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Journal articles on the topic 'Neuraxis'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 28 May 2022

Last updated: 31 July 2025

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1

Srinivasan, Karthikeyan, Hong Kuan Kok, Mona Mubarak, William Torregianni, and Robert Whitty. "Facet joint degeneration adversely affects ultrasound imaging of the lumbar spine." Medical Ultrasonography 21, no. 2 (2019): 131. http://dx.doi.org/10.11152/mu-1699.

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Aim: Ultrasound of neuraxis can be used to identify the best possible inter-spinous space to perform neuraxial block. The aim of this study was to assess the anatomical correlation between neuraxial ultrasound and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).Material and method: Twenty-one patients who underwent MRI of the lumbar spine had ultrasound of lumbar neuraxis performed by an experienced operator. Each lumbar interspinous space was graded on ultrasound as good [posteriorcomplex (ligamentum flavum and duramater) and anterior complex (posterior longitudinal ligament) visible], intermediate (either

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2

Thomas, Patrick R. M., Melvin Deutsch, James L. Kepner, et al. "Low-Stage Medulloblastoma: Final Analysis of Trial Comparing Standard-Dose With Reduced-Dose Neuraxis Irradiation." Journal of Clinical Oncology 18, no. 16 (2000): 3004–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2000.18.16.3004.

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PURPOSE: To evaluate prospectively the effects on survival, relapse-free survival, and patterns of relapse of reduced-dose (23.4 Gy in 13 fractions) compared with standard-dose (36 Gy in 20 fractions) neuraxis irradiation in patients 3 to 21 years of age with low-stage medulloblastoma, minimal postoperative residual disease, and no evidence of neuraxis disease. PATIENTS AND METHODS: The Pediatric Oncology Group and Children’s Cancer Group randomized 126 patients to the study. All patients received posterior fossa irradiation to a total dose of 54 Gy in addition to the neuraxis treatment. Patie

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3

Lumsden, A., and R. Krumlauf. "Patterning the Vertebrate Neuraxis." Science 274, no. 5290 (1996): 1109–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.274.5290.1109.

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4

Munson, Troy A., Tibor Valyi-Nagy, Manuel Utset, Zachary Lewis, and Sepideh Amin-Hanjani. "Intramedullary hobnail hemangioendothelioma of the conus." Journal of Neurosurgery: Spine 18, no. 5 (2013): 515–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.3171/2013.2.spine12730.

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Hemangioendotheliomas have only rarely been encountered in the neuraxis. Here, the authors present a case of an intramedullary hobnail hemangioendothelioma of the spinal cord, the first case described of this particular pathological entity in the neuraxis. The authors discuss their treatment and review the pertinent literature regarding management.

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5

Barman, Ross, Jack McHugh, Thomas O’Mara, Thomas Pittelkow, and Ryan S. D’Souza. "Epidural Blood Patch in a Patient with a Hematological Malignancy." Case Reports in Medicine 2023 (February 10, 2023): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2023/9955772.

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Postdural puncture headache is a frequently encountered complication following procedures such as lumbar puncture, neuraxial anesthesia, or intrathecal drug delivery device implantation. It classically presents as a painful orthostatic headache that is exacerbated when a patient is upright. For treatment, patients are often started on conservative options such as hydration, caffeine, bedrest, and NSAID analgesics; however, certain patients who fail these therapies may require intervention with an epidural blood patch. The epidural blood patch remains the gold standard for treating refractory p

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6

Forbes, Jonathan A., Lola B. Chambless, Jason G. Smith, et al. "Use of T2 signal intensity of cerebellar neoplasms in pediatric patients to guide preoperative staging of the neuraxis." Journal of Neurosurgery: Pediatrics 7, no. 2 (2011): 165–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.3171/2010.11.peds10312.

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Object The question of whether to obtain routine or selective preoperative imaging of the neuraxis in pediatric patients with cerebellar neoplasms remains a controversial topic. Staging of the neuraxis is generally considered beneficial in patients with neoplasms associated with an elevated risk of leptomeningeal dissemination (LD). When these studies are obtained preoperatively, there is a decrease in the number of false-positive images related to debris in the immediate postoperative period. Additionally, knowledge of the extent of spread has the potential to affect the risk/benefit analysis

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7

Terterov, Sergei, Mark D. Krieger, Ira Bowen, and J. Gordon McComb. "Evaluation of intracranial cerebrospinal fluid cytology in staging pediatric medulloblastomas, supratentorial primitive neuroectodermal tumors, and ependymomas." Journal of Neurosurgery: Pediatrics 6, no. 2 (2010): 131–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.3171/2010.5.peds09333.

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Object The objective of this study was to determine the role of intracranial CSF examination in detecting true cases of early tumor dissemination. Cerebrospinal fluid dissemination is an ominous feature of pediatric brain tumors, occurring in as many as 30% of medulloblastomas, 25% of supratentorial primitive neuroectodermal tumors (PNETs), and 5% of ependymomas at diagnosis. Detecting early dissemination is important for determining both treatment and prognosis. Dissemination can be detected by evaluating imaging of the full neuraxis and by examining CSF cytology. Neuraxis MR imaging and lumb

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8

Lu, A., A. Nundkumar, C. M. Greco, and P. Shen. "Calcified pseudoneoplasm of the neuraxis." Neurology 84, no. 22 (2015): 2289–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1212/wnl.0000000000001645.

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9

Pithon, Rafaela Fonseca Albuquerque, Paulo Roberto Valle Bahia, Jorge Marcondes, Nathalie Canedo, and Edson Marchiori. "Calcifying pseudoneoplasm of the neuraxis." Radiologia Brasileira 52, no. 5 (2019): 342–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0100-3984.2017.0171.

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10

Muccio, C. F., A. Cerase, A. Leone, et al. "Calcifying Pseudoneoplasm of the Neuraxis." Neuroradiology Journal 25, no. 4 (2012): 453–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/197140091202500407.

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11

Kerr, Edward E., Ewa Borys, Matthew Bobinski, and Kiarash Shahlaie. "Posterior fossa calcifying pseudoneoplasm of the central nervous system." Journal of Neurosurgery 118, no. 4 (2013): 896–902. http://dx.doi.org/10.3171/2013.1.jns121755.

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Calcifying pseudoneoplasms of the neuraxis are rare, poorly understood masses that may arise throughout the CNS. Although these lesions are generally considered benign and noninfiltrative, reports exist that document growth of these masses on serial plain radiographs. The authors report a case of a posterior fossa calcifying pseudoneoplasm of the neuraxis demonstrating interval development of peritumoral edema on serial MRI. Their findings suggest that these lesions may sometimes behave in a more aggressive manner than commonly thought.

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12

Saha, Atin, Julio Arevalo-Perez, Kyung K. Peck, et al. "Calcifying pseudoneoplasm of the spine: imaging and pathological features." Neuroradiology Journal 31, no. 4 (2017): 440–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1971400916682511.

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Calcifying pseudoneoplasms of the neuraxis are extremely rare calcified lesions that can occur anywhere in the central nervous system. These non-neoplastic lesions have been reported to arise both in the brain and spine with similar frequency and can be found intra-axially as well as extra-axially. The associated symptoms are generally due to mass effect rather than local invasion as calcifying pseudoneoplasms of the neuraxis are usually considered to be benign non-infiltrative lesions. We report a unique case of a 67-year-old male patient who developed lower extremity weakness and gait instab

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13

Chamberlain, Marc C. "Neuraxis imaging in leptomeningeal metastasis: A retrospective case series." Journal of Clinical Oncology 30, no. 15_suppl (2012): 2046. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2012.30.15_suppl.2046.

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2046 Background: (and Objective) Leptomeningeal metastasis (LM) is a central nervous system metastatic complication of cancer that affects the entire neuraxis. Quantify imaging (brain and spine MRI and radio-isotope cerebrospinal fluid [CSF] flow study) abnormalities in a retrospective case series of patients with LM. Methods: 240 adult patients with LM (125 non-brain solid tumor patients with positive CSF cytology; 40 non-brain solid tumor patients with negative CSF cytology; 50 lymphoma and 40 leukemia patients with positive CSF flow cytometry) underwent prior to treatment brain and entire s

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14

Hanna, Peter, Eric Buch, Stavros Stavrakis, et al. "Neuroscientific therapies for atrial fibrillation." Cardiovascular Research 117, no. 7 (2021): 1732–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cvr/cvab172.

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Abstract The cardiac autonomic nervous system (ANS) plays an integral role in normal cardiac physiology as well as in disease states that cause cardiac arrhythmias. The cardiac ANS, comprised of a complex neural hierarchy in a nested series of interacting feedback loops, regulates atrial electrophysiology and is itself susceptible to remodelling by atrial rhythm. In light of the challenges of treating atrial fibrillation (AF) with conventional pharmacologic and myoablative techniques, increasingly interest has begun to focus on targeting the cardiac neuraxis for AF. Strong evidence from animal

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15

Horlocker, Terese T., and Denise J. Wedel. "Anticoagulants, Antiplatelet Therapy, and Neuraxis Blockade." Anesthesiology Clinics of North America 10, no. 1 (1992): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0889-8537(21)00017-1.

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16

Goel, Atul, and Manu Kothari. "'Aqualisation' of neuraxis: Wondrous neuraqua CSF." Neurology India 56, no. 1 (2008): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/0028-3886.39303.

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17

Eisenach, J. C. "New drugs for central neuraxis blockade." Current Opinion in Anaesthesiology 3, no. 5 (1990): 731–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00001503-199010000-00011.

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18

Hubbard, Molly, Rabia Qaiser, H. Brent Clark, and Ramachandra Tummala. "Multiple calcifying pseudoneoplasms of the neuraxis." Neuropathology 35, no. 5 (2015): 452–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/neup.12198.

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19

Braca, John A., Dustin Hayward, Gennadiy A. Katsevman, et al. "Aneurysmal Bone Cysts of the Neuraxis." Contemporary Neurosurgery 36, no. 9 (2014): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.cne.0000451467.09371.b7.

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20

Braca, John A., Dustin Hayward, Gennadiy A. Katsevman, et al. "Aneurysmal Bone Cysts of the Neuraxis." Contemporary Neurosurgery 36, no. 10 (2014): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.cne.0000451780.53934.c1.

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21

Dufour, Henry, Philippe Métellus, Stéphane Fuentes, et al. "Meningeal Hemangiopericytoma: A Retrospective Study of 21 Patients with Special Review of Postoperative External Radiotherapy." Neurosurgery 48, no. 4 (2001): 756–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00006123-200104000-00011.

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Abstract OBJECTIVE To specify that postoperative radiotherapy is useful for preventing local recurrence and neuraxis recurrence of surgically treated meningeal hemangiopericytomas. METHODS We retrospectively studied 21 patients with meningeal hemangiopericytoma who were followed in our department during a 34-year period. In 17 patients, the meningeal hemangiopericytoma was intracranial, and in 4 there was an intradural extramedullary localization. These groups were studied separately. RESULTS Of the 17 patients with intracranial hemangiopericytoma, all underwent surgery; 8 also underwent radio

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22

Iwamoto, G. A., T. G. Waldrop, M. P. Kaufman, B. R. Botterman, K. J. Rybicki, and J. H. Mitchell. "Pressor reflex evoked by muscular contraction: contributions by neuraxis levels." Journal of Applied Physiology 59, no. 2 (1985): 459–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1985.59.2.459.

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The pressor reflex evoked by muscular contraction (exercise pressor reflex) is one important model of cardiovascular adjustments during static exercise. The central nervous system (CNS) structures mediating this reflex have remained largely obscure. Therefore, we examined the contribution of selected levels of the neuraxis in mediating the pressor reflex evoked by muscular contraction from stimulation of ventral roots. Decerebrate cats exhibited larger pressor reflexes than those found in intact alpha-chloralose-anesthetized cats, a difference more apparent at low (5 Hz or repeated twitch) rat

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23

Gajjar, Amar, Ravi Bhargava, Jesse J. Jenkins, et al. "Low-grade astrocytoma with neuraxis dissemination at diagnosis." Journal of Neurosurgery 83, no. 1 (1995): 67–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.3171/jns.1995.83.1.0067.

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✓ Little is known about low-grade astrocytoma with neuraxis dissemination at diagnosis. A review of medical records identified this phenomenon in eight of 150 pediatric patients evaluated between 1985 and 1994 for histologically confirmed low-grade astrocytoma. These patients (five male and three female) ranged in age from 5 months to 20 years (median 8 years). Symptoms of neuraxis disease were minimal or absent. Primary tumor sites were the hypothalamus in four cases, brainstem/spinal cord in three, and temporal lobe in one. Patterns of dissemination (evaluated by computerized tomography and/

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24

Kovnar, E. H., S. J. Kellie, M. E. Horowitz, et al. "Preirradiation cisplatin and etoposide in the treatment of high-risk medulloblastoma and other malignant embryonal tumors of the central nervous system: a phase II study." Journal of Clinical Oncology 8, no. 2 (1990): 330–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.1990.8.2.330.

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Medulloblastoma, pineoblastoma, and cerebral neuroblastoma are malignant embryonal tumors of the CNS that may demonstrate similar histologic features, a propensity for neuraxis dissemination and sensitivity to radiation therapy and, in certain cases, chemotherapy. To evaluate the activity of preirradiation chemotherapy in such tumors, 11 newly diagnosed children with measurable residual disease and characteristics indicative of poor prognosis were treated postoperatively with cisplatin (CDDP) and etoposide (VP-16). Responses graded on the basis of radiographic findings in areas of either macro

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25

Presto, Peyton, Mariacristina Mazzitelli, Riley Junell, Zach Griffin, and Volker Neugebauer. "Sex differences in pain along the neuraxis." Neuropharmacology 210 (June 2022): 109030. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropharm.2022.109030.

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26

Vlisides, Phillip E., and George A. Mashour. "The Cognitive Neuraxis: Epidurals and Postoperative Delirium." Anesthesiology 135, no. 2 (2021): 197–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/aln.0000000000003824.

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27

Mackenzie, I. R., and J. J. Gilbert. "Cysts of the neuraxis of endodermal origin." Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry 54, no. 7 (1991): 572–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jnnp.54.7.572.

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28

Tong, Denise, Nishantha Karunaratne, Graydon Howe, David Spencer, and Nicholas Manolios. "Clinical images: Calcifying pseudoneoplasm of the neuraxis." Arthritis & Rheumatism 62, no. 3 (2010): 704. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/art.27293.

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29

Sun, Xiangyu, Chengshi Xu, Yuxiang Cai, Zhiyong Pan, and Zhiqiang Li. "Meningioangiomatosis Combined with Calcifying Pseudoneoplasms of Neuraxis." Brain Sciences 13, no. 5 (2023): 786. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/brainsci13050786.

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Meningioangiomatosis (MA) is a rare hamartomatous or meningovascular lesion involving the central nervous system, and is sometimes associated with intracranial meningiomas. Calcifying pseudoneoplasms of the neuraxis (CAPNON) are rare, slow-growing benign tumor-like lesions that can occur anywhere along the neuraxis. Here, we report a rare case of MA combined with CAPNON. A 31-year-old woman was admitted to our hospital because of a high-density mass in the left frontal lobe, detected by computed tomography (CT) during a physical examination. She had a 3-year history of obsessive–compulsive dis

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30

Yan, Lei, Preethi Dileep Menon, Josefine Heim-Hall, and Sarah Hackman. "Calcifying Pseudoneoplasm of the Neuraxis Involving the Posterior Skull Base: A Case Report and Literature Review." International Journal of Surgical Pathology 29, no. 7 (2021): 733–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1066896921988935.

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Calcifying pseudoneoplasm of the neuraxis is an uncommon, nonneoplastic fibro-osseous lesion of the central nervous system. At the time of this report, at least 150 cases have been reported in the literature. Because of the rarity of this lesion, it is often diagnostically challenging for radiologists and pathologists alike. In this article, we present a case of a 44-year-old woman with a 5.8-cm intracranial/skull base calcifying pseudoneoplasm of the neuraxis that was concerning for osteosarcoma on initial frozen section. Permanent sections revealed bone and fibrous stroma, calcifications, an

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31

Sakka, Laurent, Jean Gabrillargues, and Guillaume Coll. "Anatomy of the Spinal Meninges." Operative Neurosurgery 12, no. 2 (2015): 168–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1227/neu.0000000000001048.

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Abstract BACKGROUND The spinal meninges have received less attention than the cranial meninges in the literature, although several points remain debatable and poorly understood, like their phylogenesis, their development, and their interactions with the spinal cord. Their constancy among the chordates shows their crucial importance in central nervous system homeostasis and suggests a role far beyond mechanical protection of the neuraxis. OBJECTIVE This work provides an extensive study of the spinal meninges, from an overview of their phylogenesis and embryology to a descriptive and topographic

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32

Ganapathy, Sibhi, Swaroop Gopal, and Paritosh Pandey. "Arteriovenous fistulae of the neuraxis: An institutional experience." Journal of Cerebrovascular Sciences 8, no. 1 (2020): 10. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/jcvs.jcvs_4_20.

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33

Jung, Tae-Young, Shin Jung, In-Young Kim, Sam-Suk Kang, and Soo-Han Kim. "High-grade Gliomas: Neuraxis Dissemination Pattern and Prognosis." Neurosurgery Quarterly 17, no. 3 (2007): 151–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/wnq.0b013e3180320201.

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34

Chacko, Geeta, and Vedantam Rajshekhar. "Thoracic intramedullary melanocytoma with long-term follow-up." Journal of Neurosurgery: Spine 9, no. 6 (2008): 589–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.3171/spi.2008.9.08323.

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Melanocytomas are tumors of the neuraxis seen predominantly in adults. The authors report a case of a thoracic intramedullary melanocytoma with long-term follow-up of 8 years postsurgery. Melanocytomas, although rare, must be included in the differential diagnosis of intramedullary spinal cord tumors.

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35

Shih, J., and S. E. Fraser. "Characterizing the zebrafish organizer: microsurgical analysis at the early-shield stage." Development 122, no. 4 (1996): 1313–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/dev.122.4.1313.

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The appearance of the embryonic shield, a slight thickening at the leading edge of the blastoderm during the formation of the germ ring, is one of the first signs of dorsoventral polarity in the zebrafish embryo. It has been proposed that the shield plays a role in fish embryo patterning similar to that attributed to the amphibian dorsal lip. In a recent study, we fate mapped many of the cells in the region of the forming embryonic shield, and found that neural and mesodermal progenitors are intermingled (Shih, J. and Fraser, S.E. (1995) Development 121, 2755–2765), in contrast to the coherent

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36

Murphy, Michael, Craig Timms, Penny Mckelvie, Anthony Dowling, and Nicholas Trost. "Malignant optic nerve glioma: metastases to the spinal neuraxis." Journal of Neurosurgery: Spine 98, no. 1 (2003): 110. http://dx.doi.org/10.3171/spi.2003.98.1.0110.

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37

Viswanathan, V., E. R. Smith, J. B. Mulliken, et al. "Infantile Hemangiomas Involving the Neuraxis: Clinical and Imaging Findings." American Journal of Neuroradiology 30, no. 5 (2009): 1005–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.3174/ajnr.a1478.

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38

Pisano, Antonio, Andrea Boschi, and Stefano Romoli. "Calcifying pseudoneoplasms of the neuraxis: Not only surgical treatment." Asian Journal of Neurosurgery 15, no. 3 (2020): 796. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/ajns.ajns_113_20.

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39

Jhajharia, Ajay, and Sumit Thakar. "Giant brain Stone: Calcifying pseudoneoplasm of the neuraxis (CAPNON)." Journal of Clinical Neuroscience 132 (February 2025): 111010. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jocn.2024.111010.

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40

Yeo, Mark, B. Jonker, and P. Earls. "Calcifying Pseudoneoplasm of the Neuraxis (CAPNON) – A case report." Pathology 52 (February 2020): S96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pathol.2020.01.327.

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41

Conway, Kyle S., Jeffrey Jentzen, Drew Pratt, and Sandra Camelo-Piragua. "Sudden Death Due to Calcifying Pseudoneoplasm of the Neuraxis." American Journal of Forensic Medicine and Pathology 41, no. 1 (2020): 70–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/paf.0000000000000520.

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42

Ruiz i Altaba, Arial, and Thomas M. Jessell. "Midline cells and the organization of the vertebrate neuraxis." Current Opinion in Genetics & Development 3, no. 4 (1993): 633–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0959-437x(93)90100-4.

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43

Carter, Lindsay A., and A. Jane Roskams. "Neurotrophins and their receptors in the primary olfactory neuraxis." Microscopy Research and Technique 58, no. 3 (2002): 189. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jemt.10148.

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Gangadharan, Jagathlal, Vani Santosh, Rose Bharath, and Paritosh Pandey. "Spinal ependymoma presenting with visual and hearing impairment – An unusual sequelae." Indian Journal of Neurosurgery 01, no. 02 (2012): 169–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/2277-9167.102298.

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Abstract Superficial siderosis of the central nervous system is a rare complication of recurrent bleeding in the neuraxis which may present with various symptoms. We report a case of spinal tumor presenting with superficial siderosis with involvement of vision and hearing along with ataxia. This is a rare presentation of superficial siderosis. The pathogenesis of selective involvement of these cranial nerves is discussed.

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Mackey, H. M., R. F. Payette, and M. D. Gershon. "Tissue effects on the expression of serotonin, tyrosine hydroxylase and GABA in cultures of neurogenic cells from the neuraxis and branchial arches." Development 104, no. 2 (1988): 205–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/dev.104.2.205.

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The phenotypically diverse neurones of the enteric nervous system are developmentally derived from precursors that migrate to the bowel from the vagal and sacral regions of the neuraxis. In order to gain insight into the generation of enteric neuronal diversity, we examined the expression of serotonin (5-HT), tyrosine hydroxylase and GABA in vitro. In the mature avian intestine, intrinsic neurones contain 5-HT or GABA but not tyrosine hydroxylase. These markers were demonstrated immunocytochemically, singly or simultaneously. All three phenotypic markers developed in cultures of cranial, vagal

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46

Srikantha, Umesh, Kiran Khanapure, S. Nirmala, and Ravi Gopal Varma. "Occipital dermal sinus with a vermian dermoid." Journal of Neurosciences in Rural Practice 03, no. 03 (2012): 392–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/0976-3147.102640.

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ABSTRACTCongenital occipital dermal sinus with an underlying dermoid is a rare, benign lesion of embryological origin and may occur anywhere along the neuraxis. We present a case of a 15-year-old girl with a vermian dermoid and an occipital dermal sinus. Gross total resection of the lesion was done and post-operative period was uneventful. A detailed review of the literature is also covered.

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47

Stoica, Simona Isabelle, Coralia Bleotu, Vlad Ciobanu, et al. "Considerations about Hypoxic Changes in Neuraxis Tissue Injuries and Recovery." Biomedicines 10, no. 2 (2022): 481. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines10020481.

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Hypoxia represents the temporary or longer-term decrease or deprivation of oxygen in organs, tissues, and cells after oxygen supply drops or its excessive consumption. Hypoxia can be (para)-physiological—adaptive—or pathological. Thereby, the mechanisms of hypoxia have many implications, such as in adaptive processes of normal cells, but to the survival of neoplastic ones, too. Ischemia differs from hypoxia as it means a transient or permanent interruption or reduction of the blood supply in a given region or tissue and consequently a poor provision with oxygen and energetic substratum-inflamm

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48

Yang, K., K. Reddy, BH Wang, et al. "Diagnostic and pathogenic features of calcifying pseudoneoplasm of the neuraxis." Canadian Journal of Neurological Sciences / Journal Canadien des Sciences Neurologiques 48, s1 (2021): S3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cjn.2021.90.

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Calcifying pseudoneoplasm of the neuraxis (CAPNON) is a rare tumefactive lesion with unclear pathogenesis. It is diagnosed by pathological findings of the typical histological features that include granular amorphous cores with palisading spindle to epithelioid cells, variable fibrous stroma, foreign-body reaction with giant cells, and calcification/ossification occasionally with psammoma bodies. However, its histopathology may be variable and currently immunohistochemistry plays a limited role in its diagnosis and understanding the pathogenesis. In this study, we examined 6 cases of CAPNONs i

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49

Chamberlain, Marc C. "Comprehensive neuraxis imaging in leptomeningeal metastasis: a retrospective case series." CNS Oncology 2, no. 2 (2013): 121–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.2217/cns.12.45.

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50

Tenhunen, Mikko, Taina Usenius, and Tapani Lahtinen. "Irradiation of the Whole Neuraxis: A method for field positioning." Acta Oncologica 33, no. 6 (1994): 661–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/02841869409121779.

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