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Journal articles on the topic 'Neural organoids'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 25 May 2024

Last updated: 31 July 2025

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1

Werner, Jonathan M., and Jesse Gillis. "Meta-analysis of single-cell RNA sequencing co-expression in human neural organoids reveals their high variability in recapitulating primary tissue." PLOS Biology 22, no. 12 (2024): e3002912. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.3002912.

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Human neural organoids offer an exciting opportunity for studying inaccessible human-specific brain development; however, it remains unclear how precisely organoids recapitulate fetal/primary tissue biology. We characterize field-wide replicability and biological fidelity through a meta-analysis of single-cell RNA-sequencing data for first and second trimester human primary brain (2.95 million cells, 51 data sets) and neural organoids (1.59 million cells, 173 data sets). We quantify the degree primary tissue cell type marker expression and co-expression are recapitulated in organoids across 10

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Zhao, Yihan. "Progress in the construction and application of neural organoids." Highlights in Science, Engineering and Technology 99 (June 18, 2024): 262–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.54097/6x851787.

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With the establishment of three-dimensional (3D) cell culture methods, embryonic stem cells (ESCs), induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), or tissue-resident stem cells/progenitor cells can be cultured in vitro to produce structures similar to organs, called "organoids".Compared with the traditional model, neural organoids have unique advantages, such as being able to perform high-throughput drug screening, organ development simulation in vitro, and predict the individual response to drugs more accurately. Therefore, combining the advantages of organoid models with traditional models will ope

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Yu, Xiyao, Xiaoting Meng, Zhe Pei, et al. "Physiological Electric Field: A Potential Construction Regulator of Human Brain Organoids." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 7 (2022): 3877. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms23073877.

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Brain organoids can reproduce the regional three-dimensional (3D) tissue structure of human brains, following the in vivo developmental trajectory at the cellular level; therefore, they are considered to present one of the best brain simulation model systems. By briefly summarizing the latest research concerning brain organoid construction methods, the basic principles, and challenges, this review intends to identify the potential role of the physiological electric field (EF) in the construction of brain organoids because of its important regulatory function in neurogenesis. EFs could initiate

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Pflug, Florian G., Simon Haendeler, Christopher Esk, Dominik Lindenhofer, Jürgen A. Knoblich, and Arndt von Haeseler. "Neutral competition explains the clonal composition of neural organoids." PLOS Computational Biology 20, no. 4 (2024): e1012054. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pcbi.1012054.

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Neural organoids model the development of the human brain and are an indispensable tool for studying neurodevelopment. Whole-organoid lineage tracing has revealed the number of progenies arising from each initial stem cell to be highly diverse, with lineage sizes ranging from one to more than 20,000 cells. This high variability exceeds what can be explained by existing stochastic models of corticogenesis and indicates the existence of an additional source of stochasticity. To explain this variability, we introduce the SAN model which distinguishes Symmetrically diving, Asymmetrically dividing,

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Logan, Sarah, Thiago Arzua, Yasheng Yan, et al. "Dynamic Characterization of Structural, Molecular, and Electrophysiological Phenotypes of Human-Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Cerebral Organoids, and Comparison with Fetal and Adult Gene Profiles." Cells 9, no. 5 (2020): 1301. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cells9051301.

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Background: The development of 3D cerebral organoid technology using human-induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) provides a promising platform to study how brain diseases are appropriately modeled and treated. So far, understanding of the characteristics of organoids is still in its infancy. The current study profiled, for the first time, the electrophysiological properties of organoids at molecular and cellular levels and dissected the potential age equivalency of 2-month-old organoids to human ones by a comparison of gene expression profiles among cerebral organoids, human fetal and adult b

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Lebakken, Connie S., William Richards, Sophia Clark, et al. "Abstract 3991: A neural organoid glioblastoma model to assess tumor microenvironment interactions and tumor associated microglia and macrophage responses." Cancer Research 85, no. 8_Supplement_1 (2025): 3991. https://doi.org/10.1158/1538-7445.am2025-3991.

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Abstract Glioblastoma (GBM) is a treatment resistant brain tumor with a median survival post-diagnosis of only 18-20 months. One significant limitation in the development of effective therapeutics for GBM is the lack of suitable pre-clinical models that accurately replicate human GBM and the surrounding tumor microenvironment (TME) cell interactions. Tumor Associated Microglia and Myeloid-derived Macrophages, collectively TAMs, are of particular interest due to their essential role in tumor immunosuppression. We have adapted Stem Pharm’s neural organoid technology by incorporating GBM cell lin

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Kim, Soo-hyun, and Mi-Yoon Chang. "Application of Human Brain Organoids—Opportunities and Challenges in Modeling Human Brain Development and Neurodevelopmental Diseases." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 24, no. 15 (2023): 12528. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms241512528.

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Brain organoids are three-dimensional (3D) structures derived from human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) that reflect early brain organization. These organoids contain different cell types, including neurons and glia, similar to those found in the human brain. Human brain organoids provide unique opportunities to model features of human brain development that are not well-reflected in animal models. Compared with traditional cell cultures and animal models, brain organoids offer a more accurate representation of human brain development and function, rendering them suitable models for neurodevel

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Birch, Jonathan. "When is a brain organoid a sentience candidate?" Molecular Psychology: Brain, Behavior, and Society 2 (October 18, 2023): 22. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/molpsychol.17524.1.

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It would be unwise to dismiss the possibility of human brain organoids developing sentience. However, scepticism about this idea is appropriate when considering current organoids. It is a point of consensus that a brainstem-dead human is not sentient, and current organoids lack a functioning brainstem. There are nonetheless troubling early warning signs, suggesting organoid research may create forms of sentience in the near future. To err on the side of caution, researchers with very different views about the neural basis of sentience should unite behind the “brainstem rule”: if a neural organ

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Mensah-Brown, Kobina G., James Lim, Dennis Jgamadze, et al. "96101 Temporal Evolution of Neural Activity in Human Brain Organoids." Journal of Clinical and Translational Science 5, s1 (2021): 23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cts.2021.464.

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ABSTRACT IMPACT: This study will provide the essential characterization of intrinsic neural activity in human brain organoids, both at the single cell and network levels, to harness for translational purposes. OBJECTIVES/GOALS: Brain organoids are 3D, stem cell-derived neural tissues that recapitulate neurodevelopment. However, to levy their full translational potential, a deeper understanding of their intrinsic neural activity is essential. Here, we present our preliminary analysis of maturing neural activity in human forebrain organoids. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: Forebrain organoids were gen

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Branciforti, Francesco, Massimo Salvi, Filippo D’Agostino, et al. "Segmentation and Multi-Timepoint Tracking of 3D Cancer Organoids from Optical Coherence Tomography Images Using Deep Neural Networks." Diagnostics 14, no. 12 (2024): 1217. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics14121217.

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Recent years have ushered in a transformative era in in vitro modeling with the advent of organoids, three-dimensional structures derived from stem cells or patient tumor cells. Still, fully harnessing the potential of organoids requires advanced imaging technologies and analytical tools to quantitatively monitor organoid growth. Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is a promising imaging modality for organoid analysis due to its high-resolution, label-free, non-destructive, and real-time 3D imaging capabilities, but accurately identifying and quantifying organoids in OCT images remain challengi

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Katayama, Masafumi, Manabu Onuma, Noriko Kato, Nobuyoshi Nakajima, and Tomokazu Fukuda. "Organoids containing neural-like cells derived from chicken iPSCs respond to poly:IC through the RLR family." PLOS ONE 18, no. 5 (2023): e0285356. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0285356.

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There is still much room for development in pluripotent stem cell research on avian species compared to human stem cell studies. Neural cells are useful for the evaluation of risk assessment of infectious diseases since several avian species die of encephalitis derived from infectious diseases. In this study, we attempted to develop induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) technology for avian species by forming organoids containing neural-like cells. In our previous study, we established two types iPSCs from chicken somatic cells, the first is iPSCs with PB-R6F reprogramming vector and the seco

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Tanaka, Yoshiaki, and In-Hyun Park. "Regional specification and complementation with non-neuroectodermal cells in human brain organoids." Journal of Molecular Medicine 99, no. 4 (2021): 489–500. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00109-021-02051-9.

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AbstractAlong with emergence of the organoids, their application in biomedical research has been currently one of the most fascinating themes. For the past few years, scientists have made significant contributions to deriving organoids representing the whole brain and specific brain regions. Coupled with somatic cell reprogramming and CRISPR/Cas9 editing, the organoid technologies were applied for disease modeling and drug screening. The methods to develop organoids further improved for rapid and efficient generation of cerebral organoids. Additionally, refining the methods to develop the regi

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Zhou, Gang, Siyuan Pang, Yongning Li, and Jun Gao. "Progress in the generation of spinal cord organoids over the past decade and future perspectives." Neural Regeneration Research 19, no. 5 (2023): 1013–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/1673-5374.385280.

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Abstract Spinal cord organoids are three-dimensional tissues derived from stem cells that recapitulate the primary morphological and functional characteristics of the spinal cord in vivo. As emerging bioengineering methods have led to the optimization of cell culture protocols, spinal cord organoids technology has made remarkable advancements in the past decade. Our literature search found that current spinal cord organoids do not only dynamically simulate neural tube formation but also exhibit diverse cytoarchitecture along the dorsal-ventral and rostral-caudal axes. Moreover, fused organoids

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Luo, Kevin. "Application of neural organoids in studying neurodegenerative diseases." Theoretical and Natural Science 15, no. 1 (2023): 166–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.54254/2753-8818/15/20240474.

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Neurodegenerative diseases are among the top causes of mortality and the aversion of DALYs (Disability-Adjusted Life Years) worldwide. Many attempts have been made to develop therapeutics to alleviate disease symptoms without much success. The preclinical models utilized in therapeutic testing are often inaccurate and cannot precisely translate into clinical studies. The introduction of neural organoids, a three-dimensional model grown from human-originated stem cells, was able to revolutionize the field of neurological drug development. Using induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC), scientists a

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Kiaee, Kiavash, Yasamin A. Jodat, Nicole J. Bassous, Navneet Matharu, and Su Ryon Shin. "Transcriptomic Mapping of Neural Diversity, Differentiation and Functional Trajectory in iPSC-Derived 3D Brain Organoid Models." Cells 10, no. 12 (2021): 3422. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cells10123422.

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Experimental models of the central nervous system (CNS) are imperative for developmental and pathophysiological studies of neurological diseases. Among these models, three-dimensional (3D) induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived brain organoid models have been successful in mitigating some of the drawbacks of 2D models; however, they are plagued by high organoid-to-organoid variability, making it difficult to compare specific gene regulatory pathways across 3D organoids with those of the native brain. Single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) transcriptome datasets have recently emerged as p

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Park, Juyeon, Geon Kim, and YongKeun Park. "Abstract 7448: Developing virtual staining algorithm of colon cancer organoids using holotomography and deep learning." Cancer Research 85, no. 8_Supplement_1 (2025): 7448. https://doi.org/10.1158/1538-7445.am2025-7448.

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Abstract Colon cancer organoids hold great potential for studying the development of colon cancer. To assess their physiological and developmental status, both morphological parameters (e.g., cell shape and volume) and functional parameters (e.g., presence of proliferating cells or pluripotent stem cells) are crucial. However, current fluorescence labeling methods are invasive, potentially damaging or altering the organoids, making them disposable. To overcome this limitation, it is essential to develop a non-invasive method for monitoring organoids for long-term. We propose a solution that in

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Sureshkumar, Akash, Shilpa Bisht, and Hariharan Easwaran. "Abstract 230: Deep learning embedding-based segmentation for morphological analysis in organoids." Cancer Research 84, no. 6_Supplement (2024): 230. http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1538-7445.am2024-230.

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Abstract Background: The organoid model is a useful tool for modeling the cellular microenvironment of the organ from which they are derived. Organoids recapitulate the self-organization of heterogenous cell types and the microenvironment. Quantifying the morphological features of organoids can provide valuable insights into cellular organizational defects and growth characteristics, which can facilitate drug discovery. Measurement of these characteristics in live organoids can be performed quickly and easily directly in culture using widefield microscopy. The current state-of-the-art method t

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Bao, Zhongyuan, Kaiheng Fang, Zong Miao, et al. "Human Cerebral Organoid Implantation Alleviated the Neurological Deficits of Traumatic Brain Injury in Mice." Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity 2021 (November 22, 2021): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/6338722.

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Traumatic brain injury (TBI) causes a high rate of mortality and disability, and its treatment is still limited. Loss of neurons in damaged area is hardly rescued by relative molecular therapies. Based on its disease characteristics, we transplanted human embryonic stem cell- (hESC-) derived cerebral organoids in the brain lesions of controlled cortical impact- (CCI-) modeled severe combined immunodeficient (SCID) mice. Grafted organoids survived and differentiated in CCI-induced lesion pools in mouse cortical tissue. Implanted cerebral organoids differentiated into various types of neuronal c

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Camp, J. Gray, Farhath Badsha, Marta Florio, et al. "Human cerebral organoids recapitulate gene expression programs of fetal neocortex development." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 112, no. 51 (2015): 15672–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1520760112.

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Cerebral organoids—3D cultures of human cerebral tissue derived from pluripotent stem cells—have emerged as models of human cortical development. However, the extent to which in vitro organoid systems recapitulate neural progenitor cell proliferation and neuronal differentiation programs observed in vivo remains unclear. Here we use single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) to dissect and compare cell composition and progenitor-to-neuron lineage relationships in human cerebral organoids and fetal neocortex. Covariation network analysis using the fetal neocortex data reveals known and previously u

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Harary, Paul M., Rachel Blue, Mackenzie Castellanos, et al. "Human brain organoid transplantation: ethical implications of enhancing specific cerebral functions in small-animal models." Molecular Psychology: Brain, Behavior, and Society 2 (June 6, 2023): 14. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/molpsychol.17544.1.

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Brain organoids are self-organizing, three-dimensional tissues derived from pluripotent stem cells that recapitulate many aspects of the cellular diversity and architectural features of the developing brain. Recently, there has been growing interest in using human brain organoid transplantation in animal models as a means of addressing the limitations of in vitro culture, such as the lack of vascularization, and to explore the potential of organoids for neural repair. While there has been substantial debate on the ethical implications of brain organoid research, particularly the potential for

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Kim, Min Soo, Da-Hyun Kim, Hyun Kyoung Kang, Myung Geun Kook, Soon Won Choi, and Kyung-Sun Kang. "Modeling of Hypoxic Brain Injury through 3D Human Neural Organoids." Cells 10, no. 2 (2021): 234. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cells10020234.

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Brain organoids have emerged as a novel model system for neural development, neurodegenerative diseases, and human-based drug screening. However, the heterogeneous nature and immature neuronal development of brain organoids generated from pluripotent stem cells pose challenges. Moreover, there are no previous reports of a three-dimensional (3D) hypoxic brain injury model generated from neural stem cells. Here, we generated self-organized 3D human neural organoids from adult dermal fibroblast-derived neural stem cells. Radial glial cells in these human neural organoids exhibited characteristics

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da Silva, Bárbara, Ryan K. Mathew, Euan S. Polson, Jennifer Williams, and Heiko Wurdak. "Spontaneous Glioblastoma Spheroid Infiltration of Early-Stage Cerebral Organoids Models Brain Tumor Invasion." SLAS DISCOVERY: Advancing the Science of Drug Discovery 23, no. 8 (2018): 862–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2472555218764623.

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Organoid methodology provides a platform for the ex vivo investigation of the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying brain development and disease. The high-grade brain tumor glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is considered a cancer of unmet clinical need, in part due to GBM cell infiltration into healthy brain parenchyma, making complete surgical resection improbable. Modeling the process of GBM invasion in real time is challenging as it requires both tumor and neural tissue compartments. Here, we demonstrate that human GBM spheroids possess the ability to spontaneously infiltrate early-stag

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Hopkins, Hannah K., Elizabeth M. Traverse, and Kelli L. Barr. "Methodologies for Generating Brain Organoids to Model Viral Pathogenesis in the CNS." Pathogens 10, no. 11 (2021): 1510. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pathogens10111510.

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(1) Background: The human brain is of interest in viral research because it is often the target of viruses. Neurological infections can result in consequences in the CNS, which can result in death or lifelong sequelae. Organoids modeling the CNS are notable because they are derived from stem cells that differentiate into specific brain cells such as neural progenitors, neurons, astrocytes, and glial cells. Numerous protocols have been developed for the generation of CNS organoids, and our goal was to describe the various CNS organoid models available for viral pathogenesis research to serve as

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Mukashyaka, Patience, Pooja Kumar, Dave Mellert, et al. "Abstract 186: Cellos: High-throughput deconvolution of 3D organoid dynamics at cellular resolution for cancer pharmacology." Cancer Research 83, no. 7_Supplement (2023): 186. http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1538-7445.am2023-186.

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Abstract Three-dimensional (3D) culture models, such as organoids, are flexible systems to interrogate cellular growth, multicellular spatial architecture, and morphology in response to drug treatment, including the potential to resolve the individual behaviors and interactions of mixed cancer cell populations. However, new computational methods to segment and analyze 3D models at cellular resolution are needed to realize these possibilities. Here we report Cellos (Cell Organoid Segmentation), an accurate, high throughput image analysis pipeline for 3D organoid and nuclear segmentation analysi

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Wu, Yihui, Jin Qiu, Shuilian Chen, et al. "Comparison of the Response to the CXCR4 Antagonist AMD3100 during the Development of Retinal Organoids Derived from ES Cells and Zebrafish Retina." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 13 (2022): 7088. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms23137088.

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Retinal organoids generated from human embryonic stem cells or iPSCs recreate the key structural and functional features of mammalian retinal tissue in vitro. However, the differences in the development of retinal organoids and normal retina in vivo are not well defined. Thus, in the present study, we analyzed the development of retinal organoids and zebrafish retina after inhibition of CXCR4, a key role in neurogenesis and optic nerve development, with the antagonist AMD3100. Our data indicated that CXCR4 was mainly expressed in ganglion cells in retinal organoids and was rarely expressed in

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Tomaskovic-Crook, Eva, Sarah Liza Higginbottom, Binbin Zhang, Justin Bourke, Gordon George Wallace, and Jeremy Micah Crook. "Defined, Simplified, Scalable, and Clinically Compatible Hydrogel-Based Production of Human Brain Organoids." Organoids 2, no. 1 (2023): 20–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/organoids2010002.

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Human brain organoids present a new paradigm for modeling human brain organogenesis, providing unprecedented insight to the molecular and cellular processes of brain development and maturation. Other potential applications include in vitro models of disease and tissue trauma, as well as three-dimensional (3D) clinically relevant tissues for pharmaceuticals development and cell or tissue replacement. A key requirement for this emerging technology in both research and medicine is the simple, scalable, and reproducible generation of organoids using reliable, economical, and high-throughput cultur

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Sapir, Gal, Daniel J. Steinberg, Rami I. Aqeilan, and Rachel Katz-Brull. "Real-Time Non-Invasive and Direct Determination of Lactate Dehydrogenase Activity in Cerebral Organoids—A New Method to Characterize the Metabolism of Brain Organoids?" Pharmaceuticals 14, no. 9 (2021): 878. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ph14090878.

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Organoids are a powerful tool in the quest to understand human diseases. As the developing brain is extremely inaccessible in mammals, cerebral organoids (COs) provide a unique way to investigate neural development and related disorders. The aim of this study was to utilize hyperpolarized 13C NMR to investigate the metabolism of COs in real-time, in a non-destructive manner. The enzymatic activity of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) was determined by quantifying the rate of [1-13C]lactate production from hyperpolarized [1-13C]pyruvate. Organoid development was assessed by immunofluorescence imaging

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Pasupuleti, Murali Krishna. "Organoid Intelligence: Integrating Living Neuronal Networks with Silicon Systems for the Next Evolution of Artificial Intelligence." International Journal of Academic and Industrial Research Innovations(IJAIRI) 05, no. 07 (2025): 66–81. https://doi.org/10.62311/nesx/rpj5.

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Abstract: The emergence of Organoid Intelligence (OI) marks a transformative shift in artificial intelligence by integrating living neuronal networks with silicon-based systems. This study explores a bio-digital hybrid framework that combines cerebral organoids—three-dimensional neural tissues derived from human stem cells—with neuromorphic computing architectures to emulate advanced cognitive processes such as learning, memory, and adaptive decision-making. A robust methodological pipeline was implemented involving multi-electrode array (MEA) interfaces, signal transduction layers, and predic

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Carpena, Nathaniel T., So-Young Chang, Ji-Eun Choi, Jae Yun Jung, and Min Young Lee. "Wnt Modulation Enhances Otic Differentiation by Facilitating the Enucleation Process but Develops Unnecessary Cardiac Structures." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 19 (2021): 10306. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms221910306.

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Otic organoids have the potential to resolve current challenges in hearing loss research. The reproduction of the delicate and complex structure of the mammalian cochlea using organoids requires high efficiency and specificity. Recent attempts to strengthen otic organoids have focused on the effects of the Wnt signaling pathway on stem cell differentiation. One important aspect of this is the evaluation of undesirable effects of differentiation after Wnt activation. In the present study, we differentiated mouse embryonic stem cell embryoid bodies (EB) into otic organoids and observed two morph

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Revah, Omer, Felicity Gore, Kevin W. Kelley, et al. "Maturation and circuit integration of transplanted human cortical organoids." Nature 610, no. 7931 (2022): 319–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41586-022-05277-w.

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AbstractSelf-organizing neural organoids represent a promising in vitro platform with which to model human development and disease1–5. However, organoids lack the connectivity that exists in vivo, which limits maturation and makes integration with other circuits that control behaviour impossible. Here we show that human stem cell-derived cortical organoids transplanted into the somatosensory cortex of newborn athymic rats develop mature cell types that integrate into sensory and motivation-related circuits. MRI reveals post-transplantation organoid growth across multiple stem cell lines and an

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Han, Yilin, Marianne King, Evgenii Tikhomirov, et al. "Towards 3D Bioprinted Spinal Cord Organoids." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 10 (2022): 5788. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms23105788.

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Three-dimensional (3D) cultures, so-called organoids, have emerged as an attractive tool for disease modeling and therapeutic innovations. Here, we aim to determine if boundary cap neural crest stem cells (BC) can survive and differentiate in gelatin-based 3D bioprinted bioink scaffolds in order to establish an enabling technology for the fabrication of spinal cord organoids on a chip. BC previously demonstrated the ability to support survival and differentiation of co-implanted or co-cultured cells and supported motor neuron survival in excitotoxically challenged spinal cord slice cultures. W

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Riedel, Nicole, Flavia W. De Faria, Carolin Walter, Jan M. Bruder, and Kornelius Kerl. "MODL-10. Tumor-brain-organoids as a model for pediatric brain tumors research." Neuro-Oncology 24, Supplement_1 (2022): i170. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/neuonc/noac079.633.

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Abstract BACKGROUND: Embryonal brain neoplasms like atypical teratoid rhabdoid tumor (ATRT) or embryonal tumor with multilayered rosettes (ETMR) still have a very poor outcome despite intensive treatment including chemotherapy, irradiation and surgery. To date, precision oncology has identified clinically relevant innovative therapeutic targets only for a minor subpopulation of pediatric brain tumor patients, which may be due to current in vitro screens not recapitulating the cellular heterogeneity and cellular interactions in vivo. As cellular heterogeneity and cellular interactions majorly i

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Peterson, James C. "Evangelicals, Neural Organoids, and Chimeras." Perspectives on Science and Christian Faith 73, no. 1 (2021): 1–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.56315/pscf3-21peterson.

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Conforti, P., D. Besusso, V. D. Bocchi, et al. "Faulty neuronal determination and cell polarization are reverted by modulating HD early phenotypes." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 115, no. 4 (2018): E762—E771. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1715865115.

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Increasing evidence suggests that early neurodevelopmental defects in Huntington’s disease (HD) patients could contribute to the later adult neurodegenerative phenotype. Here, by using HD-derived induced pluripotent stem cell lines, we report that early telencephalic induction and late neural identity are affected in cortical and striatal populations. We show that a large CAG expansion causes complete failure of the neuro-ectodermal acquisition, while cells carrying shorter CAGs repeats show gross abnormalities in neural rosette formation as well as disrupted cytoarchitecture in cortical organ

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Layrolle, Pierre, Pierre Payoux, and Stéphane Chavanas. "Message in a Scaffold: Natural Biomaterials for Three-Dimensional (3D) Bioprinting of Human Brain Organoids." Biomolecules 13, no. 1 (2022): 25. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biom13010025.

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Brain organoids are invaluable tools for pathophysiological studies or drug screening, but there are still challenges to overcome in making them more reproducible and relevant. Recent advances in three-dimensional (3D) bioprinting of human neural organoids is an emerging approach that may overcome the limitations of self-organized organoids. It requires the development of optimal hydrogels, and a wealth of research has improved our knowledge about biomaterials both in terms of their intrinsic properties and their relevance on 3D culture of brain cells and tissue. Although biomaterials are rare

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Matsui, Takeshi K., Yuichiro Tsuru, Koichi Hasegawa, and Ken-ichiro Kuwako. "Vascularization of Human Brain Organoids." Stem Cells 39, no. 8 (2021): 1017–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/stem.3368.

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Abstract Human brain organoids are three-dimensional tissues that are generated in vitro from pluripotent stem cells and recapitulate the early development of the human brain. Brain organoids consist mainly of neural lineage cells, such as neural stem/precursor cells, neurons, astrocytes, and oligodendrocytes. However, all human brain organoids lack vasculature, which plays indispensable roles not only in brain homeostasis but also in brain development. In addition to the delivery of oxygen and nutrition, accumulating evidence suggests that the vascular system of the brain regulates neural dif

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Zhang, Ru, Juan Lu, Gang Pei та Shichao Huang. "Galangin Rescues Alzheimer’s Amyloid-β Induced Mitophagy and Brain Organoid Growth Impairment". International Journal of Molecular Sciences 24, № 4 (2023): 3398. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms24043398.

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Dysfunctional mitochondria and mitophagy are hallmarks of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). It is widely accepted that restoration of mitophagy helps to maintain cellular homeostasis and ameliorates the pathogenesis of AD. It is imperative to create appropriate preclinical models to study the role of mitophagy in AD and to assess potential mitophagy-targeting therapies. Here, by using a novel 3D human brain organoid culturing system, we found that amyloid-β (Aβ1-42,10 μM) decreased the growth level of organoids, indicating that the neurogenesis of organoids may be impaired. Moreover, Aβ treatment inhi

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Song, Shaoshuai, Jingyi Zhang, Ya Fang, et al. "Nerve–bone crosstalk manipulates bone organoid development and bone regeneration: A review and perspectives." Organoid Research 1, no. 1 (2025): 8294. https://doi.org/10.36922/or.8294.

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As an innovative regenerative medicine technology, bone organoids represent a promising therapy for refractory bone injury repair, whereas the key to fabricating bone organoids is grounded in the utilization of biomaterials with osteogenesis cues. Considering the intricate crosstalk between neurons and osteocytes would support bone organoid development and bone wound healing, it is extremely essential to predicate biomaterial design and osteo-organoid construction on understanding the roles of neural growth in ossification center formation and bone-like tissue development. Therefore, this revi

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Shoji, Jun-ya, Richard P. Davis, Christine L. Mummery, and Stefan Krauss. "Global Literature Analysis of Tumor Organoid and Tumor-on-Chip Research." Cancers 17, no. 1 (2025): 108. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers17010108.

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Background: Tumor organoid and tumor-on-chip (ToC) platforms replicate aspects of the anatomical and physiological states of tumors. They, therefore, serve as models for investigating tumor microenvironments, metastasis, and immune interactions, especially for precision drug testing. To map the changing research diversity and focus in this field, we performed a quality-controlled text analysis of categorized academic publications and clinical studies. Methods: Previously, we collected metadata of academic publications on organoids or organ-on-chip platforms from PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus,

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Delepine, Chloe, Vincent A. Pham, Hayley W. S. Tsang, and Mriganka Sur. "GSK3ß inhibitor CHIR 99021 modulates cerebral organoid development through dose-dependent regulation of apoptosis, proliferation, differentiation and migration." PLOS ONE 16, no. 5 (2021): e0251173. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0251173.

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Cerebral organoids generated from human pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) are unique in their ability to recapitulate human-specific neurodevelopmental events. They are capable of modeling the human brain and its cell composition, including human-specific progenitor cell types; ordered laminar compartments; and both cell-specific transcriptional signatures and the broader telencephalic transcriptional landscape. The serine/threonine kinase, GSK3β, plays a critical role in neurodevelopment, controlling processes as varied as neurogenesis, morphological changes, polarization, and migration. In the

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Nestor, Michael W., and Richard L. Wilson. "Assessing the Utility of Organoid Intelligence: Scientific and Ethical Perspectives." Organoids 4, no. 2 (2025): 9. https://doi.org/10.3390/organoids4020009.

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The development of brain organoids from human-induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) has expanded research into neurodevelopment, disease modeling, and drug testing. More recently, the concept of organoid intelligence (OI) has emerged, proposing that these constructs could evolve to support learning, memory, or even sentience. While this perspective has driven enthusiasm in the field of organoid research and suggested new applications in fields such as neuromorphic computing, it also introduces significant scientific and conceptual concerns. Current brain organoids lack the anatomical complexi

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Kanber, Deniz, Julia Woestefeld, Hannah Döpper, et al. "RB1-Negative Retinal Organoids Display Proliferation of Cone Photoreceptors and Loss of Retinal Differentiation." Cancers 14, no. 9 (2022): 2166. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cancers14092166.

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Retinoblastoma is a tumor of the eye in children under the age of five caused by biallelic inactivation of the RB1 tumor suppressor gene in maturing retinal cells. Cancer models are essential for understanding tumor development and in preclinical research. Because of the complex organization of the human retina, such models were challenging to develop for retinoblastoma. Here, we present an organoid model based on differentiation of human embryonic stem cells into neural retina after inactivation of RB1 by CRISPR/Cas9 mutagenesis. Wildtype and RB1 heterozygous mutant retinal organoids were ind

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Bombieri, Cristina, Andrea Corsi, Elisabetta Trabetti, et al. "Advanced Cellular Models for Rare Disease Study: Exploring Neural, Muscle and Skeletal Organoids." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 25, no. 2 (2024): 1014. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms25021014.

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Organoids are self-organized, three-dimensional structures derived from stem cells that can mimic the structure and physiology of human organs. Patient-specific induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) and 3D organoid model systems allow cells to be analyzed in a controlled environment to simulate the characteristics of a given disease by modeling the underlying pathophysiology. The recent development of 3D cell models has offered the scientific community an exceptionally valuable tool in the study of rare diseases, overcoming the limited availability of biological samples and the limitations of

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Li, Minghui, Heng Sun, Zongkun Hou, Shilei Hao, Liang Jin, and Bochu Wang. "Engineering the Physical Microenvironment into Neural Organoids for Neurogenesis and Neurodevelopment." Small, September 28, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/smll.202306451.

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AbstractUnderstanding the signals from the physical microenvironment is critical for deciphering the processes of neurogenesis and neurodevelopment. The discovery of how surrounding physical signals shape human developing neurons is hindered by the bottleneck of conventional cell culture and animal models. Notwithstanding neural organoids provide a promising platform for recapitulating human neurogenesis and neurodevelopment, building neuronal physical microenvironment that accurately mimics the native neurophysical features is largely ignored in current organoid technologies. Here, it is disc

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Osaki, Tatsuya, Tomoya Duenki, Siu Yu A. Chow, et al. "Complex activity and short-term plasticity of human cerebral organoids reciprocally connected with axons." Nature Communications 15, no. 1 (2024). http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41467-024-46787-7.

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AbstractAn inter-regional cortical tract is one of the most fundamental architectural motifs that integrates neural circuits to orchestrate and generate complex functions of the human brain. To understand the mechanistic significance of inter-regional projections on development of neural circuits, we investigated an in vitro neural tissue model for inter-regional connections, in which two cerebral organoids are connected with a bundle of reciprocally extended axons. The connected organoids produced more complex and intense oscillatory activity than conventional or directly fused cerebral organ

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Hong, Soojung, Juhee Lee, Yunhee Kim, Eunjee Kim, and Kunyoo Shin. "AAVS1‐targeted, stable expression of ChR2 in human brain organoids for consistent optogenetic control." Bioengineering & Translational Medicine, June 9, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/btm2.10690.

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AbstractSelf‐organizing brain organoids provide a promising tool for studying human development and disease. Here we created human forebrain organoids with stable and homogeneous expression of channelrhodopsin‐2 (ChR2) by generating AAVS1 safe harbor locus‐targeted, ChR2 knocked‐in human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs), followed by the differentiation of these genetically engineered hPSCs into forebrain organoids. The resulting ChR2‐expressing human forebrain organoids showed homogeneous cellular expression of ChR2 throughout entire regions without any structural and functional perturbations an

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Majumder, Joydeb, Elizabeth E. Torr, Elizabeth A. Aisenbrey, et al. "Human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived planar neural organoids assembled on synthetic hydrogels." Journal of Tissue Engineering 15 (January 2024). http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/20417314241230633.

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The tailorable properties of synthetic polyethylene glycol (PEG) hydrogels make them an attractive substrate for human organoid assembly. Here, we formed human neural organoids from iPSC-derived progenitor cells in two distinct formats: (i) cells seeded on a Matrigel surface; and (ii) cells seeded on a synthetic PEG hydrogel surface. Tissue assembly on synthetic PEG hydrogels resulted in three dimensional (3D) planar neural organoids with greater neuronal diversity, greater expression of neurovascular and neuroinflammatory genes, and reduced variability when compared with tissues assembled upo

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Matsui, Takeshi K., Yuichiro Tsuru, and Ken-ichiro Kuwako. "Challenges in Modeling Human Neural Circuit Formation via Brain Organoid Technology." Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience 14 (December 3, 2020). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fncel.2020.607399.

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Human brain organoids are three-dimensional self-organizing tissues induced from pluripotent cells that recapitulate some aspects of early development and some of the early structure of the human brain in vitro. Brain organoids consist of neural lineage cells, such as neural stem/precursor cells, neurons, astrocytes and oligodendrocytes. Additionally, brain organoids contain fluid-filled ventricle-like structures surrounded by a ventricular/subventricular (VZ/SVZ) zone-like layer of neural stem cells (NSCs). These NSCs give rise to neurons, which form multiple outer layers. Since these structu

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Acharya, Prabha, Sunil Shrestha, Pranav Joshi, et al. "Dynamic culture of cerebral organoids using a pillar/perfusion plate for the assessment of developmental neurotoxicity." Biofabrication, October 14, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1758-5090/ad867e.

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Abstract Despite the potential toxicity of commercial chemicals to the development of the nervous system (known as developmental neurotoxicity or DNT), conventional in vitro cell models have primarily been employed for the assessment of acute neuronal toxicity. On the other hand, animal models used for the assessment of DNT are not physiologically relevant due to the heterogenic difference between humans and animals. In addition, animal models are low-throughput, time-consuming, expensive, and ethically questionable. Recently, human brain organoids have emerged as a promising alternative to as

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Croxford, James, and Tim Bayne. "The Case Against Organoid Consciousness." Neuroethics 17, no. 1 (2024). http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12152-024-09548-3.

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AbstractNeural organoids are laboratory-generated entities that replicate certain structural and functional features of the human brain. Most neural organoids are disembodied—completely decoupled from sensory input and motor output. As such, questions about their potential capacity for consciousness are exceptionally difficult to answer. While not disputing the need for caution regarding certain neural organoid types, this paper appeals to two broad constraints on any adequate theory of consciousness—the first involving the dependence of consciousness on embodiment; the second involving the de

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