ‘n stel van ses-en- twintig aanwysers, is aangewend om te meet tot hoeverre die Metropolitaanse Ruimtelike Ontwikkelings Raamwerk grondgebruik en fisiese ontwikkeling in die Kaapse Metropolitaanse Gebied beïnvloed het. Om die doelwit van hierdie studie te verwesenlik, is die navorsing gedoen in drie fases. Die eerste fase bestaan uit ‘n oorsig van die literatuur en die tweede fase uit onderhoude met amptenare verantwoordelik vir beplanning. Die laaste fase beslaan die versameling van die verskillende tematiese stelle data wat benodig word vir die Beplannings Aanwysers Model. Die stelle data is gebruik om die ruimtelike- en tydsvariasies in die konformering- en prestasie indekse te monitor en ten toon te stel in die vorm van kaarte. Hierdie kaarte is gebruik om die gebiede te identifiseer waar sterkpunte behoue moet bly en waar swakpunte reggestel moet word. Uit die stel van 26 aanwysers wat gebruik is vir hierdie studie, het net twee aanwysers konformering (Die groei van dorpsgebiede met informele behuising) gedurende die periode 1993 – 1998 gemonitor; die ander het eenvoudig die huidige toestand aangetoon. Dit beteken dat die ander aanwysers nie tendense aangetoon het nie. Die data word egter in hierdie verslag weergee as ‘n nuttige basis vir die toekomstige monitor van konformering en prestasie. Die studie toon ook aan dat daar gedurende die afgelope twaalf jaar baie deur plaaslike owerhede gedebatteer is oor die Metropolitaanse Ruimtelike Ontwikkelings Raamwerk. Ook oorvleuel sommige van die aanwysers en moet hulle meer duidelik omskryf word. Dus word daar aanbeveel dat sommige van die aanwysers gekombineer moet word om duplikasie en verwarring te voorkom. Oor die algemeen kan die Beplanning Aanwysers Model help om die impak van ruimtelike beplanning op die Kaapse Metropolitaanse Gebied te bevorder.

Le choix de la ville de Strasbourg de faire du Projet de Rénovation Urbaine (PRU) de Hautepierre un « quartier jardin » questionne. Cette thèse se donne pour matière d’analyser les potentiels du quartier Hautepierre à être réhabilité en éco-quartier et s’intéresse au processus d’élaboration du PRU, à l’implication des habitants et aux discours des acteurs (habitants, bailleurs sociaux, professionnels et élus). L’évaluation de la participation des habitants au PRU de Hautepierre à l’aune de l’approche par les capabilités montre qu’il n’y a pas une participation active de ces derniers. Le « quartier jardin » semble être un compromis entre les exigences de l’ANRU en matière sécuritaire et la demande de préservation des espaces verts par les habitants. Ce choix est aussi symbolique au regard de l’histoire du quartier Hautepierre et de ses caractéristiques socio-économiques
Strasbourg City choice of a “garden area” method of urban planning as the Urban Renewal Project (PRU) of Hautepierre area is not without questioning specialists interested in the subject. This thesis analyzes the potential resources of Hautepierre area to be reorganized into a “garden area”. This research sheds also lights on the elaborating process of the PRU, the involvement of the inhabitants, and the principal actors of this project (inhabitants, social landlords bailleurs sociaux, professionals and political representives). Evaluating the participation of Hautepierre inhabitants in the elaboration of the Urban Renovation Project (PRU) in term of capability reveals that there is no real active participation of these inhabitants. The “garden area” appears as a compromise between the National Urban Renewal Agency (ANRU) security requirements and the demand made by the inhabitants to preserve green areas. This choice is also symbolic in regard to the history of Hautepierre area and its socio-economic caracteristics

International migration to Chile and to the Santiago Metropolitan Area (SMA), its major point of attraction, is a rather recent phenomenon which is gaining more and more attention. According to the latest population census the number of foreigners who were born abroad and permanently live in Chile, has increased by 75% between 1992 and 2002. Parallel to this, the national policy debate about immigration is becoming more intensive. However, until now there is only little evidence concerning the patterns of international migration and the characterization of the immigrants’ social space. This study is oriented towards reducing this deficit. Based on a thorough theoretical discussion, recent research publications and international reports, the study pursues mainly four objectives: The first objective is to identify major patterns of international migration as a context for the immigration to Chile and the SMA. The second objective is to understand the main features of international migration to the SMA. The third objective is to analyze the immigrants’ social space and its contribution to the overall urban development patterns in the SMA. And finally, the research results are linked with the national policy debate about immigration, and a number of policy recommendations are made. The study applies a mix of – mainly quantitative – methods, such as descriptive and analytical statistics including factor and cluster analyses using Chilean census data and visa records. The current immigration situation in Chile is characterized by a notable increase in the number of South American migrants, being attracted by better job opportunities. Moreover, there are growing numbers of young migrants for educational reasons. Chile appears to present an “intervening opportunity” in the migrants’ decision-making process, where a number of factors, such as new policy regulations in industrialized countries, the time/cost distance, as well as the economic development and political stability in the country, increasingly seem to turn into competitive advantages as compared to countries like the US, Spain or Italy. The qualification profiles of migrants in the SMA sharply contrast with the situation in most industrialized countries. In general, the educational level of immigrants is rather high. In general, immigrants strongly contribute to the educational level of the population in the SMA. Like in most global cities, two major streams of international migrants can be found in the SMA, on the one hand those who belong to the upper levels of the occupational hierarchy and on the other hand marginalized low-skill employees. The related data can be taken as an indication for the fact that a large group of immigrants is employed below their qualification levels. In the SMA, professionals and technicians play a very important role, and, except for some of the Peruvian and Ecuadorian migrants, there is little evidence of labour market segmentation. Skilled migrants contribute to reducing gaps of labour market supply in some sectors of the economy, such as public health and private education. Low-skilled migrants contribute to the labour market supply in fields where there is a growing demand, e.g. in the domestic services. Almost 50% of the international migrants live in five of the 34 communes of the SMA. This seems to be largely determined by two main factors: Migrants are found where job opportunities are, and they follow similar patterns like the Chilean population regarding their socio-spatial differentiation. Furthermore, despite the relatively high spatial concentration of migrants, the SMA shows less evidence of residential segregation than many European and US cities. The highest segregation indexes are associated with European and US immigrants with a high socioeconomic status (“voluntary ghettos”). Factor and cluster analyses show major patterns of the socio-spatial distribution of migrants in the SMA: a rather large zone of low attraction for migrants, the downtown area concentrating recent flows, and a series of semi-concentric zones around the centre where the migrants’ socio-economic and residential status increases with distance from the city centre. This is consistent with models of urban dynamics of Latin American cities. Based on the results of this study, four major recommendations for the policy debate about immigration can be derived. There is a need for (1) strengthening the diagnosis regarding immigration, (2) the improvement of the institutional framework and the participation of stakeholders, (3) fostering international cooperation regarding issues of immigration, as well as (4) shaping public opinion and strengthening the integration of immigrants
Zuwanderung nach Chile und in den Großraum Santiago, dem wichtigsten Attraktionspol des Landes, ist ein relativ junges Phänomen, gewinnt aber zunehmend an Bedeutung. Laut dem letzten Bevölkerungszensus des Landes hat sich die Zahl der Zuwanderer, d.h. nach chilenischer Definition der Personen, die im Ausland geboren wurden und permanent in Chile leben, zwischen 1992 und 2002 um 75% erhöht. Parallel zu dieser Entwicklung, hat eine nationale Politikdebatte eingesetzt, die derzeit an Fahrt gewinnt. Allerdings gibt es bis heute nur wenig gesichertes Wissen über die Zuwanderung in Chile und deren sozialräumliche Charakteristika. Diese Arbeit soll einen Beitrag zur Verringerung dieses Defizits leisten. Auf der Grundlage einer Diskussion theoretischer Ansätze sowie von Studien und internationalen Berichten jüngeren Datums zu Fragen der Zuwanderung verfolgt die vorliegende Arbeit im Wesentlichen vier Ziele: Erstens sollen die Grundlinien internationaler Wanderungsprozesse als Rahmen für die Diskussion der Entwicklungstrends in Chile und im Großraum Santiago nachgezeichnet werden. Zweitens sollen Charakteristika der Zuwanderung im Großraum Santiago herausgearbeitet werden. Drittens geht es um die Identifizierung sozialräumlicher Strukturen der Zuwanderung und ihren Beitrag zur Stadtentwicklung im Großraum Santiago. Und schließlich werden aus den Ergebnissen der Studie Empfehlungen an die Politik als Beitrag zur Zuwanderungsdebatte in Chile abgeleitet. In der Arbeit werden unterschiedliche – überwiegend quantitative – Methoden verwendet, so zum Beispiel der deskriptiven und analytischen Statistik einschließlich einer Faktoren- und Clusteranalyse. Der Autorin standen hierfür umfangreiche chilenische Zensus- und Visadaten zur Verfügung. Die Zuwanderung nach Chile ist gegenwärtig insbesondere von einem starken Anstieg des Anteils von Migranten aus Lateinamerika gekennzeichnet. Dabei spielen vor allem die vergleichsweise großen Arbeitsmarktpotenziale des Landes eine Rolle. Zudem steigt die Zahl jüngerer Zuwanderer, für die Chile attraktive Ausbildungs- und Studienmöglichkeiten bietet. Im Entscheidungsprozess von Migranten kommt Chile zunehmend die Rolle einer „intervening opportunity“ zu, wobei eine Reihe von Faktoren dem Land komparative Vorteile gegenüber traditionellen Zuwanderungsländern für Migranten aus Lateinamerika wie den USA, Spanien oder Italien verschafft. Hierzu gehören u.a. die verschärften Zuwanderungsbeschränkungen in vielen Industrieländern, die günstigen Voraussetzungen hinsichtlich Zeit-/ Kosten-Distanzen sowie das anhaltende Wirtschaftswachstum und die politische Stabilität in Chile. Das allgemeine Qualifikationsprofil der Zuwanderer im Großraum Santiago unterscheidet sich deutlich von dem der Migranten in den meisten Industriestaaten. Im Allgemeinen ist das Bildungsniveau der Zuwanderer hoch. Wie in den meisten Weltstädten wird das Gros der Zuwanderer im Großraum Santiago insbesondere von zwei Gruppen gestellt, zum einen von Hochqualifizierten in Führungspositionen und zum anderen von gering qualifizierten und häufig marginalisierten Zuwanderern. Die entsprechenden Daten können im Übrigen auch als ein Indiz dafür angesehen werden, dass im Großraum Santiago viele Zuwanderer unterhalb ihres Qualifikationsniveaus beschäftigt zu sein scheinen. Akademiker und Fachkräfte spielen unter den Zuwanderern im Großraum Santiago eine große Rolle und –mit Ausnahme von Zuwanderern aus Peru und Ecuador – gibt es kaum Anzeichen für eine Segmentierung des Arbeitsmarktes. Qualifizierte Zuwanderer tragen in einigen Bereichen wie zum Beispiel bei der öffentlichen Gesundheitsvorsorge oder in Privatschulen zum Abbau von Arbeitsmarktengpässen bei. Geringer Qualifizierte erhöhen das Arbeitskräftepotenzial in Bereichen, in denen es u.a. aufgrund des Wirtschaftsaufschwungs in Chile eine steigende Nachfrage nach Arbeitskräften gibt, zum Beispiel im Bereich der Haushaltshilfen. Fast 50% aller Zuwanderer wohnen in fünf der 34 Kommunen des Großraums Santiago. Dies ist im Wesentlichen auf zwei Faktoren zurückzuführen: Migranten lassen sich dort nieder, wo es Beschäftigungsmöglichkeiten gibt und sie entwickeln ähnliche sozialräumliche Verteilungsmuster wie die chilenische Bevölkerung. Weiterhin ist festzustellen, dass die Zuwanderung trotz der relativ starken räumlichen Konzentration von Migranten im Großraum Santiago im Vergleich zu Großstädten in den USA oder in Europa kaum zu Segregation führt. Quer über verschiedene Segregationsindices sind jeweils die höchsten Werte bei Zuwanderern aus Europa und aus den USA mit hohem sozioökonomischem Status festzustellen („volontary ghettos“). Mit Hilfe von Faktoren- und Clusteranalysen lassen sich räumliche Verteilungsmuster von Zuwanderern im Großraum Santiago nachweisen: Ein weiter Bereich des Großraums Santiago (insbesondere im Westen und Süden) bietet offensichtlich nur wenig Attraktivität für Migranten; das Zentrum des Großraums bildet einen kernstädtischen Bereich mit relativ junger Zuwanderung; daran schließen mehrere halbkreisförmige Gebieten um das Zentrum an, in denen der Sozialstatus und die Wohnverhältnisse der Migranten nach außen hin zunehmen. Diese Struktur ist weitgehend vergleichbar mit lateinamerikanischen Stadtentwicklungsmodellen. Die Ergebnisse der vorliegenden Arbeit legen im Hinblick auf die Zuwanderungsdebatte in Chile eine Reihe von Empfehlungen nahe. Dabei geht es im Wesentlichen um die folgenden Aspekte: (1) die Verbesserung der Informationsgrundlagen über Zuwanderung, (2) die Verbesserung der institutionellen Rahmenbedingungen und die Einbeziehung aller Beteiligten, (3) die Stärkung der internationalen Zusammenarbeit im Hinblick auf Migrationsfragen und (4) die Versachlichung der öffentlichen Debatte über Migration und die effizientere Integration von Zuwanderern

International migration to Chile and to the Santiago Metropolitan Area (SMA), its major point of attraction, is a rather recent phenomenon which is gaining more and more attention. According to the latest population census the number of foreigners who were born abroad and permanently live in Chile, has increased by 75% between 1992 and 2002. Parallel to this, the national policy debate about immigration is becoming more intensive. However, until now there is only little evidence concerning the patterns of international migration and the characterization of the immigrants’ social space. This study is oriented towards reducing this deficit. Based on a thorough theoretical discussion, recent research publications and international reports, the study pursues mainly four objectives: The first objective is to identify major patterns of international migration as a context for the immigration to Chile and the SMA. The second objective is to understand the main features of international migration to the SMA. The third objective is to analyze the immigrants’ social space and its contribution to the overall urban development patterns in the SMA. And finally, the research results are linked with the national policy debate about immigration, and a number of policy recommendations are made. The study applies a mix of – mainly quantitative – methods, such as descriptive and analytical statistics including factor and cluster analyses using Chilean census data and visa records. The current immigration situation in Chile is characterized by a notable increase in the number of South American migrants, being attracted by better job opportunities. Moreover, there are growing numbers of young migrants for educational reasons. Chile appears to present an “intervening opportunity” in the migrants’ decision-making process, where a number of factors, such as new policy regulations in industrialized countries, the time/cost distance, as well as the economic development and political stability in the country, increasingly seem to turn into competitive advantages as compared to countries like the US, Spain or Italy. The qualification profiles of migrants in the SMA sharply contrast with the situation in most industrialized countries. In general, the educational level of immigrants is rather high. In general, immigrants strongly contribute to the educational level of the population in the SMA. Like in most global cities, two major streams of international migrants can be found in the SMA, on the one hand those who belong to the upper levels of the occupational hierarchy and on the other hand marginalized low-skill employees. The related data can be taken as an indication for the fact that a large group of immigrants is employed below their qualification levels. In the SMA, professionals and technicians play a very important role, and, except for some of the Peruvian and Ecuadorian migrants, there is little evidence of labour market segmentation. Skilled migrants contribute to reducing gaps of labour market supply in some sectors of the economy, such as public health and private education. Low-skilled migrants contribute to the labour market supply in fields where there is a growing demand, e.g. in the domestic services. Almost 50% of the international migrants live in five of the 34 communes of the SMA. This seems to be largely determined by two main factors: Migrants are found where job opportunities are, and they follow similar patterns like the Chilean population regarding their socio-spatial differentiation. Furthermore, despite the relatively high spatial concentration of migrants, the SMA shows less evidence of residential segregation than many European and US cities. The highest segregation indexes are associated with European and US immigrants with a high socioeconomic status (“voluntary ghettos”). Factor and cluster analyses show major patterns of the socio-spatial distribution of migrants in the SMA: a rather large zone of low attraction for migrants, the downtown area concentrating recent flows, and a series of semi-concentric zones around the centre where the migrants’ socio-economic and residential status increases with distance from the city centre. This is consistent with models of urban dynamics of Latin American cities. Based on the results of this study, four major recommendations for the policy debate about immigration can be derived. There is a need for (1) strengthening the diagnosis regarding immigration, (2) the improvement of the institutional framework and the participation of stakeholders, (3) fostering international cooperation regarding issues of immigration, as well as (4) shaping public opinion and strengthening the integration of immigrants.
Zuwanderung nach Chile und in den Großraum Santiago, dem wichtigsten Attraktionspol des Landes, ist ein relativ junges Phänomen, gewinnt aber zunehmend an Bedeutung. Laut dem letzten Bevölkerungszensus des Landes hat sich die Zahl der Zuwanderer, d.h. nach chilenischer Definition der Personen, die im Ausland geboren wurden und permanent in Chile leben, zwischen 1992 und 2002 um 75% erhöht. Parallel zu dieser Entwicklung, hat eine nationale Politikdebatte eingesetzt, die derzeit an Fahrt gewinnt. Allerdings gibt es bis heute nur wenig gesichertes Wissen über die Zuwanderung in Chile und deren sozialräumliche Charakteristika. Diese Arbeit soll einen Beitrag zur Verringerung dieses Defizits leisten. Auf der Grundlage einer Diskussion theoretischer Ansätze sowie von Studien und internationalen Berichten jüngeren Datums zu Fragen der Zuwanderung verfolgt die vorliegende Arbeit im Wesentlichen vier Ziele: Erstens sollen die Grundlinien internationaler Wanderungsprozesse als Rahmen für die Diskussion der Entwicklungstrends in Chile und im Großraum Santiago nachgezeichnet werden. Zweitens sollen Charakteristika der Zuwanderung im Großraum Santiago herausgearbeitet werden. Drittens geht es um die Identifizierung sozialräumlicher Strukturen der Zuwanderung und ihren Beitrag zur Stadtentwicklung im Großraum Santiago. Und schließlich werden aus den Ergebnissen der Studie Empfehlungen an die Politik als Beitrag zur Zuwanderungsdebatte in Chile abgeleitet. In der Arbeit werden unterschiedliche – überwiegend quantitative – Methoden verwendet, so zum Beispiel der deskriptiven und analytischen Statistik einschließlich einer Faktoren- und Clusteranalyse. Der Autorin standen hierfür umfangreiche chilenische Zensus- und Visadaten zur Verfügung. Die Zuwanderung nach Chile ist gegenwärtig insbesondere von einem starken Anstieg des Anteils von Migranten aus Lateinamerika gekennzeichnet. Dabei spielen vor allem die vergleichsweise großen Arbeitsmarktpotenziale des Landes eine Rolle. Zudem steigt die Zahl jüngerer Zuwanderer, für die Chile attraktive Ausbildungs- und Studienmöglichkeiten bietet. Im Entscheidungsprozess von Migranten kommt Chile zunehmend die Rolle einer „intervening opportunity“ zu, wobei eine Reihe von Faktoren dem Land komparative Vorteile gegenüber traditionellen Zuwanderungsländern für Migranten aus Lateinamerika wie den USA, Spanien oder Italien verschafft. Hierzu gehören u.a. die verschärften Zuwanderungsbeschränkungen in vielen Industrieländern, die günstigen Voraussetzungen hinsichtlich Zeit-/ Kosten-Distanzen sowie das anhaltende Wirtschaftswachstum und die politische Stabilität in Chile. Das allgemeine Qualifikationsprofil der Zuwanderer im Großraum Santiago unterscheidet sich deutlich von dem der Migranten in den meisten Industriestaaten. Im Allgemeinen ist das Bildungsniveau der Zuwanderer hoch. Wie in den meisten Weltstädten wird das Gros der Zuwanderer im Großraum Santiago insbesondere von zwei Gruppen gestellt, zum einen von Hochqualifizierten in Führungspositionen und zum anderen von gering qualifizierten und häufig marginalisierten Zuwanderern. Die entsprechenden Daten können im Übrigen auch als ein Indiz dafür angesehen werden, dass im Großraum Santiago viele Zuwanderer unterhalb ihres Qualifikationsniveaus beschäftigt zu sein scheinen. Akademiker und Fachkräfte spielen unter den Zuwanderern im Großraum Santiago eine große Rolle und –mit Ausnahme von Zuwanderern aus Peru und Ecuador – gibt es kaum Anzeichen für eine Segmentierung des Arbeitsmarktes. Qualifizierte Zuwanderer tragen in einigen Bereichen wie zum Beispiel bei der öffentlichen Gesundheitsvorsorge oder in Privatschulen zum Abbau von Arbeitsmarktengpässen bei. Geringer Qualifizierte erhöhen das Arbeitskräftepotenzial in Bereichen, in denen es u.a. aufgrund des Wirtschaftsaufschwungs in Chile eine steigende Nachfrage nach Arbeitskräften gibt, zum Beispiel im Bereich der Haushaltshilfen. Fast 50% aller Zuwanderer wohnen in fünf der 34 Kommunen des Großraums Santiago. Dies ist im Wesentlichen auf zwei Faktoren zurückzuführen: Migranten lassen sich dort nieder, wo es Beschäftigungsmöglichkeiten gibt und sie entwickeln ähnliche sozialräumliche Verteilungsmuster wie die chilenische Bevölkerung. Weiterhin ist festzustellen, dass die Zuwanderung trotz der relativ starken räumlichen Konzentration von Migranten im Großraum Santiago im Vergleich zu Großstädten in den USA oder in Europa kaum zu Segregation führt. Quer über verschiedene Segregationsindices sind jeweils die höchsten Werte bei Zuwanderern aus Europa und aus den USA mit hohem sozioökonomischem Status festzustellen („volontary ghettos“). Mit Hilfe von Faktoren- und Clusteranalysen lassen sich räumliche Verteilungsmuster von Zuwanderern im Großraum Santiago nachweisen: Ein weiter Bereich des Großraums Santiago (insbesondere im Westen und Süden) bietet offensichtlich nur wenig Attraktivität für Migranten; das Zentrum des Großraums bildet einen kernstädtischen Bereich mit relativ junger Zuwanderung; daran schließen mehrere halbkreisförmige Gebieten um das Zentrum an, in denen der Sozialstatus und die Wohnverhältnisse der Migranten nach außen hin zunehmen. Diese Struktur ist weitgehend vergleichbar mit lateinamerikanischen Stadtentwicklungsmodellen. Die Ergebnisse der vorliegenden Arbeit legen im Hinblick auf die Zuwanderungsdebatte in Chile eine Reihe von Empfehlungen nahe. Dabei geht es im Wesentlichen um die folgenden Aspekte: (1) die Verbesserung der Informationsgrundlagen über Zuwanderung, (2) die Verbesserung der institutionellen Rahmenbedingungen und die Einbeziehung aller Beteiligten, (3) die Stärkung der internationalen Zusammenarbeit im Hinblick auf Migrationsfragen und (4) die Versachlichung der öffentlichen Debatte über Migration und die effizientere Integration von Zuwanderern.

Récemment, plusieurs tentatives ont été faites afin de quantifier les émissions de CO2 à l'échelle de la ville et ainsi d’améliorer les inventaires existants. Les mesures de concentration de CO2 et autres gaz peuvent ainsi être utilisées dans une approche dite “descendante” afin de contraindre les inventaires d’émission qui sont traditionnellement construits via une approche dite “ascendante” à partir d’une quantification des activités.Dans le cadre de cette thèse, nous avons évalué le potentiel d’une nouvelle technique de surveillance du CO2, référencée sous le nom de sous le nom de GreenLite™ (Green Imaging Tomography Experiment). Le système a été déployé pendant un an dans la ville de Paris. Il permet une mesure en continu de la concentration le long de 30 segments horizontaux, proches de la surface. Il a donc une couverture spatiale beaucoup plus large que l'échantillonnage in situ traditionnel et apporte une information dont la représentativité spatiale est plus cohérente avec celle des modèles de transport atmosphérique à résolution à l'échelle kilométrique utilisés pour l'inversion atmosphérique à l'échelle de la ville.J’ai développé un outil de modélisation complet centré sur le modèle à haute résolution WRF avec un couplage (WRF-Chem), et en utilisant des inventaires d'émissions anthropique de CO2, des estimations des flux par la végétation et des conditions aux limites fournies par une simulation à grande échelle. Ce modèle permet d’interpréter les mesures.Le chapitre 1 est une large introduction au sujet tandis que les chapitres 2-4 sont construits autour de trois articles publiés dans la littérature scientifique.Le chapitre 2 évalue si le modèle WRF à une résolution spatiale de 3 km peut reproduire les champs météorologiques dans la région IdF mieux que ne le fait le modèle Européen CEPMMT à 16 km de résolution. Les comparaisons entre les analyses des deux modèles sont faites avec un focus sur trois variables atmosphériques (température de l'air, vent et hauteur de la couche limite) qui sont les plus pertinentes en ce qui concerne le transport du CO2 atmosphérique dans un environnement urbain. Les résultats ont permis de sélection une version du modèle et une option de nudging qui permet la meilleure adéquation entre les simulations numériques et les observations de terrain, et ces options sont utilisés dans la suite du travail.Le chapitre 3 vise à comprendre les variations temporelles et spatiales des concentrations de CO2 dans Paris et ses environs pendant la période de mesure du système GreenLITE™ (Sep 2015 à dec 2016). Les données permettent de démontrer qu’un schéma de canopée urbaine (BEP) est en bien meilleur accord avec la réalité, par rapport à l'autre (UCM), en particulier pendant l’hiver. Pendant cette période, le mélange vertical est réduit ce qui peut conduire à des accumulations du CO2 dans les basses couches de l’atmosphère, qui sont difficiles à modéliser. Cependant, les mesures GreenLITE™ montrent aussi un bruit important et des indications de biais, ce qui limite leur potentiel d’interprétation. De plus, les inadéquations entre modèles et observations dans ce chapitre soulignent clairement la difficulté de modélisation du CO2 dans les zones urbaines en raison des grandes incertitudes tant dans le transport atmosphérique que dans l'inventaire des émissions.Le chapitre 4 vise à étudier en détail les sources d'erreurs principales qui conduisent aux différences entre mesures et résultats de simulation en ce qui concerne le CO2 atmosphérique au-dessus de Paris. Ces sources d’erreur incluent les hypothèses sur les distributions des émissions anthropiques, le transport atmosphérique en particulier le mélange vertical, les flux de CO2 biogéniques, et les conditions aux limites du domaine de simulation
Cities play an important role in tackling climate change as they account for more than 70% of global anthropogenic CO2 emissions. In recent years, several efforts have attempted to quantify city-scale CO2 emissions and establish a high spatially and temporally resolved inventory for supporting urban emission mitigation strategies. The so-called "top-down" inverse estimation of CO2 emissions constrained by independent atmospheric observations could serve to evaluate the consistency of traditional "bottom-up" inventories. A novel CO2 monitoring technique, known as the Greenhouse gas Laser Imaging Tomography Experiment (GreenLITE™) trace gas measurement system, was deployed in central Paris for a 1-year monitoring of near-surface atmospheric CO2 concentrations along 30 horizontal chords. This system has a much wider spatial coverage than traditional in situ sampling and was expected to be more consistent with the spatial representativeness of the kilometer-scale resolution atmospheric transport models used for the city-scale atmospheric inversion.The primary objective of this thesis is to assess the potential contribution of this GreenLITE™ system, in addition to two urban and four peri-urban in situ CO2 measurement stations, for a better understanding of the spatiotemporal variations of CO2 concentrations within Paris and its vicinity. For this objective, I have developed a full modeling framework around the high-resolution Weather Research and Forecasting model (WRF) and its coupling with Chemistry (WRF-Chem), using CO2 emission inventories, estimates of the vegetation fluxes and boundary conditions provided by a large-scale simulation.Chapter 1 is a broad introduction to the subject while chapter 2-4 are built around three separate and publishable papers.Chapter 2 aims at evaluating whether the WRF model running at a 3-km horizontal resolution, with its various configurations, can reproduce the meteorological fields over the IdF region better than the 16-km resolution ECMWF global operational forecasts. The comparisons between WRF and ECMWF forecasts with respect to observations are carried out with a focus on three atmospheric variables (air temperature, wind and PBL height). The results of the sensitivity tests of different physics schemes and nudging options obtained in this chapter are used in subsequent research for the selection of appropriate WRF-Chem model setup in support of atmospheric CO2 transport modeling.Chapter 3 aims at understanding the spatiotemporal variations of CO2 concentrations within Paris and its vicinity during the 1-year GreenLITE™ operating period from September 2015 to December 2016. The analyses are based on CO2 data provided by GreenLITE™ together with six in situ stations and the 1 km-resolution WRF-Chem model coupled with two urban canopy schemes (Urban Canopy Model - UCM; Building Effect Parameterization - BEP). The GreenLITE™ data provide clear information that favors BEP over UCM in the description of vertical mixing and CO2 concentrations during the winter. However, there are indications of measurement noise in summer that limit the usefulness of the data. Furthermore, the model-observation mismatches clearly stress the difficulty of CO2 modeling within urban areas due to the large uncertainties both in the atmospheric transport and the emission inventory.Chapter 4 aims at investigating in detail the critical sources of errors that lead to the model-observation mismatches in the atmospheric CO2 modeling over Paris. These sources of misfit include uncertainties in the assumed distribution of anthropogenic emission, errors in the atmospheric transport, in biogenic CO2 fluxes and in CO2 boundary conditions at the edges of the atmospheric transport model domain. The lessons and insights from this chapter provide requirements and recommendations for the assimilation of CO2 measurements into the atmospheric inversion, when aiming at the quantification of CO2 emissions for the Paris region

碩士
國立中興大學
環境工程學系所
106
This study used Trajectory model (Traj) combined with trajectory clustering and hybrid receptor models, which include potential source contribution function (PSCF) and concentration weighted trajectory (CWT), to investigate transport trajectories and potential source areas of PM2.5 of Taichung City in six different synoptic patterns (C1 ~ C6). The synoptic patterns C1, C5, and C6 frequently appear in winter while C3 and C4 mainly appear in summer. The result of hybrid receptor models show that the most potential PM2.5 pollution source areas were identified by trajectories of C1 and C2. The high potential pollution source areas were found around the coastal regions of Taichung City and Miaoli County. Furthermore, these high potential PM2.5 pollution source areas are found located within the real-world regions that exhibit high PM2.5 emissions listed in Taiwan emission data system (TEDS 9.0). It indicates that the potential pollution source areas screened by this study have considerable reference value.

碩士
國立成功大學
都市計劃學系碩博士班
92
As the rapid transit system has been built in Taiwan’s cities, the urban plan strategy for the mass transit system began to appear, trying to expand the capacity of the mass transit, and upgrade the efficacy and quality of land use by integrating the mass transit and land use. But due to the lack of mass transit system in Taiwan’s cities in the early years, the urban development constrained by the roads, and the disorderly land use, it is not easy to drive the TOD. Through the AHP, this study wants to select the rapid transit station areas in which the TOD is practicable as an example of early implementation. The evaluation process shows that when the TOD is driven along the rapid transit station areas, it is necessary to improve and adjust environmental factors and combine the related strategic tools. In doing so, the TOD implementation strategy for station areas can be developed.

The construction of regional development patterns based on the main functional areas is a major strategic innovation which not only conforms to the national regional policy but also incorporates regional features. On June 8, 2011, the state council issued the National Main Function Area Planning to readjust guiding thoughts of regional development of our country. In 2013, Sichuan province formulated and published the Main Function Area Planning which divided the restricted areas into main producing areas of agricultural products and key ecological functional areas. And among them, the key ecological functional areas are the important research subject of this thesis. In light of the strategic pattern of main functional areas, the structure of regional interests has undergone a major adjustment, which means that economic devolopment pattern in restricted areas need a foundamental transformation. Such areas need to build up economic system rooted in main functions and enhance their self-sustainability. It also poses a new challenge for policymakers in these areas. Research on economic growth pattern of restricted areas has become an important topic in the study of China’s regional economic theory.
A definição de padrões de desenvolvimento regionais baseados em áreas funcionais principais constitui uma inovação estratégica, que não só está de acordo com as políticas regionais, mas também permite a inclusão das características específicas de cada região. A 8 de junho de 2011as autoridades nacionais Chinesas publicaram o documento intitulado National Main Function Area Planning para reajustar, a nível nacional, as linhas estratégicas de desenvolvimento regional. Em 2013 a província de Sichuan editou e publicou o Main Function Area Planning que dividia as áreas de desenvolvimento restrito em dois tipos: áreas de produção maioritariamente agrícola e áreas funcionais ecológicas chave. O principal objeto de investigação desta tese é a segunda destas áreas. Tendo em consideração os padrões estratégicos das áreas funcionais principais, a estrutura dos interesses regionais tem sido sujeita a ajustamentos importantes, o que significa a necessidade de transformações fundamentais nos padrões de desenvolvimento económico das áreas de desenvolvimento restrito. Estas áreas necessitam de construir um sistema económico baseado nas funções principais e que seja autossustentado, o que constitui um novo desafio para as políticas públicas. Os padrões de crescimento económico em áreas de desenvolvimento restrito tornou-se um importante tópico de investigação na teoria económica regional da China.

碩士
中華大學
工業管理學系碩士班
101
As our society moves to the information age, improving students’ reading competencies has become one of the major issues in today’s education. Many schools have actively implemented “The Reading Certificate System for the Elementary Schools in Taichung City”, aiming to assess and enhance students’ reading competencies by using system-generated timely feedback. Prior research found that 89.4% of elementary students in Taichung indicated their satisfaction to the system, which implies that the system was implemented successfully in Taichung city. However, whether the system could be implemented as successfully for children in the lower socioeconomic areas (Educational Priority Areas or EPA) remained questionable. Therefore, this study surveyed EPA students in Changhua County to investigate these children’s acceptance of The Reading Certificate System for the Elementary Schools in Taichung City. The researcher used TAM2 to study the relationship between the variable--personal background and each dimension of the model. The findings show that children’s behavioral intentions were affected by gender, frequency of using the system, the existence of a reward system in class, and other background factors. Moreover, the perceived usefulness, the perceived ease of use, and the perceived playfulness also greatly impacted on children’s behavioral intentions. These EPA children’s overall acceptance rate was 82.2%. It means that the acceptance of this system was not affected by the urban-rural gap, and, therefore, worth future implementation in more areas.

碩士
國立臺灣大學
商學研究所
102
Watching movies is one of the most popular entertainments for the Taiwanese; it also produces a large amount of economic output. There are several sequential selling channels in the movie industry, which includes first run movie cinemas, second run movie cinemas and the DVD market. Movie distributers cooperate with channels and receive revenues according to different types of authorization contracts; meanwhile, they need to make the release timing decision for each channel. This study develops the movie distributers’ revenue models and uses collected data to realize relationships between those channels’ demand functions; and in the end, finds out the factors behind those relationships. This study found that the box-office in the Taipei Area fit the new product diffuse model whose innovation effect is larger than imitation effect. A dilemma appears for movie distributers when they make timing decisions. If they decide to enter the secondary market too fast, they will damage the sales from the first market. On the other hand, if they decide to enter the secondary market too late, they will lose potential demands there. In this study, actual box-office data between Feb., 2013 and Feb., 2014 are used in the revenue mode to find out which factors may affect the movie distributers as they decide the release timing for the movies. Conclusions can thus be reached that factors related to movie genres can effectively be used to explain how the movie distributers decide the release timing for the movies. There are three main factors. First, consumers of different movie genres have different demands to sonic and visual effects. Second, movies distributers tend to design different promotion strategies for different movie genres. Last, different movie genres can stir up different degrees of discussion, thus cause various levels of peer pressure.

碩士
靜宜大學
青少年兒童福利研究所
90
The purpose of this study was to identify the factors that contribute to the adolescent dropout in Tai-Chung City in Taiwan. The study seeks to investigate the relationship between student-related, family-related, and school-related variables that may impact the models, types and reasons of adolescent dropout behavior. The subjects of this research included two samples groups: 971 normal and 402 deviant junior high and high school students. According to the students dropout experiences, all the subjects then divided into four groups：normal students without dropout experiences, normal students with dropout experiences, deviant student without dropout experiences, and deviant students with dropout experiences . This study adopt quantitative method for data analyzing, including frequency distribution analysis, percentage, chi-square test, and hierarchical multiple regressions analysis. Results of the study showed: （1）There is a significant relationship between the student-related variables and dropout types and dropout experiences.（2） The findings also suggested that there are significant relationships between student-related, family-related, and school-related variables and the reasons, types, and motivation of dropout behavior among all the subject groups.（3）The results showed variant degree results for students with and without dropout experiences. But for the deviant students with dropout experience, all the factors showed significant influences on the reasons, types, and motivation of dropout behavior. The statistically significant regressions analysis was used to verify the study results. Finally, the study suggests strategies for dropout prevention program and future studies.

Air quality in the Mexico City Metropolitan Area (MCMA) is the subject of many studies due to concerns from high emissions and their adverse effects on public health and the environment. In this study, a high resolution simulation is performed with the Community Multi-scale Air Quality modeling system (CMAQ) using meteorology generated by the Weather Research Forecasting system (WRF). The boundary conditions for CMAQ are provided by the Goddard Earth Observing System-CHEMistry model (GEOS-Chem). The simulation period was March 2-7, 2006. Hourly species concentrations of O3, NOx, CO, SO2, PM10, and PM2.5 for the period were provided by the Automatic Air Quality Monitoring Network (labeled as RAMA). Preliminary evaluation showed GEOS-Chem and CMAQ being in good agreement with their predicted concentrations. In comparison with the base case boundary conditions, the GEOS-Chem case performs better and predicts closer to the observed values of O3, NOx, PM10, PM2.5, and SO2. Particle trajectory analysis was performed using the HYbrid Single-Particle Lagrangian Integrated Trajectory model (HYSPLIT) to ascertain the major sources of SO2 emitters and their impact on the MCMA.

碩士
東海大學
景觀學系
90
Taichung City has better parks and grasslands than the other in Taiwan.She also possesses for biological alive and rest. The purposes of this study are building up a simulation model of biological habitats, proceeding to search and analyse biological habitats. It also examines the influences of landscape environment to biology followed by the suitable distribution of biological habitats on Takeng Area in Taichung City as case study. The simulation model is formulated through the landscape ecological principle with software of AutoCAD and GIS.While the case study is divided into two parts, including simulation models of territory and biological habitats. We can analogize the feasibility of the simulation model through the model of territory, while observes the concatenation between the biology and landscape ecological environments through the model of biological habitats. It is realised that moving routes of searching points distributed in broad-leaved tree covers of large areas. Areas without any moving routes are located rivers, roads, and paths. Besides, relatively large areas with low permeability caused a barrier to moving routes of searching points, especially bamboo trees or paddy rice field. From analysing the suitable distribution of biological habitats, we can conclude that the better alive areas for Callosciurus Erythraeus in Takeng areas include: 1.broad-leaved tree areas in the south-east of study areas.2.north-middle of hillside land.3.broad-leaved tree areas in the south-west of hillside land. 4.broad-leaved tree areas in the north area of study areas.5.fragmentary broad-leaved tree areas and other crop lands in the middle of study areas, and fragmentary broad-leaved tree areas in the west of hillside land.

碩士
國立中央大學
客家政治經濟研究所
103
In response to the social needs of society growing surge, however, the situation of limited resources, which is an increasingly common phenomenon that non-profit organizations use business techniques to maintain the operation of the organization. In recent years, because the public pays more attention to corporate social responsibility, the concept of social enterprise has gradually developed in Taiwan. In view of the concept of social enterprise in Taiwan is still in the stage of promotion of advocacy, the Executive Yuan in 2013 by the social enterprise action plan, then begin to explore the way in literature and case studies to explore the high Hakka proportion of ethnic in Taoyuan City. What is in the status of the development of social enterprises? And what is the way to use the Hakka elements in social enterprises and the way to participate in Hakka-related activities? In this study, we use two respectively ways to classify in Social Enterprise to explore in the Hakka area and the current development of the business model. We expect to find out the formation, function and restrictions of social enterprises in Hakka area through actual participation, interviews, and relevant information collection, literature review and case studies. In addition, we discuss the elements are used in the operation of Hakka culture and the interaction through programs supported by government policy. Then analyze specific cases exploration performance and social impact in the Taoyuan city. In this paper, we use the three ways: business model, the interaction between the policy-oriented analysis and the triple bottom line to discuss the challenges and difficulties currently faced by social organizations, and expect each other via the following analysis and comparison, summarized the conclusions and recommendations.

碩士
國立臺灣科技大學
營建工程系
104
People need to use the road frequently, e.g., going to work, procurement, travelling, etc. In the metropolitan area, the traffic is heavy during the rush hour. As a result, the construction company might not be working 24 hours continuously in road construction. To avoid the traffic congestion during the rush hour, the road construction must be paved during off-peak time. Because each road property, conditions, and traffic volume are different one another, the area of the urban road construction which must be paved every day is different. Construction firm must follow the traffic control plan and construction costs or to consider the construction of their own experience. There is no certain standard of work to determine the number of daily paved area and the construction phase. Therefore, the supervisor often cannot accurately grasp the daily paved area, afraid of delay task and traffic congestion in rush hour; and if the factors were considered to traffic issue, the steps required is to ignore road maintenance and hastily opened to traffic ahead. It will affect the quality of road construction. Therefore, how to maintain a balance daily paving area of supervision of the unit is an important issue. In order to solve the problems, this study uses the historical cases from Taipei city road-smoothing project and employed hybrid Symbiotic Organisms Search - Least Squares SVM (SOS-LSSVM) to predict the daily urban road construction asphalt concrete paving area.

碩士
國立中央大學
土木工程研究所
98
Accompanying with rapid economic development and the increase of vehicles in private sector, traffic congestion prevails in road network and energy consumption and carbon dioxide emissions become more serious in the transport sector in an urban area. The transport company faces the increasing pressure of the requirement to reduce carbon dioxides, piers competition and internal problems. Long-term final deficit may force the transport company to deteriorate its service quality to passengers. Given the undesirable input/output of the transport industry, the study uses the performance assessment framework, suggested by Fielding et al. (1985), to shape the dimensions of cost effectiveness and service efficiency to investigate the trend of change and catch the direction of improvement.. With the Malmquist index, the study employs the “Three-Stage SBM-DEA” method by Avkiran & Rowands (2008) to exclude both external factor and statistical interference to evaluate and choose the route with the better performance for the empirical case of Taichung city. According to the analysis, the result may provide the government and managers of transport company to improve passenger service in the near future.

碩士
逢甲大學
土地管理學系
106
To share the demand load of urban public facilities and enhance the safety of high-rise building, Building regulations has been revised more strictly for condominium buildings, which let the area of shared facilities in common property of condominium increasing. However, the Building Registration Regulation has not been revised synchronously, there lacks the proper separation model of shared facilities area which usually decided by salesperson in pre-sale hosing market, and causes the different unites of condominium to unequal distribution plan of shared facilities area. To solve this general problem in Taiwan, this study reviews some related thesis, discusses the proper separation model of shared facilities area based on the author’s practical experiences, and compares the other calculation of separating shared facilities area to find the proper separation model is better for consumers or not. This study conducts 106 cases of pre-sale condominium from 2006 to 2016 located around Taichung City. Those cases are numbered orderly by pre-sale year, and grouped into two categories of before and after 2016, then sub-grouped into six groups by districts, land area, floor area, number of unites, number of parking unite, and number of building. The author selects four cases in each sub-group, twenty-four cases totally to simulate the calculation by proper separation model of shared facilities area, and compare the differences between the distribution plans of shared facilities area by other calculation. The findings of this study are as follows. The proper separation model of shared facilities area considers the shared facilities area should be calculated separately by each building, then distributed into each unites equally, that let the burden of each unite be more equal than the other calculation. This proper separation model of shared facilities area could improve the equality between house buyers under no loss of developers. The author suggests the Building Registration Regulation should be revised as soon as possible.

碩士
國立高雄科技大學
文化創意產業系
107
Sextiary Industry of Agriculture indicates the concept of upgrading the industries to enhance economic benefits. It is considered that the situation in rural communities requires the integration of producing、manufacturing、processing and marketing regarding characteristic agricultures for increasing added value. As a matter of fact, start with strengthening and focusing on Primary and Secondary Industry, the beneficial result will accordingly enhance through coordination and development with Tertiary Industry in rural communities. Above all, Sextiary Industry not only contributes to invigorate the industrial transformation and upgrading but also promote emerging business in local. Furthermore, in order to activate the local industries and rural development, applying Sextiary Industry can stimulate the youth back to participate in regenerating rural communities as well as achieving Sustainable Development. With regard to the patterns in society and the industrial structures have changed and conduced to industrial transformation, this study discusses the findings of the development model of promoting Sextiary Industry for Rural Communities through the field study in Da-Shu Agricultural Recreation Area in Kaohsiung City. Moreover, this study reveals and investigates the current situation and the strategy model which has been transforming into Sextiary Industry and proceeding to increase the value and be more competitive by means of the participant observation and the interview method. Concerning a transition from an agriculture-based to an industry-based society, there have been facing some serious problems due to the government policies in different periods, such as population aging, the impacts of uneven resource allocation, and the young population in agriculture dropping gradually. Nonetheless, industrial transformation and upgrading bring about bright future simultaneously. Ultimately, the study suggests that it is an urgent matter to combine with various agricultural resources and develop in the direction of reaching agricultural diversification and quality agriculture.

碩士
國立中興大學
水土保持學系所
95
Owing to the dense population and dense slope-land development of Taipei city, the torrential rain is extremely easy to have slope failure especially after the violent earthquake-921 occurred in 1999. In order to undersatad the failure potential, it is will be better to erect an evaluation model on slope failure potential as a reference when prevent and rescue the disaster and evacuation. 　　The main purposes of this study is firstly to apply the fuzzy theory to divides the slope failure factors into the latent factors (slope steepness, geologic sort, rock stratum attitude) and stimulated factors (effective accumulated rainfall, hourly rainfall). Secondly, I ltized the historical calamity material to set up the relativity and the risk between factors and the slope failure, the relation between the line in fuzzy regression of critical rainfall line and its membership when slope failure occurs. Finally, decide the slope failure potential by the relation between evaluation result and the earthquake weighting. 　　The four majior points I got are: (1) Fuzzy evaluation model erected by this study is in the line with the real condition after verifying practically. (2) When the relativity of hourly rainfall and the effective accumulated rainfall is above the critical rainfall line of y1=-0.115x+39, the essential prevention and refuge of disaster should be taken into action, in case the slope failure causes the damage. (3) After quantifying and analyzing of fuzzy theory, the risk degree of the slope geologic sorts of Taipei city in the decreasing order is the Mushan formation, the Shihti formation, the Taliao formation, the tuff breccia, the Nankang formation, the Wuchihshan formation, the alluvium, the volcanic rock, the Kueichuling formation, the Nanzhuang formation. (4) The relativity of slope failure latency factor and potential evaluation in the decreasing order is geologic sort (0.383)> slope steepness (0.363)> rock stratum attitude> (0.254).

碩士
輔仁大學
景觀設計學系碩士班
102
Seeking the transformation from an industrial city towards a garden city, the construction of urban parks in Xinzhuang District, New Taipei City is in grand progress recently. Besides the total area, amount and quality, the convenient location of parks is another important consideration to evaluate the adequate supply of urban parks. Using the simple buffering analysis and the network analysis methods of GIS, this study analyzed pedestrian accessibility to urban parks in Xinzhuang District and the subsequent serviceability of the parks. The spatial distribution of parks is evaluated in terms of serviceability indices—i.e. service area ratio, service population ratio, and service floor area ratio. Considering the actual locations of parks and the corresponding local population and land use, the approach conducted in this study provided practical ways of understanding and managing spatial distribution of urban parks.

碩士
樹德科技大學
應用設計研究所
94
There are very limited researches in the past that focus on the beauty SPA industry and correlated researches stresses on the consumer’s lifestyle orientation. Various beauty SPA industry business models and management styles, and the differences in consumer behavior will affect the beauty SPA’s development. Therefore, our main discussion will be upon the relationship of the beauty SPA industry business model and the consumer’s behavior. Our article first utilizes the literature discussion on the beauty SPA business model and consumer’s behavior. We then design expert interview questions and consumer behavior questionnaire with accordance to the literature review results. The expert interview primarily looks at the beauty SPA business model and management style. The consumer behavior questionnaire is based upon Likert’s one fifth measure criteria, mainly studies the consumer’s expense cognition and expectation as well as their expense habit and decision factors for the beauty SPA industry. Lastly, we have carried out data collection and statistical analysis, concluding the correlation factor between beauty SPA’s industry business model and consumer behavior. This will serve as a future reference for all the beauty SPA industry participates. Our research reveal as follows: In the last 2 years, the SPA industry has been rapidly growth with 153% per annum. 2/3 of the interviewees revealed that the key factors attracted new members range from 30-100% were by brand recognition through normal daily conversation, among that about 50% of the consumers knew about beauty SPA information and subsequently purchased the service through relatives and friends. Pressure release treatment was customer’s favorite item provided (4.13) and 50% of the consuming item was pressure release treatment. The commonly acceptance range of beauty SPA treatment course price is below 2000 NTD for 83% of the consumers and the price range set by the service providers are below 1,000 - 2,000 NTD. The customers rated the environment quality, professional equipments, professionalism, brand image, quality of services and total quality services provided better than 4.14. Among that, customers particularly value quality of services (4.56) and professionalism (4.56). The above research would provide useful input in designing beauty SPA’s treatment packages, handling marketing direction, improving specific culture of SPA industry and increasing the social value. Finally, the recommendations for the beauty SPA industry’s market and research direction were proposed based on the above findings.

碩士
國立臺灣師範大學
公民教育與活動領導學系
104
The purpose of this study was to explore elementary schools’ teachers using the lesson study model in integrated activity learning area in New Taipei City, to strengthen the course and the influences of teachers' professional competence. The purpose of this study as follows: 1. Explore the implementation of course of teachers who using the lesson study model in integrated activity learning area in New Taipei City. 2. Explore the situation of teachers who using the lesson study model in integrated activity learning area in New Taipei City to improve teachers' professional competence. This research used qualitative several case studies, choosing two teachers who using the lesson study model in integrated activity learning area in New Taipei City at the second semester of the 104 academic year. Data are collected from in-depth interviews, participant observation and document analysis. After analysis, have the following conclusions: 1. Teachers implement the lesson study model in integrated activity learning area in New Taipei City follows the mode of planning and organization, research programs and the formation of objectives, design, implementation, review the effectiveness of teaching, achievement sharing. 2. Features of the lesson study model in integrated activity learning area in New Taipei City includes the following: teachers collaborate in implementing; it’s practice-oriented reform strategy, that can directly improve the context of teaching; focus on the learning areas connotation first, and then refocusing student learning; import expert professional guide during the start-up phase. 3. The difficult to implement the lesson study model in integrated activity learning area in New Taipei City includes the following: teachers' teaching beliefs are weak, the lack of teachers’ professional knowledge and competence, time for collaborative lesson planning is not enough, not easy to found stable integrated activities teachers' professional learning communities. 4. Go through lesson study course, teachers' significant professional development of two cases, respectively (1) Courses: One case can use the more general point of perspective to analysis textbook context to understand the important concepts of curriculum; (2) R & D: Another case can apply listening and making connection that learning community emphasize techniques to enhance the reflection results. And two cases both arrange stretch jump learning, stimulate students' potential to achieve excellence in learning. According to the above conclusion, recommendations for teacher who wants to using the lesson study model in integrated activity learning area and future follow-up studies.

碩士
國立成功大學
交通管理科學系
103
This research aims to explore the revenue change of high-density development for retail industry in urban area. We use convenience store as an example to conduct analysis and collect data. The density of convenience store in Taiwan has already exceeded Japan early in 2005, and it is the highest in Asia. Due to convenience store has characteristic of homogeneous, the two nearby stores will immediately have a influence on their profits. Hence, the objective of our research about the convenience store is to figure out the influence of overall benefit of enterprise if convenience stores continue to develop branches. Our methodology uses Competing Destinations Model to calculate the probability that customers choose each 7-ELEVEn. Then, we use historical data from 7-ELEVEn to verify the newly created model. Besides, our research also uses Cost Model to evaluate the convenience stores carbon dioxide emissions generated by logistics in high-density development. The result indicates that Competing Destinations Model used in high-density development in urban area could end up with reasonable explanation. If enterprise wants to continue their high-density development, it must enhance the agglomeration force of each branch. At the same time, enterprise should consider the utility that more stores bring to the logistics. As the high-density development, due to the relatively low cost of carbon emissions, there is no significant increase in carbon emissions.

博士
國立中央大學
土木工程學系
105
Taiwan is one of the world’s most disaster-prone regions, as indicated in the World Bank’s report entitled “Natural Disaster Hotspots: A Global Risk Analysis.” In fact, every year Taiwan public and private organizations need to work together to prepare various training programs in hope of mitigating disaster impact. Design of an appropriate disaster drill, hence, plays an important role of enhancing the capability of their emergency response units. However, developing a reasonable scenario for the disaster drill is a time-consuming, error-prone task, and experienced drill designers, disaster management officers and/or first responders are required to join the development work. The level of a community’s disaster preparedness and readiness are also highly dependent on whether such work is performed well. In this research, an earthquake disaster and an area in the city of Taipei were selected for the demonstration of the proposed decision support model and its system, called EDSS (Earthquake Drills Generation and Simulation System). EDSS requires an input data set containing the impact assessments of an earthquake disaster, which can be obtained from Taiwan Earthquake Loss Estimation System (TELES) and are similar to the results of using HAZUS (Hazards in the U.S., a tool created by FEMA and the base version of TELES). EDSS utilizes Unity, a 3D serious game engine, to actually display the events of an earthquake disaster in accordance with the drill script, which is traditionally shown as plain text. In the designated area, real building geometry and simulated earthquake event are rendered inside Unity; hence, after the occurrence of a real earthquake, building damage information can be collected and entered into EDSS for further analysis, in order to show the remaining, disaster-related events not currently discovered by first responders. In model validation, senior drill designers, disaster management officers and first responders were invited to evaluate the effectiveness of EDSS, and the results show that EDSS has the potential of improving first responders’ awareness of field conditions as well as helps first responders better understand how a disaster evolves over time.