Relevant bibliographies by topics / Muscle spasm

Contents

  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers

Academic literature on the topic 'Muscle spasm'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 28 May 2022
Last updated: 30 July 2025

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Journal articles on the topic "Muscle spasm"

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Buhaiba, Mahmud, Asma Rajab, Sana I. Souliman, and Mona Salih. "Role of the physiotherapy in prevention and recovery of muscles cramps." International Science and Technology Journal 36, no. 2 (2025): 1–9. https://doi.org/10.62341/masm1086.

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Muscle spasms, also known as muscle cramps, are sudden, involuntary contractions of one or more muscles. They can occur in any muscle in the body, but are most experienced in the legs, feet, and back. Muscle spasms can be caused by a variety of factors, including dehydration, electrolyte imbalances, overuse of muscles, and nerve damage. In this study, we investigated the most common cases of muscle spasm injuries among athletes in the Tobruk Al Squer Club, their causes, the affected areas, and the treatment methods. Data was collected from Tobruk Al Squer Club, and a total of 30 cases of muscl
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Hayek, Salim M. "Occipital Neurostimulation-Induced Muscle Spasms: Implications for Lead Placement." September 2009 5;12, no. 5;9 (2009): 867–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.36076/ppj.2009/12/867.

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Background: For many headache types, occipital peripheral nerve stimulation (ONS) provides significant relief of chronic, frequent, and severe headaches. Though rarely reported, ONS may cause painful muscle spasms that make stimulator use impractical. The classic description of the technique advocates placement of the leads transversely at the level of the arch of C1 or at C1-2. At that level, the greater occipital nerve (GON) infrequently pierces the superficial fascia of the neck muscles to become superficial. However, important anatomic variability exists. Objective: To report placement of
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Muhammad Fahad Khan, Faseeha Rabbi Shah, Syeda Waniya Riaz, et al. "PREVALENCE OF RHOMBOID MUSCLE SPASMS AMONG THE ADULT POPULATION OF KARACHI." Kashf Journal of Multidisciplinary Research 2, no. 04 (2025): 12–19. https://doi.org/10.71146/kjmr387.

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Background Most of the muscles work in collectively two or more groups of muscles together a muscle called rhomboid is formed by the rhomboid major and rhomboid minor muscles. This rhomboid muscle plays a very major role in the movements of the upper limb and it also provides the stability of the scapula and girdle of the shoulder. Objective To determine the prevalence of rhomboid muscle spasms among the adult population of Karachi. Methodology The cross-sectional study was conducted from Sep 2024 to Feb 2025, the adult population from seven districts of Karachi was selected through the non-pr
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Trinh, Van N., and Joseph E. Villaluz. "A Case Series on the Utility of Dexmedetomidine for the Immediate Treatment of Postoperative Muscle Spasm." Journal of Anesthesiology and Pain Therapy 4, no. 1 (2023): 17–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.29245/2768-5365/2023/1.1139.

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Postoperative muscle spasm is a common complaint in the post-anesthesia care unit. Management of postoperative muscle spasm remains a major challenge as first-line anti-spasmodic agents are not without risk. Due to the adverse effects of sedation and risk for respiratory depression and pulmonary aspiration, conventional anti-spasmodic agents may not be an ideal choice for patients who are recovering from anesthesia. In this case series, we present three patients who underwent nonemergent surgeries with subsequent postoperative cervical muscle spasm that went unresolved with conventional PACU p
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Roshini, K. V.* Anjitha Anil Arif K. Faisal Maneesha N. A. Nahmath K. S. "A Review on Novelty in Medical Technology: 3D Printing." International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 2, no. 11 (2024): 961–68. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14208658.

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A spasm is a sudden, involuntary contraction of a muscle, group of muscles, or hollow organ, such as the bladder. Spasms can be brief but severe and painful. Muscle spasms occur when your muscle involuntarily and forcibly contracts uncontrollably and can’t relax. Muscle spasms are normal and quite common. Spasmolytic drugs are also known as antispasmodic drugs or centrally acting muscle relaxant. A spasmolytic agent is a type of medication that reduces excessive smooth muscle contraction in body, commonly used to alleviate symptoms like abdominal cramps and pain associated with condition
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Asagiri, Hana, Satoshi Tsutsumi, Akane Hashizume, et al. "Large posterior fossa meningioma presenting with hemifacial spasm." Surgical Neurology International 16 (July 4, 2025): 273. https://doi.org/10.25259/sni_460_2025.

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Background: Hemifacial spasms are involuntary paroxysmal muscle contractions commonly presenting as unilateral involvement of the orbicularis oculi and oris muscles. Case Description: A 62-year-old woman presented with spasms of progressively increasing frequency for 2 months in the right orbicularis oculi muscle, with subsequent involvement of the orbicularis oris muscle. Cerebral magnetic resonance imaging revealed an intensely enhanced dural-based tumor in the right posterior fossa. On constructive interference in steady-state (CISS) imaging, the right cerebellopontine angle cistern showed
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Conte, Antonella, Marika Falla, Maria Concetta Diana, et al. "Spread of Muscle Spasms in Hemifacial Spasm." Movement Disorders Clinical Practice 2, no. 1 (2014): 53–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mdc3.12106.

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Cirnigliaro, Frank Arthur, Nicole Gauthier, and Moira Rush. "Management of refractory pain in Stiff-Person syndrome." BMJ Case Reports 14, no. 1 (2021): e237814. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bcr-2020-237814.

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Stiff-Person syndrome (SPS) is a rare autoimmune neurological disorder characterised by episodic painful muscle rigidity and violent spasms. A significant trigger for the painful spasms experienced by patients is pain itself, making optimal pain management and avoidance a necessity. While first-line and second-line therapies for spasm prevention and termination are known, there is a paucity of evidence to guide pain management. We report the case of a 26-year-old woman with SPS referred for excruciating muscle cramping and rigidity with pain lasting beyond the episodes themselves. We report th
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DERRINGTON, M. C., and J. J. A. SCOTT. "MASSETERIC MUSCLE SPASM." British Journal of Anaesthesia 66, no. 2 (1991): 271. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/bja/66.2.271.

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LEARY, N. P. "MASSETERIC MUSCLE SPASM." British Journal of Anaesthesia 66, no. 2 (1991): 271. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/bja/66.2.271-a.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Muscle spasm"

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Литвиненко, С. С., та О. Б. Масич. "Вивчення протисудомної дії похідного 2-оксоіндолін-3-гліоксилової кислоти". Thesis, Сумський державний університет, 2015. http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/41536.

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Pyne, Gail Jean. "Vascular smooth muscle oxidative metabolism and function during vasospasm after subarachnoid haemorrhage." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1999. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:a6b78de5-1f66-4225-992e-e490cf68d0e8.

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<strong>Aims:</strong> The purpose of the research presented in this thesis is to elucidate the mechanism of the stimulation of oxidative metabolism and contractile function that occurs in vascular smooth muscle during cerebral vasospasm (CV) after subarachnoid haemorrhage (SAH). The biochemical mechanisms leading to CV were investigated using an in vitro model of CV developed for this research. CSF (cerebrospinal fluid) from SAH patients at risk of vasospasm which stimulated oxygen consumption (CSF S ) was used to model vasospasm. The hypothesis is CSF<sub>S</sub> contains a substance which s
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Вастьянов, Р. С., Ю. С. Крепец та А. С. Авраменко. "Пригнічення судомної активності при блокуванні цитокінових рецепторів". Thesis, Сумський державний університет, 2017. http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/64459.

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Вступ. За даними низки експериментальних досліджень та клінічних спостережень висунуто припущення про патогенетичну роль цитокін-індукованого запалення, а також широкої групи представників цитокінів та факторів росту у формуванні судомного синдрому. Ці ствердження підсилювалися через виявлені просудомні ефекти цитокінів, які спричиняють прозапальну та просудомні дію. З цього приводу логічним постає інше припущення стосовно можливої реалізації протисудомної дії за умов блокади активності прозапальних цитокінів. Метою серії наших дослідів було визначення ефектів блокування активності рецепторів
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Стоянов, О. М., та А. О. Капталан. "Судомні прояви після ішемії мозку". Thesis, Сумський державний університет, 2017. http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/64787.

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Вступ. Епілепся є одним із найскладніших захворювань нервової системи. Неефективність лікування хворих з епілепсією є наслідком різнобічності її патогенетичних механізмів. В неврологічній практиці показані епізоди виникнення судомних проявів внаслідок судинних мальформацій головного мозку. Показано, що напади епілепсії у пацієнтів із судинними захворюваннями мозку погіршують перебіг основного захворювання, погіршують їх якість життя, уповільнюють процес відновлення після інсульту та обтяжують морфо-функціональні порушення, які виникли після обмеження кровопостачання до головного мозку. Проблем
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Norton, Jonathan Andrew. "FES-standing and muscle spasms : neurophysiology and biomechanics." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2003. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1383223/.

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Functional Electrical Stimulation (FES) can be used to assist patients with complete paraplegia arising from a traumatic spinal cord injury to stand. In clinical practice the take-up of this technology is poor. It was hypothesised that one potential reason was that the posture during standing was difficult to predict from non-standing biomechanical measures because of the spinal cord's motor responses to standing. In six patients biomecharrical and electrophysiological recordings were made to test whether motor activity arising as a result of standing affected their standing posture. Recording
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Messenberg, Allon. "Wheelchair vibration, whole body vibration and spasticity : a study of the influence of wheel design on wheelchair vibration and whole body vibration as a trigger of muscle spasms in populations with spinal cord injury." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/23167.

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INTRODUCTION: The majority of individuals with chronic spinal cord injury (SCI) experience spasticity, which can often impair function and degrade quality of life. Reports by individuals with SCI suggest that whole body vibration (WBV), as can occur while riding wheelchairs, may trigger spasticity. OBJECTIVES: 1) Examine the influence of wheel design on wheelchair vibration. 2) Develop a system allowing exposure of individuals with SCI to WBV and analysis of muscle activity to identify spasticity. METHODS: 1) A wheelchair wheel comparison study: Vibration acceleration and frequency content pro
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"The effectiveness of chiropractic manipulative therapy on quadratus lumborum muscle spasm in the treatment of chronic mechanical lower back pain." Thesis, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10210/2641.

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Kadrmanová, Ivana. "Reliabilita testu "Škála svalové dráždivosti" pro hodnocení spasticity pacientů s míšní lézí." Master's thesis, 2016. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-345021.

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The aim of this paper was to define interrater reliability of "Muscle excitability scale" in assessment of lower extremities muscle spasticity in patiens with spinal cord injury. Raters were two students of 2nd grade of master study of physiotherapy. Testing was performed at Centrum Paraple o.p.s. and 48 patients took part in the research. Except the Muscle excitability scale, Modified Ashworth scale, Penn spasm frequency scale and Clonus scale were also assessed. Percentage rate of agreement and also value of kappa coefficient that state value of agreement between raters were assigned for eac
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Posseltová, Tereza. "Validita testu "Škála svalové dráždivosti" pro hodnocení spasticity pacientů s míšní lézí." Master's thesis, 2016. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-344678.

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The aim of the thesis was to assess a construct validity of "Muscle Excitability Scale" in assessment of spasticity in patients with spinal cord injury. The correlation between this scale and other clinical tests evaluating various aspects of spasticity was investigated. 48 participants with symptoms of a spasticity were included in the study. The Spearman rank correlation coefficient was used for quantification of correlation between each two tests. The most significant correlation was found between the Muscle Excitability Scale and the Modified Ashworth Scale (rs=0,26 - 0,35, p<0,05). Less s
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Rank, Michelle Maria. "The role fo the adrenergic system in the recovery of motoneuron excitability and spasms after spinal cord injury." Phd thesis, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10048/1625.

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Brainstem derived noradrenaline (NA) in the spinal cord functions both to increase motoneuron excitability, by facilitating calcium-mediated persistent inward currents (Ca PICs), and to inhibit sensory afferent transmission to motoneurons (excitatory postsynaptic potentials; EPSPs). Spinal cord injury (SCI) results in a reduction of NA, causing a loss of Ca PICs in motoneurons below the lesion and exaggerated EPSPs to emerge. With time motoneuron Ca PICs gradually recover and are readily triggered by the exaggerated EPSPs, resulting in the development of muscle spasms. The role of the NA in t
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Books on the topic "Muscle spasm"

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Miller, K. Jeffrey. Stat spinal exam: How to examine a patient who is paralyzed by spasm and writithing in pain. Center Path Pub. / Dr. Todd LLC, 2006.

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C, Randall R., ed. Muscle spasm, pain & marijuana therapy: Testimony from federal and state court proceedings on marijuana's medical use in the treatment of multiple sclerosis, paralysis, and chronic pain. Galen Press, 1991.

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Parker, Philip M., and James N. Parker. Muscle spasms: A medical dictionary, bibliography and annotated research guide to Internet references. ICON Health Publications, 2004.

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K, Agrawal Devendra, and Townley Robert G, eds. Inflammatory cells and mediators in bronchial asthma. CRC Press, 1991.

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Muscle Spasm and Pain. Parthenon Publishing Group, 1990.

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Champlin, Merlin. Anxiety & Muscle Spasm Treatment. Independently Published, 2019.

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Das, Parthajit, and Rachel Jeffery. Muscle pain. Edited by Patrick Davey and David Sprigings. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199568741.003.0063.

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Muscle diseases constitute a large group of hereditary and acquired disorders, collectively referred to as myopathy. Symptoms of myopathy are muscle pain, muscle cramps or spasms, stiff or rigid muscles, and muscle weakness. Muscle pain, or myalgia, is by far the most common presentation. Although most myalgia will be benign and self-limiting, it can be a reflection of underlying serious illnesses which may lead to significant morbidity. It is important to differentiate myalgia from myopathy (muscle disease) and myositis (inflammation of muscle). A muscle is said to be in spasm when it contrac
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Malik, Tariq, and Honorio T. Benzon. Psoas and Quadratus Lumborum Muscle Injections: Fluoroscopy. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199908004.003.0048.

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This chapter discusses the use of fluoroscopy in the performance of psoas and quadratus lumborum muscle injections. These muscles are quite often involved in the genesis of back pain. Unlike other pain syndromes, such as piriformis and thoracic outlet syndromes, that have characteristics signs and symptoms, myofascial pain involving the iliopsoas and quadratus muscles are only characterized by trigger points and/or muscle spasm. One reason for injecting the muscles is to avoid several trigger point injections using large volumes of local anesthetics.
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Coletti, Roger H. Chronic Muscle Spasm and Pain: Discoveries in the Etiology, Identification and Treatment of Chronic Muscle Spasm and Resultant Chronic Pain. Dorrance Publishing Company, Incorporated, 2022.

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Coletti, Roger H. Chronic Muscle Spasm and Pain: Discoveries in the Etiology, Identification and Treatment of Chronic Muscle Spasm and Resultant Chronic Pain. Dorrance Publishing Company, Incorporated, 2022.

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Book chapters on the topic "Muscle spasm"

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Malka, Deborah. "Muscle Spasm, Spasticity." In Medicinal Cannabis. CRC Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003098201-48.

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Malka, Deborah. "Muscle Spasm, Spasticity." In Medicinal Cannabis. CRC Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003098201-48.

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Fischer, A. A. "Muscle Spasm in Fibromyalgia — Documentation in Clinical Practice." In Generalisierte Tendomyopathie (Fibromyalgie). Steinkopff, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-86812-2_11.

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Yu, Yanbing, Li Zhang, and Jian Wu. "Surgical Treatment of the Orbicularis Oculi Muscle Spasm and Supraorbital Neuropathy." In Integrative Ophthalmology. Springer Singapore, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-7896-6_35.

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Aydin Kabakci, Anil Didem. "Head Muscles." In Clinical Anatomy of Muscle a Hand Book for Healthcare Professionals. Nobel Tip Kitabevleri, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.69860/nobel.9786053358862.2.

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The part above the line passing from front to back through the mandibular symphsis, process of mastoid (temporal bone) and external occipital protuberance (occipital bone) is called regions of head. In this region, there are facial muscles, muscles of scalp, muscles of face, muscles of mastication, muscles of eyeball, muscles of tympanic cavity and muscles of palate and tounge. There are muscles in the human face that allow a variety of facial expressions to occur. These muscles are used to show surprise, disgust, anger, fear, and other emotions. The most common clinical issues affecting facia
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Liu, Ming Xing, Jun Zhong, Lai Xia, et al. "The Significance of Abnormal Muscle Response Monitoring During Microvascular Decompression for Hemifacial Spasm." In Acta Neurochirurgica Supplement. Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-39546-3_43.

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Soloviev, A., and P. Braquet. "The Similarity in Action of Hypoxia and Platelet-Activating Factor on Smooth Muscle Cells of Coronary Arteries: Possible Explanation for Hypoxic Coronary Spasm Development." In Mediators in the Cardiovascular System: Regional Ischemia. Birkhäuser Basel, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-0348-7346-8_37.

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Kowalski, J. Michael, and Adam K. Rowden. "Muscle Spasms Following a Spider Bite." In Visual Diagnosis in Emergency and Critical Care Medicine. Wiley-Blackwell, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781444397994.ch9.

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"Muscle Spasm." In Encyclopedia of Trauma Care. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-29613-0_100995.

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"Muscle Spasm." In Encyclopedia of Pain. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-28753-4_101338.

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Conference papers on the topic "Muscle spasm"

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Nouri Zadeh, Mehdi, Yekta Saremi, Amir Rad, et al. "Evaluating the level of muscle contraction by near-infrared spectroscopy: a potential application for scaling muscle spasm (Conference Presentation)." In Biophotonics in Exercise Science, Sports Medicine, Health Monitoring Technologies, and Wearables VI, edited by Babak Shadgan and Amir H. Gandjbakhche. SPIE, 2025. https://doi.org/10.1117/12.3040427.

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Odelanu, Olajide, Uthman Oyebanji, Oluwatimilehin Awoyinka, Ala Al-Kafri, and Mohammad Alkasasbeh. "Artificially intelligent diagnosis of lumbar spine muscle spasm from sagittal MRI scans: clinical significance classification using convolutional neural network." In 7th International Conference on Image Processing and Machine Vision (IPMV 2025), edited by Hui Zhang. SPIE, 2025. https://doi.org/10.1117/12.3062659.

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Blendea, Dan. "EXPERIENCE OF TARGETED RADIOFREQUENCY THERAPY APPLIED IN MEDICAL RECOVERY." In eLSE 2016. Carol I National Defence University Publishing House, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.12753/2066-026x-16-224.

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This paper presents our interest in new therapies like Targeted Radiofrequency Therapy. Targeted Radiofrequency Therapy distributes high-frequency electromagnetic energy into the desired tissue which leads to selective tissue hyperthermy. Thanks to this mechanism patients experience instant pain relief, muscle relaxation, edema reduction, tissue regeneration support and healing. The most common indications include: local muscle spasm, trigger points, myalgia, tendinitis, cervical pain, and post-traumatic edema. The immediate therapeutic effect is noticed by the patient instantly and lasts long
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Gurian, Jordana Gaudie, Maria Ondina Machado Diniz, Amanda Nascimento Bispo, Aline Boaventura Ferreira, Fernando Elias Borges, and Ane Cristina Dunck. "Case report: stiff Person syndrome." In XIV Congresso Paulista de Neurologia. Zeppelini Editorial e Comunicação, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.5327/1516-3180.141s1.346.

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Introduction: The rigid person syndrome is rare, characterized by blockade of the GAD enzyme, responsible for inhibiting muscle contraction. Although it is not mandatory for the diagnosis, most patients are positive for Anti-GAD. Objectives: To report a case of rigid person syndrome seen at Hospital Geral de Goiânia. Methods: Information was obtained through clinical follow-up in a neurology ward and outpatient clinic. Results: Patient, female, 32 years old, complaining of paresthesia ascending to upper limbs, worsening over a period of six months with paresis with gait impairment, increased t
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Khoshnevis, Sepideh, Natalie Craik, and Kenneth R. Diller. "Cryotherapy Modification to Overcome Uninterrupted Ischemia." In ASME 2013 Summer Bioengineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/sbc2013-14423.

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Localized cooling is commonly used following orthopedic surgery and in sports medicine to reduce swelling, pain, inflammation, metabolism, muscle spasm, and bleeding[1,2]. The therapeutic application of cold therapy has a long history dating from the time of Hippocrates and has been widely documented in the literature[3,4]. Nonetheless, there remains to the present time considerable controversy over the appropriate protocol for application of cryotherapy and the risk factors associated with its use[5].
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Khoshnevis, Sepideh, and Kenneth R. Diller. "Cryosurgery Causes Profound and Persistent Ischemia." In ASME 2012 Summer Bioengineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/sbc2012-80635.

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Cryotherapy has been used in the treatment of soft tissue trauma and other ailments since the time of Hippocrates. Currently it is commonly applied in conjunction with surgical procedures and by athletic trainers and physical therapists to control pain, swelling, bleeding, and inflammation. Localized cooling also results in slowing of the nerve conduction velocity and reduced muscle spasm and secondary hypoxic injury1,2. Cooling is commonly used for soft tissue injuries in combination with rest, compression and elevation to minimize inflammation.
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Wang, Buyun, Zaijie Song, Zhihong Wang, and Dezhang Xu. "Design and Research of Muscle Spasm Sensor Based on Modified Ashworth Scale Feature Detection." In 2018 IEEE International Conference on Information and Automation (ICIA). IEEE, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icinfa.2018.8812559.

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Balieiro, Gabriel da Luz, and Francisco Simões Deienno. "LOW BACK PAIN ASSOCIATED WITH BMI CHANGE AND SEDENTARY LIFESTYLE IN MEDICAL STUDENTS AT UNAERP." In I Congresso Internacional Multidisciplinar de Ciências da Saúde - I CIMS. New Science Publishers, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.56238/i-cims-022.

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Low back pain is a manifestation of pain, muscle spasm or stiffness located below the costal margin and above the lower gluteal fold, associated or not with pain radiating to the lower limb and buttocks. After arterial hypertension, painful affection of the spine is the second most prevalent chronic disease in the Brazilian population. Psychological factors, occupational factors, overweight and physical inactivity may be related to a higher frequency of episodes of low back pain, therefore, it is assumed that fifth-year medical students have a higher prevalence of low back pain compared to fou
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Hadimartana, Daniel, and Fitri Anestherita. "Feasibility of Rehub Web Application as an Exercise Prescription Method for Office Workers with a Neck Muscle Spasm." In The 11th National Congress and The 18th Annual Scientific Meeting of Indonesian Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Association. SCITEPRESS - Science and Technology Publications, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.5220/0009089102590264.

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10

Khoshnevis, Sepideh, Daniel W. Hensley, and Kenneth R. Diller. "Measurement and Analysis of Cutaneous Perfusion Depression During Cryotherapy." In ASME 2011 Summer Bioengineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/sbc2011-53853.

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Localized cooling is commonly used after orthopedic surgery and in sports medicine to reduce bleeding, inflammation, metabolism, muscle spasm, pain, and swelling following musculoskeletal trauma and injury. The therapeutic application of cold therapy has a long history dating from the time of Hippocrates and has been widely documented in the literature1–3. Nonetheless, there remains to the present time considerable controversy over the appropriate protocol for application of cryotherapy. One extreme camp advocates continuous use of cryotherapy to a treatment site with no break in cooling for d
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