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Journal articles on the topic 'Phoenicians'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 25 July 2025

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1

Vella, Nicholas. "Elusive Phoenicians." Antiquity 70, no. 268 (1996): 245–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003598x00083241.

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One hundred and thirty-two years after a first survey of their archaeology appeared, the Phoenicians remain the forgotten people of the ancient Mediterranean world. The October 1995 Cádiz conference provides occasion to review Phoenician studies then and now.

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2

Orehowskyi, Wadym. "PHINICIAN CIVILIZATION AS AN EXAMPLE OF THALASSOCRACY IN THE ANCIENT MEDITERRANEAN." BULLETIN OF CHERNIVTSI INSTITUTE OF TRADE AND ECONOMICS II, no. 82 (2021): 14–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.34025/2310-8185-2021-2.82.01.

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The article is devoted to the disclosure and characterization of the main directions of trade and colonization activity of the population of ancient Phoenicia. The author notes that it was the Phoenicians who created a type of civilization in the Mediterranean called thalassocracy. It was characterized by a focus of economic, political and cultural life on activities related in one way or another to the sea, shipping and trade. The reason for this, as noted in the article was a small area of the country, which was unable to feed the entire population. Therefore, the Phoenicians were forced to

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3

Mathys, Hans-Peter. "Phönizier und Geldbeutel." Biblische Zeitschrift 62, no. 2 (2018): 222–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.30965/25890468-06202002.

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Die fremde Frau von Spr 7 ist wie ihr Mann, der mit großer Wahrscheinlichkeit im internationalen Fernhandel tätig ist, eine Phönizierin oder pflegt doch einen phönizischen „way of life“. Dafür sprechen neben der Tatsache, dass in nachexilischer Zeit in Jehud und Samaria der Handel vor allem in der Hand der Phönizier lag, Ausdrücke, die eindeutig in die Levante weisen: marbaddīm, „Decken“, kesä’ „Neumondtag“ sowie zibḥē šelāmīm „Heilsopfer“. Auch der Geldbeutel, den der Mann der fremden Frau bei sich trägt, weist in diese Richtung: Seit dem 4. Jh. v.Chr. – und zum Teil bis in die Gegenwart – ge

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4

Sebastian Müller, Sebastian Müller. "Mediators and Enablers: The Impact of Phoenicians in Andalusia, Sicily, and Jerusalem." Korea Association of World History and Culture 73 (December 31, 2024): 267–95. https://doi.org/10.32961/jwhc.2024.12.73.267.

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The beginning of the Iron Age in the Mediterranean in the first half of the first millennium BCE is a transition period in many ways. Among others, Phoenician seafarers started their explorations and built a network of trade and communication across the entire Mediterranean Sea and beyond. The present article reviews and discusses the presence of Phoenician people and their impact on the local communities in three different Mediterranean places during the Iron Age, namely the city of Jerusalem in the east, the island of Sicily in the center and the region of Andalusia in the west of the Medite

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Pereira, Ronaldo G. Gurgel. "A database for the Aegyptiaca from the Iberian SW: Colonial Encounters and the ‘Mediterranization’ of the Atlantic Iberian Societies (8th to 5th centuries BC)." Revista do Museu de Arqueologia e Etnologia, no. 33 (December 12, 2019): 28–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.11606/issn.2448-1750.revmae.2019.169403.

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A preliminary study on the aegyptiaca in the Iberian Peninsula. It aims to understand the usages of Egyptian and ‘egyptianised’ material by Phoenicians and natives in the territory. Since such a thematic lacks consistent knowledge, it is interesting to propose new perspectives, by combining the Southwest part of the Peninsula.Thus, this paper aims to deal with the relationship between Phoenician traders and settlers with Celtic-speaking native tribes, throughout the study of material culture. It focuses the regions of Phoenician presence in Spanish Andalusia and Estremadura, plus the Portugues

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6

Eshel, Tzilla, Yigal Erel, Naama Yahalom-Mack, Ofir Tirosh, and Ayelet Gilboa. "Lead isotopes in silver reveal earliest Phoenician quest for metals in the west Mediterranean." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 116, no. 13 (2019): 6007–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1817951116.

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When and why did the Phoenicians initiate long-term connections between the Levant and western Europe? This is one of the most hotly debated questions in ancient Mediterranean history and cultural research. In this study, we use silver to answer this question, presenting the largest dataset of chemical and isotopic analyses of silver items from silver hoards found in Phoenician homeland sites. Intertwining lead isotope analysis of silver items with precise archaeological context and chronology, we provide analytical evidence for the onset of Phoenician westward expansion. We suggest that the q

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7

Zeman-Wiśniewska, Katarzyna. "Cypriot Phoenicians and their cultural identity." Saeculum Christianum 1, no. 30 (2023): 5–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.21697/sc.2023.30.1.1.

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Phoenician identity is associated with a strong sense of belonging to the city-state; in the case of Cyprus, it is especially Kition, where the “Phoenician” ruling dynasty can be recognised. Another distinctive feature is the Phoenician language and alphabetic writing, with numerous examples of inscriptions found on the island. The third one is religion and cult, with deities bearing Phoenician names, but apparently syncretised with both their Hellenic counterparts and local traditions. For about a century after the death of the last king of Kition the community, which we identify as Cypriot P

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8

Garbati, Giuseppe. "Divine Connections: Case Studies in the Phoenician Context." Journal of Eastern Mediterranean Archaeology and Heritage Studies 11, no. 2-3 (2023): 192–208. http://dx.doi.org/10.5325/jeasmedarcherstu.11.2-3.0192.

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ABSTRACT The present contribution examines relations between deities in the Phoenician context. Its principal aim is to reconstruct some of the ways in which the Phoenicians conceived of the divine dimension, its protagonists, and the connections between them.

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9

Edrey, Meir. "Achaemenid / Early Zoroastrian Influences on Phoenician Cultic Practices during the Persian Period." Journal of Eastern Mediterranean Archaeology and Heritage Studies 11, no. 2-3 (2023): 209–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.5325/jeasmedarcherstu.11.2-3.0209.

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ABSTRACT The Achaemenid rule is often perceived by modern scholars as religiously tolerant and nonintrusive, mainly due to the biblical narrative and the Cyrus decree. However, even if the Achaemenids did not impose their beliefs and religious ideology on their subordinates, Achaemenid and Zoroastrian influences seem to have seeped into the religion and cultic practices of peoples under their hegemony. In the southern Levant, dramatic changes to Phoenician cult practices occurred during the Persian period, some of which are consistent with principles of the Zoroastrian faith. Although written

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10

MacDonald, David. "Overstruck sigloi of Azbaal and Baalmelek II of Kition." KOINON: The International Journal of Classical Numismatic Studies 3 (January 1, 2020): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.32028/k.v3i.1127.

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After the Persian conquest of the Babylonian Kingdom in 539 BC, the Phoenicians submitted readily to the Persians. The Persian Empire united the Near East and provided relatively stable, equitable, and tolerant government, all good for commerce, and the importance of Phoenician naval power to the Persians guaranteed that the Phoenician cities enjoyed a favored position within the Persian Empire. Such considerations far outweighed the dubious and dangerous attractions of political independence.

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11

Rodríguez-Ariza, María Oliva, José Luis López Castro, Imed Ben Jerbania, et al. "Long-term human impact and forest management in the Phoenician and Roman city of Utica (Tunisia) (900 BC−500 AD)." Holocene 31, no. 6 (2021): 943–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0959683621994646.

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Human Colonization of new lands implied historically the diffusion of new plant species and the exploitation of local plant resources and forests by human communities. Phoenician colonization in the 1st millennium BC had important consequences in Mediterranean agriculture and the exploitation of vegetation in colonized areas. Later, Roman agriculture introduced new changes. The anthracological analysis or charcoal analysis of the archaeological record of the site of Utica can inform us about the long term transformations in vegetation in North Africa. The original vegetation, consisting mainly

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12

Lupașcu, Silviu. "The Language of Life." Analele Universităţii "Dunărea de Jos" din Galaţi Fascicula XIX Istorie 4 (October 31, 2005): 313–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.35219/history.2005.16.

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The ancient Phoenician sacrificial practices unveil a primordial ritual order which seems to include in its cultic codes initial elemets of the proto- Hellenic and proto-Semitic sacrificial traditions. Called kena‘ani or Canaanites, a word which was adopted as kinahna in Akkadian, the Phoenicians moved into the area of modern Lebanon around 3000 BC, at the beginning of the Early Bronze Age, centuries before Sargon of Akkad and Naram-sin, his grandson, founded in Mesopotamia, in the region where the Tigris and the Euphrates are closest to each other, the city of Agade and the first empire in hi

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13

Pratt, Catherine E. "Minor Transnationalism in the Prehistoric Aegean? The Case of Phoenicians on Crete in the Early Iron Age." Diaspora: A Journal of Transnational Studies 18, no. 3 (2015): 305–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.3138/diaspora.18.3.305.

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The study of population movements and cultural interaction, both large- and small-scale, has been increasingly important for understanding past societies and the archaeological remains of their material culture. As the result of long-term social and ideological practices in life and death, consumption and deposition patterns in the archaeological record are essential for viewing changes in cultural identities brought about by contact with other groups. In the Early Iron Age, groups of people we call “Phoenicians” set forth to various regions around the Mediterranean Sea and established predomi

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14

Segert, Stanislav, and Sabatino Moscati. "The Phoenicians." Journal of the American Oriental Society 111, no. 4 (1991): 811. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/603427.

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15

Treumann-Watkins, Brigette. "Phoenicians in Spain." Biblical Archaeologist 55, no. 1 (1992): 29–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3210238.

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16

Wachsmann, Shelley. "Book Review: Phoenicians." International Journal of Maritime History 12, no. 2 (2000): 233–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/084387140001200219.

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17

Vella, Nicholas C. "Israelites and Phoenicians." Antiquity 74, no. 285 (2000): 728–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003598x00060142.

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18

Bikai, Patricia Maynor. "Cyprus and the Phoenicians." Biblical Archaeologist 52, no. 4 (1989): 203–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3210137.

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19

Markoe, Glenn E. "The Phoenicians. Sabatino Moscati." Biblical Archaeologist 55, no. 1 (1992): 43–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3210241.

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20

Hasegawa, Shuichi. "Canaanites, Phoenicians and Israelites." Hebrew Bible and Ancient Israel 11, no. 2 (2022): 177. http://dx.doi.org/10.1628/hebai-2022-0027.

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21

Shaw, Joseph W. "Phoenicians in Southern Crete." American Journal of Archaeology 93, no. 2 (1989): 165. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/505085.

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22

PENHALLURICK, R. D. "That's enough Phoenicians-ed." Geology Today 10, no. 2 (1994): 55–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2451.1994.tb00865.x.

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23

Miguel Gascón, Eva, Jaume Buxeda i Garrigós, Peter M. Day, and David Garcia i Rubert. "Phoenician Pottery in the Western Mediterranean: A New Perspective Based on the Early Iron Age (800–550 BC) Settlement of Sant Jaume (Alcanar, Catalonia)." Applied Sciences 13, no. 6 (2023): 3733. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app13063733.

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One of the most important reception sites for Phoenician pottery imports in the NE Iberian Peninsula is the Early Iron Age (800–550 BC) settlement of Sant Jaume. This site is exceptional in terms of preservation and the large number of complete vessels recovered. Moreover, the ceramic assemblage comprises one of the best collections of the earliest wheel-thrown pottery that is considered evidence of trade from the western Phoenician colonies and their specific interest in exploiting metallurgical resources. In this research, a sample of 58 individuals of wheel-thrown pottery has been analysed

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24

Botto, Massimo. "PRODUZIONE E CONSUMO SOCIALE DEL VINO IN OCCIDENTE: L’APPORTO DEI FENICI." Vicino Oriente 28 (2024): 127–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.53131/vo2724-587x2024_10.

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The aim of the contribution is to verify the role played by the Phoenicians in the spread of the cultivation of the vine and the production and social consumption of wine in the central-western basin of the Mediterranean and on the Atlantic coasts of the Iberian Peninsula since the beginning of the first millennium BC. Starting from the most significant archaeological contexts and with the help of archaeometric analysis, the fundamental stages that led the Phoenicians to make this precious food known in the West will be reconstructed. The focus will be on Sardinia –the nodal area of the commer

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25

Xella, Paolo, Josephine Quinn, Valentina Melchiorri, and Peter van Dommelen. "Cemetery or sacrifice? Infant burials at the Carthage Tophet." Antiquity 87, no. 338 (2013): 1199–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003598x00049966.

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Even if the foundation, rise and eventual demise of Carthage and its overseas territories in the West Mediterranean occurred in much the same space and time as the glory days of Archaic, Classical and Hellenistic Greece and Rome, there is no doubt that the Phoenicians and their Punic successors (to use the conventional terms) have rarely been regarded as fully signed-up members of the ancient world. Reduced to walk-on cameos as skilled silversmiths, agricultural experts, shrewd traders or military strategists, Phoenician and Punic representations tend to be rather stereotypical (Prag 2010, wit

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26

Bikai, Patricia Maynor. "Black Athena and the Phoenicians." Journal of Mediterranean Archaeology 3, no. 1 (2016): 67–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1558/jmea.v3i1.29840.

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27

PETRARIU, Iulia. "Greeks, Phoenicians and the alphabet." STUDIA ANTIQUA ET ARCHAEOLOGICA 19 (2013): 189–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.47743/saa-2013-19-9.

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The invention of the alphabet is still a problem for the contemporary historiography, archaeology and linguistics. This study emphasizes some of the most important aspects of this process. After a critical review of the most important theories, the author takes into consideration the issue of the author and the reason of inventing the vowels. The latter is presented here as a linguistic necessity.

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28

Kaizer, Ted. "LUCIAN ON THE TEMPLE AT HELIOPOLIS." Classical Quarterly 66, no. 1 (2016): 273–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0009838816000094.

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This paper focusses on two lines in what counts as our best available literary source for the study of religious life in the Roman Near East. In paragraph 5 of Περὶ τῆς Συρίης Θεοῦ (On the Syrian Goddess), a treatise professing to describe the temple and cult at Hierapolis, a place in northern Syria also known by its indigenous names of Manbog or Bambyce, the author writes:ἔχουσι δὲ καὶ ἄλλο Φοίνικες ἱρόν, οὐκ Ἀσσύριον ἀλλ’ Αἰγύπτιον, τὸ ἐξ Ἡλίου πόλιος ἐς τὴν Φοινίκην ἀπίκετο. ἐγὼ μέν μιν οὐκ ὄπωπα, μέγα δὲ καὶ τόδε καὶ ἀρχαῖόν ἐστιν.The Phoenicians have another temple, not Assyrian, but Egyp

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29

Krueger, Michał. "Sebastián Celestino, Carolina López-Ruiz Tartessos and the Phoenicians in Iberia, Oxford University Press, 2016." Folia Praehistorica Posnaniensia 22 (July 31, 2018): 307–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.14746/fpp.2017.22.14.

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30

Eshel, Tzilla, Ofir Tirosh, Naama Yahalom-Mack, Ayelet Gilboa, and Yigal Erel. "Silver Isotopes in Silver Suggest Phoenician Innovation in Metal Production." Applied Sciences 12, no. 2 (2022): 741. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app12020741.

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The current study presents Ag isotopic values of 45 silver artifacts with known Pb isotopic composition from the Southern Levant. These items originate from seven pre-coinage silver hoards, dating from the Middle Bronze Age IIC to the end of the Iron Age (~1650–600 BCE). These are the earliest silver artifacts analyzed for Ag isotopes; all former studies were performed on coins. All the sampled silver in this study contains relatively unfractionated Ag (−2 ≤ ε109Ag ≤ 1.5) that was more likely produced from hypogene, primary Ag-bearing minerals (e.g., galena and jarosite) and not from native, s

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31

Bikai, Patricia M. "Suggested Readings: The Phoenicians: A Bibliography." Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research 279 (August 1990): 65–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/basor1357209.

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32

Burman and Boyes. "When the Phoenicians Were Swedish: Rudbeck's <em>Atlantica</em> and Phoenician Studies." Journal of the American Oriental Society 141, no. 4 (2021): 749. http://dx.doi.org/10.7817/jameroriesoci.141.4.0749.

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33

Gomes, Cláudia, Carlos González Wagner, Manuel Calero-Fresneda, et al. "Maternal Lineages during the Roman Empire, in the Ancient City of Gadir (Cádiz, Spain): The Search for a Phoenician Identity." Genealogy 7, no. 2 (2023): 27. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/genealogy7020027.

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Phoenicians were probably the first eastern Mediterranean population to establish long-distance connections with the West, namely the Iberian Peninsula, from the final Bronze to the early Iron Age. For a long time, these colonies all over the Mediterranean Sea directly depended on an important city administration, Gadir, the most important metropolis in the Western Mediterranean. Modern archaeological excavations were discovered in Cadiz (Spain), the ancient city of Gadir, as well as possible Phoenician burial places. The purpose of the present work is the molecular study of 16 individuals, (V

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34

Forajter, Wacław. "Fenicjanie a sprawa polska. Problemy reprezentacji w „Faraonie” Bolesława Prusa." Wielogłos, no. 1 (47) (July 2021): 47–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.4467/2084395xwi.21.003.13578.

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[Phoenicians and the Polish Cause. Problems of Representationin Bolesław Prus’s Faraon] This article proposes to reflect on selected paradoxes of representation in Bolesław Prus’s novel Faraon [The Pharaoh]. First of all, the author discusses the validity of the notions of “truth” / “falsehood” in literary studies and proves that there is no reason for applying them to fiction. Then, he focuses on the depiction of the uncanny magician Beroes and his actions, which transgress realistic standards of probability. Finally, the author argues that the analogy between the novel’s fictional Phoenician

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35

Sullivan, Benjamin M. "In the Shadow of Phoenicia: North Syria and ‘Palestinian Syria’ in Herodotus." Journal of Hellenic Studies 138 (2018): 67–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0075426918000058.

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AbstractScrutiny of Herodotus’ ethnographic accounts of northern Syria and the region he calls ‘Palestinian Syria’ reveals oddities and inconsistencies. Here it is argued that such problems may be resolved if a fundamental fact is recognized: the enormous early literary prestige of the Phoenicians has obscured the historical roles of these other peoples in the Histories. The character and extent of this process, specifically as it bears on Syria-Palestine during Iron Age II, is analysed here. It is hoped that a new appreciation of the Syrians as an ethnicity may be gained as a result. It is su

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36

Killebrew, Ann E. "The History and Archaeology of Phoenicia; Phoenician Identity in Context: Material Cultural Koiné in the Iron Age Levant; and Phoenicians and the Making of the Mediterranean." Journal of Eastern Mediterranean Archaeology and Heritage Studies 11, no. 2-3 (2023): 366–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.5325/jeasmedarcherstu.11.2-3.0366.

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37

Yuyen, Chang. "The Imagined Phoenicians in Homer"s Odyssey." Tamkang review 47, Nо. 1 (2016): 41–62.

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Schaper, Joachim. "The Phoenicians, written by Vadim S. Jigoulov." Vetus Testamentum 72, no. 1 (2022): 170–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15685330-00001147-04.

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Polzer, Mark E. "Book Review: In Search of the Phoenicians." International Journal of Maritime History 32, no. 3 (2020): 778–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0843871420944628i.

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Crawford, Cory. "Phoenicians and the Making of the Mediterranean." Mediterranean Studies 31, no. 2 (2023): 248–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.5325/mediterraneanstu.31.2.0248.

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Cassar, Carmel. "Malta and the study of Arabic in the sixteenth to the nineteenth centuries." Turkish Historical Review 2, no. 2 (2011): 125–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/187754611x603083.

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AbstractThe Holy See became aware of the potential evangelising role of the Maltese in Ottoman lands at least from the mid-sixteenth century. This had much to do with Malta's geographical proximity to North Africa, coupled with the ability of the Maltese to speak a native Semitic language, believed to be close to Arabic, while at the same time being fervently Catholic Christians. Malta was singled out for this role mainly because the majority of Levantine Christian communities, then largely under Ottoman rule, were known to speak some form of Arabic. The combination of these factors appeared t

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Hodos, Tamar. "Colonial Engagements in the Global Mediterranean Iron Age." Cambridge Archaeological Journal 19, no. 2 (2009): 221–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0959774309000286.

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The application of globalization theory to colonial contexts in recent years has emphasized articulations of the colonized and the colonizers. For the Mediterranean Iron Age, focus has been upon expressions of local (colonized) identities, and of regional variabilities of the overseas Greeks and Phoenicians; any attention to the engagements that the Greeks and Phoenicians had with one another during this time has been solely contrapositive in the framing of arguments. The present study examines the background to this circumstance before addressing specifically the engagement between these glob

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Moricca, Claudia. "FOOD PLANTS IN THE PHOENICIAN-PUNIC WORLD AND AT MOTYA." Vicino Oriente 28 (2024): 145–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.53131/vo2724-587x2024_11.

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Archaeobotany allows to reconstruct Phoenicians’ plant use and the impact they had on the surrounding environment. A case study is represented by the site of Motya, where information was obtained concerning edible plants, cultivation, and crop processing

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Gilboa, Ayelet. "Sea Peoples and Phoenicians along the Southern Phoenician Coast: A Reconciliation: An Interpretation of Šikila (SKL) Material Culture." Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research 337 (February 2005): 47–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/basor25066874.

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Pour, Shayan Teimoor. "Navigational Insights during the Reign of Cyrus the Great: A Comprehensive Examination Based on Archaeological Findings Such as Clay Tablets, Reliefs, and an Analysis of Historical and Literary Texts." International Journal of Religion 5, no. 12 (2024): 1091–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.61707/tsnyt857.

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One of the earliest indications of Iranian navigation during the Achaemenid period is a relief found in the audience hall of Cyrus the Great in Pasargadae, bearing the appellation “God of Water and Sea.” The primary focus of this article is to investigate whether navigation and maritime activities during the reign of Cyrus the Great were influenced by and expanded upon Phoenician techniques and Mesopotamian regions. Prior studies have generally taken a historical and overarching approach to this subject. Since complete trust cannot be placed in historical references and texts, and given the ex

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Vella, Horatio Caesar Roger. "The Islands of Malta and Gozo in Greek and Roman History and Literature." Literatūra 63, no. 3 (2021): 58–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.15388/litera.2021.3.4.

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Malta, Gozo and Comino, the Thrinacia of Homer and the Melitē, Phoebe and Lampas of Scylax, form an archipelago in the centre of the Mediterranean Sea inhabited by both Phoenicians and Greeks before the coming of the Romans to those islands. Many geographers mention them, but other authors refer to their importance as places of production of textiles and other natural goods like oil and honey. Of particular importance was the site of the temple of Juno and Hercules known to Phoenicians, Greeks, Romans as well as to Numidians. Malta and Gozo were also praised for their good harbors and stone. T

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Sami, Bachir. "The Global Culture Paradox: Starbucks HR Adaptation The Lebanese Experience." International Journal of Management Sciences and Business Research 09, no. 09 (2020): 65–75. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4979063.

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<em>Globalized business expansions are continuously reducing international trade barriers. “Neo-Phoenicians”, which refers to world-wide traders or global multinationals, became more attentive to cultural diversities when bringing their products to shore or when applying human resource management practices. Neo-Phoenicians became aware that to be operationally effective in foreign markets, national cultures should be addressed. This is in contrast to the Universalistic approach in which the 'best practices' concerning the wide range of human resources (HR) issues are seen a

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Nicolau Kormikiari, Maria Cristina. "Phoenicians in the Mediterranean: diversified forms of contact." Cadernos do LEPAARQ (UFPEL) 15, no. 29 (2018): 186. http://dx.doi.org/10.15210/lepaarq.v15i29.13843.

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Abstract:

In this article we approach the most recent developments on the research regarding the Phoenicians, a people who inhabited the coastal plains of eastern Mediterranean. We also approach the developments regarding their territorial expansion, especially towards the very opposite region in relation to their homeland: the western shores of the Mediterranean. We also discuss the pertinence of the use of such concepts as pre-colonization and colonization and present the position of some archaeologists drawn out of the Post-Colonial Theories.

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Demetriou, Denise. "Josephine Crawley Quinn. In Search of the Phoenicians." American Historical Review 124, no. 1 (2019): 181–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ahr/rhy431.

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Kiely, Thomas. "A Short History of the Phoenicians/In Search of the Phoenicians. Miriam S. Balmuth Lectures in Ancient History and Archaeology." Levant 50, no. 1 (2018): 117–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00758914.2018.1560707.

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