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Relevant bibliographies by topics / Non-tariff barriers to trade

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Academic literature on the topic 'Non-tariff barriers to trade'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 5 June 2025

Last updated: 2 August 2025

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Journal articles on the topic "Non-tariff barriers to trade"

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Khan, Muhammad Arshad, Atif Ali Jaffri, Faisal Abbas, and Azad Haider. "Does Trade Liberalization Improve Trade Balance in Pakistan?" South Asia Economic Journal 18, no. 2 (2017): 158–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1391561417713128.

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This article examines the impact of trade liberalization, that is, reduction of tariff and non-tariff barriers on trade balance, in Pakistan over the period 1982–2013. The results reveal that reduction of average effective tariff rate improves trade balance in the short run, while lowering of non-tariff barriers deteriorates trade balance in the long run as well as in the short run. The analysis also suggests that depreciation of real effective exchange rate and foreign income causes an improvement in the trade balance, whereas domestic income deteriorates it. The negative association between

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COOK, A. "Patents as non-tariff trade barriers." Trends in Biotechnology 7, no. 10 (1989): 258–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0167-7799(89)90043-7.

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Daly, Michael, and Sergios Stamnas. "Tariff and Non-tariff Barriers to Trade in Korea." Journal of Economic Integration 16, no. 4 (2001): 500–525. http://dx.doi.org/10.11130/jei.2001.16.4.500.

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Adriana, Pakendek, Purwandi Agustri, Yuli Wardani Win, and Dini Camelia Noer. "The Influence of Tariff and Non-Tariff Implementation on International Trade in the Textile Industry on Madura Island, East Java Province." International Journal of Social Science and Human Research, no. 11 (November 14, 2024): 8249–60. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14162206.

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This research explores the impact of tariff and non-tariff barriers on international trade within the textile industry in Madura Island, East Java Province. The study assumes that trade policies, both in the form of tariffs and non-tariff barriers, have significant effects on the competitiveness of the local textile industry in the global market. Data were collected through a quantitative survey of 100 textile industry players involved in international trade. A multiple linear regression method was employed to analyze the impact of independent variables (tariff and non-tariff barriers) on the

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Kolisnyk, A. S. "The importance of non-tariff barriers in the legal regulation of international trade relations." Uzhhorod National University Herald. Series: Law 2, no. 86 (2025): 125–31. https://doi.org/10.24144/2307-3322.2024.86.2.20.

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Non-tariff trade barriers in international legal regulation are a component of the system of non-tariff restrictions, the attitude to which in science and practice is ambiguous. The importance of regulating the application of such measures is confirmed by the presence of a number of international and national regulatory legal acts. The purpose of this article was to establish the significance of non-tariff barriers for international trade relations and the prospects for their further application in the conditions of the development of international trade. Taking into account the specifics of t

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Gumelar, Satria Arif, Muhammad Irfan Affandi, and Suriaty Situmorang. "PENGARUH HAMBATAN NONTARIF DI PASAR UNI EROPA TERHADAP EKSPOR KOMODITAS CPO INDONESIA." Jurnal Ilmu-Ilmu Agribisnis 8, no. 1 (2020): 86. http://dx.doi.org/10.23960/jiia.v8i1.4347.

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This research aims to analyze which trade barriers are implemented by European Union (EU) on Indonesian Crude Palm Oil (CPO) commodity and did the non-tariff barrier named “Report on Palm Oil and Deforestation of Rainforrest” which has been ratified by the European Comission (EC) have a significant effects on Indonesian CPO export or not. This research used literature study method with secondary and primary data obtained from BPS, Indonesian National Export Development Agency, Central Bank of Indonesia, Eurostat, WTO, FAO, PASPI, Indonesian Ministry of Agriculture, Indonesian Ministry of Trade

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Okumura, Yasunori. "Free Trade Networks on Non-tariff Barriers." Journal of Industry, Competition and Trade 15, no. 3 (2014): 223–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10842-014-0184-2.

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Sattar, Zaidi. "Tariff and Non-Tariff Barriers in South Asia Trade: A Bangladesh Perspective." Journal of Bangladesh Studies 14, no. 1 (2012): 1–16. https://doi.org/10.1163/27715086-01401002.

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After 25 years of SAARC, 15 years of SAPTA, and another 6 years of SAFTA, there is scant progress in the area of trade and investment under the regional accord umbrella. Intra-South Asia trade lagged far behind the growth of the region's trade with the rest of the world due to the persistence of substantial tariff and non-tariff barriers to trade in the region, thereby impeding growth of trade and investment despite efforts at regional cooperation. Though tariffs have come down in all the countries, they are still high compared to other major regions of the world, thus presenting the first bar

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Abbas, Ahsan, Abdul Rauf, and Shaista Mumtaz. "Evaluating the Effect of Tariff and Non-tariff Barriers on Exports in the Pre and Post China-Pak Free Trade Agreement (FTA) Period." NUST Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities 9, no. 2 (2023): 1–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.51732/njssh.v9i2.167.

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Low trading costs, more significant consumer markets, and favourable economic ties between China and Pakistan provide a strong rationale for bilateral trade. Both countries have signed several bilateral trade agreements to boost mutual trade since 1963. The agreement that marked the beginning of a new era of cooperation between two trading partners and paved the way for free trade agreements was the Early Harvest Program (EHP), implemented in 2006. The first China-Pakistan Free Trade Agreement (CPFTA) was signed in November 2006 and became operational in 2007. CPFTA aimed to remove tariff and

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Johan, Eva. "NEW CHALLENGES IN ASEAN REGIONAL MARKET: INTERNATIONAL TRADE FRAMEWORK ON HALAL STANDARD." Jurnal Dinamika Hukum 18, no. 1 (2018): 93. http://dx.doi.org/10.20884/1.jdh.2018.18.1.809.

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The use of non-tariff protection increased during 1980s. One of Non-tariff measures which have been deployed by countries is safety and health standards/technical specifications. In many Muslim countries, Halal standard has essential part in protecting consumer rights. National labeling laws must seek a balance between labeling requirements and certification to minimize barriers to the free trade. The problem is every nation has own Halal Standard. This could result trade dispute among parties since import product cannot enter local market based on different Halal Standard. This situation rema

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Non-tariff barriers to trade"

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Nogueira, Lia. "Non-tariff barriers and technology trade and welfare implications /." Online access for everyone, 2008. http://www.dissertations.wsu.edu/Dissertations/Summer2008/l_nogueira_072308.pdf.

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Moenius, Johannes. "Three essays on trade barriers and trade volumes /." Diss., Connect to a 24 p. preview or request complete full text in PDF format. Access restricted to UC campuses, 2000. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/ucsd/fullcit?p9975892.

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Magana, Lemus David. "A quantitative analysis of the effects of tariff and non-tariff barriers on U.S. - Mexico poultry trade." Texas A&M University, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/2509.

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Since the inception of the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) in 1994, tariff restriction to U.S. poultry products entering the Mexican market has decreased significantly. While poultry trade from the U.S. to Mexico has increased considerably, Mexican chicken exports to the U.S. face a sanitary restriction. This concerns chicken producers in Mexico. Consequently, the Mexican government negotiated with the U.S. government an extension, from 2003 to 2008, of the tariff rate quota (TRQ) on U.S. chicken leg quarters entering the Mexican market. The purpose of this study was to estimate th

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Lynham, Mark B. "Nontariff Trade Barriers in the Beef Industry." College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/310779.

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Hejazi, Mina. "Three Essays on Tariff and Non-Tariff Barriers to Trade and U.S. Market Access to China." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/87399.

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International trade encourages innovation, boosts development, reduces poverty, creates new markets, enhances competitiveness, improves product quality, and expands the consumer choice set. This dissertation is composed of three papers examining barriers to agricultural trade. The first two papers examine the impact of tariff and non-tariff barriers to agricultural trade while the third paper investigates China's domestic agricultural and international trade policies in order to promote U.S. market access in China. The first paper investigates how trade liberalization expands the range of

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MathaÌˆ, Thomas Yngve. "European integration, trade structure, and Swedish multinationals." Thesis, University of East Anglia, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.323213.

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Mushonga, Master. "An evaluation of the regulation of non-tariff barriers to trade in SADC free trade area." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/96171.

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Thesis (MDF)--Stellenbosch University, 2014.<br>The adoption of the Southern African Development Community’s Protocol on Trade in 2000 by member states which was aimed at creating an effective free intra-trade environment, had failed to reduce trade barriers which are threatening to reverse the gains made from tariff liberalization.. The protectionism in the form of non-tariff barriers constitutes the biggest factor affecting intra-trade in the region. The new economic environment which was expected to emerge with the adoption of the Trade Protocol over a decade ago has not taken place. Some o

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Nelson, Christopher. "Tariff and non-tariff barriers to trade in the beef, dairy & wheat industry in Japan, Taiwan & Thailand between 1974 & 1994 /." Connect to thesis, 1995. http://eprints.unimelb.edu.au/archive/00000902.

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Kiiza, Moses Gatama. "The case for international standards and agricultural free trade /." Thesis, McGill University, 2004. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=80933.

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The sharp decline of tariff trade barriers has been one of the achievements of the world trading system. However, the reduction in tariffs has exposed the many non-tariff barriers that remain. As tariffs continue to fall, there seems to be a corresponding reliance on SPS measures as a source of protection for domestic producers. This underscores the need for a legal framework that can address the fundamental issue of whether a measure validly exists to protect consumers or is merely a 'sham' to protect domestic producers. This thesis argues that the protectionist use of SPS measures und

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Chimeri, Vongai. "The WTO agreement on technical barriers to trade : a critical appraisal of its implementation within the Southern African Development Community." Thesis, University of Fort Hare, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10353/2855.

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The World Trade Organisation Agreement on Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT Agreement) was crafted with the aim of ensuring that technical regulations, standards and conformity assessment procedure do not constitute unnecessary obstacles to international trade. Southern African Development Community (SADC) countries have since ratified this Agreement and took a step further to incorporate its principles into the Technical Barriers to Trade Annex to the SADC Protocol on Trade. Despite this effort, SADC countries are still grappling with implementing the TBT Agreement in their domestic frameworks

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Books on the topic "Non-tariff barriers to trade"

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Jones, C. D. Tariff and non-tariff barriers to trade. Department of Trade and Industry, 1987.

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Mattson, Jeremy W. Non-tariff trade barriers in agriculture. Center for Agricultural Policy and Trade Studies, Dept. of Agribusiness and Applied Economics, North Dakota State University, 2004.

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Tao, Jingzhou. Non-tariff trade barriers in China. Sweet & Maxwell Asia, 2003.

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Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development., ed. Indicators of tariff and non-tariff trade barriers. Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, 1996.

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Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development., ed. Indicators of tariff and non-tariff trade barriers. Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, 1997.

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Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development., ed. Measurement of non-tariff barriers. OECD, 1997.

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Wasson, Kevin Clifford. Non-tariff barriers to trade within Canada. National Library of Canada, 1990.

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Mehta, Rajesh. Non-tariff barriers affecting India's exports. Research and Information System for the Non-aligned and Other Developing Countries, 2005.

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Renault, François. Foreign non-tariff barriers to Canadian fisheries trade. International Affairs Directorate, Dept. of Fisheries and Oceans, 1994.

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Renault, François. Foreign non-tariff barriers to Canadian fisheries trade. International Affairs Directorate, Dept. of Fisheries and Oceans, 1994.

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Book chapters on the topic "Non-tariff barriers to trade"

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Gandolfo, Giancarlo. "Tariff and Non-Tariff Barriers." In International Trade Theory and Policy. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-61680-8_8.

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Mikić, Mia. "Economic Analysis of Non-Tariff Barriers." In International Trade. Macmillan Education UK, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-26372-1_9.

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Chakraborty, Debashis, and Oindrila Dey. "Non-tariff Barriers and Trade Flows." In Influence of WTO and Global Dynamics on Trade Flows. Springer Nature Singapore, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-99-7375-0_3.

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Kimbugwe, Kato, Nicholas Perdikis, May T. Yeung, and William A. Kerr. "Quantifying Tariff Barriers." In Economic Development Through Regional Trade. Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230369924_7.

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Shaw, Jo, Jo Hunt, and Chloë Wallace. "Non-Tariff Barriers to Trade in Goods." In Economic and Social Law of the European Union. Macmillan Education UK, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-137-08070-7_5.

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Shaw, Josephine. "Non-tariff Barriers to Trade in Goods." In European Community Law. Macmillan Education UK, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-13078-8_14.

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Hiemenz, Ulrich. "EC Protectionism against Developing Countries — General Tariff and Non-tariff Trade Barriers." In Trade Policies towards Developing Countries. Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-22982-6_15.

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Kumar, Sanjay, and Falguni Arora. "Non-tariff Barriers on International Trade Flows in India." In Flexible Systems Management. Springer Singapore, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-8926-8_18.

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Spinanger, Dean. "MFA and Article 115: Two Complementary EC Non-tariff Barriers." In Trade Policies towards Developing Countries. Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-22982-6_18.

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Cilliers, Jakkie. "Trade and Growth." In The Future of Africa. Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-46590-2_11.

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AbstractCilliers starts by exploring the modern history of international trade and the importance of trade to economic growth and global cooperation. The chapter then provides an overview of Africa’s trading partners, the need for greater regional integration in the continent and the challenges to achieving intra-regional cooperation. It examines the need to improve the quality of governance, bridge the infrastructure deficit and eventually focus on a manufacturing-led growth path. Reducing both tariff and non-tariff barriers could facilitate the successful implementation of African Continenta

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Conference papers on the topic "Non-tariff barriers to trade"

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Sevcenco, Violeta. "Non-tariff barriers in international trade." In Simpozion stiintific al tinerilor cercetatori, editia 20. Academy of Economic Studies of Moldova, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.53486/9789975359023.03.

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In the contemporary economy there have always been and always will be certain protective trade policies that require contrary actions to restore a level playing field with fair trade. Clearly, the reasons for the slowdown in global trade are manifold. In this context non-tariff measures remain a not infrequently controversial subject of discussion and negotiation. States are hampered by more or less direct impediments, such as domestic policies and regulations, trade administration procedures, attitudes and behaviour of authorities, corruption, discrimination, public (judicial, legal) systems

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Mojsovska, Silvana, and Predrag Bjelic. "NON-TARIFF MEASURES IN CEFTA 2006: PERSPECTIVES OF NORTH MACEDONIA AND SERBIA." In Economic and Business Trends Shaping the Future. Ss Cyril and Methodius University, Faculty of Economics-Skopje, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.47063/ebtsf.2022.0019.

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This article addresses non-tariff measures applied in CEFTA 2006, analysed specifically from the perspective of two Parties – North Macedonia and Serbia. It provides insight into the business community’s views in each country with regard to the non-tariff measures noted in their trade within CEFTA, as well as comparison of the Macedonian and Serbian case of imposing, addressing and overcoming the non-tariff measures. The article derives on the findings of the empirical research conducted in parallel in both countries in June-August 2021 within the framework of the EU Funded GIZ Project: Suppor

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Kovács, Eszter. "Transoceanic trade triangle of the US-EU-China." In The European Union’s Contention in the Reshaping Global Economy. Szegedi Tudományegyetem Gazdaságtudományi Kar, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.14232/eucrge.2022.5.

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As part of global trade, the emergence of free trade agreements has resulted in the removal of tariff and non-tariff barriers over the past seventy years. The major trade actors (European Union, United States, and China) have become economic rivals, which make them compete in confrontational or cooperative ways for greater benefits and welfare. This paper discusses three free trade agreements between the US‒EU‒China: the Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership (TTIP), EU-China Comprehensive Agreement on Investment (CAI), and the Economic And Trade Agreement Between The Government Of The

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Potorac, Doina. "The role of DCFTA in the development of the national economy of the Republic of Moldova." In Simpozion stiintific al tinerilor cercetatori, editia 20. Academy of Economic Studies of Moldova, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.53486/9789975359023.05.

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Moldova-EU free trade agreement implies gradual liberalization (up to 10 years from signing) of trade in goods and services, free movement of labor, reduction of customs duties, technical and non-tariff barriers, abolition of quantitative restrictions and harmonization of EU acquisitions. Thus, the DCFTA (Deep and Comprehensive Free Trade Area between the Republic of Moldova and the European Union) is part of the European Association Agreement and brings additional economic benefits to the Republic of Moldova.

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Grahovac, Dijana, and Senad Softić. "DEVELOPMENT OF CEFTA 2006 – MINI SCHENGEN -ECONOMICS VERSUS POLITICS." In Sixth International Scientific-Business Conference LIMEN Leadership, Innovation, Management and Economics: Integrated Politics of Research. Association of Economists and Managers of the Balkans, Belgrade, Serbia, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.31410/limen.2020.113.

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The effectiveness and efficiency of CEFTA 2006, even after almost a decade and a half, are far from utilising the potential. Member States act more as competitors than as partners, manifested by a significant number of formal and informal non-tariff barriers. There is no true will to fully exploit the potential offered by the free trade zone. This is also reflected in the low utilisation of financial resources envisaged for joint cross-border cooperation projects of IPA I and IPA II funds. All countries focus their international exchanges through trade with the EU, and intra-CEFTA trade is foc

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Kurniasih, Tyas, and Maddaremmeng A. Panennungi. "Estimating Ad Valorem Equivalents (AVES) of Non-Tariff Measures: The Case of the Sanitary and Phytosanitary (SPS) and Technical Barrier to Trade (TBT) in Indonesian Bilateral Trade with 20 Main Trade Partners." In Asia-Pacific Research in Social Sciences and Humanities Universitas Indonesia Conference (APRISH 2019). Atlantis Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/assehr.k.210531.062.

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Tudela Marco, Lorena, José María García Álvarez-Coque, and Maria Luisa Marti Selva. "Determinants of Non-Tariff Measures in Agricultural Trade." In 1st International Conference on Business Management. Editorial Universitat Politècnica de València, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/icbm.2015.1294.

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Tarasova, R. I., and E. A. Tsarevskaya. "NON-TARIFF REGULATORY MEASURES IN INTERNATIONAL TRADE. INPACT ON IMPORTS FROM CHINA." In RUSSIA AND CHINA: A VECTOR OF DEVELOPMENT. Amur State University, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.22250/rc.2019.2.89.

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Munadi, Ernawati, and Ayu Sinta Saputri. "Exploring Non-Tariff Measures Facing the Indonesian Agricultural Products in FTA/CEPA Trading Partners." In Proceedings of the International Conference on Trade 2019 (ICOT 2019). Atlantis Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/icot-19.2019.17.

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Duraj (Zani), Brunilda, and Viola Theodhori. "Taxation of Agricultural Sector in Albania." In Sixth International Scientific Conference ITEMA Recent Advances in Information Technology, Tourism, Economics, Management and Agriculture. Association of Economists and Managers of the Balkans, Belgrade, Serbia, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.31410/itema.2022.387.

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Agriculture contributes about 20% to the Gross Domestic Product in Albania. It is one of the main sectors of the Albanian economy, which supports and impacts other important sectors such as tourism, product processing and exports. In the conditions of the globalization of the economy, the free movement of goods and capital, and multilateral and bilateral agreements for the removal of tariff barriers, Albanian agriculture faces the challenges of very strong competition from the countries of the region, EU countries and beyond. In these conditions of strong competition, what can make Albanian

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Reports on the topic "Non-tariff barriers to trade"

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Chen, Tuo, Chang-Tai Hsieh, and Zheng Michael Song. Non-Tariff Barriers in the U.S.-China Trade War. National Bureau of Economic Research, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w30318.

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Mesquita Moreira, Mauricio. Trade and Integration Sector Note: Chile. Inter-American Development Bank, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0008758.

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This Trade and Integration Sector Note addresses a few different factors for trade in Chile: export diversification, trade and regional disparities, preferential agreements, trade and transport costs. The final section looks beyond the conventional tariff and non tariff-barriers to trade, and focuses on the role of transport costs. Given Chile's low tariff and non-tariff barriers and its network of trade agreements, the reduction of non-conventional trade costs are bound to offer the best returns in terms of promoting trade and integration.

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Amanta, Felippa, and Iqbal Wibisono. Negative Effects of Non-Tariff Trade Barriers on the Welfare of Indonesians. Center for Indonesian Policy Studies, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.35497/341329.

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Juarez, Leticia, Federico Bernini, and Ezequiel García-Lembergman. The Consequences of Non-Tariff Trade Barriers: Theory and Evidence from Import Licenses in Argentina. Inter-American Development Bank, 2024. https://doi.org/10.18235/0013271.

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As WTO regulations limited tariffs, non-tariff barriers, such as import licenses (NAILs), became essential trade policy tools. This paper examines how NAILs impact downstream firms in Argentina. Using a novel dataset and the staggered introduction of NAILs between 2005-2011 for identification, we analyze their causal effects on firms' imports and the subsequent effect on exports and employment. Results indicate that NAILs reduce firms' imports, inducing more exposed firms to reduce exports and employment. A trade model with oligopolistic competition suggests that firms' market power can modera

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Bernini, Federico, Ezequiel García-Lembergman, and Leticia Juarez. The Consequences of Non-Tariff Trade Barriers: Theory and Evidence from Import Licenses in Argentina. Preliminary Results. Inter-American Development Bank, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0013108.

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As WTO regulations rendered tariffs less viable, the trade policy landscape experienced a significant transformation: Non-tariff barriers have proliferated, becoming a central instrument of countries trade policy. How do Non-Tariff Import Barriers affect downstream firms? What role do firm market power and market concentration play in shaping the effects of these barriers? This paper investigates the effects of import licenses (NAILs) in Argentina from 2005 to 2011. We construct a novel database with yearly data on products that require import licenses to analyze the causal effects of NAILs on

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Briones, Roehlano. The Unfinished Agenda of Trade Liberalization in Philippine Agriculture: Assessing the Impact of Reducing Tariff and Nontariff Barriers. Philippine Institute for Development Studies, 2020. https://doi.org/10.62986/dp2020.42.

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Much progress has been made in pursuing liberalization of agricultural trade in the Philippines. However, some significant tariff and non-tariff barriers remain. This study evaluates the economic impacts of completing the agenda of policy reform by removal of these remaining trade barriers. Scenario analysis using computable general equilibrium modeling finds that trade liberalization is associated with a more rapid expansion in imports and a wider agricultural trade deficit; slower growth of agricultural GDP and wages; higher overall GDP and higher industry- fiscal position and national savin

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Winters, L. Alan. Regionalism and Multilateralism in the Twenty-First Century. Inter-American Development Bank, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0011002.

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The growth of regional trading blocs has been one of the major developments in international relations in recent years. Virtually all countries are members of a bloc and many belong to more than one; more than one third of world trade takes place within such agreements. Regional agreements vary widely, but all have the objective of reducing barriers to trade between member countries and hence, implicitly, of discriminating against trade with other countries. Attheir simplest they merely remove tariffs on intra-bloc trade in goods, but many go beyond that to cover non-tariff barriers and to ext

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Kutas, Géraldine, Ian Fuchsloch, and Marcos Sawaya Jank. Agricultural Liberalization in Multilateral and Regional Trade Negotiations. Inter-American Development Bank, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0011094.

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Agriculture is a strategic issue for the Western Hemispheric countries for both regional and multilateral trade negotiations. However, because of their diversity, countries in the region sometimes pursue different or even conflicting objectives regarding the liberalization of agricultural trade. This work provides an overview of the forces in favor of and against agricultural trade negotiations. It also measures the level of tariff protection and subsidies according to different methods and introduces new indicators to evaluate tariff protection in bilateral and regional trade agreements. Fina

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De, Prabir. Empirical Estimated of Trade Costs for Asia. Inter-American Development Bank, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0011300.

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In this paper, the authors determine how policy and environmental barriers affect international trade, using data at 4-digit HS. The authors estimate a modified gravity equation, controlling for remoteness, for eight sectors in 10 Asian countries. Looking at the impact of the 'non-price' and 'price' factors on international trade, this paper finds that country's tariff, infrastructure quality and transport costs are the main three determinants for cross-country variations of trade flows. The major findings of the paper can be summarised as follows: (i) bilateral infrastructure quality is a pri

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Blyde, Juan S., Gonzalo Iberti, and Mauricio Mesquita Moreira. Integration, Resources Reallocation and Productivity: The cases of Brazil and Chile. Inter-American Development Bank, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0011077.

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Most microeconometric studies available for LAC have focused on measuring the direct impact of trade on plant productivity leaving aside other effects that arise through the market selection process. Additionally, most studies have focused on tariff barriers as the only obstacle to international trade and integration. In this paper we use data from Brazil and Chile to analyze how trade affects aggregate productivity through the process of resource reallocation and to explore not only the role of tariffs but also the role of transport costs. We find that trade costs affect the reallocative proc

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