Academic literature on the topic 'Ocean surface model'

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Journal articles on the topic "Ocean surface model"

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Xu, Qinghui, Chen Zhao, Zezong Chen, Sitao Wu, Xiao Wang, and Lingang Fan. "Characterization of 77 GHz Radar Backscattering from Sea Surfaces at Low Incidence Angles: Preliminary Results." Remote Sensing 17, no. 1 (2025): 116. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs17010116.

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Millimeter-wave (MMW) radar is capable of providing high temporal–spatial measurements of the ocean surface. Some topics, such as the characterization of the radar echo, have attracted widespread attention from researchers. However, most existing research studies focus on the backscatter of the ocean surface at low microwave bands, while the sea surface backscattering mechanism in the 77 GHz frequency band remains not well interpreted. To address this issue, in this paper, the investigation of the scattering mechanism is carried out for the 77 GHz frequency band ocean surface at small incidenc
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Byrne, Michael P., and Paul A. O’Gorman. "Understanding Decreases in Land Relative Humidity with Global Warming: Conceptual Model and GCM Simulations." Journal of Climate 29, no. 24 (2016): 9045–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-16-0351.1.

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Abstract Climate models simulate a strong land–ocean contrast in the response of near-surface relative humidity to global warming; relative humidity tends to increase slightly over oceans but decrease substantially over land. Surface energy balance arguments have been used to understand the response over ocean but are difficult to apply over more complex land surfaces. Here, a conceptual box model is introduced, involving atmospheric moisture transport between the land and ocean and surface evapotranspiration, to investigate the decreases in land relative humidity as the climate warms. The box
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Yablonsky, Richard M., and Isaac Ginis. "Limitation of One-Dimensional Ocean Models for Coupled Hurricane–Ocean Model Forecasts." Monthly Weather Review 137, no. 12 (2009): 4410–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2009mwr2863.1.

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Abstract Wind stress imposed on the upper ocean by a hurricane can limit the hurricane’s intensity primarily through shear-induced mixing of the upper ocean and subsequent cooling of the sea surface. Since shear-induced mixing is a one-dimensional process, some recent studies suggest that coupling a one-dimensional ocean model to a hurricane model may be sufficient for capturing the storm-induced sea surface temperature cooling in the region providing heat energy to the hurricane. Using both a one-dimensional and a three-dimensional version of the same ocean model, it is shown here that the ne
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Mishra, Anshu Prakash, S. Rai, and A. C. Pandey. "Ocean Model Simulation of Southern Indian Ocean Surface Currents." Marine Geodesy 30, no. 4 (2007): 345–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01490410701568467.

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Earle, Marshall D. "Microcomputer Numerical Ocean Surface Wave Model." Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology 6, no. 1 (1989): 151–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/1520-0426(1989)006<0151:mnoswm>2.0.co;2.

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Chen, K. S., A. K. Fung, and D. A. Weissman. "A backscattering model for ocean surface." IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing 30, no. 4 (1992): 811–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/36.158877.

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Stössel, Achim. "On the impact of sea ice in a global ocean circulation model." Annals of Glaciology 25 (1997): 111–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.3189/s0260305500013884.

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This paper investigates the long-term impact of sea ice on global climate using a global sea-ice–ocean general circulation model (OGCM). The sea-ice component involves state-of-the-art dynamics; the ocean component consists of a 3.5° × 3.5° × 11 layer primitive-equation model. Depending on the physical description of sea ice, significant changes are detected in the convective activity, in the hydrographic properties and in the thermohaline circulation of the ocean model. Most of these changes originate in the Southern Ocean, emphasizing the crucial role of sea ice in this marginally stably str
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Stössel, Achim. "On the impact of sea ice in a global ocean circulation model." Annals of Glaciology 25 (1997): 111–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0260305500013884.

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This paper investigates the long-term impact of sea ice on global climate using a global sea-ice–ocean general circulation model (OGCM). The sea-ice component involves state-of-the-art dynamics; the ocean component consists of a 3.5° × 3.5° × 11 layer primitive-equation model. Depending on the physical description of sea ice, significant changes are detected in the convective activity, in the hydrographic properties and in the thermohaline circulation of the ocean model. Most of these changes originate in the Southern Ocean, emphasizing the crucial role of sea ice in this marginally stably str
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Garuba, Oluwayemi A., and Barry A. Klinger. "Ocean Heat Uptake and Interbasin Transport of the Passive and Redistributive Components of Surface Heating." Journal of Climate 29, no. 20 (2016): 7507–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-16-0138.1.

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Abstract Global warming induces ocean circulation changes that not only can redistribute ocean reservoir temperature stratification but also change the total heat content anomaly of the ocean. Here all consequences of this process are referred to collectively as “redistribution.” Previous model studies of redistributive effects could not measure the net global contribution to the amount of ocean heat uptake by redistribution. In this study, a global ocean model experiment with abrupt increase in surface temperature is conducted with a new passive tracer formulation. This separates ocean heat u
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Xu, X., M. Werner, M. Butzin, and G. Lohmann. "Water isotope variations in the global ocean model MPI-OM." Geoscientific Model Development 5, no. 3 (2012): 809–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/gmd-5-809-2012.

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Abstract. The stable water isotopes H218O and HDO are incorporated as passive tracers into the oceanic general circulation model MPI-OM, and a control simulation under present-day climate conditions is analyzed in detail. Both δ18O and δD distributions at the ocean surface and deep ocean are generally consistent with available observations on the large scale. The modelled δD-δ 18O relations in surface waters slightly deviates from the slope of the global meteoric water line in most basins, and a much steeper slope is detected in Arctic Oceans. The simulated deuterium excess of ocean surface wa
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Ocean surface model"

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Brookins, A. Henry. "Ocean wave height transformation model using surface roller theory." Thesis, Monterey, Calif. : Springfield, Va. : Naval Postgraduate School ; Available from National Technical Information Service, 1993. http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA272610.

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El-Nimri, Salem. "DEVELOPMENT OF AN IMPROVED MICROWAVE OCEAN SURFACE EMISSIVITY RADIATIVE TRANSFER MODEL." Doctoral diss., University of Central Florida, 2010. http://digital.library.ucf.edu/cdm/ref/collection/ETD/id/2878.

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An electromagnetic model is developed for predicting the microwave blackbody emission from the ocean surface over a wide range of frequencies, incidence angles, and wind vector (speed and direction) for both horizontal and vertical polarizations. This ocean surface emissivity model is intended to be incorporated into an oceanic radiative transfer model to be used for microwave radiometric applications including geophysical retrievals over oceans. The model development is based on a collection of published ocean emissivity measurements obtained from satellites, aircraft, field experiments, and
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Xing, Zeda. "The response of a simple model atmosphere to sea surface temperature anomalies in the North Pacific." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1997. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp01/MQ37178.pdf.

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Weaver, Anthony T. "On assimilating sea surface temperature data into an ocean general circulation model." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/29204.

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The feasibility of sea surface temperature (SST) data improving the performance of an ocean general circulation model (OGCM) is investigated through a series of idealized numerical experiments. The GFDL Bryan-Cox-Semtner primitive equation model is set-up as an eddy resolving, unforced, flat bottomed channel of uniform depth. 'Observed' SST data taken from a reference ocean established in a control run are continuously assimilated into an 'imperfect' model using a simple 'nudging' scheme based on a surface relaxation condition of the form Q = C(SST — T₁) where Q is the heat flux and T₁ is th
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Kukulka, Tobias. "The effect of breaking waves on a coupled model of wind and ocean surface waves." View online ; access limited to URI, 2006. http://0-digitalcommons.uri.edu.helin.uri.edu/dissertations/AAI3248233.

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Currie, Jock C. "Interannual variability in Indian Ocean surface waters and tuna-environment relationships : filling the gaps with a coupled bio-physical ocean model." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/10313.

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Study of the Indian Ocean has lagged behind that of the Atlantic and Pacific, with large knowledge gaps remaining in our understanding of regional or basin-scale controls on productivity and higher trophic levels. A lack of in situ data, especially for mid and upper trophic-level organisms, has commonly limited to small spatiotemporal scales, investigations into environmental control of biological systems. These data gaps are increasingly being filled by coupled bio-physical ocean models. Throughout this thesis, outputs from such a coupled ocean model (NEMO-PISCES) were employed to provide hin
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EL-Nimri, Salem. "AN IMPROVED MICROWAVE RADIATIVE TRANSFER MODEL FOR OCEAN EMISSIVITY AT HURRICANE FORCE SURFACE WIND SPEED." Master's thesis, University of Central Florida, 2006. http://digital.library.ucf.edu/cdm/ref/collection/ETD/id/2523.

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An electromagnetic model for predicting the microwave blackbody emission from the ocean surface under the forcing of strong surface winds in hurricanes is being developed. This ocean emissivity model will be incorporated into a larger radiative transfer model used to infer ocean surface wind speed and rain rate in hurricanes from remotely sensed radiometric brightness temperature. The model development is based on measurements obtained with the Stepped Frequency Microwave Radiometer (SFMR), which routinely flys on the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's hurricane hunter aircraft.
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Soisuvarn, Seubson. "AN OCEAN SURFACE WIND VECTOR MODEL FUNCTION FOR A SPACEBORNE MICROWAVE RADIOMETER AND ITS APPLICATION." Doctoral diss., University of Central Florida, 2006. http://digital.library.ucf.edu/cdm/ref/collection/ETD/id/2563.

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Ocean surface wind vectors over the ocean present vital information for scientists and forecasters in their attempt to understand the Earth's global weather and climate. As the demand for global wind velocity information has increased, the number of satellite missions that carry wind-measuring sensors has also increased; however, there are still not sufficient numbers of instruments in orbit today to fulfill the need for operational meteorological and scientific wind vector data. Over the last three decades operational measurements of global ocean wind speeds have been obtained from passive mi
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Hallsworth, Stephen. "Modelling the diurnal-variation of sea surface temperature using a one-dimensional ocean turbulence model." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/13986.

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With strong diurnal warming, the temperature at the air-sea interface could be several degrees warmer than the temperature at one or two metres depth. To correctly interpret SST measurements during conditions of diurnal-warming of SST, the diurnal response to environmental conditions must be understood. This thesis is a study of the response of diurnal-warming of SST to the primary environmental conditions that cause it. A one-dimensional ocean turbulence model is used to simulate the diurnal-cycle of warming of SST. The model is developed and enhanced to enable accurate predictions of amplitu
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Nelson, A. D. "Observation-Model Comparisons of Near-Surface Ocean Variability on Interannual, Multidecadal, and Orbital Time Scales." Thesis, University of Colorado at Boulder, 2017. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=10283702.

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<p> This thesis explores the concepts and techniques of observation-model comparisons of the natural variability of the near-surface ocean on three different time scales. The emphasis on natural variability includes removing the all-time trend and seasonality of the data. All analyses used model outputs of the Community Climate System Model version 3.5 (CCSM3.5). </p><p> The first work, <u>An Ensemble Observing System Simulation Experiment of Global Ocean Heat Content Variability,</u> introduces the use of ensemble of model time series to study how a set of observations and how they are proc
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Books on the topic "Ocean surface model"

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Singh, Prem. Simulation of tropical Indian Ocean surface circulation using a free surface Sigma coordinate model. Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology, 2004.

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Singh, Prem. Simulation of tropical Indian Ocean surface circulation using a free surface Sigma coordinate model. Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology, 2004.

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P, Rahul Chand Reddy, and Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology., eds. Real time simulations of surface circulations by a simple ocean model. Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology, 2003.

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Ingraham, W. James. Ocean Surface Current Simulations in the North Pacific Ocean and the Bering Sea (OSCURS--Numerical model). Resource Ecology and Fisheries Management Division, Northwest and Alaska Fisheries Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 1988.

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United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration., ed. Visible-infrared remote-sensing model and applications for ocean waters. National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1994.

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United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration., ed. Visible-infrared remote-sensing model and applications for ocean waters. National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1994.

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Ingraham, W. James. Tuning of the OSCURS numerical model to ocean surface current measurements in the Gulf of Alaska. Resource Ecology and Fisheries Management Division, Alaska Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 1989.

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R, Holland William, Malanotte-Rizzoli Paola 1946-, and United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration., eds. Assimilation of altimeter data into a quasigeostrophic model of the Gulf Stream system. National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1995.

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1946-, Malanotte-Rizzoli Paola, Holland William R, and United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration., eds. Assimilation of altimeter data into a quasigeostrophic model of the Gulf Stream system. National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1995.

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R, Holland William, Malanotte-Rizzoli Paola 1946-, and United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration., eds. Assimilation of altimeter data into a quasigeostrophic model of the Gulf Stream system. National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1995.

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Book chapters on the topic "Ocean surface model"

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Toba, Y., S. Kawai, K. Okada, and N. Iida. "The TOHOKU-II Wave Model." In The Ocean Surface. Springer Netherlands, 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-015-7717-5_30.

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Uji, T. "A Coupled Discrete Wave Model MRI-II." In The Ocean Surface. Springer Netherlands, 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-015-7717-5_29.

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Graber, Hans C., and Ole S. Madsen. "A Parametric Wind Wave Model for Arbitrary Water Depths." In The Ocean Surface. Springer Netherlands, 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-015-7717-5_25.

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Kantha, L. H., A. F. Blumberg, H. J. Herring, and G. R. Stegen. "The Use and Testing of a Model for Upper Ocean Dynamics." In The Ocean Surface. Springer Netherlands, 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-015-7717-5_73.

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Bouws, E., J. J. Ephraums, J. A. Ewing, et al. "Shallow Water Intercomparison of Wave Models — Part I Three Different Concepts to Model Surface Waves in Finite Water Depth." In The Ocean Surface. Springer Netherlands, 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-015-7717-5_26.

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Gaspar, Ph. "An Oceanic Mixed Layer Model Suitable for Climatological Studies Results over Several Years of Simulation." In The Ocean Surface. Springer Netherlands, 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-015-7717-5_68.

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Xie, Zhenghui, Xiangjun Tian, Peihua Qin, et al. "Land Surface Improvements." In Flexible Global Ocean-Atmosphere-Land System Model. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-41801-3_45.

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Xia, Kun, and Bin Wang. "Development of Land Surface Model in Frozen Soil and Snow." In Flexible Global Ocean-Atmosphere-Land System Model. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-41801-3_44.

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Ouala, Said, Pierre Tandeo, Bertrand Chapron, Fabrice Collard, and Ronan Fablet. "End-to-End Kalman Filter in a High Dimensional Linear Embedding of the Observations." In Mathematics of Planet Earth. Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-18988-3_13.

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AbstractData assimilation techniques are the state-of-the-art approaches in the reconstruction of a spatio-temporal geophysical state such as the atmosphere or the ocean. These methods rely on a numerical model that fills the spatial and temporal gaps in the observational network. Unfortunately, limitations regarding the uncertainty of the state estimate may arise when considering the restriction of the data assimilation problems to a small subset of observations, as encountered for instance in ocean surface reconstruction. These limitations motivated the exploration of reconstruction techniqu
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Nerem, R. Steven, Byron D. Tapley, and C. K. Shum. "A General Ocean Circulation Model Determined in a Simultaneous Solution with the Earth’s Gravity Field." In Sea Surface Topography and the Geoid. Springer New York, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-7098-7_18.

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Conference papers on the topic "Ocean surface model"

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Paradan, Alfiya F., Imran Afgan, and Maryam R. Al Shehhi. "Air-Sea Surface Heat Fluxes in the Arabian Gulf: Insights from High Resolution Regional Ocean Model." In OCEANS 2024 - Halifax. IEEE, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/oceans55160.2024.10754307.

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Eidsvik, K. "On wind generated surface current model identification." In OCEANS '85 - Ocean Engineering and the Environment. IEEE, 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/oceans.1985.1160200.

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Wu, Zhensen, Yandong Zhang, and Lixin Guo. "Improved composite surface model for two-dimensional ocean surface scattering." In Europto Remote Sensing, edited by Charles R. Bostater, Jr. and Rosalia Santoleri. SPIE, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.411699.

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Bartlett, Jasmine S. "Comparison of model of sea-surface reflectance incorporating Raman scattering by water." In Ocean Optics XIII, edited by Steven G. Ackleson and Robert J. Frouin. SPIE, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.266366.

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He, Weihua, Bingrui Yang, and Ran Gao. "The Effective Diffuse Reflection Model on The Ocean Surface." In 2020 IEEE 5th Information Technology and Mechatronics Engineering Conference (ITOEC). IEEE, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/itoec49072.2020.9141573.

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Islam, Tasnim, Stephan D. Howden, Arne R. Diercks, and Mustafa Kemal Cambazoglu. "Comparison of Ocean Model and HF Radar Surface Currents." In OCEANS 2022, Hampton Roads. IEEE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/oceans47191.2022.9977177.

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JIANG, Kaijie, Dawei PAN, Tao JIANG, and Yuqi YUAN. "Ocean Surface Stochastic Channel Modeling based on Hidden Markov Model." In 2018 IEEE Asia-Pacific Conference on Antennas and Propagation (APCAP). IEEE, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/apcap.2018.8538148.

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Farina, R., S. Cuomo, and P. De Michele. "An inverse preconditioner for a free surface ocean circulation model." In 9TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON MATHEMATICAL PROBLEMS IN ENGINEERING, AEROSPACE AND SCIENCES: ICNPAA 2012. AIP, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4765513.

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Zakharov, Vladimir, Donald Resio, and Andrei Pushkarev. "On the Tuning-Free Statistical Model of Ocean Surface Waves." In ASME 2018 37th International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2018-78417.

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Absence of mathematically justified criteria during development of the wind energy input and wave breaking energy dissipation source terms in Hasselmann equation (HE), used as the framework of modern operational wave forecasting models, lead to creation of plethora of parameterizations, having enormous scatter, disconnected from the physical background and obeying dozens of tuning parameters to adjust the HE model to the specific situation. We show that it’s possible, based on analytical analysis and experimental observation data, to create the new set of source terms, reproducing experimental
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Xu, Qing, Hui Lin, Liming Jiang, Xiaobin Yin, Quanan Zheng, and Yuguang Liu. "SAR Measurement of Ocean Surface Wind Using A Physics Model." In IGARSS 2008 - 2008 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium. IEEE, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/igarss.2008.4778884.

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Reports on the topic "Ocean surface model"

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Hodur, Richard M. Effect of Atmosphere, Surface, and Ocean Parameterizations on Ocean Model Performance. Defense Technical Information Center, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada630655.

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Chu, P. C. Air-Ocean Surface Heat Exchange (AOSHE) Model and Low Frequency Unstable Modes in Atmosphere and Ocean. Defense Technical Information Center, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada530524.

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Johnson, J. T., and C. W. Chuang. Quantitative Evaluation of Ocean Surface Spectral Model Influence on Sea Surface Backscattering. Defense Technical Information Center, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada389402.

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Worsfold, Mark. An analysis of the impact of Ocean Gliders on the AMM15 model. Met Office, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.62998/dwza4679.

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The Atlantic Margin Model (AMM15) is one of the ocean models used by the Met Office, predicting ocean circulation in the North Atlantic approaches and shelf seas around the UK at a resolution of 1.5km. Model analyses and forecasts are used in a wide range of applications including search and rescue, oil spill response and providing sea-surface temperature boundary conditions for Met Office numerical weather prediction. The majority of observations used to constrain the AMM15 model are surface measurements collected by satellites. In situ and sub-surface observations of shelf seas around the UK
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Schwinger, Jörg. Report on modifications of ocean carbon cycle feedbacks under ocean alkalinization. OceanNETs, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.3289/oceannets_d4.2.

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Ocean Alkalinization deliberately modifies the chemistry of the surface ocean to enhance the uptake of atmospheric CO2. Here we quantify, using idealized Earth system model (ESM) simulations, changes in carbon cycle feedbacks and in the seasonal cycle of the surface ocean carbonate system due to ocean alkalinization. We find that both, carbon-concentration and carbon climate feedback, are enhanced due to the increased sensitivity of the carbonate system to changes in atmospheric CO2 and changes in temperature. While the temperature effect, which decreases ocean carbon uptake, remains small in
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Xie, Lian, and Leonard J. Pietrafesa. Incorporation of Surface Wave Effects into a Coastal Ocean Circulation Model. Defense Technical Information Center, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada629884.

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Xavier, Prince, Martin Willett, Tim Graham, et al. Assessment of the Met Office Global Coupled model version 4 (GC4) configurations. Met Office, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.62998/uzui3766.

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The Global Coupled model version 4 (GC4) is an upgraded configuration of the MetUM system, building upon its predecessor, GC3.0/3.1. It incorporates various improvements and changes in the atmospheric and land components (Global Atmosphere 8 and Global Land 9 - GA8GL9) while keeping the ocean component (Global Ocean 6 - GO6) unchanged, except for minor bug fixes. The GC4 model introduces several enhancements, such as the drag package for land surface and hydrology, improvements in radiation and large-scale precipitation parametrisations, advancements in the boundary layer and convection repres
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Xie, L., L. J. Pietrafesa, and S. Raman. Interaction between surface wind and ocean circulation in the Carolina Capes in a coupled low-order model. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/481532.

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Rémy, Elisabeth, Romain Escudier, and Alexandre Mignot. Access impact of observations. EuroSea, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.3289/eurosea_d4.8.

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The accuracy of the Copernicus Marine Environment and Monitoring Service (CMEMS) ocean analysis and forecasts highly depend on the availability and quality of observations to be assimilated. In situ observations are complementary to satellite observations that are restricted to the ocean surface. Higher resolution model forecasts are required by users of the CMEMS global and regional ocean analysis and forecasts. To support this with an efficient observational constrain of the model forecast via data assimilation, an increase observation coverage is needed, associated with an improved usage of
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Willett, M. R., M. E. Brooks, J. M. Edwards, et al. The Met Office Unified Model GA7.2GL8.1 and GA7.2.1GL8.1.1 configurations: Developments from GA7GL7. Met Office, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.62998/yrta1217.

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The Unified Model and JULES are used in defined Global Atmosphere and Global Land configurations to simulate the global atmosphere-land system at the Met Office and at other UM partners. GA7.0GL7.0 was frozen in 2016. However, the NWP performance of this trunk configuration was considered to be unacceptable. The NWP specific branches, GA7.2GL8.1 and GA7.2.1GL8.1.1, were subsequently developed by bringing forward a limited number of changes from the next trunk configuration, GA8GL9. These changes included modifications to the land surface, boundary layer and convection parameterizations and are
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