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Journal articles on the topic 'Opium trade'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 26 July 2025

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1

Anisimov, A. L. "THE AMERICAN OPIUM TRADE IN CHINA ON THE EVE OF AND DURING THE OPIUM WARS (30-50S OF THE XIX CENTURY)." Американистика на Дальнем Востоке, no. 3 (2024): 37–48. https://doi.org/10.48344/27824152_2024_3_37.

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The article examines the most important aspect of American trade with China – the opium trade. The features of this trade, including on the eve of and during the First Opium War, are analyzed. The annual sale of opium during this period was calculated at an amount equal to the entire state income of the United States and the entire value of tea exports to England and America. Virtually all American traders and firms were involved in the opium trade. In the 1950's, despite the prohibition of the Treaty of Wanxia, the opium trade, which was smuggled by American traders, increased. The opium trad

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2

Fathoni, Ahmad, and Sarkawi B. Husain. "Pelaksanaan Opiumpacht: Monopoli Perdagangan Opium Melalui Perantara Bandar di Keresidenan Kediri, 1833-1900." Lembaran Sejarah 16, no. 1 (2020): 48. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/lembaran-sejarah.59912.

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The opium trade in Kediri Residency was monopolized by Dutch East Indies government. The problem discussed in this study regarding opium trade monopoly at Kediri Residency through bookie intermediary (opiumpachter) in 1833-1900. The methods used in this research is historical methods which includes heuristics, criticism, interpretation and historiography. The result showed that the opium trade monopoly through bookie intermediary (opiumpachter) in Kediri Residency included auction and distribution processions also the sale of raw opium to opium dealers. Generally, the opium trade in Kediri Res

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3

Pelechaty, Evan. "A Close Examination of Edward Fry and His Report on British Parliamentary Proceedings Pertaining to the Opium Wars and Subsequent Government Policies." General: Brock University Undergraduate Journal of History 7 (April 11, 2022): 112–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.26522/tg.v7i1.3694.

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This paper analyzes Edward Fry’s 1876 report on parliamentary proceedings pertaining to the opium trade. In the report, Edward Fry criticized British involvement in the Opium Wars and subsequent opium trade by arguing that Britain should not force the import of opium into China because it was destroying the health and welfare of Chinese citizens. Instead, Fry suggested that the British Empire should assume responsibility by outlawing the sale of opium and refunding the opium farmers in China and India. Edward Fry was not advocating for the end of British presence in China, but he was promoting

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4

Siagian, Muhnizar, and Tiffany Setyo Pratiwi. "Narcoterrorism in Afghanistan." Jurnal ICMES 2, no. 2 (2018): 158–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.35748/jurnalicmes.v2i2.26.

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The existence of Afghanistan that dubbed The Golden Cresent is the birthplace of two global terrorist groups namely the Taliban and Al-Qaeda. Nearly 70% of drug activity in Afghanistan has been strongly controlled by Taliban terrorist groups since 2007. Using narcoterrorism and non-traditional security threat conceptual frameworks, this article explains the dynamics of the development of opium production and trade in Afghanistan, the Taliban track record in the opium trade in Afghanistan and the opium trade as a non-traditional security threat in Afghanistan. This article uses descriptive anal

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5

SOUZA, GEORGE BRYAN. "Opium and the Company: Maritime Trade and Imperial Finances on Java, 1684–1796." Modern Asian Studies 43, no. 1 (2009): 113–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0026749x0700337x.

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AbstractWhile trade in opium was of limited financial significance in the eighteenth century to the larger accounts of the Dutch East India Company as a whole, this article shows its critical importance to the Company's comptoir accounts at Batavia. The article examines the VOC's commercial operations at Batavia in the eighteenth century and places opium trade and opium revenues within that larger context. It examines how the trade in Bengal opium through Batavia changed over time, based on a statistical analysis of the Company's accounts. These results show that opium dwarfed all other indivi

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Canton-Alvarez, Jose A. "From Reluctance to Reliance: Opium Smuggling in 18th-Century Macao." Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient 67, no. 1-2 (2024): 1–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15685209-12341614.

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Abstract This paper critically appraises the role of the opium trade in the politics of 18th-century Macao. By examining previously unexplored Portuguese accounts on opium smuggling, this study contributes new insights into the shift in attitudes of the Macanese authorities towards the opium trade in this period, which subsequently aided further European opium smuggling in the Pearl River Delta. Thus, this paper fills an important gap in our understanding of the transformation that took place in the period before opium became a bone of contention between the Qing dynasty and European powers, o

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7

Stepanov, Igor Nikolaevich. "American opium smuggling trade and John Jacob Astor." Genesis: исторические исследования, no. 10 (October 2021): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.25136/2409-868x.2021.10.36620.

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The subject of this research is the activity of John Jacob Astor and his role in the American opium smuggling trade. Description is given to the differences between the American and British opium models in China. An attempt is made to determine the peculiarities of Astor's activity in the opium business. The article employs the following sources: works of the German historian Alexander Emmerich from the University of Augsburg dedicated to the American Germans and their fate in the United States; work of the American historian John (Jake) Chen on the history of Chinese diaspora in the United St

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8

Bailey, Warren, and Lan Truong. "Opium and Empire: Some Evidence from Colonial-Era Asian Stock and Commodity Markets." Journal of Southeast Asian Studies 32, no. 2 (2001): 173–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s002246340100008x.

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On the basis of a new database of stock and commodity prices, along with measures of government revenues, commodity exports and immigration, the article assesses the impact of the opium trade on the economies of colonial Malaya, the Netherlands Indies and China from 1873 to 1911. Stock returns for a few Malayan industries related to international trade are significantly correlated with opium price changes, as are prices for labour-intensive, Chinese-dominated export commodities such as tin and gambier. However, opium price changes explain, at most, only a small fraction of the behaviour of sto

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9

Nitesh, Sharma. "Pragmatics of Opium Trade: Tracing the Trajectory from Sea of Poppies till Contemporary Time in the Light of New Historicism." Criterion: An International Journal in English 15, no. 6 (2024): 249–65. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14605901.

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The inception of the British rule in the form of colonialism is chiefly traced from the late sixteenth century, gradually developed across the seventeenth and eighteenth century, and catapulted to heights in the nineteenth and early twentieth century with overseas possessions and maritime expansion for overseas trade to vie with France and other European powers. The empire’s expansion can be understood from the technologically-advanced trading posts like the East India Company to establish the trading monopoly of the goods that brought out lucrative consequences of the British endeavours

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10

Hodes, Cyrus, and Mark Sedra. "Chapter Three: The Opium Trade." Adelphi Papers 47, no. 391 (2007): 35–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/05679320701737505.

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11

Rozaini Ahmad and Mohd Annas Shafiq Ayob. "Penglibatan Orang Cina dalam Perniagaan Candu di Kedah (1907–1934): Satu Analisis Interim." KEMANUSIAAN The Asian Journal of Humanities 32, no. 1 (2025): 147–65. https://doi.org/10.21315/kajh2025.32.1.8.

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Opium became a commodity brought into Malaya on a large scale by the Chinese beginning in the early 18th century. The high demand for opium, especially in Kedah, allowed the opium market to be dominated by the Chinese. However, the arrival of the British broke the Chinese monopoly on the opium trade. This article discusses the role of the Chinese community in the opium trade in Kedah from 1907 to 1934. This research highlights the content analysis method as the main method of collecting data on the history of the Chinese in Kedah through the National Archives of Malaysia for the analysis of da

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12

Zheng, Yangwen. "The Social Life of Opium in China, 1483–1999." Modern Asian Studies 37, no. 1 (2003): 1–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0026749x0300101x.

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The history of opium is a major theme in modern Chinese history. Books and academic careers have been devoted to its study. Yet the question that scholars of the opium wars and of modern China have failed to ask is how the demand for opium was generated. My puzzle, during the initial stage of research, was who smoked opium and why. Neither Chinese nor non-Chinese scholars have written much about this, with the exception of Jonathan Spence. Although opium consumption is a well-acknowledged fact, the reasons for its prevalence have never been fully factored into the historiography of the opium w

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13

Wu, Ya-feng. "‘[C]allee me Oscar’: The Picture of Dorian Gray, Aestheticism, and Opium." Victoriographies 9, no. 1 (2019): 70–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/vic.2019.0327.

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Oscar Wilde's only novel, The Picture of Dorian Gray (1891), one of the flagship novels of Aestheticism, contains an intricate opium narrative that has yet to receive adequate critical attention. The novel consists of two nested units: the House Beautiful that subsumes a Gothic nursery where Dorian's portrait is placed, and London the Metropolis that harbours Blue Gate Fields in the East End. The former might be read as a miniature of the latter. This double mechanism hinges on a Chinese box in which opium is stored. The structure, which evolves from the classic opium narrative established by

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14

Salsabila, Rifda, Aditya Nugroho Widiadi, and Grace T. Leksana. "Dari Impor Hingga Ke Tangan Konsumen: Perdagangan Opium di Karesidenan Surabaya, 1870-1898." Fajar Historia: Jurnal Ilmu Sejarah dan Pendidikan 6, no. 1 (2022): 111–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.29408/fhs.v6i1.5349.

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Opium is a narcotic that the Javanese people widely consumed in the 19th century. The high level of consumption of opium by the public raises concerns because of its detrimental effects if consumed in excess. This made the government exercise control over opium by trading it, which also provided income for the Dutch East Indies government. One of the areas in the Dutch East Indies that had a high level of consumption of opium was the Residency of Surabaya. Therefore, this article analyzes how the opium trade took place in the Surabaya Residency from 1870 to 1898. During that period, the system

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15

PIANCIOLA, NICCOLÒ. "Illegal Markets and the Formation of a Central Asian Borderland: The Turkestan–Xinjiang opium trade (1881–1917)." Modern Asian Studies 54, no. 6 (2020): 1828–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0026749x18000227.

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AbstractThis article utilizes material from archives in Kazakhstan, Russia, Kyrgyzstan, and Uzbekistan as well as published Chinese sources to explore the opium trade between Tsarist Turkestan and Xinjiang from the early 1880s to 1917. It focuses on two different levels: the borderlands economy and society, and state policies towards illegal (or ‘grey’) markets. The main groups active in the trade were Hui/Dungan and Taranchi migrants from China, who had fled Qing territory after the repression of the great anti-Qing Muslim revolts during the 1860s and 1870s. After settling in Tsarist territor

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Zhou, Xun. "The Troublesome Legacy of Commissioner Lin: The Opium Trade and Opium Suppression in Fujian Province, 1820s to 1920s. By Joyce A. Madancy. [Harvard and London: Harvard East Asia Monograph, 2003. 430 pp. $50.00; £32.95. ISBN 0-674-01215-1.]." China Quarterly 182 (June 2005): 449–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0305741005320261.

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Visiting New York's Chinatown, it is surprising to find there a memorial statue of the legendary anti-opium hero, Lin Zexu, instead of the more usual statue of the father of modern China, Sun Yat-sen. Perhaps Lin deserves his place in New York's Chinatown: it is generally believed the history of Chinese migration into the New World was a chapter of humiliation, resulting from the evil opium and the opium trade. Until very recently, the conventional wisdom has been that it was the opium trade that ended the house of Qing, and that opium had turned China into a nation of hopeless addicts, smokin

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17

Jennings, John M. "The Forgotten Plague: Opium and Narcotics in Korea under Japanese Rule, 1910–1945." Modern Asian Studies 29, no. 4 (1995): 795–815. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0026749x00016188.

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One of the most neglected aspects of the history of Korea under Japanese colonial rule is the significant role of the drug trade during the colonial period. Korea emerged as a major producer of opium and narcotics in the 1920s, and in the 1930s became an important supplier to the opium monopoly created by the Japanese-sponsored Manchukuo regime. The latter development sparked an international controversy due to Manchukuo's unsavory reputation in connection with the illicit drug trade, and would later lead the International Military Tribunal for the Far East to identify Korea as the ‘principal

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18

Pypeć, Magdalena. "London and Cloisterham as an Imperial ‘Heart of Darkness’ in Dickens’s The Mystery of Edwin Drood." Zeitschrift für Anglistik und Amerikanistik 69, no. 4 (2021): 349–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/zaa-2021-2029.

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Abstract The article examines Dickens’s last novel in the context of British imperialism, contraband opium trade in nineteenth-century China under the armed protection of the British government, and the Opium Wars (1839–1842 and 1856–1860). Although Dickens has often been discussed as one of the authors who approved of his country’s imperial domination, his last novel foregrounds a critique of colonial practices. The atavistic character of imperialism takes its moral and psychological toll not merely somewhere in the dominions, colonies, protectorates, and other territories but also ‘at home’

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Maule, Robert B. "The Opium Question in the Federated Shan States, 1931–36: British Policy Discussions and Scandal." Journal of Southeast Asian Studies 23, no. 1 (1992): 14–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022463400011279.

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The earliest known evidence for the existence of the opium poppy has been traced to the Neolithic and Early Bronze Ages in west central Europe. Arab traders introduced opium into Asia, and in the eighth century A.D., it had been used in China. By the nineteenth century, China provided the most lucrative market for traders, primarily British and American, who brought opium to China from India and the Ottoman Empire. Opium use also proved to be popular among the overseas Chinese communities in Siam, Malaya, and the Dutch East Indies. The Chinese demand for opium, the lucrative profits to be gain

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20

Guotu, Zhuang. "Tea, Silver, Opium and War: From Commercial Expansion to Military Invasion." Itinerario 17, no. 2 (1993): 10–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0165115300024384.

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Sino-Western relations in the eighteenth century mainly found their expression in a particular mode of commercial transactions in Canton. The structure of the Western trade with China was based on silver and colonial products from India and the Malay archipelago, like silver, cotton, pepper, lead. These commodities were exchanged for Chinese tea, silk and porcelain by the mediation of the so-called Hong trades. As long as the trade structure was kept in balance the Westerners were able to make large profits and commercial relations remained the same. When the trade structure fell out balance t

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21

Scott, David W. "Alcohol, Opium, and the Methodists in Singapore: The Inculturation of a Moral Crusade." Mission Studies 29, no. 2 (2012): 147–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15733831-12341234.

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Abstract The Methodist Episcopal Church was strongly committed to the temperance movement in nineteenth-century America. This commitment rested on assumptions about the negative impacts of alcohol and was expressed through campaigns for personal moral reform and political prohibition. When Methodist missionaries arrived in Singapore in the late nineteenth century, they encountered a society in which opium was the most commonly abused drug. In this new context, Methodist missionaries adapted their concerns about alcohol and their methods of opposing the liquor trade and applied these concerns a

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Wright, Ashley. "Opium in British Burma, 1826–1881." Contemporary Drug Problems 35, no. 4 (2008): 611–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/009145090803500407.

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This article examines in detail the British opium industry in colonial Burma from the time of the annexation of Arakan and Tenasserim in 1826 to the publication of Chief Commissioner Charles Aitchison's 1881 memorandum on opium in Burma. It argues that while the profitability of the opium trade in Burma was an important factor in the decisions the colonial administration made regarding opium, it was not the only factor. From the earliest days of British administration in Tenasserim, different ethnic groups within Burma were treated differently with regards to opium use. There is evidence that

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Haikal, Aditya Ikyan. "Lasem : Napak Tilas Perdagangan Opium Nusantara." Historia 6, no. 2 (2023): 129. http://dx.doi.org/10.19184/jh.v6i2.37392.

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Opium is a plant that is included in class 1 narcotics, this plant is a type of annual plant and cannot be cultivated in other areas except in the mountains of the subtropics. During the colonial era, the opium plants in the Dutch East Indies came from several regions, including India, Persia, Turkey and Singapore. In fact, during the Dutch colonial era, opium was not the only imported commodity. Judging from the previous records it is stated that imported goods were transported during the Dutch East Indies colonial administration by using ships with the final route to ports in various r

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Maule, Robert. "British Policy Discussions on the Opium Question in the Federated Shan States, 1937-1948." Journal of Southeast Asian Studies 33, no. 2 (2002): 203–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022463402000103.

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When Burma was separated from India in 1937, the production and distribution of opium in the trans-Salween area became an important issue for the British since the Government of Burma would be expected to adhere to the various international agreements to control the opium trade. Initiatives by British officials in London to tighten restrictions were necessary since this region produced over and above the licit requirements of opium for the Shan States, but they were never fully implemented owing to resistance from local authorities and traders and the lack of any alternative cash crop to subst

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Palsetia, Jesse S. "The Parsis of India and the opium trade in China." Contemporary Drug Problems 35, no. 4 (2008): 647–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/009145090803500408.

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The article examines the role of the Parsis of India in the opium trade between China and India during the 18th and 19th centuries. It examines the significant role of a non-European group in the history of drugs. The Parsi involvement in the opium trade constituted an important component in the rise of Western capital in Asia, the development of the Indian and imperial economies, and the growth of Bombay and other colonial centers. Furthermore, the article examines the ability of drugs to serve the interests of non-Europeans under imperialism, as opium provided for the economic, social, and p

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Majeed, Javed. "Gandhi, De Quincey and Hali: The pleasures and pains of opium." Literature & History 29, no. 1 (2020): 97–112. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0306197320907460.

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This essay explores Gandhi’s representations of opium as indicative of the addictive nature of the colonial relationship in India. It also shows how the opium trade had an impact on Gandhi’s redefinition of food. Some submissions to the 1893–94 Royal Commission on Opium in India refer to De Quincey and reading De Quincey’s Confessions alongside Gandhi’s Hind Swaraj and Guide to Health reveals how both authors grappled with questions of dependency and selfhood in relation to modernity. I also discuss Gandhi’s representations of pleasure and opium alongside Altaf Hussain Hali’s (1837–1914), whom

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CEDERLÖF, GUNNEL. "Poor Man's Crop: Evading opium monopoly." Modern Asian Studies 53, no. 2 (2018): 633–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0026749x17001093.

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AbstractResearch on opium in colonial India has so far mainly focused on the competing Malwa and Bengal opium currents under the control of the Sindia and Holkar families and of the British East India Company, respectively. The historical trajectory has tended to emphasize the implementation of a draconian and all-encompassing British monopoly. This study joins the emerging efforts to search the regional histories on the margins of the strongest players’ actions on the global scene. It aims at nuancing the narratives by focusing on a region away from such centres. The study investigates the lo

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KLIMBURG, ALEXANDER. "Some research notes on Carl A. Trocki's publication Opium, empire and the global political economy." Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies 64, no. 2 (2001): 260–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0041977x01000155.

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Carl A. Trocki's 1999 publication Opium, empire and the global political economy (London: Routledge) is in many ways an important work. His thesis that ‘Without opium there would have been no empire’ is controversial. However, the purpose of this research note is not to refute Trocki's thesis, or indeed to present a new one, but rather to examine Trocki's use of primary documentation, where some difficulties emerge. Not only are some of his East India Company (EIC) documents quoted incorrectly or used out of context, but a limited further study of the same documents sheds some doubt on Trocki'

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Bruner, Jason. "Inquiring into Empire: Princeton Seminary’s Society of Inquiry on Missions, the British Empire, and the Opium Trade, Ca. 1830‐1850." Mission Studies 27, no. 2 (2010): 194–219. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/157338310x536438.

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AbstractPrinceton Seminary was intimately involved in the North American foreign missions movement in the nineteenth century. One remarkable dimension of this involvement came through the student-led Society of Inquiry on Missions, which sought to gather information about the global state of the Christian mission enterprise. This paper examines the Society’s correspondence with Protestant missionaries in China regarding their attitudes to the British Empire in the years 1830‐1850. It argues that the theological notion of providence informed Princetonians’ perceptions of the world, which conseq

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Sinn, Elizabeth. "Preparing Opium for America: Hong Kong and Cultural Consumption in the Chinese Diaspora." Journal of Chinese Overseas 1, no. 1 (2005): 16–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/179325405788639355.

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AbstractThis article studies how emigrants' consumption, conditioned by social values and taste transplanted from the home country, affected long distance trade. As tens of thousands of Chinese went to North America, Australia and New Zealand from the time of the Gold Rush, a market for Chinese consumption goods arose, with prepared opium being a leading commodity. Chinese, both at home and abroad, consumed opium by smoking and demanded opium to be boiled in a particular way. As brands prepared in Hong Kong were widely acknowledged as the best, the export trade in Hong Kong's opium to these hi

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Newman, R. K. "India and the Anglo-Chinese Opium Agreements, 1907–14." Modern Asian Studies 23, no. 3 (1989): 525–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0026749x00009537.

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The rise and significance of the opium trade from India to China are well understood by historians, but the trade's decline and disappearance have received very little attention. This article explores the motives which led Britain to agree to phase out its opium exports to China and the part which the government of India played in determining this policy.

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Bello, David. "The Venomous Course of Southwestern Opium: Qing Prohibition in Yunnan, Sichuan, and Guizhou in the Early Nineteenth Century." Journal of Asian Studies 62, no. 4 (2003): 1109–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3591761.

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The opium-smuggling trade that britain pursued on the eastern seacoast of China has become the symbol of China's century-long descent into political and social chaos. In the standard historical narratives of both China and Euro-America, opium is the primary medium through which the Qing dynasty (1644–1911) encountered the modern economic, social, and political institutions of the West. Consequently, opium and the Western powers' advent on the Chinese coast have become almost inextricably linked. Opium, however, was not simply a Sino-British problem geographically confined to southeastern China

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Stepanov, I. N. "THE OPIUM TRADE IN SAMUEL WARREN'S PERCEPTIONS." Bulletin of the Buryat Scientific Center of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, no. 1 (2022): 78–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.31554/2222-9175-2022-45-78-82.

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Friedman, Jonathan. "Generalized Exchange, Theocracy and the Opium Trade." Critique of Anthropology 7, no. 1 (1987): 15–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0308275x8700700103.

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Hu-DeHart, Evelyn. "Opium and Social Control: Coolies on the Plantations of Peru and Cuba." Journal of Chinese Overseas 1, no. 2 (2005): 169–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/179325405788639210.

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AbstractThe place of opium in the history of the Chinese diaspora in Latin America and the Caribbean has received scant attention. This article is a preliminary attempt to look into this history, based on fragmentary evidence available. From 1847 to l874, as many as 225,000 Chinese indentured or contract laborers (coolies), almost all men, were sent to Cuba, still a Spanish colony, and newly independent Peru. Both the human trade itself, as well as work and life on the plantations, closely resembled slavery; indeed, the coolies in Cuba worked alongside African slaves. Opium was part of the coo

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Gupta, Devyani. "‘Black Mail’: Networks of opium and postal exchange in nineteenth-century India." Literature & History 29, no. 1 (2020): 78–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0306197320907446.

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This article discusses the overlap between British Indian networks of postal communication and trade, and smuggling of opium within a nineteenth-century inter-Asian context. These circulatory networks received support from the expansion of global shipping lines. The colonial state subsidised opium steamers of private shipping companies and converted them into mail packets, using them to transport illicit opium to parts of Southeast and East Asia. Domestically, inland postal routes came to be appropriated by local traders, cultivators and itinerants to smuggle excess opium, growing outside the

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Trocki, Carl. "A Drug on the Market: Opium and the Chinese in Southeast Asia, 1750–1880." Journal of Chinese Overseas 1, no. 2 (2005): 147–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/179325405788639238.

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AbstractThis article traces the early stages of Chinese migration to Southeast Asia and examines the relationship between the Chinese pioneers in the region and the opium trade of the British. The article stresses the importance of the “Water Frontier” settlements in the Gulf of Siam and the Malay Peninsula. It suggests that opium changed the relationship between Chinese merchant-capitalists and Chinese laborers in the region and acted as the basis for a longterm partnership between the merchants and the colonial powers with wealthy Chinese merchants acting as opium revenue farmers. In particu

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WERTZ, DANIEL J. P. "Idealism, Imperialism, and Internationalism: Opium Politics in the Colonial Philippines, 1898–1925." Modern Asian Studies 47, no. 2 (2012): 467–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0026749x12000388.

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AbstractWhile establishing a framework for colonial governance in the Philippines, American policymakers had to confront the issue of opium smoking, which was especially popular among the Philippine Chinese community. In 1903, the Philippine Commission proposed a return to the Spanish-era policy of controlling the opium trade through tax farming, igniting outrage among American Protestant missionaries in the Philippines and their supporters in the United States. Their actions revived a faltering global anti-opium movement, leading to a series of international agreements and domestic restrictio

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Ibrahim, Julianto. "CANDU DAN MILITER KETERLIBATAN BADAN-BADAN PERJUANGAN DALAM PERDAGANGAN CANDU DI JAWA PADA MASA REVOLUSI." Jurnal Kawistara 6, no. 1 (2016): 76. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/kawistara.15495.

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During revolution era, Indonesian government used and traded opium for struggle funds. This decisionwas based on the fact that the social, economic and financial was shattered due to Japanese occupation.Whereas the government should provide substantial funds to pay the war operations, employeesalaries and soldiers, buy weapons of war, and pay representatives abroad. This paper constitutesas the result of historical studies, that is why it uses historical method and methodologies. Historicalmethod constitutes as a historian guidelines to find historical documents. Historian is like “handyman”wh

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ÇOLAK, Filiz. "On Opium Poppy Breeding and Trade in Anatolia." Journal of Turkish Studies Volume 7 Issue 4-I, no. 7 (2012): 1269–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.7827/turkishstudies.3938.

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ÇOLAK, Filiz. "ON OPIUM POPPY BREEDING AND TRADE IN ANATOLIA." Journal of Academic Social Science Studies Volume 6 Issue 1, no. 6 (2013): 513–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.9761/jasss_544.

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Ariastuti, Hilda. "Keterlibatan Amerika Serikat di Kawasan Golden Crescent: Analisis Geopolitik terhadap Kejahatan Transnasional." Jurnal Hubungan Internasional 13, no. 2 (2020): 201. http://dx.doi.org/10.20473/jhi.v13i2.19512.

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This article analyzes the phenomenon of transnational organized crimein the Golden Crescent, one of the biggest producers of opium globally,and the United States’ involvement in the region. The author discussesthe production base for opium in the Golden Crescent by focusing onone country, namely Afghanistan. There are two main findings in thisstudy, namely the Golden Crescent region as a significant producer anddistributor of the global opium trade; and the business and politicalinterests that the United States brought in its invasion of Afghanistan. Oneof them is his interest in drug traffick

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Siegel, Benjamin. "Beneficent destinations: Global pharmaceuticals and the consolidation of the modern Indian opium regime, 1907–2002." Indian Economic & Social History Review 57, no. 3 (2020): 327–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0019464620930886.

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This article traces the twentieth-century ‘afterlife’ of Indian opium, following the global trajectories of the commodity beyond the decades of prohibition, when its international trade was broadly viewed as being in terminal decline. The article demonstrates how opium from Malwa, Bengal and Bihar was brought into the ambit of Western pharmaceuticals during the two World Wars. In spite of the scepticism of temperance-minded nationalists, it foregrounds the crop’s regular integration into these commodity chains in the early decades of Indian independence and its ascent as the key raw material i

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Van, Cao Thi, and Ninh Thi Sinh. "Sugar-cane and Sugar in the Vietnam – Singapore Relationship: Regional Commercial Network and Royal Trade, 1820–1847." MANUSYA: Journal of Humanities 28, no. 1 (2025): 1–23. https://doi.org/10.1163/26659077-20252803.

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Abstract Existing literature on nineteenth-century trade from Vietnam focuses extensively on the trade of rice and opium, which formed the majority of commerce. This paper investigates another principal export, sugar, to examine how this commodity was produced and traded in Vietnam. It starts with a short description of the history of sugar cane cultivation and sugar manufacturing in Vietnam. An attempt will also be made to clearly demonstrate that Vietnam became a significant sugar supplier to the British Straits Settlements and other Southeast Asian markets via Singapore as a transit port. T

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MARKOVITS, CLAUDE. "The Political Economy of Opium Smuggling in Early Nineteenth Century India: Leakage or Resistance?" Modern Asian Studies 43, no. 1 (2009): 89–111. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0026749x07003344.

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AbstractThis article looks at the political economy of opium smuggling in India in the first decades of the nineteenth century, in particular in relation to Sindh, one of the last independent polities in the subcontinent. After a description of the smuggling of ‘Malwa’ opium (grown in the princely states of Central India) into China—in defiance of the monopoly of the East India Company over ‘Bengal’ or ‘Patna’ opium, grown in Bihar—it considers the role of Indian merchants and capitalists in its emergence and development, and critiques the argument put forward in a recent book by Amar Farooqi

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Sorokina, Tatyana. "Liquor and Opium." Inner Asia 16, no. 1 (2014): 139–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22105018-12340007.

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This paper explores legal and illegal forms of trade along the China–Russia border in the Russian Far East in the early twentieth century as a case-study for understanding the relation between the state, regional economies and consumption desires.1 Mass consumption of illegally trafficked liquor and opium by frontier populations put China and Russia border officials into a difficult situation: Chinese authorities blamed the Russians for making opium-poppy planting possible on the Russian side; Russian officials in turn accused the Chinese authorities of provoking mass alcoholism and opium addi

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Rochmadani, Novi, and Irma Ayu Kartika Dewi. "TRADITION OF OPIUM USE IN BLORA DURING THE DUTCH INDIES GOVERNMENT." International Conference on Cultures & Languages (ICCL) 2, no. 1 (2024): 44–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.22515/iccl.v2i1.9581.

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Opium is a basic ingredient for making medicine from the sap of young opium fruit. In ancient times, it was widely consumed by people as a cultural mixture for drinking tea or coffee, cigarettes, and can also be used for medicinal purposes. In this research, the rearchers want to know how Opium first entered Blora, what was behind the development of Opium in Blora in 1870-1940, what was the tradition of using Opium in Blora in 1870-1940. The method used in this research is the historical research method. The methods used are heuristics, criticism, interpretation and historiography. Collecting

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Gao, Hao. "Understanding the Chinese: British Merchants on the China Trade in the Early 1830s." Britain and the World 12, no. 2 (2019): 151–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/brw.2019.0324.

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This article examines a significant debate on China and the Chinese market held within the British mercantile community in the early 1830s. Occurring in the years before the East India Company's monopoly over China trade was abolished in 1834, this debate has received much less attention than the Macartney embassy and the rise of the opium trade. This article shows that, in order to suit their own economic interests, supporters of the EIC and the ‘free traders’ presented rival images of China and the China trade to lead the governing authorities and the wider public to understand the country a

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Goffman, Daniel. "JAN SCHMIDT, From Anatolia to Indonesia: Opium Trade and the Dutch Community of Izmir, 1820–1940 (Istanbul and Leiden: Nederlands Historisch–Archaeologisch Instituut, 1998). Pp. 222. $22.95 cloth." International Journal of Middle East Studies 32, no. 1 (2000): 172–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020743800002191.

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Most of us associate the 19th-century commerce in opium with the Opium Wars that propelled China into humiliating economic subjugation to Western powers. Opium was probably second only to slavery as a shameful economic underpinning to European domination of much of Africa and Asia. Consequently, it is important that we understand not only where the poppy was grown, who purchased it, and where and why it was marketed, but also the values and ideologies that led to its suppression by the very polities that earlier had encouraged its cultivation and habitual use.

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Malleck, Daniel. "The India-China Opium Trade in the Nineteenth Century." History: Reviews of New Books 28, no. 2 (2000): 84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03612759.2000.10525427.

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