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Journal articles on the topic 'Particle polymerization'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 28 June 2021

Last updated: 29 July 2025

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1

Bilal, Salma, Salma Gul, and Anwar-ul-Haq Ali Shah. "Calculation of particle size distribution of polyaniline salts using imagej." Journal of Scientific and Innovative Research 4, no. 1 (2015): 17–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.31254/jsir.2015.4105.

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The detailed analysis of particle size distribution is desirable in several technical fields that ma-nipulate granular/particulate materials including size reduction. This article describes the mani-pulation of scanning electron micrographs (SEM) of polyaniline (PANI) salts using ImageJ soft-ware. The PANI salts were prepared by two servable methods i.e. emulsion polymerizations and inverse emulsion polymerizations. 1,2 The effects of these synthesis routs on the particles shape and size distributions of the PANI salts were evaluated. Slight differences in the particle shapes were observed for

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2

Šňupárek, Jaromír, Pavel Bradna, Libuše Mrkvičková, František Lednický, and Otakar Quadrat. "Effect of Coagulative Mechanism of Particle Growth on the Structural Heterogeneity of Ethyl Acrylate-Methacrylic Acid Copolymer Latex Particles." Collection of Czechoslovak Chemical Communications 58, no. 10 (1993): 2451–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1135/cccc19932451.

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Latex particles of ethyl acrylate-methacrylic acid copolymers prepared by semicontinuous emulsion polymerization with a monomer emulsion feed were found to disintegrate into smaller subparticles on alkalization. The phenomenon observed by light scattering and scanning electron microscopy is explained in terms of heterogeneous structure of latex particles which are agglomerates of small particles formed by coagulation during polymerization. The influence of particle size and polymerization route on particle heterogenity is discussed.

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3

Zhang, Wenyang, Zhengwen Wu, Hanjun Mao, et al. "Particle morphology, structure and properties of nascent ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene." Royal Society Open Science 7, no. 8 (2020): 200663. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsos.200663.

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The effects of particle morphology on the structure and swelling/dissolution and rheological properties of nascent ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) in liquid paraffin (LP) were elaborately explored in this article. Nascent UHMWPE with different particle morphologies was prepared via pre-polymerization technique and direct polymerization. The melting temperature and crystallinity of UHMWPE resins with different particle morphologies were compared, and a schematic diagram was proposed to illustrate the mechanism of UHMWPE particle growth synthesized by pre-polymerization method

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4

Park, Jae-Jung, Yongsoo Kim, Chanmin Lee, et al. "Morphological Analysis of PSMA/PEI Core–Shell Nanoparticles Synthesized by Soap-Free Emulsion Polymerization." Nanomaterials 11, no. 8 (2021): 1958. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano11081958.

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Emulsion polymerization presents the disadvantage that the physical properties of polymer particles are altered by surfactant adsorption. Therefore, in the soap-free emulsion polymerization method, a hydrophilic initiator is utilized while inducing repulsion among particles on the polymer particle surface, resulting in stable polymer particle production. In this study, we developed a methodology wherein spherical and uniform poly(styrene-co-maleic anhydride) (PSMA)/polyethyleneimine (PEI) core–shell nanoparticles were prepared. Further, their morphology was analyzed. During PSMA polymerization

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Yogo, Toshinobu, Tomoyuki Nakamura, Ko-ichi Kikuta, Wataru Sakamoto та Shin-ichi Hirano. "Synthesis of α–Fe2O3 particle/oligomer hybrid material". Journal of Materials Research 11, № 2 (1996): 475–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/jmr.1996.0057.

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A nanocrystalline α–Fe2O3 particle/oligomer hybrid can be synthesized by polymerization of iron (III) 3-allylacetylacetonate (IAA) followed by in situ hydrolysis. The polymerization of IAA was dependent upon the polymerization temperature and solvent. GPC measurement showed that the polymerization degree of the IAA oligomer ranged from ∼3 to ∼6. The magnetic particle/oligomer hybrid was synthesized by hydrolysis of the IAA oligomer under a neutral or alkaline condition. Crystalline particles from 10 to 40 nm were finely dispersed in the oligomeric matrix, depending upon the hydrolysis conditio

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6

Capek, I. "On the inverse miniemulsion copolymerization and terpolymerization of acrylamide, N, N′-methylenebis(acrylamide) and methacrylic acid." Open Chemistry 1, no. 3 (2003): 291–304. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/bf02476230.

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AbstractThe kinetics of free-radical copolymerization and terpolymerization of acrylamide (AAm), N, N′-methylenebis(acrylamide) (MBA) and methacrylic acid (MA) in the inverse water/monomer/cyclohexane/Tween 85 miniemulsion was investigated. Polymerizable sterically-stable miniemulsions were formulated in cyclohexane as a continuous medium. Polymerizations are very fast and reach the final conversion within several minutes. The dependence of the polymerization rate vs. conversion is described by a curve with two nonstationary rate intervals. The maximum rate of polymerization slightly increases

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7

GRITSKOVA, I. A., E. V. ANOHIN, A. A. EZHOVA, et al. "Polymer-monomer particles formation and particle size distribution during heterophase polymerization in the presence of water-insoluble organosilicon surfactant." Plasticheskie massy, no. 3-4 (May 23, 2022): 16–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.35164/0554-2901-2022-3-4-16-20.

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In this work mechanism of polymer particles formation during styrene heterophase polymerization in the presence of waterinsoluble organosilicon surfactant was investigated. Dependency between monomer conversion rate from early stages of polymerization and particle diameters change, molecular weight, particle size and molecular weight distribution was analyzed. The effect of the gel effect and Ostwald maturation on particle diameter and polymer molecular weight was evaluated.

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8

Peng, Hao, Huan Wei, Jun Xiang, and Haojun Fun. "Synthesis and Characterization if Large Particle Size Self-Matting Core-shell Acrylic Resin." Journal of the American Leather Chemists Association 117, no. 9 (2022): 379–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.34314/jalca.v117i9.6168.

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Acrylic resin plays an important role in leather-making, such as finishing agent, filler and tanning agent. Acrylic resin can be easily fabricated via conventional emulsion polymerization, but how to prepare large particle size with self-matting effect has always been a challenge. In this paper, a continuous three-stage polymerization method: seed-polymerization coupled core-polymerization and shell polymerization was employed to prepare large particle size self-matting acrylic resin emulsion. Simultaneously, the effect of feeding methods on particles size and the effects of latex particle siz

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9

Li, Joshua Qing Song, Yan Qiu Wang, and Hai Wang. "Preparation and Characterization of Silica/Polymer Hybrid Submicron Particles via a Semi-Continuous Soap-Free Emulsion Polymerization." Advanced Materials Research 1120-1121 (July 2015): 225–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1120-1121.225.

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Submicron hybrid particles were prepared by direct polymerization of three monomers of styrene, methyl methacrylate (MMA), and vinyl acetate (VAC) onto the hydrophilic surface of 230 nm silica submicron particles without any coupling agent in a semi-continuous emulsifier-free emulsion polymerization at a monomer starved condition. The polymerization was initiated by potassium persulfate with constant monomer feed at 0.01, 0.02, or 0.04 mL/min, after adding 230 nm silica seed particles. The particle growth was investigated with a laser particle size analyzer and SEM, and the particle surfaces b

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Qiu, Min, Liang Xiang, Minjing Shang, and Yuanhai Su. "Continuous Differential Microemulsion Polymerization to Prepare Nanosized Polymer Latices in Microreactors." Advances in Polymer Technology 2021 (November 24, 2021): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/2966920.

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Microreactors are a promising platform for continuous synthesis of polymer latices when combined with emulsion polymerization. However, this application has long been haunted by fouling and clogging problems. In this work, we proposed the strategy of conducting differential microemulsion polymerization in microreactors within a biphasic slug flow and achieved rapid and stable preparation of nanosized PMMA latices (polymeric content as high as 15.7% with average particle size smaller than 20 nm). We started by exploring the temperature thresholds with thermal and redox initiation, the effect of

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Yogo, Toshinobu, Tomoko Nakafuku, Wataru Sakamoto, and Shin-ichi Hirano. "Synthesis of ZnO particle–polymer hybrid from zinc–organics." Journal of Materials Research 19, no. 2 (2004): 651–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/jmr.2004.19.2.651.

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Nanocrystalline ZnO particle–polymer hybrid was synthesized by controlled polymerization and hydrolysis of zinc acrylate (ZA). 13C nuclear magnetic resonance spectra revealed the polymerization of ZA during hydrolysis in the presence of hydrazine at 65 °C for 24 h. Nanocrystalline ZnO particles were dispersed in the organic matrix through the polymerization–hydrolysis reaction of ZA using hydrazine or methylhydrazine. ZnO particles increased in crystallinity with increasing amount of water for hydrolysis in the system using hydrazine. Methylhydrazine was found to yield ZnO with higher crystall

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12

Zhang, Ke Hong, Hui Xiao, and Jun Juan Du. "The Effects of the Reaction Conditions on the Grafting Degree of SiO₂-g-PMAA Particle." Advanced Materials Research 581-582 (October 2012): 301–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.581-582.301.

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Modified MPS-SiO2 particle was obtained by the bonding of 3-methacryloxypropyl trimethoxysilane (KH-570) on the surface of silica gel particle. The methacrylic acid (MMA) monomers were grafted on the surface of MPS-SiO2 particle to prepare the grafting particles SiO2-g-PMAA. The effects of reaction conditions on the graft degree were explored. The results indicate that the MMA monomers can be easily grafted on the surface of silica gel particle by using the method of graft polymerization. During the graft polymerization, the grafted polymer layer is a hindrance to the subsequent graft polymeri

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13

Wang, Qiao, Jin Liang Li, Ai Ping Fu, and Hong Liang Li. "Effect Factors on the Preparation of Polystyrene Microspheres by Emulsifier-Free Emulsion Polymerization." Advanced Materials Research 926-930 (May 2014): 304–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.926-930.304.

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Emulsifier-free emulsion polymerization is a technique derived from conventional emulsion polymerization in which polymerization is carried out in the absence of emulsifiers. This technique is useful for the preparation of polymer colloids with narrow particle size distributions and well defined surface properties. Emulsifier-free emulsion polymerization eliminates the disadvantages of conventional emulsion polymerizations stemming from the use of emulsifiers, e.g. impurities in products caused by residual emulsifier and poor water-resistance of films induced by polymer latex.

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14

Zhang, Fen, Qian Yao, Yanling Niu, et al. "Preparation of polymeric vesicles via redox-initiated RAFT dispersion polymerization." E3S Web of Conferences 438 (2023): 01020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202343801020.

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2-(diisopropylamino) ethyl methacrylate (DIPEMA) and glycidyl methacrylate (GlyMA) were used for the investigation of the redox-initiated reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) dispersion polymerization, by using poly (ethylene oxide)-4-(4-Cyanopentanoic acid) dithiobenzoate (mPEG-CPADB) as the macro-chain-transfer agent (macro-CTA). The particle growth process study indicated that the particles changed from spheres to worms, and then to vesicles during the polymerization process. The degree of polymerization (DP) of the hydrophobic block P(DIPEMA-co-GlyMA) affected the partic

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15

Nestorovic, Gordana, Slobodan Jovanovic, and Katarina Jeremic. "The influence of some factors on the electrical conductivity and particle size of core/shell polystyrene/polyaniline composites." Journal of the Serbian Chemical Society 70, no. 11 (2005): 1263–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/jsc0511263n.

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The electrically conductive, micron-sized, core/shell polystyrene (PS)/polyaniline (PANI) composite particles were synthesized by chemical oxidative polymerization of aniline in the presence of micron-sized PS particles in 1 M HCl. The conditions of the dispersion polymerization of styrene were optimized. The influence of the initiator type employed for the chemical oxidative polymerization of aniline and the aniline (ANI) concentration on the PS/PANI particle size and size distribution and their conductivity was investigated. The obtained results show that the conductivity of the samples incr

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16

Tiwari, Aishwarya. "Calculations of the Average Number of Radicals per Particle in Emulsion Polymerization." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 9, no. VI (2021): 1056–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2021.35189.

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In emulsion polymerization, the free radicals enter the particles intermittently from the aqueous phase. The number of radicals per particleis given by the Smith-Ewart recursion relation which balances the rate of radical entry into, the rate of radical exit from and the rate of radical termination inside the particle. Models for emulsion polymerisation are based on the 0-1 kinetics or the pseudo-bulk kinetics. Small particles, low initiator concentrations and large number of particles favour the 0–1 kinetics, whereas the large particles, high initiator concentrations and small number of parti

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17

Zhang, Ke Hong, Jun Juan Du, Hui Xiao, and Yan Yuan. "Preparation and Characterization of PMAA/SiO₂ Composite Particle Via Emulsion Polymerization." Advanced Materials Research 528 (June 2012): 184–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.528.184.

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Silica gel particle was chemically modified by using 3-methacryloxypropyl trimethoxysilane (KH-570) as coupling agent. Then poly methyl acrylic acid (PMAA) was grafted on the surface of particles MPS-SiO2 with the method of Emulsion Polymerization, and grafting particles PMMA/SiO2 were prepared. The grafting particle PMAA/SiO2 was characterized by using FT-IR, TG and SEM. The experimental results show that the graft polymerization of methyl acrylic acid (MAA) on onto the surface of silica gel particles can successfully realized using the method of “graft from”. During the graft polymerization,

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18

CHOI, H. J., M. S. CHO, and I. S. LEE. "ELECTRORHEOLOGY OF MONODISPERSE CORE/SHELL STRUCTURED PARTICLE SUSPENSIONS." International Journal of Modern Physics B 19, no. 07n09 (2005): 1077–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217979205029882.

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As a novel candidate of electrorheological (ER) material, core/shell composite particles (PAPMMA) of poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) core and polyaniline (PANI) shell were prepared and adopted as a dispersed phase. PAPMMA particles, obtained by a dispersion polymerization method, were spherical and possessed a monodisperse particle size distribution, in which the PANI shell was introduced on the surface of PMMA via an in-situ polymerization of aniline by adding an oxidant in an aqueous acidic solution. Yield stress of the PAPMMA suspensions under an applied electric field was observed to be i

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19

Li, Ming Jue, Ying Yan Diao, and Xi Jun Liu. "Synthesis and Characterization of PBA/aPS Core-Shell Latex Particles." Advanced Materials Research 631-632 (January 2013): 588–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.631-632.588.

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The core-shell structure copolymer of PBA/PS was prepared using pre-emulsion and semi-continues polymerization process. The particle size of core-shell latex and the St conversion of shell monomer were affected by emulsifier, initiator, pH and temperature etc. Meanwhile, the laser particle size analyzer, transmission electron microscope and other test methods were utilized to study latex particle average particle size, size distribution and morphological structure, respectively. The kinetics of polymerization was investigated. Well-defined core-shell structure and narrow particle sizedistribut

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20

Leary, B., and CJ Lyons. "A Novel Composite Polymer Latex Technology." Australian Journal of Chemistry 42, no. 12 (1989): 2055. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ch9892055.

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The physical chemistry involved in the invention and development of a novel aqueous composite polymer latex technology at Dulux Australia is described. The polymerization process employed leads to a latex wherein each particle contains a blend of two or more copolymers. These particles are sterically stabilized by a new class of non-ionic reactive surfactant which results in excellent colloidal stability. A paint based on this technology has been commercialized in the coil coating industry. The particle size distribution of the latex used in this paint is studied before, during and after polym

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21

Saade, Hened, Suleidi Torres, Cynthia Barrera, Julieta Sánchez, Yolanda Garza, and Raúl G. López. "Effect of pH and Monomer Dosing Rate in the Anionic Polymerization of Ethyl Cyanoacrylate in Semicontinuous Operation." International Journal of Polymer Science 2015 (2015): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/827059.

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Nanoparticles of poly(ethyl cyanoacrylate) with more than 10% solids content were prepared by semicontinuous heterophase polymerization at monomer-starved conditions varying the initial pH in the interval of 1–1.75 and at two monomer dosing rates. Measurements by scanning-transmission electron microscopy allowed us to identify an inverse dependence of particle size on pH. Furthermore, all the polymerizations conducted at the slower monomer dosing rate rendered two particle populations, with the larger one formed from the aggregation of a fraction of the smaller particles. It was believed that

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Duan, Yu Feng, and Zhao Xia Fu. "Preparation and Characterization of Magnetic Toner Particles by Direct Polymerization Method." Advanced Materials Research 217-218 (March 2011): 1702–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.217-218.1702.

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In this study a kind of black toner, containing polymer, magnetic iron oxide pigment, and several other additives, was prepared by a suspension polymerization method. The morphology, influence factor of particle size, and glass transition of prepared toner were discussed. SEM image showed that the produced micron-sized particles have a spherical surface and the various chemicals were mixed into monomers during manufacturing of the particles. Discussion about particle formation and stability concluded that the toner particle size related with stabilizer concentration, stirrer speed, and crossli

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Jamari, Siti Khumaira Mohd, Nur Azmah Nordin, Ubaidillah, Siti Aishah Abdul Aziz, Nurhazimah Nazmi, and Saiful Amri Mazlan. "Systematic Review on the Effects, Roles and Methods of Magnetic Particle Coatings in Magnetorheological Materials." Materials 13, no. 23 (2020): 5317. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma13235317.

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Magnetorheological (MR) material is a type of magneto-sensitive smart materials which consists of magnetizable particles dispersed in a carrier medium. Throughout the years, coating on the surface of the magnetic particles has been developed by researchers to enhance the performance of MR materials, which include the improvement of sedimentation stability, enhancement of the interaction between the particles and matrix mediums, and improving rheological properties as well as providing extra protection against oxidative environments. There are a few coating methods that have been employed to gr

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Zhao, Zong Qian, Bu Qin Xu, Gui Long Xu, Yi Wang, and Jian Hu. "Preparation and Characterization of Soap-Free Cationic Polystyrene Microspheres Using a Water Soluble Monomer." Advanced Materials Research 988 (July 2014): 84–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.988.84.

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Soap-free Cationic polystyrene microspheres were prepared by emulsion polymerization using a water soluble monomer Methacrylatoethyl trimethyl ammonium chloride (MADAC). Experimental studies were performed in detail to check the effect of the synthesis process of the microspheres, the MADAC dosage, and initiator dosage on the particle size and distribution. The chemical structure of latex particles was characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The micro-morphology of latex particles were observed by Transmission electron microscope. The results show that different particle size

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Li, Joshua Qing Song, Hai Wang, and Yan Qiu Wang. "Preparation of Silica/Polymer Hybrid Nanoparticles via a Semi-Continuous Soup-Free Emulsion Polymerization." Advanced Materials Research 1120-1121 (July 2015): 233–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1120-1121.233.

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Hybrid nanoparticles were prepared by direct polymerization of methyl methacrylate, vinyl acetate, and styrene monomers onto the unmodified hydrophilic surfaces of 33 nm silica nanoparticles in a semi-continuous soap-free emulsion polymerization at a monomer starved condition. The polymerization was initiated by potassium persulfate with constant monomer feed at 0.01, 0.02, or 0.04 mL/min. The growth of the core-shell nanoparticles were measured by a laser particle size analyzer. FT-IR spectra analysis confirmed the hybrid structures of the synthesized nanoparticles. SEM images and size exclus

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Dong, Jie, Xiang'an Yue, and Jie He. "Template Polymerization of Acrylamide in Ethanol/Water Mixtures." Australian Journal of Chemistry 69, no. 10 (2016): 1149. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ch16189.

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Irregular hollow polyacrylamide (PAAm) particles with the mean diameter varying from 125 to 413 nm were prepared in ethanol/water mixtures by template polymerization using polyvinyl butyral (PVB) microspheres as the template and 2,2′-azobisisobutyronitrile (AIBN) as the initiator. The influence of the solvent composition, monomer concentration, and template concentration on the yield, molecular weight, and particle size of PAAm were investigated. Decreasing the volume ratio of ethanol to water or increasing the monomer concentration can increase the yield, molecular weight, and particle size o

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Wang, Xiaodong, Kai Chen, Ting Kang, and Jie Ouyang. "A Dynamic Coarse Grain Discrete Element Method for Gas-Solid Fluidized Beds by Considering Particle-Group Crushing and Polymerization." Applied Sciences 10, no. 6 (2020): 1943. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10061943.

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The discrete element method (DEM) coupled with computational fluid dynamics (CFD) is used extensively for the numerical simulation of gas-solid fluidized beds. In order to improve the efficiency of this approach, a coarse grain model of the DEM was proposed in the literature. In this model, a group of original particles are treated as a large-sized particle based on the initial particle distribution, and during the whole simulation process the number and components of these particle-groups remain unchanged. However, collisions between particles can lead to frequent crushing and polymerization

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Wang, Gu Qin, and Yang Cui. "Preparation of PVAc/CNT/Carbon Black Composite Particles." Applied Mechanics and Materials 457-458 (October 2013): 262–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.457-458.262.

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Conductive PVAc/CNT/CB composite particles were prepared through emulsion polymerization. To get the good dispersity and chemical reactivity in the polymerization system, CNT was first modified with high concentrated nitric acid and sulfuric acid. And then in the polymerization process CNT and CB were evenly dispersed into the poly (vinyl acetate) matrix and a uniform and stable conductive network was obtained finally. A series of composite particle were prepared by changing the content of CNT. And the resistivity and structure of composite particles were determined by four-probe method and FT

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Li, Hua-Rong, Liming Che, and Zheng-Hong Luo. "Modeling intraparticle transports during propylene polymerizations using supported metallocene and dual function metallocene as catalysts: Single particle model." Chemical Industry and Chemical Engineering Quarterly 20, no. 2 (2014): 249–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/ciceq120722006l.

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Two improved multigrain models (MGMs) for preparing homopolypropylene and long chain branched polypropylene via propylene polymerization using silica-supported metallocene or dual function metallocene as catalysts are presented in this paper. The presented models are used to predict the intraparticle flow fields involved in the polymerizations. The simulation results show that the flow field distributions involve dare basically identical. The results also show that both the two polymerization processes have an initiation stage and the controlling step for them is reaction-diffusion-reaction wi

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Brokken-Zijp, J. C. M., O. L. J. van Asselen, W. E. Kleinjan, R. van de Belt, and G. de With. "Photocatalytic Properties of Tin Oxide and Antimony-Doped Tin Oxide Nanoparticles." Journal of Nanotechnology 2011 (2011): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2011/106254.

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For the first time it is shown that N-doped SnO2nanoparticles photocatalyze directly the polymerization of the C=C bonds of (meth)acrylates under visible light illumination. These radical polymerizations also occur when these particles are doped with Sb and when the surfaces of these particles are grafted with methacrylate (MPS) groups. During irradiation with visible or UV light the position and/or intensity of the plasmon band absorption of these nanoparticles are always changed, suggesting that the polymerization starts by the transfer of an electron from the conduction band of the particle

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Lok, Kar P., and Christopher K. Ober. "Particle size control in dispersion polymerization of polystyrene." Canadian Journal of Chemistry 63, no. 1 (1985): 209–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/v85-033.

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In a dispersion polymerization process, the reaction mixture starts out as a homogeneous solution and the resulting polymer precipitates as spherical particles, stabilized by a steric barrier of dissolved polymer. The final polymer particle size is determined by the inherent polymer aggregation behaviour under a given set of conditions. In the present study styrene polymerization was studied in various solvents using cellulosic derivatives as the steric stabilizer. Some of these solvents in certain combinations allowed the direct preparation of particles in the micron size and their size distr

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Jiménez-Victoria, Ariadna, René D. Peralta-Rodríguez, Enrique Saldívar-Guerra, Gladis Y. Cortez-Mazatán, Lluvia de Abril A. Soriano-Melgar, and Carlos Guerrero-Sánchez. "Emulsion Polymerization Using an Amphiphilic Oligoether Ionic Liquid as a Surfactant." Polymers 14, no. 17 (2022): 3475. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym14173475.

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We investigate the use of an ionic liquid (IL) as a surfactant in emulsion polymerization (EP) reactions. ILs have been proposed as surfactants for micellar dispersions, emulsions, micro-emulsions and suspensions. Thus, it is important to acquire knowledge of the application of ILs in heterogeneous polymerizations. We selected the amphiphile cationic oligoether IoLiLyte C1EG™ as an IL for this purpose and compared its performance to that of the conventional surfactant dodecyl trimethyl ammonium bromide (DTAB) in the EP of methyl methacrylate and styrene. After we found the proper concentration

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Pukird, Tanatcha, Boriphat Methachan, and Thirawudh Pongprayoon. "Electrically Conductive Rubber by Modified Acetylene Black via Admicellar Polymerization." Materials Science Forum 1126 (September 27, 2024): 11–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/p-4cmzen.

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Nowadays, the enhancement of electrical conductivity in natural rubber has been widely studied by incorporating conductive particles with various techniques into rubber latex. Acetylene black is one of the carbon nanoparticles known for its electrical conductivity property. However, its hydrophobicity leads to poor dispersion in rubber latex. Therefore, admicellar polymerization (AP) technique was chosen to modify particle surface without changing the molecular structure. This technique alters surface hydrophobicity by means of coating ultrathin film of polymer onto the particles. Polypyrrole,

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Choi, Hojung, Sanghwa Lee, SeongUk Jeong, Yeon Ki Hong, and Sang Youl Kim. "Synthesis and CO2 Capture of Porous Hydrogel Particles Consisting of Hyperbranched Poly(amidoamine)s." Gels 8, no. 8 (2022): 500. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/gels8080500.

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We successfully synthesized new macroporous hydrogel particles consisting of hyperbranched poly(amidoamine)s (HPAMAM) using the Oil-in-Water-in-Oil (O/W/O) suspension polymerization method at both the 50 mL flask scale and the 5 L reactor scale. The pore sizes and particle sizes were easily tuned by controlling the agitation speeds during the polymerization reaction. Since O/W/O suspension polymerization gives porous architecture to the microparticles, synthesized hydrogel particles having abundant amine groups inside polymers exhibited a high CO2 absorption capacity (104 mg/g) and a fast abso

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Song, Zhigiang, and Gary W. Poehlein. "Particle Formation in Emulsion Polymerization: Transient Particle Concentration." Journal of Macromolecular Science: Part A - Chemistry 25, no. 4 (1988): 403–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222338808053377.

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Gu, Wen Juan, Xiao Hui Zhang, and Jie Li. "Preparation of PVAc Particles by Dispersion Polymerization." Applied Mechanics and Materials 184-185 (June 2012): 1134–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.184-185.1134.

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Highly uniform polyvinylacetate particles of submicron size were prepared by dispersion polymerization in mixed media of isopropanol and water initiated by redox initiator of NaHSO3 and K2S2O8 using poly(N-vinylpyrrolidone) as stabilizer. Monomer conversion was studied gravimetrically. Both the morphology and the size of the particles were measured by TEM. The influences of various polymerization parameters, such as monomer concentration, stabilizer content, on the particle properties were systematically investigated. The PVAc particles synthesized in this research were mono-disperse spheres w

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Suzuki, Kazuya, Takeshi Yumura, Yuko Tanaka, and Mitsuru Akashi. "pH-Responsive Model Drug Release from Silica-Poly(methacrylic acid) Interpenetrating Gel Hybrids." Journal of Bioactive and Compatible Polymers 16, no. 5 (2001): 409–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1106/1h3c-hn3r-ykua-2b29.

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Stimuli-responsive gel was hybridized with porous silica particles, by radical polymerization of methacrylic acid (MA) in the presence of a crosslinker. Brilliant Blue FCF (BBFCF) was encapsulated in the core of the particle and its release behavior from the particle under specific stimuli was studied. PMA gel hybridized silica particles showed specific release behavior at different pH values while normal silica particles released BBFCF at the same rate at all pHs.

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CHERKASHINA, N. I., D. V. PUSHKARSKAYA, D. A. RYZHIKH, and R. A. LYUBUSHKIN. "INFLUENCE OF AQUEOUS AND ALCOHOL ENVIRONMENT ON THE PROCESS OF SUSPENSION POLYMERIZATION OF METHYL METHACRYLATE." Herald of Technological University 27, no. 11 (2024): 46–50. https://doi.org/10.55421/1998-7072_2024_27_11_46.

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In this work, the effect of the chemical properties of liquid media on the process of suspension polymerization of methyl methacrylate and the size of the resulting colloidal particles under the thermal effect of elevated temperatures and physical acceleration of the process are studied. The process of suspension polymerization based on methyl methacrylate is considered in an aqueous medium (H2O) and in an alcohol medium, namely, in ethyl alcohol (CH3CH2OH) under the same parameters: solution heating temperature, pressure, air humidity and ambient temperature in the laboratory. The results of

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Huang, Xianguang, Li Wang, and Wantai Yang. "Preparation of core–shell particles by surface-initiated cycloketyl radical mediated living polymerization." Polymer Chemistry 6, no. 37 (2015): 6664–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5py00703h.

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Core–shell particles were prepared by surface-initiated cycloketyl radical mediated living polymerization, achieving deliberate control over the particle size and uniformity. It has significant potential for industrial application.

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de Arbina, Lourdes López, María J. Barandiaran, Luis M. Gugliotta, and JoséM Asuat. "Emulsion polymerization: particle growth kinetics." Polymer 37, no. 26 (1996): 5907–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0032-3861(96)00444-2.

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Scheff, Talya, Florence Acha, Nathalia Diaz Armas, Sevil Turkoglu, and Jinde Zhang. "Design and Synthesis of Fe3O4-Loaded Polymer Microspheres with Controlled Morphology." Polymers 17, no. 7 (2025): 865. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym17070865.

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A novel approach for synthesizing polymer particles that encapsulate Fe3O4 nanoparticles using γ-ray irradiated mini-emulsion polymerization is presented. To achieve high encapsulation efficiency, the surface properties of Fe3O4 nanoparticles are modified from hydrophilic to hydrophobic, allowing for effective dispersion in the monomer prior to polymerization. Mini-emulsion techniques have proven essential for forming the encapsulated structure and controlling particle size distribution. γ-ray irradiation initiated radical polymerization and solidified the emulsion structure. Characterization

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Elbing, E., AG Parts, CJ Lyons, BAW Coller, and IR Wilson. "Miniemulsions of Vinyl Stearate. II. Light-Scattering Studies During the Polymerization." Australian Journal of Chemistry 42, no. 12 (1989): 2085. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ch9892085.

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The course of the polymerization of vinyl stearate has been followed by dilatometry and by light scattering. Kinetically stable and visually clear or at most opalescent 'miniemulsions' were used to minimize the scattering (otherwise large) by emulsion droplets. Light-scattering results demonstrate that the final particle size of the latexes may be greater or less than that of the emulsion droplets in the starting miniemulsion. This suggests that polymer particles are nucleated from the aqueous (micelle-containing) phase, and grow by transport of vinyl stearate monomer through the aqueous mediu

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Yogo, Toshinobu, Tomoyuki Nakamura, Wataru Sakamoto, and Shin-ichi Hirano. "Synthesis of magnetic particle/organic hybrid from metalorganic compounds." Journal of Materials Research 14, no. 7 (1999): 2855–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/jmr.1999.0381.

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A nanocrystalline magnetic particle/oligomer hybrid was successfully synthesized by polymerization of iron(III) 3-allylacetylacetonate (IAA) followed by in situ hydrolysis. An iron oxide particle/oligomer hybrid was synthesized by hydrolysis of the IAA oligomer under alkaline and reducing conditions by the addition of hydrazine or methylhydrazine. Crystalline particles of approximately 10 nm were found to be dispersed in the oligomeric matrix. The nanocrystalline particles were identified to be iron oxide spinel by x-ray diffraction analysis and electron diffraction. The nanometer-sized ferrim

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Tercki, Dariusz, Beata Orlińska, Dominika Słotwińska, and Marcin Sajdak. "Pickering emulsion polymerization of styrene towards alfa-functionalized polystyrene latex: parameters and process conditions." Polimery 68, no. 4 (2023): 206–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.14314/polimery.2023.4.2.

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Polymerization conditions in the Pickering emulsion of colloidal silica-stabilized polystyrene latex were optimized. The influence of process conditions on various parameters, including particle size and distribution was investigated. Monomodal particles distribution was obtained by conducting the process at a temperature of 80°C in a slightly acidic environment (pH = 5), while maintaining fast monomer conversion. It has been shown that the amount of stabilizer used in the polymerization process affects the rate of polymerization, therefore the temperature of the process should be adjusted to

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Nguyen, Duc, Vien T. Huynh, Algirdas K. Serelis, et al. "Janus particles by simplified RAFT-based emulsion polymerization process for polymer coating." Colloid and Polymer Science 300, no. 4 (2022): 341–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00396-021-04939-x.

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AbstractWe describe a simplified method to synthesize film forming polymer Janus particles by phase separation during RAFT-based free radical emulsion polymerization. Fully crosslinked snowman- or football-shaped polystyrene Janus particles (PSJPs) were first produced in a one-step batch process using amphiphilic triblock macro-RAFT copolymers as stabilizers. Such particles were in turn employed as seeds in a continuous emulsion polymerization in which a monomer mixture of methyl methacrylate (MMA) and butyl acrylate (BA) (1/1 by weight) was constantly injected into the reaction in the presenc

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Y., M. Wu, Q. Yu Y., Y. Li Z., and Y. Shi X. "Morphology and electrokinetic behavior of styrene-2-ethylhexyl acrylate copolymer latex for coatings prepared by two-stage seeded emulsion polymerization." Journal of Indian Chemical Society Vol. 82, Jan 2005 (2005): 63–67. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5824009.

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Department of Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266042, P. R. China <em>E-mail</em>: yuminwu@263.net Fax : 86-0532-4863434 <em>Manuscript received 5 September 2003, revised 1 April 2004, accepted 23 August 2004</em> The styrene (ST)-2-methylhexyl acrylate (EHA) copolymer latexes were synthesized through two-stage seeded emulsion polymerization (TSSEP) technique which were compared with the conventional emulsion polymerization (CEP) technique. The morphologies, particle size and electrokinetic behaviors of TSSEP and CEP latexes were studied through tra

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Kim, Taeyoon, Joo-Hyun Song, Jong-Ho Back, et al. "Flame Retardant Submicron Particles via Surfactant-Free RAFT Emulsion Polymerization of Styrene Derivatives Containing Phosphorous." Polymers 12, no. 6 (2020): 1244. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym12061244.

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The reversible addition–fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) emulsion polymerization of diethyl-(4-vinylbenzyl) phosphate (DEVBP) was performed using PEG-TTC as a macro RAFT agent. PEG-TTC (MW 2000, 4000) was synthesized by the esterification of poly (ethylene glycol) methyl ether with a carboxylic-terminated RAFT agent, composed a hydrophilic poly (ethylene glycol) (PEG) block and a hydrophobic dodecyl chain. The RAFT emulsion polymerization of DEVBP was well–controlled with a narrow molecular size distribution. Dynamic light scattering and confocal laser scanning microscopy were used to exami

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Choo, Hun Seung, and Ki Chang Lee. "Preparation of Poly[Styrene(ST)-co-Allyloxy-2-Hydroxypropane Sulfonic Acid Sodium Salt(COPS-I)] Colloidal Crystalline Photonic Crystals." Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology 15, no. 10 (2015): 7685–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jnn.2015.11173.

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Colloidal crystalline photonic crystals using highly monodisperse poly[Styrene(ST)-co-Allyloxy-2- hydroxypropane sulfonic acid sodium salt(COPS-I)] microspheres were prepared to study their optical properties under visible light. For this purpose, a series of surfactant-free emulsion copolymerizations was carried out at various reaction conditions such as the changes of ST/COPS-I ratio, polymerization temperature, KPS initiator and DVB crosslinker concentration. All the latices showed highly uniform spherical particles in the size range of 165∼550 nm and the respective opaline structural color

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Lu, Hua Sheng, Zhong Xiao Li, Yu Guang Feng, and Jia Ling Pu. "Preparation and Properties of Anionic Polymer Emulsion in the Presence of a Reactive Surfactant." Applied Mechanics and Materials 262 (December 2012): 430–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.262.430.

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Stable polymer emulsion derived from Butyl Methacrylate (BMA), 4-vinyl pyridine (4-VP), vinylidene chloride (VDC) and divinylbenzene (DVB) with different size and distribution were prepared through soapless emulsion polymerization by using a reactive surfactant and a redox initiator. The influences of the quality ratio of the reactive surfactant to the monomers and the dosages of the cross-linking agent on the stability and thermal properties of the emulsion were studied. The obtained polymer nano-particles have higher ξ potential, and the particle sizes have narrow distribution. This polymeri

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Sarker, P., J. R. Ebdon, S. Rimmer, M. A. J. Miah, and H. Ahmad. "Synthesis Kinetics of Polymer / Copolymer Latexes via Radical Ring-Opening Emulsion Polymerization of Vinylcyclopropane." Journal of Scientific Research 8, no. 3 (2016): 463–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jsr.v8i3.28183.

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Radical emulsion polymerization of 1,1-bis(ethoxycarbonyl)-2-vinylcyclopropane (ECVCP) was examined in the presence of potassium persulfate (KPS) as an initiator. ECVCP underwent both emulsifier-in emulsion and emulsifier-free emulsion polymerizations to afford the ring-opened polymer in good yields. The copolymerization efficiency of this monomer was also evaluated with methyl methacrylate (MMA) and butyl methacrylate (BMA) as comonomers under the same reaction conditions. The emulsion copolymerization of ECVCP with a relatively hydrophobic monomer, lauryl methacrylate (LMA) was also investig

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