Relevant bibliographies by topics / Offensive Realism

Contents

  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers

Academic literature on the topic 'Offensive Realism'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 25 July 2025

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Journal articles on the topic "Offensive Realism"

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Stephanson, A. "Offensive Realism." boundary 2 27, no. 1 (2000): 181–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/01903659-27-1-181.

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Muradov, I. "THE IMPACT OF NATO ENLARGEMENT ON UKRAINE CRISIS: NEOREALIST PERSPECTIVE." Epistemological Studies in Philosophy, Social and Political Sciences 1, no. 1-2 (2017): 107–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.15421/341811.

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This article introduces a new perspective to address the relationship between NATO enlargement policy and Ukraine Crisis. To simplify ongoing discussion on this subject, this particular research study utilizes two stripes of neorealism: offensive and defensive realism. Proponents of enlargement policy have been put into the offensive realists’ side whereas opponents of it are placed in defensive realist camp. This article argues that each of these paradigms pose danger for Ukraine Crisis. Therefore, it adopts a middle way between offensive and defensive realism in terms of Ukraine issue.
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Johnson, Dominic D. P., and Bradley A. Thayer. "The evolution of offensive realism." Politics and the Life Sciences 35, no. 1 (2016): 1–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/pls.2016.6.

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Offensive realism, a theory of international relations, holds that states are disposed to competition and conflict because they are self-interested, power maximizing, and fearful of other states. Moreover, it argues that states are obliged to behave this way because doing so favors survival in the international system. Debate continues as to whether modern states actually do, or should, behave in this way, but we are struck by a different question. In this article, we ask whether the three core assumptions about behavior in offensive realism—self-help, power maximization, and outgroup fear—hav
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Hwang, Jihwan. "The United States and China Falling into the Thucydides’s Trap?: Learning from Defensive Realism." East and West Studies 35, no. 2 (2023): 33–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.29274/ews.2023.35.2.33.

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This article evaluates the possibility of ‘Thucydides’s Trap’ between the U.S. and China through defensive realism. The possibility of U.S.-China conflict has been mainly discussed in the frame of offensive realism. It argues that if China’s rise continues, it will cause serious military conflict between the two. However, it is unclear whether the crisis will turn into an actual conflict. Defensive realism provides an alternative perspective. However, the interpretation by defensive realism in contrast to offensive realism has not been highlighted. Considering the importance of defensive reali
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Grafov, Dmitry. "Offensive versus Defensive Realism." Contemporary Arab Affairs 12, no. 3 (2019): 21–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/caa.2019.123002.

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This article approaches Russia’s strategy of countering the United States indirectly by way of intermediate states. It is concerned with the reasons why Russia decided to engage in the Syrian conflict in 2015 and, from this perspective, the real goals of Russia’s policy in the region. These questions cannot be considered without taking account of how they are linked with the all-out confrontation between Russia and the West in Ukraine. The Syrian conflict merely represents an external platform for Russia in countering the United States. Russia is testing her own power to force the United State
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Jyalita, Vincentia Vahistha Hirrya. "Defensive Realism’s Perspective on Rising China’s Behavior as A Status Quo State." Jurnal Sentris 2, no. 1 (2021): 73–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.26593/sentris.v2i1.4621.73-86.

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China’s rise through rapid development especially in the economic sector have prompted debates on whether it seeks to overtake the United States (U.S.) and strive for domination. However, China insists that it has no such intentions since it benefits from the current system and wishes to pursue peaceful development. This paper will analyze why China is not seeking to displace the U.S. and alter the international order despite claims from offensive realism that states are revisionist as they pursue domination to guarantee its survival under anarchy. This paper argues that defensive realism can
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Schmidt, Brian C. "Realism as tragedy." Review of International Studies 30, no. 3 (2004): 427–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0260210504006151.

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In 1948, Hans J. Morgenthau wrote his classic text, Politics Among Nations: The Struggle for Power and Peace, that was largely responsible for establishing realism as the prevailing theory in the field of International Relations (IR). In 1979, Kenneth N. Waltz wrote an immensely influential book, Theory of International Politics, that resulted in a new structural version of realism – neorealism – becoming the dominant theory in IR. John J. Mearsheimer, who is the R. Wendell Harrison Distinguished Service Professor of Political Science at the University of Chicago, has written a profoundly impo
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RENDALL, MATTHEW. "Defensive realism and the Concert of Europe." Review of International Studies 32, no. 3 (2006): 523–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0260210506007145.

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Why do great powers expand? Offensive realist John Mearsheimer claims that states wage an eternal struggle for power, and that those strong enough to seek regional hegemony nearly always do. Mearsheimer’s evidence, however, displays a selection bias. Examining four crises between 1814 and 1840, I show that the balance of power restrained Russia, Prussia and France. Yet all three also exercised self-restraint; Russia, in particular, passed up chances to bid for hegemony in 1815 and to topple Ottoman Turkey in 1829. Defensive realism gives a better account of the Concert of Europe, because it co
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Ghazala Yasmin Jalil. "China’s Rise: Offensive or Defensive Realism." Strategic Studies 39, no. 1 (2019): 41–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.53532/ss.039.01.00118.

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China’s rise has been the greatest development of the 21st century. It has emerged as the second largest economy in the world, a country with a modern army and nuclear weapons. China’s rise has come to be seen as a major threat by the West and especially the US. Most scholarly debates predict that it will lead to a conflict between China and the US. Set in this context, this paper takes John Mearsheimer’s theory of offensive realism, which predicts intense competition and conflict between China and the US and examines China’s behaviour as a rising power against it. The paper finds that far fro
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설인효 and 이택선. "Mearsheimer’s Offensive Realism and North East Asian Regional Order in the 21st Century: The Debates Between Defensive and Offensive realism and the Reexamination of Mearsheimer’s Offensive Realism." Dispute Resolution Studies Review 10, no. 2 (2012): 123–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.16958/drsr.2012.10.2.123.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Offensive Realism"

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Irfan, Orhan. "Offensive or Neoclassical Realism? How a Great Power Shapes Its Environment." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för informatik och media, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-446418.

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This thesis aims to shed light on the differences between offensive and a specific version of neoclassical realism on their expectations regarding how a great power shapes its environment. The neoclassical framework proposed in this work constitutes an independent variable captured by the polarity in the system, an intervening variable of state capacity, and a dependent variable of revisionist foreign policy. It is argued that along with multipolarity and bipolarity, there is a need to incorporate unipolarity in structural realist accounts. Analysed from this perspective, great powers feel hig
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Johansson, Felicia. "September 11, 2001 - Why? : A qualitative case study with the purpose to study U.S. dominance and its enemy." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för statsvetenskap (ST), 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-107313.

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On September 11, 2001 United States faced the most massive terrorist attack in the history, one that killed nearly 3000 people. A tragedy followed by enormous consequences considering the collapse of the World Trade Center, as two hijacked planes crashed into the twin towers in New York City, one plane crashed into Pentagon and another domestic scheduled passenger flight, that crashed into a field in Somerset County, Pennsylvania. This qualitative case study will examine whether the attacks on 9/11 was a backlash to U.S. political dominance globally. This study will also examine to what extent
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Henningsson, Ida. "EU och Ryssland : En fallstudie över hur The Eastern Partnership har påverkat relationen mellan de två parterna." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för statsvetenskap (ST), 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-79942.

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In recent decades, the EU has significantly expanded its presence and influence in many of the former Soviet states. This essay have examined how the relationship between the EU and Russia has change since The Eastern Partnership was introduced 2009 and the extent to which it can be seen as a contributing factor. The Eastern Partnership is a joint initiative involving the EU, its Member States and six Eastern European Partners. Among this six this essay has focued on Ukraine and its part in the relationship between EU and Russia. This essay have been a theory-consuming case study that analyzes
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Prifti, Bledar. "The Security and Foreign Policy of the Islamic Republic of Iran: An Offensive Realism Perspective." Scholar Commons, 2009. https://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/1743.

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This study argues that security and foreign policy of the Islamic Republic of Iran is mainly driven by the main principles of the Offensive Realism theory of international relations. While the Iranian political system is considered a theocratic system, based on the Islamic Shi'a ideology, its survival is defined as the ultimate ideology-an ideology that is paramount to any other ideology. Iran's security and foreign policy is determined and shaped by its need to survive in an anarchic international system. Iran's cooperation with "two Satans", Israel and the United States, during the Iran-Iraq
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Hammarström, Richard. "Balans eller obalans? : Mearsheimers offensiva realism i samtidens multipolära maktordning." Thesis, Högskolan i Halmstad, Akademin för lärande, humaniora och samhälle, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hh:diva-44912.

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The thesis has focused on John J. Mearsheimers theory of offensive realism and applied it onto the contemporary relations between People´s Republic of China, Russian Federation, and the presence of United States in Europe and the Asian-Pacific region. The thesis concludes that the probability of war is moderate, due to the current balance of military power in each respective region. China is actively challenging the United States both militarily and politically in the international community, albeit without successful results. Russian hegemony in Europe is balanced and kept in check by the NAT
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Bjällstrand, Thomas. "China: Friend or Foe? : Understanding the U.S Pacific Pivot to China's Confusing Confucianism." Thesis, Stockholms universitet, Ekonomisk-historiska institutionen, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-100928.

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The great strategic distrust between the two world largest economic and military powers is one of the most debated topics in contemporary international relations. This thesis question if the current hegemon view its new competitor as an offensive or defensive realist state and which policies should consequently be taken. China’s policy of peaceful coexistence and the U.S attempt of global integration may not be fully compatible and the thesis illuminates the contradicting notions of China Confucius values and how they are visible in its foreign policy rhetoric. The thesis conclude by stating t
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Tawaifi, Simon. "The Perfect Storm : How Offensive Opportunity and Ideational Distance led to third-party interventions in Syria, Yemen and Bahrain." Thesis, Stockholms universitet, Statsvetenskapliga institutionen, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-138880.

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Mendes, Flávio Pedroso. "Lakatos, o Realismo Ofensivo e o Programa de Pesquisa Científico do Realismo Estrutural." Universidade de São Paulo, 2013. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/101/101131/tde-17072013-152543/.

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Qualquer disciplina científica que se entenda como tal deve, constantemente, avaliar criticamente o mérito interno de suas abordagens, em termos de sua progressividade e da geração de conhecimento relevante. É exatamente a este tipo de reflexão que o presente trabalho doutoral se propõe, tendo como objeto a teoria das relações internacionais. Trata-se, efetivamente, de um exercício situado na fronteira entre a epistemologia, ou teoria do conhecimento, e a apreciação teórica das dinâmicas da política internacional. Precisamente, propõe-se uma análise do fôlego teórico-científico da vertente est
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Puric, Melisa. "Cold War Thinking Revisited : An “offensive realist” case study on the foreign policy behaviour of the U.S and Russia within the African security nexus." Thesis, Södertörns högskola, Internationella relationer, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:sh:diva-43990.

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This paper explores theoretical propositions derived from offensive realism, applied to the instance of military export and foreign policy strategies of Russia and the U.S in the field of Africa during the post- Cold War period. The sections of this paper have disserted paradigms of this phenomena by applying the congruence method under the overarching theoretical umbrella of foreign policy analysis, to answer the question regarding does offensive realism provide relevant explanatory insight on the foreign policy of Russia and the U.S in the realm of the African security nexus? The study concl
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Christensson, Gustav. "“Let This Be A Warning: If You Attack Israel, We Will Defend Ourselves” : Assessing defensive and offensive realism as applied upon the Israeli conduct against Iran 2007-2020." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för statsvetenskap (ST), 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-99859.

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In this theory testing case study the aim is to test which of the two competing theories, defensive and offensive realism, possess the greater explanatory power in regards to the Israeli action against Iran between 2007-2020, while subsequently assessing if either theory is applicable. Two competing analytical models, based around the seminal works of Kenneth Waltz, Stephen Walt, and John J. Mearsheimer, will be applied upon the Israeli actions against the Iranian nuclear program and the Israeli actions against Iran in Syria. The essay utilizes a wide array of sources, from news articles to ac
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Books on the topic "Offensive Realism"

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Myakushkin, Artem. The problem of addictive behavior in jurisprudence: a theoretical and legal study. INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/2048108.

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The monograph presents the first comprehensive theoretical and legal study of addictive behavior in Russian legal science. Addictive behavior is described in the legal plane as a phenomenon of state-legal reality. The author substantiates the system, theoretical foundations, conceptual apparatus of legal addictology; formulated the author's legal definition of addictive behavior; developed a legal classification of addictive behavior. The addictive behavior of collective subjects of law is described for the first time, and the correlation of addictive behavior with lawful behavior and offense
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Lobell, Steven E. Structural Realism/Offensive and Defensive Realism. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190846626.013.304.

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Structural realism, or neorealism, is a theory of international relations that says power is the most important factor in international relations. First outlined by Kenneth Waltz in his 1979 book Theory of International Politics, structural realism is subdivided into two factions: offensive realism and defensive realism. Structural realism holds that the nature of the international structure is defined by its ordering principle, anarchy, and by the distribution of capabilities (measured by the number of great powers within the international system). The anarchic ordering principle of the inter
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Halaychik, Brandon. Offensive Structural Realism and Russian Expansion in the Arctic. Independently Published, 2019.

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Bushi zheng fu de Zhaoxian zheng ce: Jin gong xing xian shi zhu yi de shi jiao = The DPRK policy of Bush adminstration : in view of the offensive realism. She hui ke xue wen xian chu ban she, 2011.

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Lim, Yves-Heng. China's Naval Power: An Offensive Realist Approach. Taylor & Francis Group, 2016.

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Lim, Yves-Heng. China's Naval Power: An Offensive Realist Approach. Taylor & Francis Group, 2016.

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Walt, Stephen M. Realism and Security. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190846626.013.286.

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Political Realism has been described as the “oldest theory” of international politics, as well as the “dominant” one. Central to the realist tradition is the concept of “security.” Realism sees the insecurity of states as the main problem in international relations. It depicts the international system as a realm where “self-help” is the primary motivation; states must provide security for themselves because no other agency or actor can be counted on to do so. However, realists offer different explanations for why security is scarce, emphasizing a range of underlying mechanisms and causal facto
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Eltsov, Peter. Long Telegram 2.0. The Rowman & Littlefield Publishing Group, 2019. https://doi.org/10.5040/9781978733947.

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The Long Telegram 2.0: A Neo-Kennanite Approach to Russia lays out an original argument for understanding Russia that goes deep into its history, starting with the tri-partite dictum “orthodoxy, autocracy, nationality,” formulated in 1833 by count Sergey Uvarov. The author explores Uvarov’s triad in the context of modern Russia, adding five more traits: exceptionalism, expansionism, historical primordialism, worship of the military, and glorification of suffering. The author argues that, as presently constituted, Russia cannot become a democracy, and, sooner than later, it will disintegrate, r
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Rehman, Iskander. The Subsurface Dimension of Sino-Indian Maritime Rivalry. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199479337.003.0009.

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Iskander Rehman describes the subsurface capabilities and interactions of the Indian and Chinese navies, where China enjoys a clear quantitative superiority over India in all three components of the submarine fleet—conventional, nuclear attack, and nuclear ballistic missile submarines. Whereas the PLAN has long privileged subsurface warfare as part of an offensive sea denial strategy, the Indian Navy has traditionally focused on sea control. However, this may be changing. Beijing’s growing interest in ‘open seas protection’ may divert resources away from offensively minded operations towards d
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Pu, Xiaoyu. Rebranding China. Stanford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.11126/stanford/9781503606838.001.0001.

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China plays a variety of status games, sometimes emphasizing its status as an emerging great power and other times highlighting its status as a fragile developing country. The reasons for this are unclear. Drawing on original Chinese sources, social psychological theories, and international relations theories, this book provides a theoretically informed analysis of China’s global rebranding and repositioning in the twenty-first century. Contrary to offensive realism and power transition theory, the book argues that China is not always a status maximizer eager to replace the United States as th
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Book chapters on the topic "Offensive Realism"

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Tabak, Mehmet. "John J. Mearsheimer’s Offensive Realism." In Palgrave Studies in International Relations. Springer Nature Switzerland, 2025. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-83227-7_7.

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Mukhopadhyay, Amartya. "Strategic Realism of Schelling and Offensive Realism of Mearsheimer." In Realist Paradigm of International Relations. Routledge India, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003451167-6.

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Kostagiannis, Konstantinos. "Nationalism and the Nation-State in Structural Realism: John Mearsheimer’s Offensive Realism." In Realist Thought and the Nation-State. Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-59629-7_5.

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Freddy, Haans J. "Understanding the Galwan Conflict Through the Lens of Offensive Realism." In India, China and the Strategic Himalayas. Routledge, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003461357-3.

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Tinnirello, Maurizio. "Offensive Realism and the Insecure Structure of the International System." In Artificial Intelligence Safety and Security. Chapman and Hall/CRC, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781351251389-23.

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Miller, Benjamin. "Explaining the Changing Biden’s Doctrine: From Defensive Liberalism to Offensive Realism." In Springer Studies in American Politics. Springer Nature Switzerland, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-52799-9_4.

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Lo, Ping-cheung. "Legalism and offensive realism in the Chinese court debate on defending national security 81 BCE." In Chinese Just War Ethics. Routledge, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315740706-15.

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Shaheen, Mubashra. "Sino-US Competition in the South China Sea: A Paradigmatic Case of Offensive Realism vs. International Law." In China's Globalisation and the New World Order. Springer Nature Singapore, 2025. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-96-3716-4_10.

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Peou, Sorpong. "Offensive and defensive realist perspectives." In Peace and Security in Indo-Pacific Asia. Routledge, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003132646-2.

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Tuyen, Quang Dai. "Examining Overlooked Living Traditions: An Analysis of the Conservation of Sacred Places in the Cham Culture of Vietnam." In Heritage Conservation and Tourism Development at Cham Sacred Sites in Vietnam. Springer Nature Singapore, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-99-3350-1_6.

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AbstractThis chapter constitutes a profound examination of the conservation of Cham living heritage sites and the Cham community’s perceptions in Vietnam. It lays bare an unfortunate reality that heritage preservation in Vietnam has predominantly centred on tangible forms of heritage, while the local cultural significance of tangible aspects of Cham temples has been woefully neglected.The Cham community’s conviction that the construction of a new pathway at their sacred site constitutes a grave offense to their worldview regarding cardinality and spiritual practice exemplifies this issue. Notw
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Conference papers on the topic "Offensive Realism"

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Li, Chenhao, and Jun Long. "TPC: One Investigation Reveals the Exploration of Offensive Language." In 2024 International Conference on Virtual Reality and Visualization (ICVRV). IEEE, 2024. https://doi.org/10.1109/icvrv62410.2024.00024.

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Biroš, Matej. "Materiálny pohľad na vývoj výšky škody ako kvalifikačného znaku následku trestného činu." In Naděje právní vědy 2023. University of West Bohemia, Czech Republic, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.24132/zcu.nadeje.2023.71-83.

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The current Slovak Penal Code 300/2005 was approved in 2005 and represented the modernization of criminal law in Slovakia after the change in the political system in 1989, with an emphasis on respecting the international obligations of the Slovak Republic and the modern development of the law of European union and continental law. In 2023, the so-called Karas Amendment to the Penal Code was proposed, aiming to raise the threshold for small damage to 500 €. This change was argued for considering the need to acknowledge economic reality. This alteration would significantly impact the criminal ju
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Burnazi Mitllari, Ledja. "Corporate Fraud and Liability Provisions in Albania." In 9th International Scientific Conference ERAZ - Knowledge Based Sustainable Development. Association of Economists and Managers of the Balkans, Belgrade, Serbia, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.31410/eraz.2023.525.

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Corporate fraud is a very problematic and serious phenomenon, regardless of company size, place of business, branches and way of doing business. Considering fraud not only as a random phenomenon of corporate reality but to a great extent as a criminal offense as provided for in almost all laws, responsible persons (those who commit such an offense) bear criminal as well as civil liability, depending on the circumstances and jurisdiction to which they belong. This paper will critically approach the concept of corpo­rate fraud following the Albanian legal framework and jurisdiction. It will fo­c
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Gurevičs, Dāvids. "Nodarījuma maznozīmīgums un cietušā intereses Latvijas krimināltiesībās." In Latvijas Universitātes 82. starptautiskā zinātniskā konference. LU Akadēmiskais apgāds, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.22364/juzk.82.31.

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This article explores the evaluation of the insignificance of criminal offenses within the realm of criminal law, particularly from the perspective of the plight experienced by crime victims. It aims to investigate whether and how the interests of victims are considered in decisions regarding the initiation or termination of criminal proceedings based on the insignificance of an offense. Additionally, the article delves into the mechanisms available to victims to safeguard their procedural interests throughout the criminal process.
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Milić, Ivan. "PRAVNE POSLEDICE OSUDE ZA PRIVREDNI PRESTUP." In 14 Majsko savetovanje. University of Kragujevac, Faculty of Law, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.46793/xivmajsko.1057m.

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According to the basic law regulation on the field of economic offenses - the Law on Economic Offenses, the legal consequences of the conviction can occur under certain conditions, but only to the responsible person in the legal entity. According to the same Law, legal consequences can only be prescribed by law, and not by a lower legal act. Contrary to this Law, certain laws prescribe the legal consequences of the conviction for both the legal entity and the entrepreneur. Besides, the legal consequences of a conviction for a economic offense are also predicted by acts of lower legal force. Th
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Murgoski, Boris, Angela Jankoska, and Vladimir Murgoski. "CRIMINALISTIC AND PROCEDURAL ASPECTS OF EVIDENCE AND SUBSTANTIATING IN CRIMINAL PROCEEDINGS." In SECURITY HORIZONS. Faculty of Security- Skopje, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.20544/icp.8.1.23.p14.

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The intricate and perpetual issues pertaining to evidence and substantiating hold a central position in the realm of criminal procedure, particularly within the sphere of criminalistic-cognitive and heuristic activities. Primarily, evidence serves as the subject of examination within the theory of judicial evidence, as an integral component of the criminal procedural sciences. Simultaneously, it represents a subject that is continuously studied and investigated within the field of criminalistics science and practice. Conversely, the criminalistics theory of evidence primarily directs its atten
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Marotta, Anna. "La “fortezza invisibile”: il telegrafo ottico Chappe nella Francia napoleonica." In FORTMED2020 - Defensive Architecture of the Mediterranean. Universitat Politàcnica de València, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/fortmed2020.2020.11458.

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The “invisible fortress”: the Chappe optical telegraph in the Napoleonic FranceEven in the defensive and fortifying processes, two aspects can be found: the material component and the immaterial one. If all the constructive, material and structural procedures are the first, for example, all that concerns remote communications (maximum optics) belongs to the second, an indispensable tool to complete an optimal strategy for offensive and/or defensive operations. Remote optical transmissions are closely connected to the management of defensive systems: this is also what happens with the optical t
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