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Journal articles on the topic 'Oxidative stress responses'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 7 September 2021

Last updated: 29 July 2025

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1

Liu, Jiankang, Helen C. Yeo, Eva Övervik-Douki, et al. "Chronically and acutely exercised rats: biomarkers of oxidative stress and endogenous antioxidants." Journal of Applied Physiology 89, no. 1 (2000): 21–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.2000.89.1.21.

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The responses to oxidative stress induced by chronic exercise (8-wk treadmill running) or acute exercise (treadmill running to exhaustion) were investigated in the brain, liver, heart, kidney, and muscles of rats. Various biomarkers of oxidative stress were measured, namely, lipid peroxidation [malondialdehyde (MDA)], protein oxidation (protein carbonyl levels and glutamine synthetase activity), oxidative DNA damage (8-hydroxy-2′-deoxyguanosine), and endogenous antioxidants (ascorbic acid, α-tocopherol, glutathione, ubiquinone, ubiquinol, and cysteine). The predominant changes are in MDA, asco

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2

Tohyama, Yumi, Tomoko Takano, and Hirohei Yamamura. "B Cell Responses to Oxidative Stress." Current Pharmaceutical Design 10, no. 8 (2004): 835–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1381612043452947.

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3

Ziegelhoffer, Eva C., and Timothy J. Donohue. "Bacterial responses to photo-oxidative stress." Nature Reviews Microbiology 7, no. 12 (2009): 856–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrmicro2237.

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4

Barzilai, Ari, and Ken-Ichi Yamamoto. "DNA damage responses to oxidative stress." DNA Repair 3, no. 8-9 (2004): 1109–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dnarep.2004.03.002.

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5

NAKAGAWA, Yoshiyuki. "Oxidative stress responses in pathogenic fungi." Nippon Saikingaku Zasshi 63, no. 3 (2008): 417–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.3412/jsb.63.417.

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6

Reichard, John F., Timothy P. Dalton, Howard G. Shertzer, and Alvaro Puga. "Induction of Oxidative Stress Responses by Dioxin and other Ligands of the Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor." Dose-Response 3, no. 3 (2005): dose—response.0. http://dx.doi.org/10.2203/dose-response.003.03.003.

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TCDD and other polyhalogenated aromatic hydrocarbon ligands of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) have been classically considered as non-genotoxic compounds because they fail to be directly mutagenic in either bacteria or most in vitro assay systems. They do so in spite of having repeatedly been linked to oxidative stress and to mutagenic and carcinogenic outcomes. Oxidative stress, on the other hand, has been used as a marker for the toxicity of dioxin and its congeners. We have focused this review on the connection between oxidative stress induction and the toxic effects of fetal and adult

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7

Engedal, Nikolai, Eva Žerovnik, Alexander Rudov, et al. "From Oxidative Stress Damage to Pathways, Networks, and Autophagy via MicroRNAs." Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity 2018 (2018): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/4968321.

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Oxidative stress can alter the expression level of many microRNAs (miRNAs), but how these changes are integrated and related to oxidative stress responses is poorly understood. In this article, we addressed this question by using in silico tools. We reviewed the literature for miRNAs whose expression is altered upon oxidative stress damage and used them in combination with various databases and software to predict common gene targets of oxidative stress-modulated miRNAs and affected pathways. Furthermore, we identified miRNAs that simultaneously target the predicted oxidative stress-modulated

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8

Comhair, Suzy A. A., and Serpil C. Erzurum. "Antioxidant responses to oxidant-mediated lung diseases." American Journal of Physiology-Lung Cellular and Molecular Physiology 283, no. 2 (2002): L246—L255. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajplung.00491.2001.

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Reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS) are generated throughout the human body. Enzymatic and nonenzymatic antioxidants detoxify ROS and RNS and minimize damage to biomolecules. An imbalance between the production of ROS and RNS and antioxidant capacity leads to a state of “oxidative stress” that contributes to the pathogenesis of a number of human diseases by damaging lipids, protein, and DNA. In general, lung diseases are related to inflammatory processes that generate increased ROS and RNS. The susceptibility of the lung to oxidative injury depends largely on its

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9

Mager, Willem H., Albertus H. de Boer, Marco H. Siderius, and Hans-Peter Voss. "Cellular responses to oxidative and osmotic stress." Cell Stress & Chaperones 5, no. 2 (2000): 73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1379/1466-1268(2000)005<0073:crtoao>2.0.co;2.

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10

Demple, Bruce. "RADICAL IDEAS: GENETIC RESPONSES TO OXIDATIVE STRESS." Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology and Physiology 26, no. 1 (1999): 64–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1440-1681.1999.02993.x.

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11

Tomanek, L. "Proteomic responses to environmentally induced oxidative stress." Journal of Experimental Biology 218, no. 12 (2015): 1867–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.116475.

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12

MIURA, Yuri. "Oxidative Stress, Radiation-Adaptive Responses, and Aging." Journal of Radiation Research 45, no. 3 (2004): 357–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1269/jrr.45.357.

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13

Wu, Dongmei, Qiwei Zhai, and Xianglin Shi. "Alcohol-induced oxidative stress and cell responses." Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology 21, s3 (2006): S26—S29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1440-1746.2006.04589.x.

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14

Gow, Andrew J., David Wink, and Li Li Ji. "CELLULAR RESPONSES TO NITROSATIVE AND OXIDATIVE STRESS." Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 30, Supplement (1998): 134. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00005768-199805001-00757.

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15

Miura, Yuri, and Tamao Endo. "Survival responses to oxidative stress and aging." Geriatrics & Gerontology International 10 (June 2, 2010): S1—S9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1447-0594.2010.00597.x.

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16

Il’yasova, Dora, Kelly Kennedy, Ivan Spasojevic, et al. "Individual responses to chemotherapy-induced oxidative stress." Breast Cancer Research and Treatment 125, no. 2 (2010): 583–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10549-010-1158-7.

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17

Gambino, Michela, and Francesca Cappitelli. "Mini-review: Biofilm responses to oxidative stress." Biofouling 32, no. 2 (2016): 167–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08927014.2015.1134515.

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18

Jamieson, Derek J. "Oxidative stress responses of the yeastSaccharomyces cerevisiae." Yeast 14, no. 16 (1998): 1511–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1097-0061(199812)14:16<1511::aid-yea356>3.0.co;2-s.

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19

Jabeen, Zahra, Nazim Hussain, Faiza Irshad, Jianbin Zeng, Ayesha Tahir, and Guoping Zhang. "Physiological and antioxidant responses of cultivated and wild barley under salt stress." Plant, Soil and Environment 66, No. 7 (2020): 334–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/169/2020-pse.

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Saline soil is a critical environmental problem affecting crop yield worldwide. Tibetan wild barley is distinguished for its vast genetic diversity and high degree of tolerance to abiotic stress, including salinity. The present study compared the response of antioxidant defense system in the XZ16 wild and CM72 cultivated barleys to salt stress. Wild barley was relatively more tolerant than cultivated CM72, salt-tolerant cultivar, with less Na<sup>+</sup> uptake and more K<sup>+</sup>, Ca<sup>2+</sup>, and Mg<sup>2+</sup> retention in plant tissue

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20

Chen, Yan-Ning, Chieh-Kai Chan, Ching-Yu Yen, et al. "Antioral Cancer Effects by the Nitrated [6,6,6]Tricycles Compound (SK1) In Vitro." Antioxidants 11, no. 10 (2022): 2072. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antiox11102072.

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A novel nitrated [6,6,6]tricycles-derived compound containing nitro, methoxy, and ispropyloxy groups, namely SK1, was developed in our previous report. However, the anticancer effects of SK1 were not assessed. Moreover, SK1 contains two nitro groups (NO2) and one nitrogen-oxygen (N-O) bond exhibiting the potential for oxidative stress generation, but this was not examined. The present study aimed to evaluate the antiproliferation effects and oxidative stress and its associated responses between oral cancer and normal cells. Based on the MTS assay, SK1 demonstrated more antiproliferation abilit

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21

Perez-Gracia, Ester, Rosa Blanco, Margarita Carmona, Eva Carro, and Isidro Ferrer. "Oxidative stress damage and oxidative stress responses in the choroid plexus in Alzheimer’s disease." Acta Neuropathologica 118, no. 4 (2009): 497–504. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00401-009-0574-4.

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22

Savchenko, Tatyana, and Konstantin Tikhonov. "Oxidative Stress-Induced Alteration of Plant Central Metabolism." Life 11, no. 4 (2021): 304. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/life11040304.

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Oxidative stress is an integral component of various stress conditions in plants, and this fact largely determines the substantial overlap in physiological and molecular responses to biotic and abiotic environmental challenges. In this review, we discuss the alterations in central metabolism occurring in plants experiencing oxidative stress. To focus on the changes in metabolite profile associated with oxidative stress per se, we primarily analyzed the information generated in the studies based on the exogenous application of agents, inducing oxidative stress, and the analysis of mutants displ

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23

Doris, K. S., E. L. Rumsby, and B. A. Morgan. "Oxidative Stress Responses Involve Oxidation of a Conserved Ubiquitin Pathway Enzyme." Molecular and Cellular Biology 32, no. 21 (2012): 4472–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/mcb.00559-12.

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24

Abdul-Aziz, Amina, David J. MacEwan, Kristian M. Bowles, and Stuart A. Rushworth. "Oxidative Stress Responses and NRF2 in Human Leukaemia." Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity 2015 (2015): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/454659.

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Oxidative stress as a result of elevated levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) has been observed in almost all cancers, including leukaemia, where they contribute to disease development and progression. However, cancer cells also express increased levels of antioxidant proteins which detoxify ROS. This includes glutathione, the major antioxidant in human cells, which has recently been identified to have dysregulated metabolism in human leukaemia. This suggests that critical balance of intracellular ROS levels is required for cancer cell function, growth, and survival. Nuclear factor (erythro

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25

Yunko, K. "THE BIOCHEMICAL RESPONSES OF BIVALVE MOLLUSCS TO NEUROLEPTIC CHLORPROMAZINE ARE COMPARABLE WITH THE RESPONSES OF HIGHER VERTEBRATES." Biotechnologia Acta 17, no. 2 (2024): 90–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/biotech17.02.090.

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Pharmaceuticals such as chlorpromazine (Cpz) are emerging aquatic pollutants with potential effects on non-target organisms. However, its effects on aquatic organisms remain limited and inconclusive. The aim of this study was to compare the responses to Cpz in marine and freshwater bivalve molluscs. Methods. Mytilus galloprovincialis and Unio tumidus were exposed to pM and nM concentrations of Cpz for 14 days and analysed 16 parameters, including cytotoxicity, oxidative/reductive stress responses, metallothionein concentration and biotransformation enzymes in the digestive gland. Results. In b

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26

Erdal, Huseyin, and Hacer Kalayci. "Oxidative stress in viral hepatitis." Medicine Science | International Medical Journal 13, no. 4 (2024): 1027. https://doi.org/10.5455/medscience.2024.08.104.

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Viral hepatitis, primarily caused by hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV), is a leading cause of chronic liver disease worldwide. Accumulating evidence suggests that oxidative stress (OS) plays a pivotal role in the pathogenesis and progression of viral hepatitis. OS occurs due to a disproportion between reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and antioxidant protection, resulting in damage to cells and tissues. In viral hepatitis, viral proteins and immune-mediated inflammatory responses contribute to excessive ROS generation, resulting in oxidative damage to hepatocytes. This

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27

Lerner, Leticia K., Natália C. Moreno, Clarissa R. R. Rocha, et al. "XPD/ERCC2 mutations interfere in cellular responses to oxidative stress." Mutagenesis 34, no. 4 (2019): 341–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/mutage/gez020.

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Abstract Nucleotide excision repair (NER) is a conserved, flexible mechanism responsible for the removal of bulky, helix-distorting DNA lesions, like ultraviolet damage or cisplatin adducts, but its role in the repair of lesions generated by oxidative stress is still not clear. The helicase XPD/ERCC2, one of the two helicases of the transcription complex IIH, together with XPB, participates both in NER and in RNA pol II-driven transcription. In this work, we investigated the responses of distinct XPD-mutated cell lines to the oxidative stress generated by photoactivated methylene blue (MB) and

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28

Rubio, Karla, Estefani Y. Hernández-Cruz, Diana G. Rogel-Ayala, et al. "Nutriepigenomics in Environmental-Associated Oxidative Stress." Antioxidants 12, no. 3 (2023): 771. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antiox12030771.

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Complex molecular mechanisms define our responses to environmental stimuli. Beyond the DNA sequence itself, epigenetic machinery orchestrates changes in gene expression induced by diet, physical activity, stress and pollution, among others. Importantly, nutrition has a strong impact on epigenetic players and, consequently, sustains a promising role in the regulation of cellular responses such as oxidative stress. As oxidative stress is a natural physiological process where the presence of reactive oxygen-derived species and nitrogen-derived species overcomes the uptake strategy of antioxidant

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29

Hughes, Ariel M., H. Tucker Hallmark, Lenka Plačková, Ondrej Novák, and Aaron M. Rashotte. "Clade III cytokinin response factors share common roles in response to oxidative stress responses linked to cytokinin synthesis." Journal of Experimental Botany 72, no. 8 (2021): 3294–306. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jxb/erab076.

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Abstract Cytokinin response factors (CRFs) are transcription factors that are involved in cytokinin (CK) response, as well as being linked to abiotic stress tolerance. In particular, oxidative stress responses are activated by Clade III CRF members, such as AtCRF6. Here we explored the relationships between Clade III CRFs and oxidative stress. Transcriptomic responses to oxidative stress were determined in two Clade III transcription factors, Arabidopsis AtCRF5 and tomato SlCRF5. AtCRF5 was required for regulated expression of &gt;240 genes that are involved in oxidative stress response. S

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30

Xiao, Man, Pan Xu, Jianyun Zhao, et al. "Oxidative stress-related responses of Bifidobacterium longum subsp. longum BBMN68 at the proteomic level after exposure to oxygen." Microbiology 157, no. 6 (2011): 1573–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/mic.0.044297-0.

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Bifidobacterium longum subsp. longum BBMN68, an anaerobic probiotic isolated from healthy centenarian faeces, shows low oxygen (3 %, v/v) tolerance. To understand the effects of oxidative stress and the mechanisms protecting against it in this strain, a proteomic approach was taken to analyse changes in the cellular protein profiles of BBMN68 under the following oxygen-stress conditions. Mid-exponential phase BBMN68 cells grown in MRS broth at 37 °C were exposed to 3 % O2 for 1 h (I) or 9 h (II), and stationary phase cells were subjected to 3 % O2 for 1 h (III). Respective controls were grown

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31

Blagojevic, Dusko P. "Cold defence responses the role of oxidative stress." Frontiers in Bioscience S3, no. 2 (2011): 416–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.2741/s161.

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32

Gowda, Pruthvi, Kirti Lathoria, Sonia B. Umdor, and Ellora Sen. "Brg1 mutation alters oxidative stress responses in glioblastoma." Neurochemistry International 150 (November 2021): 105189. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuint.2021.105189.

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33

Roper, Jason, and Michael O'Reilly. "Cell-Type Restricted Responses to Chronic Oxidative Stress." Current Respiratory Medicine Reviews 2, no. 3 (2006): 313–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/157339806778018944.

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34

Gopalakrishnan, Anupama, Li Li Ji, and Chiara Cirelli. "Sleep Deprivation and Cellular Responses to Oxidative Stress." Sleep 27, no. 1 (2004): 27–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/sleep/27.1.27.

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35

Atack, John M., and David J. Kelly. "Oxidative stress inCampylobacter jejuni: responses, resistance and regulation." Future Microbiology 4, no. 6 (2009): 677–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.2217/fmb.09.44.

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36

Espinosa-Diez, Cristina, Verónica Miguel, Daniela Mennerich, et al. "Antioxidant responses and cellular adjustments to oxidative stress." Redox Biology 6 (December 2015): 183–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.redox.2015.07.008.

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37

Fryer, M. J. "Imaging of photo-oxidative stress responses in leaves." Journal of Experimental Botany 53, no. 372 (2002): 1249–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jexbot/53.372.1249.

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38

Brown, Alistair JP, Ken Haynes, and Janet Quinn. "Nitrosative and oxidative stress responses in fungal pathogenicity." Current Opinion in Microbiology 12, no. 4 (2009): 384–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mib.2009.06.007.

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39

Fryer, Michael J., Kevin Oxborough, Phillip M. Mullineaux, and Neil R. Baker. "Imaging of photo‐oxidative stress responses in leaves." Journal of Experimental Botany 53, no. 372 (2002): 1249–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jxb/53.372.1249.

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40

Mittler, Ron, and Elisha Tel-or. "Oxidative Stress Responses in the Unicellular CyanobacteriumSynechococcusPcc 7942." Free Radical Research Communications 13, no. 1 (1991): 845–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/10715769109145866.

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41

Huang, Chun-Jung, Heather E. Webb, Ronald K. Evans, et al. "Psychological stress during exercise: immunoendocrine and oxidative responses." Experimental Biology and Medicine 235, no. 12 (2010): 1498–504. http://dx.doi.org/10.1258/ebm.2010.010176.

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42

Demple, Bruce, and Carlos F. Amábile-Cuevas. "Redox redux: The control of oxidative stress responses." Cell 67, no. 5 (1991): 837–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0092-8674(91)90355-3.

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43

Saiprajwal, Sri, and Bela Zutshi. "Biochemical Responses of Ornamental Fish to Oxidative Stress." International Journal of Ecology and Environmental Sciences 51, no. 1 (2024): 117–28. https://doi.org/10.55863/ijees.2025.0413.

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During short-term or long-term transportation, ornamental fish have stress-related effects due to their exposure to degrading water quality levels, e.g., pH (acidic or alkaline), oxygen, ammonia, temperature levels, etc., and captivity in the container. The present study estimated the biochemical parameters, such as lipid peroxidation (LPO) and antioxidant enzymatic activities (SOD-superoxide dismutase, CAT-catalase, GST-glutathione-s-transferase) during transportation and exposure to pH shift response in liver and muscle of three families of ornamental fish such as black wagtail platy, rosy b

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44

Duan, Xiaochun, Zunjia Wen, Haitao Shen, Meifen Shen, and Gang Chen. "Intracerebral Hemorrhage, Oxidative Stress, and Antioxidant Therapy." Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity 2016 (2016): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/1203285.

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Hemorrhagic stroke is a common and severe neurological disorder and is associated with high rates of mortality and morbidity, especially for intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH). Increasing evidence demonstrates that oxidative stress responses participate in the pathophysiological processes of secondary brain injury (SBI) following ICH. The mechanisms involved in interoperable systems include endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, neuronal apoptosis and necrosis, inflammation, and autophagy. In this review, we summarized some promising advances in the field of oxidative stress and ICH, including contain

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45

Bao, Xiaogang, Zhenhua Wang, Qi Jia та ін. "HIF-1α-Mediated miR-623 Regulates Apoptosis and Inflammatory Responses of Nucleus Pulposus Induced by Oxidative Stress via Targeting TXNIP". Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity 2021 (3 серпня 2021): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/6389568.

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Excessive apoptosis and inflammatory responses of nucleus pulposus (NP) cells induced by oxidative stress contribute to intervertebral disc degeneration (IVDD). Though some microRNAs are associated with IVDD, the specific microRNA that can mediate apoptotic and inflammatory responses of NP cells induced by oxidative stress synchronously still needs further identification. Here, we find that microRNA-623 (miR-623) is downregulated in IVDD and its expression is regulated by hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) under oxidative stress conditions. Mechanistically, HIF-1α is observed to promote miR-

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46

Zhao, Qianqian, Cun Wei, Jiangling Dou, Yue Sun, Qifan Zeng, and Zhenmin Bao. "Molecular and Physiological Responses of Litopenaeus vannamei to Nitrogen and Phosphorus Stress." Antioxidants 14, no. 2 (2025): 194. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox14020194.

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Environmental stressors such as nitrogen and phosphorus play a critical role in regulating the growth and physiological functions of Litopenaeus vannamei, a key species in aquaculture. This study investigates the effects of nitrogen and phosphorus stress on shrimp growth, oxidative stress, tissue damage, and molecular mechanisms. Exposure to increasing concentrations of nitrogen and phosphorus significantly reduced growth rates. Oxidative stress markers, including superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC), and malondialdehyde (MDA), indicated heightened oxi

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47

Andresen, Jon J., Frank M. Faraci, and Donald D. Heistad. "Vasomotor responses in MnSOD-deficient mice." American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology 287, no. 3 (2004): H1141—H1148. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpheart.01215.2003.

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MnSOD is the only mammalian isoform of SOD that is necessary for life. MnSOD−/− mice die soon after birth, and MnSOD+/− mice are more susceptible to oxidative stress than wild-type (WT) mice. In this study, we examined vasomotor function responses in aortas of MnSOD+/− mice under normal conditions and during oxidative stress. Under normal conditions, contractions to serotonin (5-HT) and prostaglandin F2α (PGF2α), relaxation to ACh, and superoxide levels were similar in aortas of WT and MnSOD+/− mice. The mitochondrial inhibitor antimycin A reduced contraction to PGF2α and impaired relaxation t

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48

Kinnunen, Susanna, Seppo Hyypp�, Jani Lappalainen, et al. "Exercise-induced oxidative stress and muscle stress protein responses in trotters." European Journal of Applied Physiology 93, no. 4 (2004): 496–501. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00421-004-1162-x.

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49

da Cruz Nizer, Waleska Stephanie, Vasily Inkovskiy, Zoya Versey, Nikola Strempel, Edana Cassol, and Joerg Overhage. "Oxidative Stress Response in Pseudomonas aeruginosa." Pathogens 10, no. 9 (2021): 1187. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pathogens10091187.

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Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a Gram-negative environmental and human opportunistic pathogen highly adapted to many different environmental conditions. It can cause a wide range of serious infections, including wounds, lungs, the urinary tract, and systemic infections. The high versatility and pathogenicity of this bacterium is attributed to its genomic complexity, the expression of several virulence factors, and its intrinsic resistance to various antimicrobials. However, to thrive and establish infection, P. aeruginosa must overcome several barriers. One of these barriers is the presence of oxid

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50

Penna, Claudia, and Pasquale Pagliaro. "Endothelial Dysfunction: Redox Imbalance, NLRP3 Inflammasome, and Inflammatory Responses in Cardiovascular Diseases." Antioxidants 14, no. 3 (2025): 256. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox14030256.

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Endothelial dysfunction (ED) is characterized by an imbalance between vasodilatory and vasoconstrictive factors, leading to impaired vascular tone, thrombosis, and inflammation. These processes are critical in the development of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) such as atherosclerosis, hypertension and ischemia/reperfusion injury (IRI). Reduced nitric oxide (NO) production and increased oxidative stress are key contributors to ED. Aging further exacerbates ED through mitochondrial dysfunction and increased oxidative/nitrosative stress, heightening CVD risk. Antioxidant systems like superoxide-di

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