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Journal articles on the topic 'Nutrition of horses'
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Cichorska, Barbara, Marcin Komosa, Leszek Nogowsk, Paweł Maćkowiak, and Damian Józefia. "Significance of Nutrient Digestibility in Horse Nutrition – A Review." Annals of Animal Science 14, no. 4 (October 1, 2014): 779–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/aoas-2014-0059.
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Abstract The aim of the review is to present mechanisms of digestion in horses through a functional description of the digestive system’s structure with emphasis on nutrient digestibility. In the era of an increasingly intensive and specialised sport usage of horses, also the significance of balancing their dietary nutrient value in accordance with individual requirements of these animals is gaining in importance. At the same time, it is not possible to meet nutritional requirements of a sport horse without knowledge about feed utilisation. In many farm animal species, digestibility is measured postmortem or via complicated and expensive cannulation of the digestive system. In horses, these methods are not applied due to ethical approaches or other limitations (e.g. sport horses); therefore, the importance of marker-based techniques is growing, although not much data is published in the available literature (Sales, 2012). Moreover, in contrast to other non-ruminants, horses are naturally adapted to a constant intake of large quantities of roughages. However, during intensive sport training, they are primarily fed concentrated diets with high amounts of easily digestible, non-structural carbohydrates and reduced amounts of dietary fibre fractions. Therefore, the risk of metabolic diseases and behavioural disorders in the horse increases.
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RHP, Silva. "Feed Processing and its Effects on Equine Nutrition–A Review." Open Access Journal of Veterinary Science & Research 1, no. 3 (2016): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.23880/oajvsr-16000113.
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It's expected that the Brazilian production of industrialized feed for horses reach 2 million tons by the year 2020. Feed processing consists of physical, chemical or biological modifications that are made in the feed. These modifications can increase the availability of nutrients for horses and/or preserve the quality of these nutrients in the raw material. The objective of this review was to describe the main types of feed processing used in the manufacture of feeds for horses, showing the benefits and lo sses that they may cause in nutrition and production of these animals. There are several types of feed processing and they can be classified according to the use of thermal processing treatments: cold or hot processing. Processing of grains can cause sever al changes in feed, such as change and adjustment of particle size, improving nutrient digestibility, promoting the inactivation of enzyme inhibitors, and preserving feed. The effects that cause different kinds of processing depend on many factors, includi ng the type of cereal, starch, temperature, time, humidity and pressure during processing. The process, when performed correctly, can increase the digestibility of starch and digestible energy content of the grains used to feed horses. However, you should be careful with the amount of concentrate used in horse feed.
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Stratton-Phelps, Men. "Nutrition for Sick Horses." Journal of Equine Veterinary Science 23, no. 8 (August 2003): 367. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0737-0806(03)01027-x.
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Jose-Cunilleras, E., and KW Hinchcliff. "Carbohydrate metabolism in exercising horses." Equine and Comparative Exercise Physiology 1, no. 1 (February 2004): 23–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/ecp20031.
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AbstractCarbohydrate and fat are the predominant sources of energy during exercise in mammals. Carbohydrates, such as muscle glycogen and plasma glucose, and fats from adipose tissue and intramuscular triglycerides are oxidized during exercise in amounts and proportions that vary depending on the exercise intensity, level of fitness and nutritional status. In horses, muscle glycogen, and to a lesser extent plasma glucose, are oxidized in substantial amounts during low-, moderate- and high-intensity exercise. Carbohydrate availability to skeletal muscle affects exercise performance in humans, however this relationship is not well outlined in horses. Glucose supplementation by intravenous administration during exercise in horses increases duration of moderate-intensity exercise. However, the effect of glucose supplementation by ingestion of a soluble carbohydrate-rich meal prior to exercise on athletic performance has not been established in horses. Low muscle glycogen concentrations prior to exercise in horses are associated with decreased time to exhaustion at moderate- and high-intensity exercise. Nutritional interventions intended to enhance muscle glycogen resynthesis have proved less successful in horses than in other species. Replenishment of muscle glycogen after strenuous exercise in horses is not complete until 48–72 h after exercise, whereas in humans and laboratory animals it is complete by 24 h. The slower rate of muscle glycogen replenishment after exercise in horses may be related to an inherent lower ability to digest starch and other sources of glucose, a lower ability to synthesize muscle glycogen, or both. The aim of this review is to describe the present understanding of carbohydrate metabolism in the exercising horse, its implications on nutrition and athletic performance, and to contrast it with that in other species.
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Carr, Elizabeth A., and Susan J. Holcombe. "Nutrition of Critically Ill Horses." Veterinary Clinics of North America: Equine Practice 25, no. 1 (April 2009): 93–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cveq.2008.12.002.
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Ralston, Sarah L. "Clinical Nutrition of Adult Horses." Veterinary Clinics of North America: Equine Practice 6, no. 2 (August 1990): 339–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0749-0739(17)30545-x.
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Coleman, Robert J. "359 Awardee Talk: Equine Science: A community that grew." Journal of Animal Science 98, Supplement_4 (November 3, 2020): 94–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jas/skaa278.172.
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Abstract Research, teaching, and extension related to horse production and management was once a part of land grant universities. Extension publications from the 1900s noted equine research and how to use that research in the feeding and management of horses used primarily for agricultural purposes. As the use of the horse in agriculture declined, so did the activities related to horses at those institutions. Times changed, and as horses regained in popularity for sport and recreation, so did the need for research, teaching, and extension. In the late 1960s, a group of researchers who were doing nutrition research on horses gathered to discuss the possibility of providing a forum for promoting equine research, facilitating effective communications between those who could use the information and develop a symposium. From this conversation came the Equine Nutrition and Physiology Society. The first meeting was held in 1968 in Lexington, Kentucky; with over 20 participants, the society started to meet its goals. The original materials presented were related to nutrition and digestive physiology, but the focus has expanded to include reproductive physiology, exercise physiology, genetics, biosciences and production and management. In addition to the research topics, there are also sections for those involved with Extension and Teaching to discuss how to use the new information. The support of graduate students has grown since they were first invited in 1977 to current participation across the spectrum of research topics and the addition of a strong undergraduate research section as well. The society started with 20 plus in attendance and grew to a membership of over 300 from around the world who come together every two years to discuss topics related to the horse.
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Ivanov, R. V., N. A. Nikolaeva, U. V. Hompodoeva, and P. P. Borisova. "THE USE OF CRYO-FEED IN THE RATION OF DAIRY COWS AND HERD HORSES OF YAKUTIA." Siberian Herald of Agricultural Science 48, no. 5 (January 9, 2019): 30–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.26898/0370-8799-2018-5-4.
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The paper presents testing results of feeding dry cows and horses with cryo-feed, preserved by using natural techniques, at winter grazing (tebenevka). Research into digestibility of nutrition substances of cow ration was carried out on 30 cows of Sirrrmental breed divided into three groups (control and two experimental ones, whose ration included 4 and 1.5 kg of cryo-feed respectively). The introduction of cryo-feed in the ration of cows increased the level of metabolizable energy and had a positive impact on the efficiency of energy metabolism. Cows of the 1 st experimental group, where cryo-feed accounted for 12% of the nutrition ration, showed 5.8% higher protein digestibility than the control group. Feeding cows with cryo-feed in the dry period contributed to the maintenance of reproductive qualities. The percentage of fertilization of cows was 90-100%. It was established that feeding horses on cryo-feed significantly increased their nutritional level at tebenevka in the winter time and fully met the need of animals in feeding elements. This marked a high horse feeding capacity per 1 ha of cryo-feed, which amounted to 129-142 horse days. The advantage in organic matter digestibility at tebenevka on cryo-feed accounted for 11.9%, dry matter - 10.48%, crude protein - 18.3%, crude fiber- 21.9%, crude fat - 13.3%, and nitrogen-free extractive substances - 11.7%. The energy supply of a horse organism per 100 kg of live weight was 32.6 MJ, which exceeded the norm by 14.5%. Better digestibility of nutrients of winter-green mass of oats compared to the grass stand was due to the high content of carotene and provitamin Е in plants preserved on the root by natural cold. During the study it was established that the actual foal crop increased by 12-14% at tebenevka with horses on cryo-feed compared to traditional technology.
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Baban, M., M. Sakac, N. Korabi, B. Antunovic, P. Mijic, A. Ivankovic, and J. Ramljak. "Analysis of horse breeding and equestrian sports in the Republic of Croatia." Biotehnologija u stocarstvu 27, no. 3 (2011): 415–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/bah1103415b.
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Horse breeding in the Republic of Croatia, before its entrance into European Union, is in the transitional period. In the breeding sense, Croatian horse breeding is set according to the model of European countries and is trying to counteract with ?modern horse breeding countries?. Croatian Center for Horse Breeding - Djakovo and Lipik State Stud Farms (CCHB), with the Central register of equidae is, as the head national institution, responsible for running and maintaining national central equidae database (49 registers of horses and 27 registers of breeding types). Croatia has registered total of 21.796 equidae, from which 19.306 animals are horses. Registered horses according to groups make the total proportion of 37% warmblood horses, 59% coldblood horses and 4% ponies. Horse breeders are organized in breeders associations, which form federations of associations referring to separate horse breeds. Currently in Croatia there are four federations of breeders associations (with 43 associations and 11 private stud farms). Those verified breeding organizations are conducting independently breeding programs and fully maintain breeding and selection obligations for horse breeds for which they have approval of the Croatian Ministry. Native breeds in Croatia are Croatian Coldblood, Croatian Posavac and Medjimurje horse (Murinsulaner), while Lipizzan horse is considered as protected breed. Development of horse breeding is considerably supported with national subsidies. Internationally verified breeds which are bred in Croatia are Lipizzan horse, Pure Arabian horses, Thoroughbred, Haflinger and Gidran horses. The horse breeding in Croatia is developing in four different directions. Ecological breeding implies native horse breeds and is spread on the areas of protected nature resorts in Croatia. Croatians are through their history connected to horse breeding, which is even today irreplaceable in traditional cultural manifestations (Djakovacki vezovi, Vinkovacke jeseni, Sinjska alka, etc.), various horse shows and fairs and also in more ?modern? ways through recreation and entertainment. The third direction of development of horse breeding in Croatia is therapeutic riding, which includes 26 associations, over one hundred horses and over one thousand users organized under the Therapeutic Riding Association of Croatia. Sports horse breeding represents fourth direction in Croatian horse breeding. It is formed by four federations: Croatian Trotting Federation (trotting), Croatian Gallop Federation (gallop sport) and Croatian Equestrian Federation (endurance, dressage, military, show jumping, driving). Croatian Equestrian Federation includes 49 equestrian clubs. In the last four years between 455 and 582 competitors and between 495 and 581 horses (for show jumping 45%, dressage 31%, endurance 19%, driving 5% and military) were licensed annually. Croatia achieved noticeable results on the international scene in driving sports and in Paralympics. In all mentioned directions of Croatian horse breeding, the tendency should be directed to achieving higher breeding standards (nutrition, stabling, transport, training) and more rational using of horses. Such breeding and using of horses will lead to top bred horses and successful sport horses. This implies synchronized work through long period of time, respecting institutional and breeding rules.
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Gater, J., and T. Counsell. "A comparative study of equine compound feeds for leisure and performance horses." BSAP Occasional Publication 35 (2006): 179–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0263967x00042671.
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A wide variety of equine compound feeds are now available, aimed at simplifying the feeding of horses, by removing the need for detailed nutritional calculations previously necessary with ‘straights’. It is assumed that the majority of feed sales are based on the name of the manufacturer and the branding of the individual product rather than the nutritional content. Research in equine nutrition has accelerated in the last decade and a greater academic understanding of equine nutrition has now been reached (Pagan 1998; Pagan 2001; Lawrence 2001). It appears that an ever-widening gap is being created between academic research and the end consumers, with regard to ration formulation and the nutritional requirements of horses. This gap is mainly being bridged by the compound feed manufacturers who are widely trusted to deliver correctly balanced compound feed. The objective of the present study is to investigate energy levels and sources of energy in compound feeds against peer-reviewed research standard levels (NRC 1989; Lawrence 2001) to ascertain whether feed manufacturers are delivering metabolically efficient and nutritionally balanced sources of energy in compound feeds for horses.
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AUTIO, E., U. SIHTO, and J. MONONEN. "Energy intake and growth of weanling horses in a cold loose housing system." Agricultural and Food Science 17, no. 4 (December 4, 2008): 338. http://dx.doi.org/10.2137/145960608787235586.
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The demand for information relating to the nutrition of horses in a cold environment is increasing with the popularity of loose housing of horses. This study examined the energy intake and growth of 10 weanling horses from November to March (22 weeks) in a loose housing system (paddock and insulated sleeping hall with deep-litter bed). The horses were measured weekly for body condition and body weight, and the feeding was adjusted according to a horses body condition. Metabolizable energy (ME) intake was compared to Finnish (MTT 2006) and Swedish (SLU 2004) nutrient requirements for 612-month-old horses. ME intake (75.5 ± 11.8 MJ d-1, mean ± SD) was on average 24.6% above the requirements. The intake varied in a non-linear fashion in the course of the winter: y = 0.086x2 0.902x + 71.5, where x is weeks from November to March (p
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Bax, J., and G. P. F. Lane. "Equine forages and grassland management." BSAP Occasional Publication 32 (2004): 133–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0263967x0004132x.
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There are about 900,000 horses kept in the UK for leisure and a further 65,000 kept professionally (British Horse Society, 2003). Altogether about 800,000 ha are utilised for grazing and feeding horses, making the equine industry the second largest in the UK land based sector, after agriculture. The purpose of this paper is to review the present information on the management of grassland for horse grazing and for conserved forage, to identify some current issues and to postulate some areas for future research and development.Maximizing the contribution made by grazing to the nutrition of the horse is a reasonable goal if economy is the main priority. Even if this is not the case, horses have a need to satisfy their natural instinct to graze. The deterioration of poorly managed grassland associated with equine enterprises is well documented (Odberg and Francis–Smith, 1976, and Judd et al., 2001). Horse grazing differs from grazing by cattle and sheep, in particular in the way that they select species and in the spatial pattern of their grazing.
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RATZ, MARCJANNA M., BEATA KACZMAREK, ELŻBIETA WNUK-PAWLAK, WIKTORIA JANICKA, and IWONA JANCZAREK. "Health problems in geriatric horses." Medycyna Weterynaryjna 77, no. 08 (2021): 6556–2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21521/mw.6556.
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Geriatric horses, like other animals (and humans), suffer from various diseases called old-age diseases. This publication has been developed in response to the needs of owners and caretakers of a growing number of geriatric horses. Since the horse has a long life span, the geriatric stage can encompass up to 1/3 of the animal’s lifetime and can quite often last more than 10 years. This paper aims at systematizing the information of the most prevalent geriatric diseases in horses which inhibit their performance and considerably lower their quality of life. Knowledge of these diseases can help to avoid mistakes when keeping and managing such horses and may provide guidelines for maintaining welfare and preventive treatments. This article reviews the most prevalent old age health problems, their origin, diagnostics, course and effects for the body. Information about the most common diseases of old age in horses is found in 119 references. The nine sub-chapters include the diseases of the digestive system, especially the oral cavity, the stomach and bowels’ diseases, the respiratory system, the cardiovascular system, dysfunctions of the locomotor system, eye diseases, endocrine and neuroendocrine diseases as well as the immune system, neoplasms and general body condition. It should be emphasized that there is the possibility to maintain the well-being of geriatric horses through progress in veterinary medicine and sharing knowledge of equine functioning and health protection. Preventive health care should include regular blood testing, regular dental check-ups and adequate nutrition adapted to the overall condition, dental condition, physical activity and comorbidities. Adequate individual supplementation recommended by a nutrition specialist and a veterinarian is also essential.
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Grigoryeva, N. N., A. I. Pavlova, and L. P. Koryakina. "HEMATOLOGICAL PROFILE IN THE YAKUT BREED HORSES AND PRILENSKOYE." Innovations and Food Safety, no. 1 (March 28, 2019): 51–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.31677/2311-0651-2019-23-1-51-56.
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The morpho-physiological indicators of the peripheral blood of the Yakut and Prilensk horses were studied depending on their habitat in different climatic zones of Yakutia. Studies were conducted in the farms of Ust-Aldan, Nyurbinsky and Khangalassky districts of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia). In each selected farm, research groups were selected from among clinically healthy horses with 50 heads each at the age of 5-6 years based on the principle of analogues. The studies were covered two seasons of the year: in winter and spring, under usual conditions of horses. As a result of the research, was found a significant difference in the hemoglobin level in the blood of horses within the Yakut breed depending on their territorial affiliation P (M1-M2) <0.05 (123.0 ± 0.25 g / l; 114 ± 0.38 g / l). A higher level of erythrocyte counts in peripheral blood was observed in Yakut breed horses in the Nyurbinsky district (7.02 ± 0.72 million / μl.), and the lowest - in horses of the same breed in the Ust-Aldan region (6.2 ± 0.31 million mcl). There is no significant difference between horse breeds.The results of morphophysiological studies of peripheral blood indicate the specificity of the adaptive response of the body of the Yakut and Prilensk horse breeds to extremely low temperatures, poor nutrition in the winter, lack of food in the spring are characterized by seasonal regulation of protein metabolism.
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MCKenzie, E. "Muscle physiology and nutrition in exercising horses." Equine Veterinary Journal 43, no. 6 (September 21, 2011): 637–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.2042-3306.2011.00468.x.
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Bozorgmanesh, R., and K. G. Magdesian. "Nutritional considerations for horses with colitis. Part 1: Nutrients and enteral nutrition." Equine Veterinary Education 30, no. 10 (November 10, 2016): 564–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/eve.12689.
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Detlef, E., B. Hertsch, and D. Wollgien-Hahn. "Selenium intoxication in competition horses resulting on nutrition." Pferdeheilkunde Equine Medicine 11, no. 4 (1995): 273–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.21836/pem19950406.
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Cymbaluk, Nadia F., and G. Iain Christison. "Environmental Effects on Thermoregulation and Nutrition of Horses." Veterinary Clinics of North America: Equine Practice 6, no. 2 (August 1990): 355–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0749-0739(17)30546-1.
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McMENIMAN, NP. "Nutrition of grazing brood mares and growing horses." Australian Veterinary Journal 74, no. 1 (July 1996): 64–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-0813.1996.tb13738.x.
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Buckley, Petra, John Morton, David Buckley, and Glen Coleman. "A Longitudinal Study of the Pastures Grazed and Body Condition Scores of Pony Club Horses In one Region of Australia." Journal of Veterinary Healthcare 1, no. 4 (July 23, 2018): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.14302/issn.2575-1212.jvhc-18-2167.
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A cohort of Pony Club horses was observed for 13 months with data collected from owner-kept diaries and monthly property visits. All horses studied had access to pasture for all or part of the day. Whilst paddock size was seldom limiting, pasture degradation was evident and observed pasture mass and composition varied greatly. Horses’ body weight indices and body condition scores also varied greatly, closely matching seasonal variations in pasture mass. Increments in bodyweight varied in a non-linear fashion with body condition score. Most horses experienced additional year-round hand-fed supplementation and half of the study horses recorded body condition scores greater than 3.5 out of 5. This suggests that the owners of Pony Club horses did not rely on pasture as the sole source of nutrition, even though, based on estimated energy demands, well-managed pasture can meet the energy requirements of Pony Club horses. Furthermore, the fact that owners appeared not to make horse feeding decisions based on body condition score resulting in obesity, raises health and welfare concerns due to obesity related health disorders in Pony Club horses. The inappropriate feeding of supplements observed during times of high pasture growth was a concern. Whilst the ideal pasture for Pony Club horses has not been described, it is likely to differ to those considered ideal for broodmares and other livestock because of these unique health risks associated with high levels of non-structural carbohydrate content in improved pasture species. This study highlights the need to educate owners about recognising unhealthy body conditions of horses and better managing pastures and pasture access to reduce the risk of obesity related disorders, whilst at the same time reducing pasture degradation and supplemental feed costs
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Petlachová, Tereza, Eva Sobotková, Iva Jiskrová, Markéta Píšová, Iveta Bihuncová, Hana Černohorská, and Martina Kosťuková. "Evaluation of the conformation of stallions of selected horse breeds." Acta Universitatis Agriculturae et Silviculturae Mendelianae Brunensis 60, no. 6 (2012): 375–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.11118/actaun201260060375.
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The aim of this study was to evaluate the conformation of stallions of the breeds American Quarter Horse (AQH), American Paint Horse (APH), Appaloosa (Appa), the Lipizzaner horse (LH) and the Old Kladruby horse (OKH). Representatives of these breeds are characterized as the descendants of horses on the base of the Arab-Berber blood. Western breeds (AQH, APH, Appa) due to different environmental conditions, nutrition and the other structure under the influence of a different type of use, type of riding demands differed considerably from the original Spanish-type horses. It was measured a total of 24 body dimensions. Representatives of The American western breeds are statistically highly conclusively (P ≤ 0.01) in 23 of the 24 observed effects. To be precise, they are: smaller wither height as measured by stick, lower at the tail-set, longer neck, narrower chest, longer oblique body length, wider front pelvis length, longer pelvis bones, longer femur bones, shorter hind cannons.A statistically significant difference (P ≤ 0.05) was found in the length of the humerus, where the Old Kladruby Horse has a humerus that is longer by 2.34 cm than that of the APH. The Lipizzaner horse differs statistically highly conclusively (P ≤ 0.01) from the Appaloosa and Old Kladruby horse in the tape length of its head.
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Bailey, E. "Reaping the benefits of an equine genome map." Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Science 2005 (2005): 241. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1752756200011522.
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Genetics has not been a usual academic pursuit in the study of horses. Nutrition, exercise physiology and veterinary topics related to infectious diseases or mechanical defects are more traditional scientific pursuits. Genetics has been left to the realm of horse breeders. Indeed, horse breeders are historically credited with being the leading practitioners of the art and certainly have the longest pedigree records including the Weatherby Studbook and the oral tradition of Arabian horse breeding.On the other hand, modern animal breeder need not yield ground in the area of genetics to horse breeders. Rightfully, our quantitative geneticists can point to the remarkable genetic gains and genetic predictions that have been made with Dairy cattle and since the 1940s,... without benefit of molecular biology!
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Martinez, Rafael E., Jessica L. Leatherwood, Amanda N. Bradbery, Mattea L. Much, Brittany L. Silvers, Erin A. Posey, Gayan I. Nawaratna, and Guoyao Wu. "103 Equine enterocytes actively oxidize L-glutamine but do not synthesize L-citrulline and L-arginine from L-glutamine or L-proline in vitro." Journal of Animal Science 98, Supplement_4 (November 3, 2020): 90–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jas/skaa278.165.
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Abstract In many mammals, enterocytes are responsible for the synthesis of L-citrulline and L-arginine from L-glutamine and L-proline. However, there is limited research in the horse to determine de novo synthesis of L-citrulline or L-arginine by the enterocyte, which is the initial step in establishing dietary requirements and comprehending arginine nutrition in horses. We utilized jejunal enterocytes from 20 horses (neonate n = 2, mature n = 16, and geriatric n = 2) to study glutamine and proline metabolism. As a positive control, enterocytes were isolated from 0, 60, and 180-day old pigs (n = 8/age group). Equine or porcine enterocytes were incubated at 37oC for 30 min in oxygenated (95% O2/5% CO2) Krebs bicarbonate buffer (pH 7.4) containing 5 mM D-glucose and either 2 mM L-[U-14C]glutamine or 2 mM L-[U-14C]proline plus 2 mM L-glutamine. Collected 14CO2 was determined by a liquid scintillation counter, whereas amino acids in cells plus medium were analyzed by HPLC. Both equine and porcine enterocytes oxidized glutamine to CO2 but had a limited ability to oxidize proline to CO2, confirming the biochemical viability of the cells in vitro. Enterocytes from neonatal and geriatric horses had lower rates (nmol/106 cells/30 min) of CO2 production (1.10 ± 0.52 and 1.31 ± 0.65, respectively) from glutamine than those (40.9 ± 5.40) from mature horses. Porcine enterocytes synthesized L-citrulline and L-arginine from glutamine and proline (e.g., 4.86 ± 0.26 nmol L-citrulline/mg protein/30 min and 0.85 ± 0.04 nmol L-arginine/mg protein/30 min from glutamine in enterocytes of 60-day-old pigs). In contrast, equine enterocytes did not synthesize L-citrulline and L-arginine from L-glutamine or L-proline. Because L-arginine is an essential substrate for the synthesis of protein, nitric oxide, and creatine, our novel findings on the lack of intestinal synthesis of L-arginine in horses have important implications for their nutrition, metabolism, and health.
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Moore-Colyer, Meriel, and Annette C Longland. "Intake and apparent digestibility of hay, haylage, big bale and clamp silage by ponies." Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Science 2000 (2000): 100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1752756200001010.
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Grass hay is the traditional conserved fodder fed to horses in the UK, yet good quality hay is often scarce and expensive. Working or breeding equines often require a higher plane of nutrition than that provided by hay, yet feeding high levels of concentrates can lead to a number of metabolic disorders such as colic and laminitis. Furthermore, the high dust content of hay can elicit the onset of the debilitating disorder, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Thus, there is increasing interest in feeding horses forage-based diets which are both low in dust and have enhanced nutritive values. The aim of this experiment was to determine the intakes and digestibility of four types of conserved forage by ponies.
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Warren, L. K. "0817 Optimizing nutrition to improve immune function in horses." Journal of Animal Science 94, suppl_5 (October 1, 2016): 392–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.2527/jam2016-0817.
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Sharaskina, O. G., and Yu S. Bgantseva. "EXPERIENCE OF THE ORGANIZA-TION OF HORSE FEEDING WITH DYSFAGIA CAUSED BY A MYCOSIS OF THE AIRBAG SAC." International bulletin of Veterinary Medicine 3 (2020): 99–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.17238/issn2072-2419.2020.3.99.
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Organization of feeding sick horses play an important role in the treatment and recov-ery of the animal after the disease. In the case of dysphagia, the use of forced nutrition through a nasogastric tube is required, which makes special demands on the feed used and the form of their supply. The main objective of the study was to analyze the results of the organization of feeding of a horse with dys-phagia caused by mycosis of the air sac with damaged cranial nerves in a specific clinical case and assess the effectiveness of the feed-ing methods and techniques for subsequent use in veterinary practice. In the process of treatment, various methods of preparation and administration of feed and water were used. The most effective method at the be-ginning of treatment (2-3 weeks) was completely enteral feed administration. For the preparation of a mixture for enteral admin-istration, granular compound feeds are well suited that are adopted to the needs of the horse. As the function of swallowing is re-stored, it is possible to transfer to mush, which include concentrates and roughages. The introduction of roughage in its natural form is not advisable until the swallowing function is fully restored, due to the risk of aspiration pneumonia as hay particles can be thrown into the trachea. During the peri-od of treatment and long recovery, the horse may well manage with a minimum amount of dry matter in the diet (up to 1.5% BW), with sufficient intake of energy and protein. In determining the minimum nutritional needs of the horse, one can focus on the feeding standards of non-working horses with minimal physical activity, proposed by the NRC.
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Baban, M., M. Sakac, P. Mijic, B. Antunovic, M. Cacic, N. Korabi, and A. Ivankovic. "The application of the FEI rules for the welfare of the horse in driving sport in Croatia." Biotehnologija u stocarstvu 25, no. 5-6-1 (2009): 349–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/bah0906349b.
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The FEI (F?d?ration Equestre Internationale) is the international governing body for equestrian sport which established the new rules and regulations regarding the driving sport and the welfare of the horse from the aspect of animals' well-being (FEI, 2009ab). The FEI rules are applied to the Olympic disciplines of Show Jumping, Dressage and Eventing as well as Endurance Riding, Vaulting, Driving and Reining. The purpose of this paper was to present the FEI rules for international combined driving events which are prescribed by the national Rules and Regulations of the Croatian Equestrian Federation (HKS, 2007). The welfare of the horse must be beyond the economic interest and the demands of breeders, trainers, riders, owners, organizers, sponsors or officials. Good horse management requires the highest standards of nutrition, health, sanitation and safety. During transportation, feeding, watering, ventilation, weather conditions and safety must be taken into consideration. All riding and training methods in all stages of driving sport must treat horses as living beings and must not include any techniques which are not approved by the FEI and are degrading for the horse or cause them injuries and pain. Championships in driving sport (Dressage, Marathon, Obstacle Cones Driving) in Croatia are organized according to the FEI rules and the Croatian representative qualified in the last two World Championships in twohorse team driving (Baban et al., 2007, 2009). However, regardless of the individual success of Croatian drivers on the international scene, the traditional attitude of other drivers towards horses is still at a low level regarding the rules for the welfare of the horse. The competence of the driver is essential in the interests of the horse and the emphasis is placed on the practical experience of drivers and scientific research. The FEI especially encourages all those who participate in driving sport to achieve the highest level of education in training and management of horses. For this reason, within the scientific project, the education and training on the international level have been provided for the judges, who spread their acquired knowledge, through presentations at the seminars, to the other competitors in driving sport in Croatia. More time is needed for the full implementation of the FEI rules for the welfare of the horse at competitions in Croatia in order for all two-horse team drivers to understand that the welfare of their horses is more important than placement in competitions and money awards.
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Straková, Eva, and Pavel Suchý. "Content of nutrients and energy in pasture vegetation and their apparent digestibility in Old Kladruber horses." Acta Veterinaria Brno 82, no. 1 (2013): 37–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.2754/avb201382010037.
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This study focuses on the determination of apparent digestibility of pasture vegetation nutrients in horses of the Old Kladruber breed through a balance indicator method (determination of acid insoluble ash). When evaluating the nitrogenous substances, their determination was based on the content of pure protein (sum of amino acids) which is more accurate than crude protein. There were differences in the chemical composition of dry matter from pasture vegetation and horse excrements. Regarding crude fat, crude fibre, acid detergent fibre, neutral detergent fibre, acid detergent lignin, ash, P and Mg, the average values in dry matter of horse excrements were significantly (P≤ 0.01) higher; on the contrary, we found significantly (P≤ 0.01) lower mean values of nitrogen-free extract, organic matter and Ca in the dry mass of pasture grass. The highest coefficient of apparent digestibility for organic nutrients was determined in the nitrogen-free extract (73%) followed with organic matter (71%), pure protein (68%), crude protein (65%) and crude fat (61%). In case of fibre and its fractions, the apparent digestibility coefficients decreased as follows: crude fibre (66%), neutral detergent fibre (66%), acid detergent fibre (63%) and acid detergent lignin (42%). Significantly lower values were determined for coefficients of apparent digestibility for minerals P (16%) and Mg (50%), which highlights the need for their regular supplementation in horses on pasture. This study extends the current state of knowledge regarding the apparent digestibility of pasture vegetation which is a prerequisite for optimal nutrition of horses.
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Koretz, Ronald L. "Carts, Horses, and Evidence." Journal of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition 32, no. 4 (July 2008): 482–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0148607108319809.
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Huntington, P. J., C. G. Brown-Douglas, and J. D. Pagan. "Growth and development of thoroughbred horses." Animal Production Science 60, no. 18 (2020): 2093. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/an19629.
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Research into the growth and development of Thoroughbreds managed on commercial breeding farms is reviewed in this paper. As horses are not meat producing animals, less research has been performed quantifying growth, muscle and bone development than with other production animals. However, variations in growth and development are linked with both value and wastage in young Thoroughbred horses, and can have a long-term impact on racing performance. In Thoroughbred horses, the breeder aims for optimum, or consistent, growth rather than maximum growth. Factors affecting equine growth including environment, nutrition, season and management are discussed in sections covering conception to weaning, weanling to yearling and yearling to 2 years old when horses are nearly fully grown and racing begins. The importance of reference curves for different ages, sex and locations is highlighted. While average daily gain (ADG) declines as the foal gets older, there are seasonal and management influences to consider. Month of birth has an influence on both birthweight and the expected ADG at different ages, which are believed to be related to ambient temperatures and pasture availability for the mare and growing horse. Weaning leads to a growth setback and ADG declines through winter, but increases in spring for the yearling as temperatures and pasture quality and quantity increase. Management factors such as yearling sale preparation are associated with an increase in growth rate, with gains of over 1 kg/day common during the yearling sales preparation process of 6–12 weeks. ‘Home-bred’ horses that do not go to a yearling sale grow at a slower rate but will reach the same endpoint in mature size. Growth of Thoroughbreds is influenced by country, and regions within a country, related to genetics, climate, management practices, market preferences and sale timing. More research is needed into factors affecting growth and development of Thoroughbred horses on commercial farms and the influence differing rates of growth and development have on wastage (such as developmental orthopaedic disease) and commercial outcomes such as yearling sale results and, ultimately, racing performance.
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Jansson, A., and P. A. Harris. "A bibliometric review on nutrition of the exercising horse from 1970 to 2010." Comparative Exercise Physiology 9, no. 3-4 (January 1, 2013): 169–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.3920/cep13018.
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The main aims of the present review are to provide a bibliometric analysis of the research published on the nutrition of the exercising horse from 1970 to 2010 and to determine whether this research has had any practical impact on feeding practices. In addition, we evaluated whether some of the key nutritional questions posed at the beginning of the 1980s have in fact been answered. Less than 300 publications were published in the period 1970-1980, but a large increase in the number of publications was observed between the period 1981-1990 and the period 1991-2000. Most papers were published in the Equine Veterinary Journal and American researchers, universities or institutes were particularly productive. The majority of the publications were in the areas of fluid balance, fat and glucose metabolism. Using information from field studies, there appears to have been a trend for a reduction in the amount of starch rich concentrates fed to performance horses from 1979 to 2007 and an increase in the use of oil supplementation. Whilst there have been several significant advances in our scientific knowledge of nutritional practices over the past few decades that have become routine practice in the field, others have not cascaded down. Unfortunately, we have not really fully answered any of the questions posed in the early 1980s and whilst it is possible that such questions can never be fully answered, there is also a concern that lack of sufficient funding, especially for the fundamental pieces of information needed to underpin our nutrition advice, will hamper progress in the future.
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Witherow, Briony. "The changing seasons." Equine Health 2020, no. 52 (March 2, 2020): 7–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.12968/eqhe.2020.52.7.
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Magdesian, K. G., and R. Bozorgmanesh. "Nutritional considerations for horses with colitis. Part 2: Parenteral nutrition, new nutritional considerations and specific dietary recommendations." Equine Veterinary Education 30, no. 11 (December 2, 2016): 608–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/eve.12691.
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LEAHY, E. R., A. O. BURK, E. A. GREENE, and C. A. WILLIAMS. "Nutrition-associated problems facing elite level three-day eventing horses." Equine Veterinary Journal 42 (November 2010): 370–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.2042-3306.2010.00233.x.
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Frape, D. L. "Nutrition and the growth and racing performance of thoroughbred horses." Proceedings of the Nutrition Society 48, no. 1 (January 1989): 141–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/pns19890017.
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Martin, R. G., N. P. McMeniman, B. W. Norton, and K. F. Dowsett. "Utilization of endogenous and dietary urea in the large intestine of the mature horse." British Journal of Nutrition 76, no. 3 (September 1996): 373–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/bjn19960043.
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The dynamics of N metabolism in mature horses were investigated when they were fed on a low-N diet or the same diet supplemented with sufficient urea or soyabean meal to meet their theoretical N requirements. There were no differences in DM, organic matter or neutral-detergent-fibre digestibilities for the three diets. N digestibilities and digestible-N intakes were similar for the urea- and soyabean-supplemented diets and very low for the low-N diet. For all three diets plasma urea was degraded in the digestive tract to NH3which was utilized by the bacterial population as a N source. NH3was absorbed from the large intestine into the blood and converted to urea. NH3was also incorporated into plasma proteins. The horses fed on the low-N diet degraded a greater proportion of endogenous urea in the digestive tract than did horses fed on the urea- or soyabean-supplemented diets. However, the horses fed on the urea diet had the highest degradation rate of urea. The quantity of urea degraded in the digestive tract of horses fed on the urea-supplemented and the low-N diets could not compensate for a lack of dietary crude protein in these diets. The horses were in a negative N balance when fed on the low-N and urea-supplemented diets and a positive N balance when fed on the soyabean-supplemented diet. Dietary urea supplementation did not benefit the horses.
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Bruns, E. "Berücksichtigung von Merkmalen der Gesundheit in der Züchtung von Sportpferden." Archives Animal Breeding 44, no. 2 (October 10, 2001): 119–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/aab-44-119-2001.
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Abstract. Title of the paper: Considering health traits in breeding ofsport horses In breeding sport horses Performance and health traits are equally important to exhaust the horses' Performance potential. The need to consider health traits and to produce sound horses follows also from animal welfare and economic aspects. Often horses not successful in competitions are used in breeding. The time length of active participation in competitions and the reproductive Performance of horses are negatively affected by several diseases. Main causes are diseases of locomotor and respiratory organs whereby osteochondrosis dissecans and hemiplegia laryngis are the most frequent ones. These diseases have a sufficiently high heritability and can be selected for. In contrast, reproductive traits in horses have a very low heritability as found in other species. In defining selection policies to improve the health Status other factors besides heritability have to be considered such as way of inheritance, frequency of incidence and economic importance. In future the identification of defect genes may help in exactly diagnosing health problems and in breeding for sound Constitution. First actions to be taken by breeding organizations relate to testing early progenies. But also actions to improve nutrition, husbandry and training in rearing are important to reduce incidence and relevance of health problems in sport horses.
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Столяр, О. П. "Scientific activity of prince V.O. Kudashev on the development of theoretical and methodological principles of agronomy and animal husbandry (second half of the XIX century - beginning of the XX century)." ВІСНИК СХІДНОУКРАЇНСЬКОГО НАЦІОНАЛЬНОГО УНІВЕРСИТЕТУ імені Володимира Даля, no. 3(259) (February 18, 2020): 84–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.33216/1998-7927-2020-259-3-84-91.
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The article highlights the research activities of Prince V.O. Kudashev on agronomy and animal husbandry. Both general and special methods of scientific cognition were used in the research. Based on the research, it was found that the results of unique studies conducted by V.O. Kudashev during 1878–1888 were the first in domestic branch science to experimentally prove the advantages of surface tillage as an effective way of preserving soil moisture. The prince proposed a specific plan for the application of agricultural measures aimed at optimizing the physical parameters of the soil to obtain sustainable winter crops in conditions of insufficient moisture, as well as improved the technology of harvesting cereals. The prince's research on animal husbandry is of scientific significance. Thus, in 1886, V.O. Kudashev was the first in the country to breed Karakul sheep. In his estate, the prince also successfully bred horses of the Orlovskyi breed. In 1887, as the owner of a first-class horse factory of 350 heads, he took part in the work of the horse department of the Kharkiv Agricultural Exhibition, as a result of which he received a large silver medal for four horses in the trotting department. His article, published in 1888 in the Journal of the State Horse Breeding, which presented the results of six years of experiments on fattening young animals with feeds containing phosphoric acid compounds, was scientifically fundamental and new for its time. The prince established the optimal dosage of the introduction of dibasic phosphate lime in the diet in the first two and 3-4 years of a horse's life on the background of unlimited nutrition. During the position of editor of three leading domestic industry publications during 1901–1904, another facet of V.O. Kudashev – as a great promoter of industry research – was revealed. Shortly after his appointment as editor, the Zemlerobska Gazeta magazine was awarded a gold medal at the 1902 International Exhibition of Magazines and Newspapers.His name is associated with constructive achievements and decisions that determined the further development of agricultural research in Ukraine for several decades to come.
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Gary Magdesian, K. "Nutrition for critical gastrointestinal illness: feeding horses with diarrhea or colic." Veterinary Clinics of North America: Equine Practice 19, no. 3 (December 2003): 617–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cveq.2003.08.011.
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Menard, Catherine, Patrick Duncan, Geraldine Fleurance, Jean-Yves Georges, and Marc Lila. "Comparative foraging and nutrition of horses and cattle in European wetlands." Journal of Applied Ecology 39, no. 1 (February 2002): 120–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2664.2002.00693.x.
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Murphy, Jack. "Prevention of forelimb lameness and splint formation in young sport horses: A preliminary study and comparison of two pasture management systems." Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Science 2007 (April 2007): 31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1752756200019347.
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Good conformation and inherent soundness are major prerequisites in the performance horse (Holmstrom & Drevemo, 1997). One of the most common conformational faults associated with the equine forelimb is splint formation. Particularly in the case of young horses (<5 years old), the formation of splints along the medial and lateral aspects of the cannon bone (3rd metacarpal) is often a cause of lameness. The splint bones are the smaller 2nd (inner or medial) and 4th (outer or lateral) metacarpal bones that rest along-side the cannon bone and the inner splint bone tends to be more frequently affected. Several conditions/activities such as inappropriate nutrition, hard ground, direct trauma as in the opposing hoof hitting the inside splint bone of the opposite leg and poor conformation (off-set knees) create an increased risk of splint formation. Pasture management is an important feature of horse production and growing horses spend much of the year at grass. While at pasture, overly excessive play and motor activity (slipping, falling and jumping) might also induce splint formation and lameness. Splints generally result from inflammation of the ligament that knits the splint and cannon bones together leading to inflammation of the periosteum (periostitis) and new bone formation at the damage site. In cases where substantial blunt trauma occurs, it may also involve the cannon bone and the occurrence of single or multiple swellings. Newly formed splints can cause degrees of lameness of the affected limb, but rest is usually sufficient to overcome the damage. The objective of this study was to compare two different grassland husbandry systems for rearing young sport horses with regard to the prevention of occasional lameness and splint formation in the yearling while at summer pasture.
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Tucker, L. A., T. Matson, and L. H. A. Morris. "Variability in semen quality from British sport horses." Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Science 2007 (April 2007): 29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1752756200019323.
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Recent advances in artificial insemination (AI) and semen preparation have led to an increase in the availability of equine genetics globally. Generally, less than half the stallion population produce semen of suitable robustness to maintain acceptable fertility post-freezing, and research is needed to improve not only the numbers of stallions whose semen can be successfully frozen, but also to increase the number of collections that meet fertility standards. The number of progressively motile sperm present during ovulation determines successful conception in horses. AI practitioners recommend that 500 million progressively motile sperm should be introduced into the mare’s uterus to ensure best chance of pregnancy (Matson and Pycock, 2006), and progressive motility is currently accepted as suitable for determining fertility in stallions. Established laboratory quality assessments are used to identify stallions with suitably robust semen for freezing and worldwide distribution, however fertility traits can be influenced by many factors, e.g. age, level of competitive performance or workload, nutrition, disease and stress (Tucker and Morris, 2006). In order to investigate the impact of such factors on semen quality, it is first important to determine the level of variation in semen quality between stallions that are currently used for frozen semen collections, which formed the main objective of the following study. This baseline can then be used to compare improvements in semen quality from various nutritional and management interventions, which form the basis of our ongoing research program.
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Daly, Kristian, Christopher J. Proudman, Sylvia H. Duncan, Harry J. Flint, Jane Dyer, and Soraya P. Shirazi-Beechey. "Alterations in microbiota and fermentation products in equine large intestine in response to dietary variation and intestinal disease." British Journal of Nutrition 107, no. 7 (August 5, 2011): 989–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007114511003825.
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We aimed to determine the effects of variations in dietary composition on equine gut microbiota and their fermentation products, and proposed that dietary modifications profoundly affect microbial ecosystems and their metabolites. Bacterial communities within the large intestine of three groups of horses were compared using oligonucleotide-RNA hybridisation methodology. Each group consisting of six horses was maintained on (1) a grass-only diet, (2) a concentrate diet (i.e. supplemented with hydrolysable carbohydrates) and (3) a concentrate diet but horses were affected by simple colonic obstruction and distension (SCOD), a prevalent form of dietary-induced intestinal disease. We show that in response to dietary change and intestinal disease, there is a progressive and significant increase in Lachnospiraceae, theBacteroidetesassemblage and the lactic acid-producing,Bacillus–Lactobacillus–Streptococcus(BLS) group. In contrast, there is a corresponding decrease in the proportion of obligate fibrolytic, acid-intolerant bacteria,Fibrobacterand Ruminococcaceae. Assessment of monocarboxylic acids indicated that there are significantly higher concentrations of lactic acid in the colonic contents of horses maintained on a concentrate diet and those suffering from SCOD, correlating with the observed increase in the population abundance of the BLS group. However, the population size of the Veillonellaceae (lactate utilisers) remained constant in each study group. The inability of this group to respond to increased lactic acid may be a contributory factor to the build-up of lactic acid observed in horses fed a concentrate diet and those suffering from SCOD.
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Topczewska, Jadwiga. "An attempt to assess the welfare of horses maintained in herd systems." Archives Animal Breeding 57, no. 1 (October 11, 2014): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.7482/0003-9438-57-024.
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Abstract. The aim of the study was to assess the welfare, using the Welfare Quality criteria, of horses maintained in natural conditions. The study material was a herd of Hucul horses, consisting of 14 mares with offsprings and a stallion, maintained in a herd system on pastures. The research was conducted in the months of March, July and November in 2010 and 2012. Nutrition assessment was based on access to feedstuff, water, including their state. Analysis of levels of maintenance involved evaluating prevailing weather conditions, stocking rate as well as horses’ freedom of movement in the delineated land area. Assessment of the herd’s health condition was based on interviews with the supervising veterinarian. Horses’ behaviour was assessed through observations that relied on their social, affiliative and agonistic behaviours. The condition of the horses was influenced by the period of year, with the best being in November (P≤0.01). Maintenance conditions and exploitation affected the herd’s state of health, with no illnesses or injuries being reported over the analysed period. Seasons of the year had impacts on the horses’ behaviour (P≤0.01). In summer, grazing took place in the late evenings and early mornings, with animals kept under sheds. Intensified feeding was observed in November. No stereotypical behaviours were observed. Heart rate measurements were a pointer to the animals’ emotional balance and attitudes towards people. The observed high level of horses’ welfare suggested that a natural herd system of management ought to be preferred and propagated.
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Abraham, D., and L. C. Dumbell. "Fit and fat; a horse carer’s perspective." Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Science 2009 (April 2009): 6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1752756200028453.
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Obesity in horses and ponies, is according to many equine related charities (Blue Cross, BHS) becoming an increasing welfare problem. Recent studies have linked equine obesity and insulin resistance with development of debilitating laminitis (Vick et al., 2007). Poor nutritional management and sedentary lifestyles are to blame for the growing proportion of obese horses (Buff et al., 2005). The horse carer is responsible for the health and welfare of the horse and as such should monitor the weight, condition and exercise regime to ensure appropriate fitness levels to maintain health and performance. Indeed, Johnson (2002) reports that certain management practices tend to promote the development of obesity in mature horses as they enter their teenage years. Horse owners must therefore consider management practices throughout the horse’s life, as the provision of starch-rich and fat-supplemented rations to healthy horses that are relatively inactive may promote the development of obesity increasing the risk of laminitis (Johnson, 2002). The aims of this research were to ascertain the condition score and fitness levels of horses and ponies when diagnosed with laminitis, as reported by the horse carer and to gain insight into how these factors may influence the health and welfare of the domestic horse.
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Geor, Raymond J. "The role of nutritional supplements and feeding strategies in equine athletic performance." Equine and Comparative Exercise Physiology 3, no. 3 (August 2006): 109–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/ecp200690.
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AbstractIn human and animal nutrition, much interest has been focused on the potential role of dietary supplements in promoting health, athletic performance and disease mitigation. Supplements may include essential nutrients provided in amounts greater than required to prevent a deficiency state, or substances purported to have a role in metabolism or tissue function but that are not recognized as an essential nutrient. This review aims to provide the rationale and scientific evidence for use (or not) of some of the supplements marketed for use in horses, with emphasis on supplements purported to directly boost performance, such as creatine, carnitine and branched-chain amino acids. It also discusses the so-called ‘joint supplements’ (or slow-acting, disease-modifying osteoarthritis agents), such as glucosamine and chondroitin sulphate. The effects of selected feeding strategies on performance, including fat supplementation, are also examined. It is concluded that although the use of nutritional supplements is commonly alleged to boost performance or health in horses, for most, if not all, of these supplements there is little or no scientific evidence of efficacy.
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Durham, A. E., T. J. Phillips, J. P. Walmsley, and J. R. Newton. "Study of the clinical effects of postoperative parenteral nutrition in 15 horses." Veterinary Record 153, no. 16 (October 18, 2003): 493–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/vr.153.16.493.
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Staniar, William Burton. "Linking dietary energy and skeletal development in the horse." Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia 39, suppl spe (July 2010): 138–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1516-35982010001300016.
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Athletic production is what is sought from the horse. As mammary development is important to the dairy cow, skeletal development is important to horses meeting their production goals. As any integrative physiologist will appreciate, the variables that come together to result in optimal skeletal development are complex. Nutrition is one of these, and it contains two broad variables; the supply of dietary nutrients and energy. This presentation will focus on dietary energy and its links with skeletal development. I propose that it is not simply the amount of dietary energy, but the way and from that that energy is supplied that impacts skeletal development. Through an understanding of how dietary energy impact skeletal development, more precise feeding management strategies can be developed to reduce the risk of skeletal abnormalities and even potentially improve skeletal integrity.
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de Toledo, Andreia, Kaori Nomoto, Eiichi Hirano, and Chihiro Tohda. "Horse Placental Extract Enhances Neurogenesis in the Presence of Amyloid β." Nutrients 13, no. 5 (May 14, 2021): 1672. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu13051672.
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Human placental extract and animal-derived placental extracts from pigs and horses host a wide range of biological activities. Several placental products are used as medicines, cosmetics, and healthcare substances worldwide. However, the use of placental extracts for neuronal functioning is currently not established because the number of relevant studies is limited. A few previous reports suggested the neuroprotective effect and dendrite genesis effect of placental extract. However, no studies have reported on neurogenesis in placental extracts. Therefore, we aimed to investigate the effects of horse placental extract on neurogenesis, and we examined the protective effect of the extract on the onset of memory disorder. A horse placental extract, JBP-F-02, was used in this study. JBP-F-02 treatment dose-dependently increased the number of neural stem cells and dendrite length under Aβ treatment in primary cultured cortical cells. The oral administration of JBP-F-02 to a 5XFAD mouse model of Alzheimer’s disease at a young age significantly prevented the onset of memory dysfunction. This study suggests that the extract has the potential to prevent dementia.
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Pietrzak-Fiećko, R., R. Tomczyński, A. Świstowska, Z. Borejszo, E. Kokoszko, and K. Smoczyńska. "Effect of mare’s breed on the fatty acid composition of milk fat." Czech Journal of Animal Science 54, No. 9 (September 9, 2009): 403–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/1683-cjas.
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Gas chromatography and IDF Standard method (1999) were used to analyze the fatty acid composition of milk fat of mares originating from the following breeds: 10 of Wielkopolska breed, 10 Konik Polski Horses, and 9 Polish Cold-blooded Horses. Eighty-seven mare’s milk samples were collected in the years 2000–2002. Unsaturated fatty acids were shown to prevail in the milk fat of mares of Wielkopolska breed (61.32%) and of Konik Polski mares (52.58%) whereas saturated acids prevailed in the milk fat of Cold Blooded mares (54.95%). The study revealed that the fatty acid composition of the investigated groups of mares was breed-specific. Of course, the impact of other uncontrolled factors such as nutrition is not excluded, either.