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Journal articles on the topic 'Ophthalmic inserts'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 5 June 2025

Last updated: 2 August 2025

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1

Nidhi A. Bagmar, Pooja R. Hatwar, Prashant G. Shelke, and Dr. Ravindra L. Bakal. "A Review on "Ocuserts (An Ophthalmic Insert)”." Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical Research and Development 12, no. 6 (2024): 131–39. https://doi.org/10.22270/ajprd.v12i6.1460.

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The eye is God's most wonderful creation of all the sense organs in the human body since it allows us to see numerous objects both near and far away. An ocular implant is a cutting-edge device for treating eye diseases. The design and development of an ocular insert has always been a difficulty for pharmaceutical researchers and manufacturers. Ocuserts, also known as ophthalmic inserts, are "sterile preparations in the form of solid or semisolid, whose size and shape are specially designed to be applied to the eyes". Solvent casting, the Glass Substrate technique, and hot melt extrusion were u

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2

Patel, U.L. "Formulation and in vitro evaluation of moxifloxacin ophthalmic inserts." International Journal of Pharmaceutical Research 1, no. 1 (2009): 23–30. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8151862.

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3

Gurtler, F., and R. Gurny. "Patent Literature Review of Ophthalmic Inserts." Drug Development and Industrial Pharmacy 21, no. 1 (1995): 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/03639049509048094.

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4

Dumitriu, Severian, Marcel Popa, Petre Vancea, and Danut Costin. "Polycomponent Ophthalmic Inserts with Polysaccharide Support." Journal of Bioactive and Compatible Polymers 3, no. 4 (1988): 370–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/088391158800300404.

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5

Dabral, Kriti, and Yashika Uniyal. "Ocular inserts: Novel approach for drug delivery into eyes." GSC Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences 7, no. 3 (2019): 001–7. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4286037.

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As an isolated organ, it is difficult to study eye from a drug delivery point of view. Ophthalmic drug delivery is extremely interesting and highly challenging attempt.  In recent scenario, most eye-diseases are treated with topical application of eye-drops. But these conventional eye-drops have two major problems. One is it needs frequent administration at every 4 hours or 1 hour if the infection is severe and another is formation of crystalline deposits on cornea due to its pH-dependent solubility which is very low. In order to provide the solution of above problems many novel formulati

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Omer, Safaa, and Romána Zelkó. "A Systematic Review of Drug-Loaded Electrospun Nanofiber-Based Ophthalmic Inserts." Pharmaceutics 13, no. 10 (2021): 1637. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics13101637.

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Currently, ocular inserts and nanoparticles have received much attention due to the limited bioavailability of conventional eye preparations and the toxicity problems of systemic drug administration. The current systematic review aims to present recent studies on the use of electrospun nanofiber-based ocular inserts to improve the bioavailability of drugs used for different ophthalmic diseases. A systematic search was performed in PubMed, Ovid Medline, Web of Science, ScienceDirect, Scopus, Reaxys, Google Scholar, and Google Patents/Espacenet taking “drug-loaded”, “nanofibers”, and “ophthalmic

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Vasantha, V., P. K. Sehgal, and K. Panduranga Rao. "Collagen ophthalmic inserts for pilocarpine drug delivery system." International Journal of Pharmaceutics 47, no. 1-3 (1988): 95–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0378-5173(88)90219-0.

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8

Devhadrao, NV, and M. Siddhaia. "REVIEW ON OCULAR INSERT DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEM." Journal of Drug Delivery and Therapeutics 8, no. 5-s (2018): 115–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.22270/jddt.v8i5-s.1991.

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An ocular insert represents an advanced technology in eye disease therapy. Designing and development of an ocular insert is a challenge ever faced by Pharmaceutical researchers or manufacturer. In the ophthalmology; eye drop have ever found to be an easy remedy from the administration point of view. In case of conventional dosage forms the fast precorneal loss of drug has been a major difficulty. To improve ocular drug bioavailability, there are significant guidelines have been directed towards newer drug delivery systems for ophthalmic administration. By means of ocular insert, the researcher

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Grimaudo, Maria Aurora, Angel Concheiro, and Carmen Alvarez-Lorenzo. "Crosslinked Hyaluronan Electrospun Nanofibers for Ferulic Acid Ocular Delivery." Pharmaceutics 12, no. 3 (2020): 274. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics12030274.

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Electrospun nanofibers are gaining interest as ocular drug delivery platforms that may adapt to the eye surface and provide sustained release. The aim of this work was to design an innovative ophthalmic insert composed of hyaluronan (HA) nanofibers for the dual delivery of an antioxidant (ferulic acid, FA) and an antimicrobial peptide (ε-polylysine, ε-PL). Polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) was added to facilitate the electrospinning process. Fibers with diameters of approx. 100 nm were obtained with PVP 5%-HA 0.8% w/v and PVP 10%-HA 0.5% w/v mixtures in ethanol:water 4:6 v/v. An increase in PVP conce

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Guadarrama-Escobar, Omar Rodrigo, Cassandra Araceli Valdés-Alvarez, Karla Stella Constantino-Gonzalez, et al. "Design and Characterization of Ocular Inserts Loaded with Dexamethasone for the Treatment of Inflammatory Ophthalmic Disease." Pharmaceutics 16, no. 2 (2024): 294. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics16020294.

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The short precorneal residence time of ophthalmic drops is associated with their low absorption; therefore, the development of ocular inserts capable of prolonging and controlling the ophthalmic release of drugs is an interesting option in the design and development of these drugs. A surface response design was developed, specifically the Central Composite Design (CCD), to produce ophthalmic films loaded with Dexamethasone (DEX) by the solvent evaporation method having experimental levels of different concentrations of previously selected polymers (PVP K-30 and Eudragit RS100.). Once optimizat

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Omer, Safaa, and Romána Zelkó. "Therapeutic Relevance of Drug-loaded Electrospun Nanofiber-based Ophthalmic Inserts." Acta Pharmaceutica Hungarica 91, no. 3-4 (2021): 282–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.33892/aph.2021.91.282-283.

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Omer, Safaa, Nándor Nagy, Emőke Szőcs, et al. "Development of innovative electrospun nepafenac-loaded nanofibers-based ophthalmic inserts." International Journal of Pharmaceutics 647 (November 2023): 123554. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpharm.2023.123554.

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13

Swati Mayur Keny and Ketan Shah. "Formulation Development and Characterisation of Gemifloxacin Mesylate and Loteprednol Etabonate Ophthalmic Ocuserts." International Journal of Research in Pharmaceutical Sciences 11, no. 2 (2020): 2549–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.26452/ijrps.v11i2.2258.

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Gemifloxacin Mesylate is a fluoroquinolone antibacterial drug preferably used in the treatment of bacterial conjunctivitis. The addition of Loteprednol Etabonate enhances the anti-inflammatory activity of the developed formulation. The objective of the present work was to develop ocular inserts of Gemifloxacin Mesylate with Loteprednol Etabonate and thereby evaluate its potential as a sustained ocular delivery system. Poor bioavailability and poor therapeutic responses are associated with conventional ophthalmic solutions due to many pre-corneal constraints. These constrain trigger the researc

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S. Keny and L. Sawaikar. "FORMULATION, DEVELOPMENT, AND EVALUATION OF OCUSERTS FOR QUINOLONE ANTIBIOTICS." RASAYAN Journal of Chemistry 17, no. 01 (2024): 165–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.31788/rjc.2024.1718453.

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Ophthalmic films are the best sustained-release ocular drug delivery system. The present study targets developing such ocular films of antibacterial with corticosteroid and evaluating its potential. Conventional ocular dosage forms have low bioavailability with low therapeutic response. The solvent cast method employed in ophthalmic films has triggered the minds of researchers to design sustained drug delivery systems overcoming pre-corneal constraints. The compatibility of antibacterial with Loteprednol Etabonate added polymers, excipients were evaluated through preformulation studies. Differ

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Baranowski, Przemysław, Bożena Karolewicz, Maciej Gajda, and Janusz Pluta. "Ophthalmic Drug Dosage Forms: Characterisation and Research Methods." Scientific World Journal 2014 (2014): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/861904.

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This paper describes hitherto developed drug forms for topical ocular administration, that is, eye drops, ointments,in situgels, inserts, multicompartment drug delivery systems, and ophthalmic drug forms with bioadhesive properties. Heretofore, many studies have demonstrated that new and more complex ophthalmic drug forms exhibit advantage over traditional ones and are able to increase the bioavailability of the active substance by, among others, reducing the susceptibility of drug forms to defense mechanisms of the human eye, extending contact time of drug with the cornea, increasing the pene

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Shriram, Gore* Sonali Sonawane Vaibhav Jadhav. "A review on: Ophthalmic Drug Dosage Form." International Journal in Pharmaceutical Sciences 1, no. 12 (2023): 202–19. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10352774.

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This paper discusses the drug forms that have been produced up to this point for topical ocular administration, including ophthalmic drug forms with bio adhesive characteristics, inserts, in situ gels, drops, and ointments. Previously, numerous studies have shown that novel and sophisticated ophthalmic drug forms are superior to conventional ones and can boost the bioavailability of the active ingredient through a variety of means, including lowering the susceptibility of drug forms to the human eye's defence mechanisms, prolonging the drug's contact time with the cornea, enhancing penetration

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Dhaka, Monika, Rupa Mazumdar, and Md Rafiul Haque. "Preparation and assessment of ocular inserts containing sulbactum for controlled drug delivery." Journal of Drug Delivery and Therapeutics 10, no. 1-s (2020): 66–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.22270/jddt.v10i1-s.3889.

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Ocuserts or Ophthalmic inserts are sterile preparations containing drug as dispersion or as solution in the polymeric support. The sulbactum is highly used as antibacterial agent in combination with other antibacterial agent. This study aims to formulate novel sulbactum ocuserts to enhance patient compliance through providing controlled drugs release from polymeric matrix. Ocuserts were prepared by solvent-casting method using different polymers HPMC, K4M, Polyvinyl alcohol,ethyl cellulose as polymer gelatine and propylene glycol and dibutyl phthalate as plasticizer in different ratios. The pr

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18

Maurya, Priyanka, Saman Fatma, Durgesh Sharma, Jai Narayan Mishra, and Ashutosh Kushwaha. "OCULAR DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMS: AN OVERVIEW." IJRDO-Journal of Applied Science 8, no. 11 (2022): 26–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.53555/as.v8i11.5439.

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The treatment for the ophthalmic diseases are topical route because of the various ocular barrier. Ocular drug delivery systems are considered as major challenges by today’s pharmacologist and formulation scientist. Topical eye drop is the most convenient and patient compliant route of drug administration, especially for the treatment of anterior segment diseases. tissues. In the past two decades, ocular drug delivery research acceleratedly advanced towards developing a novel, safe and patient compliant formulation and drug delivery techniques, which may surpass these barriers and maintain dru

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19

Singh, Vinod, SS Bushetti, SAppala Raju, Rizwan Ahmad, Mamta Singh, and Mohammad Ajmal. "Polymeric ocular hydrogels and ophthalmic inserts for controlled release of timolol maleate." Journal of Pharmacy and Bioallied Sciences 3, no. 2 (2011): 280. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/0975-7406.80773.

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20

Saettone, M. F., M. T. Torracca, A. Pagano, B. Giannaccini, L. Rodriguez, and M. Cini. "Controlled release of pilocarpine from coated polymeric ophthalmic inserts prepared by extrusion." International Journal of Pharmaceutics 86, no. 2-3 (1992): 159–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0378-5173(92)90193-6.

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21

Mandal, Suraj, Km Shiva, K. Pavan Kumar, et al. "Ocular drug delivery system (ODDS): Exploration the challenges and approaches to improve ODDS." Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biological Sciences 9, no. 2 (2021): 88–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.18231/j.jpbs.2021.012.

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The remarkable life structures and physiology of the eye presents huge difficulties to researchers in the field of visual medication conveyance frameworks. Nearby infusion is the most fitting and proper medication organization technique for the treatment of foremost front sickness. There are two kinds of hindrances in ophthalmic medication conveyance frameworks: static boundaries and dynamic obstructions. Static lamellae contain corneal, dermal, retinal, and retinal vessels while dynamic lamellae contain placental blood stream, conjunctiva, tear evacuation, and lymphatic seepage. These limitat

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22

S, Shanmugam, Valarmathi S, and Satheesh Kumars. "STERILITY TESTING PROCEDURE OF OPHTHALMIC OCUSERT ACICLOVIR USED FOR TREATING HERPES SIMPLEX VIRUS." Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research 10, no. 10 (2017): 344. http://dx.doi.org/10.22159/ajpcr.2017.v10i10.19216.

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Objective: The present work focuses on sterility studies of prepared aciclovir ocusert which is so essential for ophthalmic preparations. According to Indian Pharmacopoeia, the sterility test was performed. Ocuserts are sterile preparations which are placed into cul-de-sac or conjunctival sac. Ophthalmic inserts offer many advantages over conventional dosage forms such as increased ocular residence time, possibility of releasing drugs at a slow and constant rate and accurate dosing. Ocuserts are formulated for treating external ocular diseases such as conjuctivitis, corneal ulcer, and keratoco

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23

Jilsha, G., shaji Anitta, P. T. Delphy, and M. C. Nandhana. "Exploring an Advanced Drug Delivery System: A Focus on Ocuserts." International Journal Of Ayurvedic And Herbal Medicine 15, no. 02 (2025): 4861–69. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15235562.

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Ocuserts represent a significant advancement in ophthalmic drug delivery, offering a controlled and sustained release of medications directly to the eye. Unlike conventional eye drops and ointments, which suffer from rapid drainage and require frequent administration, ocuserts provide prolonged drug contact time, improving bioavailability and patient compliance. These thin, flexible inserts utilize advanced formulation techniques, including solvent casting, glass substrate methods, and melt extrusion, incorporating rate-controlling membranes and biodegradable polymers to regulate drug diffusio

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24

Chetoni, Patrizia, Giacomo Di Colo, Massimo Grandi, Marco Morelli, M. Fabrizio Saettone, and Sohrab Darougar. "Silicone rubber/hydrogel composite ophthalmic inserts: preparation and preliminary in vitro/in vivo evaluation." European Journal of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics 46, no. 1 (1998): 125–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0939-6411(97)00168-9.

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25

Omer, Safaa, Nándor Nagy, Balázs Pinke, László Mészáros, Adrienn Kazsoki, and Romána Zelkó. "Development and Evaluation of Different Electrospun Cysteamine-Loaded Nanofibrous Webs: A Promising Option for Treating a Rare Lysosomal Storage Disorder." Pharmaceutics 16, no. 8 (2024): 1052. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics16081052.

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Nanofibers can be utilized to overcome the challenges faced by conventional ophthalmic formulations. This study aimed to develop and characterize cysteamine (Cys)-loaded nanofiber-based ophthalmic inserts (OIs) as a potential candidate for the treatment of ophthalmic cystinosis using water-soluble polyvinyl alcohol (PVA)/poloxamer 407 (PO-407) and water-insoluble tetraethoxysilane (TEOS)/PVA nanofibers. Plain and Cys-loaded fibers in different proportions were prepared by the electrospinning method and studied for their morphological, physicochemical, release study, cytocompatibility effects,

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Everaert, Arnout, Yannick Wouters, Eline Melsbach, et al. "Optimisation of HPMC ophthalmic inserts with sustained release properties as a carrier for thermolabile therapeutics." International Journal of Pharmaceutics 528, no. 1-2 (2017): 395–405. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpharm.2017.06.047.

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27

Goudanavar, P., N. Ambhore, D. Hiremath, and R. Udupi. "COMPARATIVE EVALUATION OF POLYMER COMBINATION IN THE DESIGN OF BRIMONIDINE TARTRATE OCULAR INSERTS." INDIAN DRUGS 49, no. 07 (2012): 30–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.53879/id.49.07.p0030.

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Brimonidine is an anti-glaucoma agent useful in treatment of intraocular pressure. In the present study an attempt was made to formulate ophthalmic inserts of brimonidine tartrate (BT) in combination with polymers like methylcellulose, carboxymethyl chitosan and HPMC. Prepared ocular films were evaluated for uniformity in thickness, weight variation, % moisture absorption, % moisture loss, in vitro and in vivo release studies. The physical characteristics of the films were found to be within acceptable limits. The study confirmed that brimonidine tartrate can be delivered through films made of

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Dr., Mitali Dewan. "Polymer based thermosensitive in-situ hydrogel in ophthalmic drug delivery." Journal of Indian Chemical Society, Mar 2023 (March 31, 2023): 1–16. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7841229.

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Department of Chemistry, Shahid Matangini Hazra Govt. General degree College for Women, Chakshrikrishnapur, Kulberia, Tamluk, Purba Medinipur- 721649, India E-mail: mitalichem@gmail.com As distinctiveanatomy of eye restricts the admittance of drug into ocular tissue so it is very challenging task for scientist to target eye tissue for drug delivery. Eye drop is the highlyeffective and widely acceptable form for treatinga number of eye diseases as drug can be instilled very easily through eye drop. But due to rapid lachrymal elimination, drainage and tear turn over, only 1-5% of instilled drug

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Karami, Ahmad, Shahla Mirzaeei, Leila Rezaei, and Ali Nokhodchi. "Development and Evaluation of Polymethacrylate-Based Ophthalmic Nanofiber Inserts Containing Dual Drug-Loaded Dorzolamide and Timolol: In Vivo Study in Rabbit’s Eye." Biomedicines 13, no. 1 (2025): 200. https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines13010200.

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Background/objectives: The aim of the study was to create a nanofiber insert incorporating Timolol (TIM) and Dorzolamide (DOR), targeting the management of glaucoma. This condition encompasses a variety of chronic, advancing ocular disorders typically associated with elevated intraocular pressure (IOP). Methods: The insert was made of Eudragite RL100 (EUD) polymer, a biocompatible material with high bioavailability, using the electrospinning method. The inserts were studied for morphology, drug–polymer interaction, physicochemical properties, and in vitro drug-release study. The pharmacokineti

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VandenBerg, Michael A., Rokon Uz Zaman, Christine L. Plavchak, et al. "Impact of polymer source variations on hydrogel structure and product performance in dexamethasone-loaded ophthalmic inserts." International Journal of Pharmaceutics 682 (September 2025): 125959. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpharm.2025.125959.

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Zamboulis, Alexandra, Stavroula Nanaki, Georgia Michailidou, et al. "Chitosan and its Derivatives for Ocular Delivery Formulations: Recent Advances and Developments." Polymers 12, no. 7 (2020): 1519. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym12071519.

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Chitosan (CS) is a hemi-synthetic cationic linear polysaccharide produced by the deacetylation of chitin. CS is non-toxic, highly biocompatible, and biodegradable, and it has a low immunogenicity. Additionally, CS has inherent antibacterial properties and a mucoadhesive character and can disrupt epithelial tight junctions, thus acting as a permeability enhancer. As such, CS and its derivatives are well-suited for the challenging field of ocular drug delivery. In the present review article, we will discuss the properties of CS that contribute to its successful application in ocular delivery bef

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Di Colo, G., and Y. Zambito. "A study of release mechanisms of different ophthalmic drugs from erodible ocular inserts based on poly(ethylene oxide)." European Journal of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics 54, no. 2 (2002): 193–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0939-6411(02)00086-3.

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Baeyens, V. "Clinical evaluation of bioadhesive ophthalmic drug inserts (BODI®) for the treatment of external ocular infections in dogs." Journal of Controlled Release 85, no. 1-3 (2002): 163–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0168-3659(02)00284-5.

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Jin Park, Ye, and Dong Wuk Kim. "Development and evaluation of hot-melt–extruded diquafosol tetrasodium formulations for ophthalmic inserts: A design of experiments approach." International Journal of Pharmaceutics 659 (June 2024): 124249. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpharm.2024.124249.

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Žiniauskaitė, Agnė, Vytautas Cėpla, Tadas Jelinskas, et al. "Introducing an Efficient In Vitro Cornea Mimetic Model for Testing Drug Permeability." Sci 3, no. 3 (2021): 30. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sci3030030.

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There is a growing need for novel in vitro corneal models to replace animal-based ex vivo tests in drug permeability studies. In this study, we demonstrated a corneal mimetic that models the stromal and epithelial compartments of the human cornea. Human corneal epithelial cells (HCE-T) were grown on top of a self-supporting porcine collagen-based hydrogel. Cross-sections of the multi-layers were characterized by histological staining and immunocytochemistry of zonula oc-cludens-1 protein (ZO-1) and occludin. Furthermore, water content and bssic elastic properties of the synthetized collagen ty

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Deep, Neha, Roslin Jose, and Ananya Chakrabo. "Medication package inserts: how far do they adhere to the guidelines?" International Journal of Basic & Clinical Pharmacology 6, no. 1 (2016): 133. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2319-2003.ijbcp20164767.

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Background: Package Insert (PI) is a document that is provided with the package of a drug. It is chiefly directed at the prescribers and is set to provide information for the safe and effective use of the respective drug. This study was conducted to assess the completeness of clinical information provided in the currently available PIs.Methods: PIs were collected from pharmacies located at various parts of Bangalore over three months. A total of 310 drugs were checked for package inserts (PI) and 192 PI’s were collected. They were analysed based on the criteria mentioned in Schedule D of Drug

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Rahić, Ognjenka, Amina Tucak, Naida Omerović, et al. "Novel Drug Delivery Systems Fighting Glaucoma: Formulation Obstacles and Solutions." Pharmaceutics 13, no. 1 (2020): 28. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics13010028.

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Glaucoma is considered to be one of the biggest health problems in the world. It is the main cause of preventable blindness due to its asymptomatic nature in the early stages on the one hand and patients’ non-adherence on the other. There are several approaches in glaucoma treatment, whereby this has to be individually designed for each patient. The first-line treatment is medication therapy. However, taking into account numerous disadvantages of conventional ophthalmic dosage forms, intensive work has been carried out on the development of novel drug delivery systems for glaucoma. This review

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Farkas, Eszter, Houssam Abboud, Nándor Nagy, et al. "Formulation and Development of Nanofiber-Based Ophthalmic Insert for the Treatment of Bacterial Conjunctivitis." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 25, no. 17 (2024): 9228. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms25179228.

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A novel ophthalmic delivery system utilizing levofloxacin-loaded, preservative-free, nanofiber-based inserts was investigated. Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and Poloxamer 407 (Polox)were employed as matrix materials, while hydroxypropyl-beta-cyclodextrin (HP-β-CD) was a solubilizer. The formulations were prepared via electrospinning and characterized for fiber morphology, drug dissolution, cytotoxicity, and antimicrobial activity. Scanning electron microscopy confirmed uniform fibrous structures. Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction analyses demonstrated the amorphous state

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BAEYENS, VINCENT, VASSILIOS KALTSATOS, BERNARD BOISRAME, MARC FATHI, and ROBERT GURNY. "Evaluation of Soluble Bioadhesive Ophthalmic Drug Inserts (BODI®) for Prolonged Release of Gentamicin: Lachrymal Pharmacokinetics and Ocular Tolerance." Journal of Ocular Pharmacology and Therapeutics 14, no. 3 (1998): 263–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/jop.1998.14.263.

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Rozi, Mohamad Faeznudin, and Awis Sukarni Mohmad Sabere. "Review on Conventional and Novel Topical Ocular Drug Delivery System." Journal of Pharmacy 1, no. 1 (2021): 19–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.31436/jop.v1i1.32.

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Ocular drug delivery is a very challenging area for ophthalmologists and drug delivery scientists due to the structural and barrier complexity of the eye. Barriers such as different layers of cornea, sclera, conjunctival blood flow, and tear dilution limit the efficacy of drug delivery to the anterior part of the eye in addition to more barriers present to the posterior part. Due to these, scientists have designed and studied various delivery systems to increase drug delivery and treatment efficacy to the eye. Among conventional ocular drug delivery systems, ophthalmic solution or eye drop is

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Luchs, Jodi I., Donald S. Nelinson, and Jonathan I. Macy. "Efficacy of Hydroxypropyl Cellulose Ophthalmic Inserts (LACRISERT) in Subsets of Patients With Dry Eye Syndrome: Findings From a Patient Registry." Cornea 29, no. 12 (2010): 1417–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/ico.0b013e3181e3f05b.

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Kagkelaris, Konstantinos, George Panayiotakopoulos, and Constantinos D. Georgakopoulos. "Nanotechnology-based formulations to amplify intraocular bioavailability." Therapeutic Advances in Ophthalmology 14 (January 2022): 251584142211123. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/25158414221112356.

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Conventional drug delivery formulations, such as eye drops and ointments, are mainly administered by topical instillation. The topical delivery of ophthalmic drugs is a challenging endeavor despite the eye is easily accessible. Unique and complex barriers, serving as protection against extrinsic harmful factors, hamper therapeutic intraocular drug concentrations. Bioavailability for deeper ocular tissues of the anterior segment of the eye is exceptionally low. As the bioavailability of the active substance is the major hurdle to overcome, dosing is increased, so the side effects do. Both provo

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Mahe, Isabelle, Stephane Mouly, Irene Jarrin, et al. "Efficacy and safety of three ophthalmic inserts for topical anaesthesia of the cornea. An exploratory comparative dose-ranging, double-blind, randomized trial in healthy volunteers." British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 59, no. 2 (2005): 220–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2125.2004.02245.x.

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Patel, Upendra. "Formulation and evaluation of Indomethacin ophthalmic insert." Indian Journal of Pharmaceutical Education and Research 42, no. 4 (2008): 348–52. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8151844.

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Bremond-Gignac, D., E. Jacqz-Aigrain, H. Abdoul, A. Beresniak, O. Baud, and C. Alberti. "Ophthalmic insert for pupillary mydriasis in neonates." Acta Ophthalmologica 93 (September 23, 2015): n/a. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1755-3768.2015.0505.

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Bremond-Gignac, D., E. Jacqz-Aigrain, H. Abdoul, A. Beresniak, O. Baud, and C. Alberti. "Ophthalmic insert for pupillary mydriasis in neonates." Acta Ophthalmologica 93 (September 23, 2015): n/a. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1755-3768.2015.1505.

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Stanciauskaite, Monika, Daiva Majiene, and Kristina Ramanauskiene. "DEVELOPMENT OF OPHTHALMIC IN SITU GELS WITH POPULUS BALSAMIFERA BUDS EXTRACT AND QUALITY EVALUATION." InterConf, no. 15(117) (July 20, 2022): 239–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.51582/interconf.19-20.07.2022.025.

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Valarmathi, S., S. Shanmugam, S. Satheesh Kumar, and P. Shanmugasundaram. "In Vivo studies of Ophthalmic Ocular Insert Containing Aciclovir." Research Journal of Pharmacy and Technology 10, no. 7 (2017): 2139. http://dx.doi.org/10.5958/0974-360x.2017.00376.6.

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Thakur, Richa, Gaurav Swami, and Mahfoozur Rahman. "Development and Optimization of Controlled Release Bioerodable Anti Infective Ophthalmic Insert." Current Drug Delivery 11, no. 1 (2014): 2–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/15672018113106660060.

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Sasaki, Hitoshi, Toshiaki Nagano, Koji Sakanaka, et al. "One-side-coated insert as a unique ophthalmic drug delivery system." Journal of Controlled Release 92, no. 3 (2003): 241–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0168-3659(03)00362-6.

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