Relevant bibliographies by topics / Of the insurance reserve

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'Of the insurance reserve'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 30 May 2022
Last updated: 31 July 2025

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Journal articles on the topic "Of the insurance reserve"

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Hasriati, Hasriati, Voundri Nindia Nayunda, Haposan Sirait, and Ihda Hasbiyati. "PROSPECTIVE RESERVE AND FULL PRELIMINARY TERM RESERVE ON ENDOWMENT LAST SURVIVOR LIFE INSURANCE USING CLAYTON COPULA." BAREKENG: Jurnal Ilmu Matematika dan Terapan 18, no. 4 (2024): 2479–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.30598/barekengvol18iss4pp2479-2490.

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Combined life insurance is a type of insurance that protects two or more people who are related by family and is divided into two, namely joint-life life insurance and last-survivor life insurance. The last survivor life insurance is a condition of life insurance that will continue if there is at least one of all insurance participants who is still alive and will stop if all insurance participants die. The insurance company has to pay the benefit to the heirs of the insurance participant. When a claim occurs, the insurance company must prepare the reserve fee. The purpose of this research is t
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Huseynova, Arzu D., and Afet Hasanova. "Calculation of insurance premium reserves for life insurance and application of the Zillmer method against negative results in the first year." Science, technologies, innovation, no. 2(34) (2025): 16–33. https://doi.org/10.35668/2520-6524-2025-2-02.

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The purpose of this article is to examine the application of the Zillmer method to mitigate or eliminate the negative reserve that arises during the first year when expenses are charged to the insurance premium reserves calculated for life insurance. The net premium reserve for whole life insurance and term insurance types has been calculated using both prospective and retrospective methods. The formulas for calculating the actuarial present value of insurance payments (paid), life annuities, and premiums, which are the main components of the insurance premium reserve, as well as substitution
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Reisnanda, Aldino, Betty Subartini, and Riaman Riaman. "Comparison of the Zillmer Method with the Adjusted Ohio Method in Calculation of Premium Reserve Value in Dwi-Purpose Life Insurance." International Journal of Quantitative Research and Modeling 5, no. 1 (2024): 49–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.46336/ijqrm.v5i1.592.

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Life insurance is one of protections in society by providing economic protection for insurance users who experience an adverse event. The insured who is an insurance user has an obligation to pay the premium at the time that is determined by the insurance company and the policyholder. Insurance companies need funds to fulfill claims from policyholders, so premiums that have been paid are stored in the form of premium reserves. Premium reserves need to be managed by the company properly so that the company does not experience losses. The purpose of this research is to provide information to det
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Sagari, Lujiana, Yurniati Yurniati, and Melvi Muchlian. "Penentuan Cadangan Premi Asuransi Jiwa Dwiguna Menggunakan Metode Full Preliminary Term." Proximal: Jurnal Penelitian Matematika dan Pendidikan Matematika 8, no. 1 (2025): 394–400. https://doi.org/10.30605/proximal.v8i1.5345.

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Dual-purpose life insurance is insurance that provides two benefits, where the company will provide compensation if the insured remains alive at the end of the policy period or dies within the policy period. In two-purpose life insurance, insurance participants either die or survive will be paid the sum insured by the insurance company and insurance participants have an obligation to pay a certain amount of money to the insurance company called premiums.This study aims to calculate the amount of premium reserves for two-purpose life insurance using the full preliminary term method. This premiu
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Wynnie, Illuminata, and Yefan Yefan. "Determination of Premium Reserves for Whole Life Insurance Using the Canadian Method with Varying Premium Payment Periods." International Journal of Applied Sciences and Smart Technologies 7, no. 1 (2025): 169–80. https://doi.org/10.24071/ijasst.v7i1.12283.

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Premium reserves are essential funds prepared by insurance companies, particularly in life insurance, to cover potential future claims. These reserves are calculated based on premiums paid by policyholders and must be sufficient to meet all projected claim-related expenses. A lower reserve implies reduced financial liability and typically correlates with more affordable premium rates for policyholders. This study aims to analyze the determination of premium reserves using the Canadian and Prospective methods in traditional life insurance products, specifically whole life insurance, focusing on
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ARIASIH, MADE PUTRI, KETUT JAYANEGARA, I. NYOMAN WIDANA, and I. PUTU EKA N. KENCANA. "PENENTUAN CADANGAN PREMI UNTUK ASURANSI PENDIDIKAN." E-Jurnal Matematika 4, no. 1 (2015): 14. http://dx.doi.org/10.24843/mtk.2015.v04.i01.p082.

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This aims of this research is determine the insurance premium reserve for education with retrospective calculations and determine the premium reserves who acquired during the period of guarantee for insurance education. This research observes the premium reserve for persons aged 40 years with a coverage period of 17 years. The secondary data used is an education insurance data product from the insurance company that issued the insurance product. Premium reserve is determined by using the retrospective calculation, the calculation using the annuity value, net single premium value, net annual pr
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Al Ghifari, Yuhza, and Fauziah Nur Fahirah Sudding. "Analysis of Premium Reserve Using Zillmer Method and Canadian Method for Endowment Joint Life Insurance." Journal of Actuarial, Finance, and Risk Management 2, no. 1 (2023): 28. http://dx.doi.org/10.33021/jafrm.v2i1.4551.

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Several life insurance companies are unable to compensate policyholder prompting financial losses, the situation can be foreseen if the insurance company has a properly established and calculated reserve value. Endowment life insurance is one types of life insurance. Life insurance provides protection for one person (single life) or two or more people (multiple life). According to the insured death status, there are two terminologies used in multiple life insurance: joint life and last survivor. The Zillmer Method and Canadian Method used in this study for 3 age cases for a couple of husband a
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Faturachman, Faturachman, Suyitno Suyitno, and Nanda Arista Rizki. "Penentuan Cadangan Premi Asuransi Jiwa Dengan Metode Fackler." EKSPONENSIAL 13, no. 1 (2022): 19. http://dx.doi.org/10.30872/eksponensial.v13i1.876.

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Insurance is an agreement between two parties, where one party is obliged to pay and the other party has the obligation to provide compensation to the premium payer if something happens to the party in accordance with the agreement that has been made. The main problem faced by insurance companies is that the fees paid through premiums are not sufficient to finance compensation payments at the beginning of the policys, To overcome the shortage of costs the insurance company must have a reserve fund called a premium reserve. The purpose of this study was to determine the reserve for term, endowm
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Bachyurah, Bachyurah, Ikhsan Maulidi, Intan Syahrini, and Nurmaulidar Nurmaulidar. "ANALISIS CADANGAN MANFAAT DENGAN MENGGUNAKAN METODE RETROSPEKTIF PADA ASURANSI JIWA BERJANGKA." STATMAT : JURNAL STATISTIKA DAN MATEMATIKA 2, no. 1 (2020): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.32493/sm.v2i1.3884.

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The insurance company is a company that protects its customers from unwanted events in the future. A life insurance company should prepare a benefit reserve funds to be given to customers if the customers experience a risk of death in the future. Therefore, the insurance company must manage the benefit reserves so that the company does not have a loss. The purposes of this study are to calculate both the amount of annual net premiums and the amount of benefit reserves in term life insurance. The method used to calculate the value of the benefit reserve was a retrospective method. The results o
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Syifamillah, Fika Riza, Emy Siswanah, and Seftina Diyah Miasary. "Penentuan Premi Tahunan Dan Cadangan Manfaat Asuransi Jiwa Dwiguna Murni pada Status Last Survivor dengan Tiga Orang Tertanggung." Unisda Journal of Mathematics and Computer Science (UJMC) 8, no. 2 (2022): 59–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.52166/ujmc.v8i2.3693.

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Last-survivor life insurance is life insurance with more than one life (multiple life) in which premium payments end when the policyholder dies for the last time. Last-survivor status can be applied to various types of insurance, including pure endowment life insurance. Pure endowment life insurance is insurance that provides a death benefit if the insured is still alive within the agreed timeframe. Furthermore, two costs that insurance companies must consider are the amount of premiums and benefit reserves. The premium is the amount of money paid by the insurer to the insurer for their partic
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Of the insurance reserve"

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Chen, Huijun. "Automobile insurance claim reserve modeling." Thesis, McGill University, 2013. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=119758.

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This thesis describes a model for predicting individual claim losses and estimating the capital reserve for the automobile portfolio of a large Canadian insurance company. Depending on the nature of a claim, its settlement can involve medical costs, rehabilitation costs, income compensation costs, optional coverage costs, and even death benefit coverage. Any combination of these costs can occur, and the dependence between them must be accounted for. To this end, a two-level hierarchical structure is adopted. First, a multinomial logistic model is used to predict the combination of costs associ
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Magee, David Douglas. "Comparative analysis of neural networks and traditional actuarial methods for estimating casualty insurance reserve liability /." Digital version accessible at:, 1999. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/utexas/main.

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Zimmermann, Pavel. "General Insurance Reserve Risk Modeling Based on Unaggregated Data." Doctoral thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2004. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-77092.

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Recently the eld of actuarial mathematics has experienced a large development due to a signi cant increase of demands for insurance and nancial risk quanti cation due to the fact that the implementation of a complex of rules of international reporting standards (IFRS) and solvency reporting (Solvency II) has started. It appears that the key question for solvency measuring is determination of probability distribution of future cash ows of an insurance company. Solvency is then reported through an appropriate risk measure based e.g. on a percentile of this distribution. While as present popular
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Moerup, Casper Jacob. "Prediction of claim cost in general insurance." Master's thesis, Instituto Superior de Economia e Gestão, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/18176.

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Mestrado em Actuarial Science<br>O trabalho seguinte foi realizado durante uma colocação de estágio na If Industrial P & C Insurance, em Estocolmo, na Suécia. Este relatório destaca e discute algumas das diferenças entre o seguro industrial e privado e percorre o processo de “Análise do Ano Normal”. A análise avalia os dados das reivindicações com o objetivo de projetar as perdas em um ano no futuro. A Teoria do Risco Colectivo e a Estimação da Máxima Verossimilhança são utilizadas para obter uma estimativa da gravidade das reivindicações. Além disso, as reservas são estimadas usando o método
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Chan, Chi-yiu, and 陳志銚. "The application of insurance theory to power system operating reserve market." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2003. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B3124399X.

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Yang, Lin. "Linear robust H-infinity stochastic control theory on the insurance premium-reserve processes." Thesis, University of Liverpool, 2015. http://livrepository.liverpool.ac.uk/2037227/.

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This thesis deals with the stability analysis of linear discrete-time premium-reserve (P-R) systems in a stochastic framework. Such systems are characterised by a mixture of the premium pricing process and the medium- and long- term stability in the accumulated reserve (surplus) policy, and they play a key role in the modern actuarial literature. Although the mathematical and practical analysis of P-R systems is well studied and motivated, their stability properties have not been studied thoughtfully and they are restricted in a deterministic framework. In Engineering, during the last three de
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Veprauskaite, Elena. "Reserving, reinsurance and earnings management : evidence from the United Kingdom's property-liability insurance market." Thesis, University of Bath, 2013. https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.575508.

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This thesis examines the joint impact of earnings management incentives (i.e., income smoothing, solvency management and tax management) and reinsurance, together with other institutional factors, on the magnitude and direction of claim (loss) reserves errors in the UK’s property-liability insurance industry. Two reserve error definitions, found in literature, are employed to conduct the analysis. Furthermore, a panel data generalised methods of moments (GMM) estimator is employed to incorporate the dynamic nature of current and past loss reserving errors. Using the GMM estimator in a panel of
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Li, R. "Control theory for classes of nonlinear systems with application in insurance premium-reserve model." Thesis, University of Liverpool, 2017. http://livrepository.liverpool.ac.uk/3007605/.

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Chigiji, Kudzai. "Determinants of loss reserve errors: evidence from the general insurance market in South Africa." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/29083.

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A loss reserve is the estimated liability for unpaid claims on all losses that occurred prior to the balance sheet date. The loss reserve is the most significant liability on the balance sheet of a general insurance company, often driving its overall financial performance. The loss reserve is calculated to determine the claims liability for published accounts, internal accounts, statutory accounts, business plans and budgets. It is also required for purposes of pricing and in case of a merger or acquisition. The purpose of the loss reserve can affect the methodology used as well as the extent
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Balau, Eunice Alexandra Madeira. "Premiums and reserves in life insurance policies : the worst-case scenario and Solvency II." Master's thesis, Instituto Superior de Economia e Gestão, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/7832.

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Mestrado em Ciências Actuariais<br>As reservas de capital representam um instrumento fundamental no processo de gestão de risco das empresas de seguros, sendo utilizadas no cálculo do capital económico e regulamentar. Como o valor das reservas e dos prémios é fortemente influenciado pelos pressupostos atuariais utilizados, a escolha adequada das bases técnicas é um dos temas de principal interesse para as Companhias de Seguros e para as Entidades Reguladoras. O principal objetivo deste trabalho é o estudo de um método de construção de cenários biométricos para o cálculo de reservas e prémios
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Books on the topic "Of the insurance reserve"

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United States. General Accounting Office. Accounting and Information Management Division. Reserve ratio. The Office, 1995.

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Company, A. M. Best, ed. Casualty loss reserve development series. A.M. Best Co., 1991.

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Company, A. M. Best, ed. Casualty loss reserve development series. A.M. Best, 1995.

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Company, A. M. Best, ed. Casualty loss reserve development series. A.M. Best, 1996.

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Compliance Review Committee for a Review of the South Carolina Insurance Reserve Fund. Compliance Review Committee for a Review of the South Carolina Insurance Reserve Fund: Final report. State Reorganization Commission, 1996.

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Naab, Bryan. An audit, Unemployment Reserve Fund, Department of Workforce Development. Wisconsin Legistative Audit Bureau, 2002.

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American Institute of Certified Public Accountants. Auditing Insurance Entities' Loss Reserve Task Force. Auditing insurance entities' loss reserves. The Institute, 1992.

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Marwick, KPMG Peat, ed. CPA audit and loss reserve certification requirements for insurance companies: United States and Canada. KPMG Peat Marwick, 1989.

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United Nations. Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean. Economic Development Division and Deutsche Gesellschaft für Technische Zusammenarbeit, eds. Insurance underwriter or financial development fund: What role for reserve pooling in Latin America? Naciones Unidas, CEPAL, Development Studies Unit, Economic Development Division, 2006.

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Eichengreen, Barry J. Insurance underwriter or financial development fund: What role for reserve pooling in Latin America? National Bureau of Economic Research, 2006.

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Book chapters on the topic "Of the insurance reserve"

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Heerden, Chris van. "Life Insurance Reserve Securitization." In Structured Products and Related Credit Derivatives. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781119197836.ch21.

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Koller, Michael. "Cash Flows and the Mathematical Reserve." In Stochastic Models in Life Insurance. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-28439-7_4.

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Straub, Erwin. "Reserves." In Non-Life Insurance Mathematics. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-03364-7_7.

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Butsic, Robert P. "Determining the Proper Interest Rate for Loss Reserve Discounting." In Managing the Insolvency Risk of Insurance Companies. Springer Netherlands, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-3878-9_9.

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Gerber, Hans U. "Net Premium Reserves." In Life Insurance Mathematics. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-02655-7_6.

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Gerber, Hans U. "Net Premium Reserves." In Life Insurance Mathematics. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-03460-6_6.

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Gerber, Hans U. "Net Premium Reserves." In Life Insurance Mathematics. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-03153-7_6.

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Outreville, J. François. "Reserves and Investments." In Theory and Practice of Insurance. Springer US, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-6187-3_13.

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He, Yongming, and Xinguo Xi. "Influence of New Accounting Standard to Reserve for Property Insurance Companies." In Advances in Intelligent and Soft Computing. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-27948-5_74.

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von Weizsäcker, Carl Christian, and Hagen M. Krämer. "Public Debt." In Saving and Investment in the Twenty-First Century. Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-75031-2_6.

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AbstractMore than a third of private wealth in the OECD plus China region consists of entitlements to public retirement benefits. If the state covered these future obligations using a reserve fund, an insoluble problem of investment would arise. It is only by doing without reserve funds that the twenty-first century welfare state is compatible with price stability at non-negative real interest rates. In calculating government obligations according to the ADL method, statistical offices acknowledge the implicit public debt deriving from the retirement system. Systems of public health insurance
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Conference papers on the topic "Of the insurance reserve"

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Zhang, Hong, Xiangsheng Liu, Zihan Wang, Shengqi Zhou, Zhipeng Wu, and Chen Li. "Reserve Optimization Considering Reserve Deployment Process." In 2025 7th Asia Energy and Electrical Engineering Symposium (AEEES). IEEE, 2025. https://doi.org/10.1109/aeees64634.2025.11019283.

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Taha, Ayman, Bernard Cosgrave, Wael Rashwan, and Susan McKeever. "Insurance Reserve Prediction: Opportunities and Challenges." In 2021 International Conference on Computational Science and Computational Intelligence (CSCI). IEEE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/csci54926.2021.00120.

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Irizepova, Margarita. "Compulsory Health Insurance Local Funds Reserve System Problems." In International Scientific Conference "Competitive, Sustainable and Secure Development of the Regional Economy: Response to Global Challenges" (CSSDRE 2018). Atlantis Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/cssdre-18.2018.5.

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Puinko, L. E. "CUSTOMS ADMINISTRATIONS IN A GLOBALIZING WORLD: NEED FOR INTERACTION." In Problems and mechanisms of implementation of national priorities of socio-economic development of Russia. Khabarovsk State University of Economics and Law, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.38161/978-5-7823-0740-0-2020-078-085.

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Insurance products in the field of personal insurance, currently offered by insurance companies are diverse. In the Khabarovsk territory, the population is wary of voluntary personal insurance, including due to the level of income and standard of living. One of the directions of development of the insurance market is the integration of insurance products into the reserve financial savings of citizens, and there are prerequisites for this development in the region
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David, A., and G. P. Carson. "Reserve and Price Security: An Analysis of New Insurance Plans." In Symposium on Energy, Finance, and Taxation Policies. Society of Petroleum Engineers, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/18511-ms.

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Suwardi, Desnu Anggara, and Yogo Purwono. "The Analysis of Motor Vehicle Insurance Claim Reserve Using Robust Chain Ladder." In 5th Global Conference on Business, Management and Entrepreneurship (GCBME 2020). Atlantis Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/aebmr.k.210831.031.

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ACATRINEI, Marius, Adriana AnaMaria DAVIDESCU, Laurentiu Paul BARANGA, Razvan Gabriel HAPAU, and George CALIN. "Supervised Learning Algorithms for Non-Life SCR Ratio Forecasting." In The International Conference on Economics and Social Sciences. Editura ASE, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.24818/icess/2024/057.

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The solvency is measured by the Solvency Capital Requirement (SCR). This study seeks to determine the best financial ratios to forecast SCR because it is significant. There is seasonality, data jumps, and shifts in insurance indicators, which make prediction of SCR difficult. Different machine learning algorithms are applied to the insurance market in this research to see how well they can describe and predict the SCR ratio. Gaussian process regression, ensemble methods, regression decision trees, stepwise regression, and neural networks were used as supervised learning techniques to find the
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Zariņa, Ilze, Irina Voronova, and Gaida Pettere. "Internal model for insurers: possibilities and issues." In Contemporary Issues in Business, Management and Economics Engineering. Vilnius Gediminas Technical University, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/cibmee.2019.026.

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Purpose – solvency II framework regulates how much capital the European Union insurance companies must hold. The amount of necessary capital can be calculated using a standard formula or an internal model. On the basis of the review of other authors’ empirical research, the present paper aim at identifying factors that influence necessary capital and propos-ing necessary areas of improvement for the methodology of an internal capital model. Research methodology – to conduct the paper, the authors have used the extended literature review. Analytical methods and comparative methods have been use
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Putra, Ariandy Dena, and Bona C. Siahaan. "Implementation of a Quantile Regression Model for the Loss Reserve of Vehicle Insurance Company XYZ." In Proceedings of the 12th International Conference on Business and Management Research (ICBMR 2018). Atlantis Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/icbmr-18.2019.38.

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Raeva, E., and V. Pavlov. "Planning outstanding reserves in general insurance." In APPLICATION OF MATHEMATICS IN TECHNICAL AND NATURAL SCIENCES: 9th International Conference for Promoting the Application of Mathematics in Technical and Natural Sciences - AMiTaNS’17. Author(s), 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.5007381.

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Reports on the topic "Of the insurance reserve"

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Fleming, G. Ready Reserve Mobilization Income Insurance Program (RRMIIP) Procedures,. Defense Technical Information Center, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada316009.

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Eichengreen, Barry. Insurance Underwriter or Financial Development Fund: What Role for Reserve Pooling in Latin America? National Bureau of Economic Research, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w12451.

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O'Leary, Christopher J. States Lack Adequate Unemployment Insurance Reserves. W.E. Upjohn Institute for Employment Research, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.17848/pb2020-22.

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O’Leary, Christopher J., and Kenneth J. Kline. State Unemployment Insurance Reserves Are Not Adequate. W.E. Upjohn Institute, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.17848/wp20-321.

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Bradford, David, and Kyle Logue. The Influence of Income Tax Rules on Insurance Reserves. National Bureau of Economic Research, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w5902.

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Calvo, Guillermo, Alejandro Izquierdo, and Rudy Loo-Kung. Optimal Holdings of International Reserves: Self-Insurance against Sudden Stop. National Bureau of Economic Research, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w18219.

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O'Leary, Christopher J., and Kenneth J. Kline. Are State Unemployment Insurance Reserves Sufficient for the Next Recession? W.E. Upjohn Institute, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.17848/wp16-257.

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Miller, Marcus, and Lei Zhang. Fear and Market Failure: Global Imbalances and ¿Self-Insurance¿. Inter-American Development Bank, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0010880.

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This paper proposes an integrated framework to analyze jointly two key issues: the emergence of global imbalances and the precautionary motive for accumulating reserves. Standard models of general equilibrium would predict modest current account surpluses in the emerging markets if they face higher risk than the US itself. But, with pronounced Loss Aversion in emerging markets, their precautionary savings can generate substantial global imbalances, especially if there is an inefficient supply of global insurance. In principle, lower real interest rates will ensure that aggregate demand equals
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Wei, Gary, Emma Fan, and Anqian Huang. From Pandemic to Greater Resilience: Enhancing Disaster Risk Financing in the People’s Republic of China. Asian Development Bank, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.22617/wps220090-2.

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Abstract:
The paper proposes five market-based parametric insurance pilot schemes to enhance the PRC’s public finance capacity for disaster risk response, to soften budget shocks, and to bolster long-term fiscal stability and resilience. The paper highlights the inadequacy of public finance instruments—such as fiscal reserves, contingent credit arrangements, and traditional indemnity insurance—to manage the contingent liabilities that disasters represent. It also discusses the effects of disasters on economies, societies, and global supply chains, particularly in the context of climate change.
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10

Freeman, Paul, Leslie A. Martin, Joanne Linnerooth-Bayer, Reinhard Mechler, Georg Pflug, and Koko Warner. Disaster Risk Management: National Systems for the Comprehensive Management of Disaster Risk and Financial Strategies for Natural Disaster Reconstruction. Inter-American Development Bank, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0010539.

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This report was commissioned by the Natural Disasters Network of the Regional Policy Dialogue. This report constitutes Phase 2 of this project. While the first phase of the study discusses the components of a national system, the second focuses on instruments for financing reconstruction after a disaster. The research compares centralized, government-directed management systems with those that are localized and decentralized, and also analyzes the factors affecting the financial and political stability of alternative approaches. As natural disasters may result in major resource gaps for govern
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