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1

Armstrong, Anna. "Polar low-down." Nature Geoscience 3, no. 10 (2010): 669. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ngeo978.

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2

Montgomery, Michael T., and Brian F. Farrell. "Polar Low Dynamics." Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences 49, no. 24 (1992): 2484–505. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(1992)049<2484:pld>2.0.co;2.

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3

Heinemann, Günther, Chantal Claud, and Thomas Spengler. "Polar Low Workshop." Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 100, no. 2 (2019): ES89—ES92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/bams-d-18-0103.1.

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4

Gozzi, Francisco J. "Low dimensional polar actions." Geometriae Dedicata 175, no. 1 (2014): 219–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10711-014-0037-5.

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5

Spengler, Thomas, Chantal Claud, and Günther Heinemann. "Polar Low Workshop Summary." Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 98, no. 6 (2017): ES139—ES142. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/bams-d-16-0207.1.

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6

Lejenäs, Harald. "Polar Low Special Issue." Tellus A: Dynamic Meteorology and Oceanography 37, no. 5 (1985): 393. http://dx.doi.org/10.3402/tellusa.v37i5.11682.

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7

Giard, Pascal, Gabi Sarkis, Camille Leroux, Claude Thibeault, and Warren J. Gross. "Low-Latency Software Polar Decoders." Journal of Signal Processing Systems 90, no. 5 (2016): 761–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11265-016-1157-y.

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8

Lejenäs, Harald. "Polar Low Special Issue II." Tellus A: Dynamic Meteorology and Oceanography 39, no. 4 (1987): 271. http://dx.doi.org/10.3402/tellusa.v39i4.11760.

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9

Prichard, Bob. "A late October polar low." Weather 64, no. 10 (2009): 270–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/wea.437.

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10

Furevik, Birgitte Rugaard, Harald Schyberg, Gunnar Noer, Frank Tveter, and Johannes Röhrs. "ASAR and ASCAT in Polar Low Situations." Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology 32, no. 4 (2015): 783–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jtech-d-14-00154.1.

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AbstractForecasting and monitoring polar lows are, to a large degree, based on satellite observations from passive radiometers and from scatterometer winds in addition to synoptic observations and numerical models. Synthetic aperture radar (SAR) brings higher resolution compared to other remotely sensed sources of ocean wind, such as scatterometer data and passive microwave wind products. The added information in polar low situations from SAR and the increased-resolution scatterometer wind fields are investigated. Statistically, higher variability in the MetOp Advanced Scatterometer (ASCAT) wi
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11

Sung, T. H., J. C. Huang, and H. C. Chen. "Mechanical response of polar/non-polar ZnO under low dimensional stress." Applied Physics Letters 102, no. 24 (2013): 241901. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4811554.

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12

Trudgeon, Benjamin, Markus Dieser, Narayanaganesh Balasubramanian, Mitch Messmer, and Christine M. Foreman. "Low-Temperature Biosurfactants from Polar Microbes." Microorganisms 8, no. 8 (2020): 1183. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms8081183.

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Surfactants, both synthetic and natural, are used in a wide range of industrial applications, including the degradation of petroleum hydrocarbons. Organisms from extreme environments are well-adapted to the harsh conditions and represent an exciting avenue of discovery of naturally occurring biosurfactants, yet microorganisms from cold environments have been largely overlooked for their biotechnological potential as biosurfactant producers. In this study, four cold-adapted bacterial isolates from Antarctica are investigated for their ability to produce biosurfactants. Here we report on the phy
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13

Warner, B., and D. O'Donoghue. "V2051 Ophiuchi: a low-field polar?" Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 224, no. 3 (1987): 733–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/mnras/224.3.733.

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14

Orimolade, Adekunle Peter, Ove Tobias Gudmestad, and Lise Eide Wold. "Vessel stability in polar low situations." Ships and Offshore Structures 12, sup1 (2016): S82—S87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17445302.2016.1259954.

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15

Rezaei, Hossein, Nandana Rajatheva, and Matti Latva-Aho. "Low-Latency Multi-Kernel Polar Decoders." IEEE Access 10 (2022): 119460–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/access.2022.3221742.

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16

Sergeev, Denis, Ian A. Renfrew, and Thomas Spengler. "Modification of Polar Low Development by Orography and Sea Ice." Monthly Weather Review 146, no. 10 (2018): 3325–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/mwr-d-18-0086.1.

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ABSTRACTThe life cycles of intense high-latitude mesoscale cyclones and polar lows are strongly shaped by their ambient environments. This study focuses on the influence of the orography of Svalbard and the sea ice cover in the Norwegian and Barents Seas on polar low development. We investigate two typical polar lows that formed near Svalbard during northerly cold-air outbreaks. Each case is simulated using the Met Office Unified Model with convection-permitting grid spacing. A series of sensitivity experiments is conducted with an artificially changed land mask, orography, and sea ice distrib
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17

Al-Sarihi, A., A. Zeinijahromi, and P. Bedrikovetsky. "Low-salinity waterflooding in non-polar oil." APPEA Journal 58, no. 2 (2018): 660. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj17192.

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Enhanced oil recovery by low-salinity waterflooding is considered to have positive results only when polar components exist in oil. This study shows that low-salinity brine can result in incremental recovery for non-polar oil through fines-assisted waterflooding. Despite the traditional view of fines migration that it should be avoided because of its detrimental effect on reservoir permeability, this work shows that permeability decline is a main mechanism in the low-salinity effect on non-polar oil. Laboratory coreflood tests were performed on a clay-rich Berea outcrop core and a clean sand c
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18

Giard, Pascal, Alexios Balatsoukas-Stimming, Gabi Sarkis, Claude Thibeault, and Warren J. Gross. "Fast Low-Complexity Decoders for Low-Rate Polar Codes." Journal of Signal Processing Systems 90, no. 5 (2016): 675–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11265-016-1173-y.

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19

Ouni, O., N. Derbel, N. Jaïdane, and M. F. Ruiz-López. "The K+ hydration shell structure in non-polar and low-polar environments." Computational and Theoretical Chemistry 990 (June 2012): 209–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.comptc.2011.10.008.

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20

Silva, Lilian Marques, Roberto R. Lima, Alexsander T. Carvalho, Maria Lucia Pereira Silva, Joana Catarina Madaleno, and Luiz Pereira. "Low Cost Microstructures for Preconcentration of Polar and Non-Polar Organic Compounds." Materials Science Forum 514-516 (May 2006): 1250–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.514-516.1250.

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Films produced by plasma polymerization of ethyl ether and methyl or ethyl acetate show good adsorption characteristic for polar and non-polar organic compounds. These films when used in microchannels machined in a 3D-structure present some preconcentration of organic compounds. Therefore, the aim of this work is to investigate the physical-chemical preconcentration mechanisms on this structure. The test molecules used were n-hexane and 2-propanol. Quartz crystal microbalance and mass spectrometry were used to measure preconcentration. Two different procedures for reactant injection on the str
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21

Patrick, Chris. "New class of polar metals provide polar distortion with low electrical resistivity." Scilight 2019, no. 51 (2019): 511101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/10.0000385.

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22

Idrees, Shenwar A., Lawand L. Mustafa, and Sabah S. Saleem. "Improvement Viscosity Index of Lubricating Engine Oil Using Low Molecular Weight Compounds." Science Journal of University of Zakho 7, no. 1 (2019): 14–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.25271/sjuoz.2019.7.1.572.

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the effect of polarity of solvent on the viscosity and viscosity index of lubricating engine oil has been studied using ethanol as an example of polar solvent and toluene as an example of non-polar solvent at different solvent ratios and ambient temperature and additionally other experiments have been done at five different temperatures including 100 oC. So that, the activation energy of viscous flow (Ea) was calculated, and for this purpose Arrhenius viscosity-temperature dependence has been applied and the results were 42.128, 29.256 and 35.417KJ/mole for lubricating engine oil mixed with et
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23

Smirnova, Julia, and Pavel Golubkin. "Comparing Polar Lows in Atmospheric Reanalyses: Arctic System Reanalysis versus ERA-Interim." Monthly Weather Review 145, no. 6 (2017): 2375–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/mwr-d-16-0333.1.

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Abstract Representation of polar lows in the new high-resolution Arctic System Reanalysis (ASR) was for the first time assessed and compared to that in the ERA-Interim. Substantial improvements were found in the 850-hPa relative vorticity and near-surface wind speed information. The latter was found to be in close agreement with satellite-derived estimates. Representation of polar lows from a widely used selective list in ERA-Interim and ASR was estimated as 48% and 89%, respectively. The proportion of polar lows represented in ASR is substantially higher than reported for other reanalyses in
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24

Šimkanin, Ján. "Hydromagnetic dynamos at the low Ekman and magnetic Prandtl numbers." Contributions to Geophysics and Geodesy 46, no. 3 (2016): 221–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/congeo-2016-0014.

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Abstract Hydromagnetic dynamos are numerically investigated at low Prandtl, Ekman and magnetic Prandtl numbers using the PARODY dynamo code. In all the investigated cases, the generated magnetic fields are dominantly-dipolar. Convection is small-scale and columnar, while the magnetic field maintains its large-scale structure. In this study the generated magnetic field never becomes weak in the polar regions, neither at large magnetic Prandtl numbers (when the magnetic diffusion is weak), nor at low magnetic Prandtl numbers (when the magnetic diffusion is strong), which is a completely differen
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25

Forsythe, John M., and John M. Haynes. "CloudSat Observes a Labrador Sea Polar Low." Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 96, no. 8 (2015): 1229–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/bams-d-14-00058.1.

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Abstract Polar lows generate hazardous weather conditions in the Arctic, and satellites have played a key role in understanding their genesis and dynamics. For the first time, an overpass of the CloudSat 94-GHz cloud radar over a polar low has been recorded. The case occurred in November 2013 in the Labrador Sea between Canada and Greenland, and had a striking convective appearance with an eyelike feature. A deep cloud band was observed by the radar, with radar reflectivity up to 5-km in altitude in a 50-km-wide band. It is likely that more such matchups exist in the CloudSat mission data.
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26

EIDSVIK, KARL J. "Predicted hazard area for a polar low." Tellus A 39A, no. 4 (1987): 390–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0870.1987.tb00316.x.

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27

BUSINGER, STEVEN. "The synoptic climatology of polar low outbreaks." Tellus A 37A, no. 5 (1985): 419–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0870.1985.tb00441.x.

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28

Businger, Steven. "The synoptic climatology of polar low outbreaks." Tellus A: Dynamic Meteorology and Oceanography 37, no. 5 (1985): 419–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.3402/tellusa.v37i5.11686.

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29

Eidsvik, Karl J. "Predicted hazard area for a polar low." Tellus A: Dynamic Meteorology and Oceanography 39, no. 4 (1987): 390–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.3402/tellusa.v39i4.11768.

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30

Sergeev, D. E., I. A. Renfrew, T. Spengler, and S. R. Dorling. "Structure of a shear-line polar low." Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society 143, no. 702 (2016): 12–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/qj.2911.

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31

NORDENG, THOR ERIK, and ERIK A. RASMUSSEN. "A most beautiful polar low. A case study of a polar low development in the Bear Island region." Tellus A 44, no. 2 (1992): 81–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1034/j.1600-0870.1992.00001.x.

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32

Nordeng, Thor Erik, and Erik A. Rasmussen. "A most beautiful polar low. A case study of a polar low development in the Bear Island region." Tellus A: Dynamic Meteorology and Oceanography 44, no. 2 (1992): 81–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.3402/tellusa.v44i2.14947.

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33

Heinemann, Gunther, and Chantal Claud. "Report of a Workshop on Theoretical and Observational Studies of Polar Lows” of the European Geophysical Society Polar Lows Working Group." Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 78, no. 11 (1997): 2643–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/1520-0477-78.11.2643.

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A workshop on theoretical and observational studies of polar lows was held in St. Petersburg, Russia, 23–26 September 1996. An international group with scientists and students from Canada, Denmark, Germany, Norway, Russia, the United Kingdom, and the United States participated in the workshop. The papers presented covered the fields of climatological studies, studies using numerical models, and satellite studies for the Northern and Southern Hemispheres. Two polar low cases were investigated in more detail during working groups sessions: The polar low “Le Cygne” occurring 13–16 October 1993 ov
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34

Yanase, Wataru, Hiroshi Niino, Shun-ichi I. Watanabe, et al. "Climatology of Polar Lows over the Sea of Japan Using the JRA-55 Reanalysis." Journal of Climate 29, no. 2 (2016): 419–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-15-0291.1.

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Abstract Polar lows are intense meso-α-scale cyclones that develop over the oceans poleward of the main baroclinic zone. A number of previous studies have reported polar low formation over the Sea of Japan within the East Asian winter monsoon. To understand the climatology of polar lows over the Sea of Japan, a tracking algorithm for polar lows is applied to the recent JRA-55 reanalysis. The polar low tracking is applied to 36 cold seasons (October–March) from October 1979 to March 2015. The polar lows over the Sea of Japan reach their maximum intensity on the southeastern side of the midline
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35

Bavassano, B., E. Pietropaolo, and R. Bruno. "Alfvénic fluctuations in "newborn"' polar solar wind." Annales Geophysicae 23, no. 4 (2005): 1513–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/angeo-23-1513-2005.

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Abstract. The 3-D structure of the solar wind is strongly dependent upon the Sun's activity cycle. At low solar activity a bimodal structure is dominant, with a fast and uniform flow at the high latitudes, and slow and variable flows at low latitudes. Around solar maximum, in sharp contrast, variable flows are observed at all latitudes. This last kind of pattern, however, is a relatively short-lived feature, and quite soon after solar maximum the polar wind tends to regain its role. The plasma parameter distributions for these newborn polar flows appear very similar to those typically observed
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36

Stoll, Patrick Johannes. "A global climatology of polar lows investigated for local differences and wind-shear environments." Weather and Climate Dynamics 3, no. 2 (2022): 483–504. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/wcd-3-483-2022.

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Abstract. Polar lows are intense mesoscale cyclones developing in marine polar air masses. This study presents a new global climatology of polar lows based on the ERA5 reanalysis for the years 1979–2020. Criteria for the detection of polar lows are derived based on a comparison of five polar-low archives with cyclones derived by a mesoscale tracking algorithm. The characteristics associated with polar lows are considered by the following criteria: (i) intense cyclone (large relative vorticity), (ii) mesoscale (small vortex diameter), and (iii) development in the marine polar air masses (a comb
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37

Golubkin, Pavel, Julia Smirnova, and Leonid Bobylev. "Satellite-Derived Spatio-Temporal Distribution and Parameters of North Atlantic Polar Lows for 2015–2017." Atmosphere 12, no. 2 (2021): 224. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos12020224.

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A list of North Atlantic polar lows was compiled for 2015–2017. A total of 131 polar lows were found by analyzing the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) infrared imagery and auxiliary information. The study region was additionally divided by the 20° W meridian to assess possible differences in the polar lows occurring in the western and eastern parts of the region. The highest polar low activity was found over the Barents Sea and the northern Norwegian Sea. A large number of polar lows over this region were dual or multiple. When considering such systems as a single event, m
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38

Brümmer, Burghard, Gerd Müller, and Gunnar Noer. "A Polar Low Pair over the Norwegian Sea." Monthly Weather Review 137, no. 8 (2009): 2559–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2009mwr2864.1.

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Abstract During the Lofotes cyclone experiment (LOFZY 2005), two polar lows developed one behind the other inside a cold-air outbreak from the north in the lee of Spitsbergen on 7 March 2005. Buoys, ship, and aircraft measurements as well as satellite imagery are applied to analyze the polar low bulk properties, the horizontal and vertical structure, and the mass, moisture, and heat budget. The lifetime of the system until landfall at northern Norway was 12 h. The generation occurred under the left exit region of an upper-level jet with 70 m s−1. Both polar lows had a radius of 100–130 km and
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39

Tollinger, Mathias, Rune Graversen, and Harald Johnsen. "High-Resolution Polar Low Winds Obtained from Unsupervised SAR Wind Retrieval." Remote Sensing 13, no. 22 (2021): 4655. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs13224655.

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High-resolution sea surface observations by spaceborne synthetic aperture radar (SAR) instruments are sorely neglected resources for meteorological applications in polar regions. Such radar observations provide information about wind speed and direction based on wind-induced roughness of the sea surface. The increasing coverage of SAR observations in polar regions calls for the development of SAR-specific applications that make use of the full information content of this valuable resource. Here we provide examples of the potential of SAR observations to provide details of the complex, mesoscal
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40

Thomas, Neethal, Geeta Vichare, A. K. Sinha, and Rahul Rawat. "Low‐latitude Pi2 oscillations observed by polar Low Earth Orbiting satellite." Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics 120, no. 9 (2015): 7838–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/2014ja020958.

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41

Li, Shande, Shuai Yuan, Shaowei Liu, Jian Wen, Qibai Huang, and Zhifu Zhang. "Characteristics of Low-Frequency Acoustic Wave Propagation in Ice-Covered Shallow Water Environment." Applied Sciences 11, no. 17 (2021): 7815. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11177815.

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Mastering the sound propagation law of low-frequency signals in the Arctic is a major frontier basic research demand to improve the level of detection, communication, and navigation technology. It is of practical significance for long-distance sound propagation and underwater target detection in the Arctic Ocean. Therefore, how to establish an effective model to study the characteristics of the acoustic field in the Arctic area has always been a hot topic in polar acoustic research. Aimed at solving this problem, a mathematical polar acoustic field model with an elastic seafloor is developed b
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42

Xiao, Qiaoling, Yaozhou Xie, Feng Hu, and Chengyang Hu. "Current Status and Trends of Low-Temperature Steel Used in Polar Regions." Materials 17, no. 13 (2024): 3117. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma17133117.

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The desire to explore the natural resources and geopolitical patterns of the North and South Poles has significantly increased the interest of experts and researchers in the development and utilization of the polar regions. In this article, we comprehensively analyzed the current state of the development of polar low-temperature steel around the world. We highlighted the challenges that must be addressed in the ongoing development efforts and summarized the expected future trends in this field. The main theme of this article involves the challenges encountered in polar environments primarily c
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43

Kwon, Hataek, Sang-Jong Park, Solji Lee, Seong-Joong Kim, and Baek-Min Kim. "A Numerical Simulation of Blizzard Caused by Polar Low at King Sejong Station, Antarctica." Atmosphere 26, no. 2 (2016): 277–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.14191/atmos.2016.26.2.277.

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44

Pimsri, Wittawad, Patinya Muangkammuen, Puripong Suthisopapan, and Virasit Imtawil. "All-Integer Quantization for Low-Complexity Min-Sum Successive Cancellation Polar Decoder." Applied Sciences 15, no. 6 (2025): 3241. https://doi.org/10.3390/app15063241.

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It is widely acknowledged in communication theory that polar codes have been proven to achieve channel capacity across a range of communication channels. However, their exceptional performance is usually evaluated through simulations or analyses conducted under the assumption of infinite precision, i.e., floating-point arithmetic, which represents an ideal numerical computation. To address this implementation challenge, this work proposes a min-sum successive cancellation (MS-SC) polar decoder employing all-integer quantization to improve practicality in real-world scenarios. To balance the tr
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45

Yu, Li, Wenyong Guo, Chenghao Cao, et al. "Experimental Study on the Fatigue Crack Propagation Rate of 925A Steel for a Ship Rudder System." Materials 17, no. 8 (2024): 1808. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma17081808.

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The low-temperature fatigue crack propagation rate of 925A steel, as a rudder steel for polar special ships, has a crucial impact on the evaluation of the fatigue strength of polar ships. The purpose of this article is to study the fatigue crack propagation rate of 925A steel under different low-temperature conditions from room temperature (RT) to −60 °C. The material was subjected to fatigue crack propagation tests and stress intensity factor tests. The experimental tests were conducted according to the Chinese Standard of GB/T6398-2017. The results show that as the temperature decreases, the
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46

Hoffman, Andrew O., Hans Christian Steen-Larsen, Knut Christianson, and Christine Hvidberg. "A low-cost autonomous rover for polar science." Geoscientific Instrumentation, Methods and Data Systems 8, no. 1 (2019): 149–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/gi-8-149-2019.

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Abstract. We present the developmental considerations, design, and deployment of an autonomous modular terrestrial rover for ice-sheet exploration that is inexpensive, easy to construct, and allows for instrumentation customization. The total construction cost for this rover is less than USD 3000, approximately one-tenth the cost of existing platforms, and it can be built using facilities frequently available at academic institutions (machine shop, 3-D printer, open-source hardware and software). Instrumentation deployed on this rover can be customized; the rover presented in this study was eq
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47

Candidi, M., and C. I. Meng. "Low-altitude observations of the conjugate polar cusps." Journal of Geophysical Research 93, A2 (1988): 923. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/ja093ia02p00923.

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48

Pécseli, H. L., F. Primdahl, and A. Bahnsen. "Low-frequency electrostatic turbulence in the polar capEregion." Journal of Geophysical Research 94, A5 (1989): 5337. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/ja094ia05p05337.

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49

Oshchapovsky, Igor, Sven Lidin та Volodymyr Pavlyuk. "β-Li2Zn5: A Low Symmetric Polar Intermetallic Compound". Inorganic Chemistry 58, № 19 (2019): 12590–600. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.inorgchem.9b01266.

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50

Fayyaz, Ubaid U., and John R. Barry. "Low-Complexity Soft-Output Decoding of Polar Codes." IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications 32, no. 5 (2014): 958–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/jsac.2014.140515.

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