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Journal articles on the topic 'Polymer liquid crystals – Defects'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 1 February 2022

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1

O'Rourke, Mary Jane E., and Edwin L. Thomas. "Morphology and Dynamic Interaction of Defects in Polymer Liquid Crystals." MRS Bulletin 20, no. 9 (1995): 29–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/s0883769400034904.

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The liquid crystal phase is an anisotropic mesophase, intermediate in order between the liquid and crystal phases. Liquid crystals have less translational order than crystals and more rotational order than isotropic liquids. The liquid crystal phase does not support finite shear stresses and thus behaves like a fluid. Molecules that display a liquid crystal phase are referred to as mesogenic. Mesogenic molecules exhibit shape anisotropy: either large length to diameter ratio (needlelike) or large diameter to thickness ratio (disklike). Because of their shape anisotropy, all liquid crystals dis

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2

Barón, Máximo. "Definitions of basic terms relating to low-molar-mass and polymer liquid crystals (IUPAC Recommendations 2001)." Pure and Applied Chemistry 73, no. 5 (2001): 845–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1351/pac200173050845.

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This document is the first published by the IUPAC Commission on Macromolecular Nomenclature dealing specifically with liquid crystals. Because of the breadth of its scope, it has been prepared in collaboration with representatives of the International Liquid Crystal Society.The document gives definitions of terms related to low-molar-mass and polymer liquid crystals. It relies on basic definitions of terms that are widely used in the field of liquid crystals and in polymer science. The terms are arranged in five sections dealing with general definitions of liquid-crystalline and mesomorphic st

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3

Kléman, M. "Defects in Liquid-Crystalline Polymers." MRS Bulletin 20, no. 9 (1995): 23–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/s0883769400034898.

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The properties of imperfections (or defects) of the atomic or molecular order in condensed matter can be conveniently described under two headings: (1) Topological properties—Defects break a specific symmetry of the ordered system at a local scale, that is, along a point defect, a line defect (a dislocation or a disclination), or a surface defect (a wall). (2) Elastic properties—Defects are sources of two types of distortions of the order: long-range distortions, which depend crucially on the broken symmetry but also on the material constants, and short-range distortions in the “core” region o

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4

Selinger, Jonathan V., and Robijn F. Bruinsma. "Statistical mechanics of defects in polymer liquid crystals." Journal de Physique II 2, no. 5 (1992): 1215–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/jp2:1992180.

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5

Warner, M., and H. Liu. "Torsional defects, dielectric response and dynamics of comb polymer liquid crystals." Liquid Crystals 4, no. 3 (1989): 325–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02678298908029186.

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6

Qi, YongLe, XiaoHong Sun, Shuai Wang, WenYang Li, and ZhongYong Wang. "Design of an Electrically Tunable Micro-Lens Based on Graded Photonic Crystal." Crystals 8, no. 7 (2018): 303. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cryst8070303.

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A micro-lens with an adjustable focal length (FL) is designed by using Graded Photonic Crystal (GPC) structures and a Polymer Dispersed Liquid Crystal (PDLC) material. The GPCs are formed by gradually changing the radius of the polymer rods in the Photonic Crystal (PC) with square lattices of polymer rods in the background of Liquid Crystals (LCs). The electrically tunable focusing characteristics of the micro-lens are investigated by loading a continuous voltage source to change the LC rotation angle. The sensitivity of the focal shift in terms of LCs tilting angle is 0.152 λ(nm/deg). Moreove

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7

Ding, Ding-kuo, and Edwin L. Thomas. "Investigation of defect structures of thermotropic liquid crystal polymers by optical and scanning EM." Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America 50, no. 1 (1992): 274–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0424820100121776.

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The integer defect structures of semi-flexible thermotropic polyester (MHDT) based on 1,10-decane bisterephthaloyl chloride with methyl hydroquinone were investigated by optical microscopy (OM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Liquid crystals, in general, are characterized by a unit vector called the director, n, which indicates the locally preferred orientation of molecules. Different types of defects, which were described by their strength, s, defined by the total change of the orientation of the director around the singularity divided by 2л, are imaged in the director fields. The int

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8

Warner, M., and D. R. M. Williams. "NMR spin-lattice relaxation from molecular defects in nematic polymer liquid crystals." Journal de Physique II 2, no. 3 (1992): 471–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/jp2:1992144.

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9

Wang, Wei, Toshio Shiwaku, and Takeji Hashimoto. "Experimental study of dynamics of topological defects in nematic polymer liquid crystals." Journal of Chemical Physics 108, no. 4 (1998): 1618–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.475532.

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10

Gorkunov, Maxim V., Irina V. Kasyanova, Vladimir V. Artemov, Alena V. Mamonova, and Serguei P. Palto. "Precise local control of liquid crystal pretilt on polymer layers by focused ion beam nanopatterning." Beilstein Journal of Nanotechnology 10 (August 12, 2019): 1691–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.3762/bjnano.10.164.

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Background: The alignment of liquid crystals by surfaces is crucial for applications. It determines the director configuration in the bulk, its stability against defects and electro-optical switching scenarios. The conventional planar alignment of rubbed polymer layers can be locally flipped to vertical by irradiation with a focused ion beam on a scale of tens of nanometers. Results: We propose a digital method to precisely steer the liquid crystal director tilt at polymer surfaces by combining micrometer-size areas treated with focused ion beam and pristine areas. The liquid crystal tends to

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11

Jeong, Joonwoo, Louis Kang, Zoey S. Davidson, Peter J. Collings, Tom C. Lubensky, and A. G. Yodh. "Chiral structures from achiral liquid crystals in cylindrical capillaries." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 112, no. 15 (2015): E1837—E1844. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1423220112.

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We study chiral symmetry-broken configurations of nematic liquid crystals (LCs) confined to cylindrical capillaries with homeotropic anchoring on the cylinder walls (i.e., perpendicular surface alignment). Interestingly, achiral nematic LCs with comparatively small twist elastic moduli relieve bend and splay deformations by introducing twist deformations. In the resulting twisted and escaped radial (TER) configuration, LC directors are parallel to the cylindrical axis near the center, but to attain radial orientation near the capillary wall, they escape along the radius through bend and twist

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12

Sadati, Monirosadat, Jose A. Martinez-Gonzalez, Ye Zhou, et al. "Prolate and oblate chiral liquid crystal spheroids." Science Advances 6, no. 28 (2020): eaba6728. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aba6728.

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Liquid crystals are known to exhibit intriguing textures and color patterns, with applications in display and optical technologies. This work focuses on chiral materials and examines the palette of morphologies that arises when microdroplets are deformed into nonspherical shapes in a controllable manner. Specifically, geometrical confinement and mechanical strain are used to manipulate orientational order, phase transitions, and topological defects that arise in chiral liquid crystal droplets. Inspired by processes encountered in nature, where insects and animals often rely on strain and tempe

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13

Delica, Serafin, and Carlo Blanca. "Monte Carlo Model of Light Scattering in Polymer Dispersed Liquid Crystals: Polarization Effects and Defects." Molecular Crystals and Liquid Crystals 412, no. 1 (2004): 501–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15421400490432245.

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14

Gardymova, Anna P., Mikhail N. Krakhalev, Victor Ya Zyryanov, Alexandra A. Gruzdenko, Andrey A. Alekseev, and Vladimir Yu Rudyak. "Polymer Dispersed Cholesteric Liquid Crystals with a Toroidal Director Configuration under an Electric Field." Polymers 13, no. 5 (2021): 732. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13050732.

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The electro-optical properties of polymer dispersed liquid crystal (PDLC) films are highly dependent on the features of the contained liquid crystal (LC) droplets. Cholesteric LC droplets with homeotropic boundaries can form several topologically different orientational structures, including ones with single and more point defects, layer-like, and axisymmetric twisted toroidal structures. These structures are very sensitive to an applied electric field. In this work, we have demonstrated experimentally and by computer simulations that twisted toroidal droplets reveal strong structural response

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15

Brand, Helmut R., P. E. Cladis, and Harald Pleiner. "Symmetry and defects in the CM phase of polymeric liquid crystals." Macromolecules 25, no. 26 (1992): 7223–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ma00052a025.

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16

Adams, W. W., D. L. Vezie, and E. L. Thomas. "Low-voltage high-resolution SEM investigations of novel macromolecular liquid crystals." Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America 50, no. 1 (1992): 266–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0424820100121739.

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The ability to visualize detailed 3-dimensional surface topology with SEM at low voltage and high resolution holds profound promise for analyzing liquid crystal textures, both in polymers and other macromolecular forms. Director textures, domain boundaries, and defects such as inversion walls, disclinations and dislocations can now be easily visualized with this technique. Studies concerning the effects of shear flow and magnetic fields on these defects are currently under way.Resolution of 4.0 nm at 1.0 keV is now possible with commercial SEM's, which incorporate the latest advances in lens d

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17

Gharagulyan, H., T. M. Sarukhanyan, A. V. Ninoyan, A. H. Gevorgyan, and R. B. Alaverdyan. "Spectral Peculiarities of Multilayer Cholesteric Wedge-Cell System with Dye-Doped Polymer Layer-=SUP=-*-=/SUP=-." Журнал технической физики 128, no. 10 (2020): 1533. http://dx.doi.org/10.21883/os.2020.10.50026.193-19.

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Spectral properties of the three-layered wedge-cell system of two identical cholesteric layers with an isotropic defect (dye-doped polymer layer) between them were investigated experimentally and theoretically. It was shown that multiple defect modes can be observed in this kind of system.s photonic bandgap which widen the application range of mentioned above system such as low threshold lasing, multi-position trigger, multiwavelength filters, light shutters, etc. Supporting simulation was also provided showing an agreement between experimental results and theoretical calculations. The problem

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18

Parshin, Alexander M. "Structural stability of nematic liquid crystal droplets in the light of the catastrophe theory." Modern Physics Letters B 33, no. 34 (2019): 1950434. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217984919504347.

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Dynamical systems and defects in liquid crystals (LCs) are described using topological methods. Meanwhile, the director field distribution in LC droplets is affected by many bulk and surface factors that are difficult to take into account in the topological analysis. Therefore, the structural instability of a LC droplet formed in a magnetic field has been investigated by us in the framework of the catastrophe theory. The effect of temperature on the control parameters of the cusp catastrophe, which leads to the transition from a bipolar structure with extended poles to the homogeneous or radia

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19

Voigt-Martin, I. G., R. W. Garbella, and M. Schumacher. "Structure and defects in discotic crystals and liquid crystals as revealed by electron diffraction and high-resolution electron microscopy." Macromolecules 25, no. 2 (1992): 961–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ma00028a070.

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20

Hudson, Steven D., Karl R. Amundson, Hong G. Jeon, and Steven D. Smith. "Defect-Mediated Rheology of Block Copolymers." MRS Bulletin 20, no. 9 (1995): 42–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/s0883769400034928.

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Block copolymer melts with a near-symmetric composition can microphase-separate to form a lamellar morphology where unfavorable monomeric interactions are reduced by an antiparallel layering of the polymer chains (see Figure 2, discussed later). The symmetry of such a block copolymer is the same as for small-molecule, smectic-A liquid crystals, which also exhibit (parallel or antiparallel) layering. Because of their shared symmetry, their quasistatic mechanical properties are of the same form. To lowest order, the energy of distortion of the lamellar pattern can be expressed as a sum of a comp

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21

Viney, Christopher, and Wendy S. Putnam. "Characterization of sheared liquid crystalline polymers by light microscopy." Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America 51 (August 1, 1993): 864–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0424820100150150.

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It is widely observed that nematic and cholesteric liquid crystalline materials develop a one-dimensional periodic microstructure during and/or after a uniaxial draw or simple shear (Fig. 1). This property is common to lyotropic and thermotropic examples of both small-molecule and polymeric liquid crystals. The periodic microstructure gives rise to a banded texture between crossed polars (Fig 2).A material under load will extend more readily if the microstructure contains crimps that can be straightened, compared to the extension that is achieved if covalent backbone bonds are highly aligned a

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22

Boniello, Giuseppe, Victoria Vilchez, Emmanuel Garre, and Frédéric Mondiot. "Making Smectic Defect Patterns Electrically Reversible and Dynamically Tunable Using In Situ Polymer‐Templated Nematic Liquid Crystals." Macromolecular Rapid Communications 42, no. 11 (2021): 2100087. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/marc.202100087.

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23

Boniello, Giuseppe, Victoria Vilchez, Emmanuel Garre, and Frédéric Mondiot. "Making Smectic Defect Patterns Electrically Reversible and Dynamically Tunable Using In Situ Polymer‐Templated Nematic Liquid Crystals." Macromolecular Rapid Communications 42, no. 11 (2021): 2170044. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/marc.202170044.

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24

Kim, Chaebin, Hoon Joo Yang, Tae Hyung Cho, et al. "Implantable electrical stimulation bioreactor with liquid crystal polymer-based electrodes for enhanced bone regeneration at mandibular large defects in rabbit." Medical & Biological Engineering & Computing 58, no. 2 (2019): 383–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11517-019-02046-2.

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25

Wunderlich, Bernhard, and Stefan N. Kreitmeier. "Defects in Polymer Crystals." MRS Bulletin 20, no. 9 (1995): 17–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/s0883769400034886.

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The development of early knowledge about crystals of flexible macromolecules (usually called simply “polymers”) and their defects was reviewed in Reference. Much of the initial research followed the information gathered on crystals of small molecules, metals, salts, and ceramics. Very quickly, however, the special nature of polymers became obvious. It was suggested some time ago to describe semicrystalline polymers with the help of zero- to three-dimensional defects. The present status of this scheme is summarized in this article.Crystallized polymers are rarely in equilibrium. Therefore, the

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26

KANAZAWA, AKIHIKO, and TOMIKI IKEDA. "Polymer Liquid Crystals." Sen'i Gakkaishi 53, no. 4 (1997): P113—P117. http://dx.doi.org/10.2115/fiber.53.p113.

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27

Gleeson, Helen. "Polymer Liquid Crystals." Liquid Crystals Today 5, no. 1 (1995): 5–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13583149508047584.

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28

Kleman, M. "Defects in liquid crystals." Reports on Progress in Physics 52, no. 5 (1989): 555–654. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0034-4885/52/5/002.

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29

Lester, G. A., S. J. Coulston, and A. M. Strudwick. "Defect suppression in liquid crystal filled polymer devices." Journal of Optics A: Pure and Applied Optics 7, no. 7 (2005): 290–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1464-4258/7/7/005.

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30

Ikeda, Tomiki. "Photoresponsive Polymer Liquid Crystals." Kobunshi 40, no. 8 (1991): 520–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1295/kobunshi.40.520.

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31

Bladon, P., and D. Frenkel. "Simulating polymer liquid crystals." Journal of Physics: Condensed Matter 8, no. 47 (1996): 9445–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0953-8984/8/47/043.

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32

Coates, David. "Polymer-dispersed liquid crystals." Journal of Materials Chemistry 5, no. 12 (1995): 2063. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/jm9950502063.

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33

Nagaraj, Mamatha. "Polymer modified liquid crystals." Liquid Crystals Today 28, no. 3 (2019): 68–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1358314x.2019.1693101.

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34

Deniz, K. Usha. "Defects in liquid crystals (II)." Bulletin of Materials Science 10, no. 1-2 (1988): 61–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02747431.

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35

Archer, Paul, and Ingo Dierking. "Polymer stabilisation of twisted smectic liquid crystal defect states." Soft Matter 5, no. 4 (2009): 835–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/b816274c.

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36

Fuh, Andy Ying-Guey, Ming-Shann Tsai, and Chi-Yen Huang. "Polymer Network Formed in Liquid Crystals: Polymer-Network-Induced Birefringence in Liquid Crystals." Japanese Journal of Applied Physics 35, Part 1, No. 7 (1996): 3960–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1143/jjap.35.3960.

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37

Oswald, P. "Defects in Smectic a Liquid Crystals." Solid State Phenomena 35-36 (September 1993): 121–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.35-36.121.

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38

TREBIN, HANS-RAINER. "Defects in liquid crystals and cosmology." Liquid Crystals 24, no. 1 (1998): 127–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/026782998207659.

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39

Aranson, I. S. "Topological defects in active liquid crystals." Physics-Uspekhi 62, no. 9 (2019): 892–909. http://dx.doi.org/10.3367/ufne.2018.10.038433.

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40

Ranganath, G. S. "Defects in smectic C* liquid crystals." Pramana 27, no. 1-2 (1986): 299–306. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02846344.

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41

Gleeson, Helen F. "EoI13: Ferroelectric polymer liquid crystals." Ferroelectrics 133, no. 1 (1992): 15–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00150199208217971.

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42

Furue, Hirokazu, and Hiroshi Yokoyama. "Polymer-Stabilized Antiferroelectric Liquid Crystals." Japanese Journal of Applied Physics 42, Part 1, No. 9B (2003): 6180–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1143/jjap.42.6180.

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43

Toriumi, Hirokazu. "Characterization of polymer liquid crystals." Kobunshi 36, no. 2 (1987): 90–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1295/kobunshi.36.90.

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44

Koide, Naoyuki. "Synthesis of polymer liquid crystals." Kobunshi 36, no. 2 (1987): 98–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1295/kobunshi.36.98.

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45

Golemme, A., B. L. Volodin, B. Kippelen, and N. Peyghambarian. "Photorefractive polymer-dispersed liquid crystals." Optics Letters 22, no. 16 (1997): 1226. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/ol.22.001226.

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46

Dierking, I. "Polymer Network-Stabilized Liquid Crystals." Advanced Materials 12, no. 3 (2000): 167–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1521-4095(200002)12:3<167::aid-adma167>3.0.co;2-i.

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47

Brazeau, Julien, Yanick Chenard, and Yue Zhao. "Orientated Polymer-Dispersed Liquid Crystals." Molecular Crystals and Liquid Crystals Science and Technology. Section A. Molecular Crystals and Liquid Crystals 329, no. 1 (1999): 137–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10587259908025934.

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48

Klosowicz, Stanislaw J., Krzysztof L. Czupryński, and Wiktor Piecek. "Polymer-Dispersed Antiferroelectric Liquid Crystals." Molecular Crystals and Liquid Crystals Science and Technology. Section A. Molecular Crystals and Liquid Crystals 367, no. 1 (2001): 305–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10587250108028650.

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49

Bédard-arcand, Jean-Philippe, and Tigran Galstian. "Surface-Polymer Stabilized Liquid Crystals." Molecular Crystals and Liquid Crystals 560, no. 1 (2012): 170–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15421406.2012.663520.

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50

Yousif, Yousif Z., Aubrey D. Jenkins, David R. M. Walton, and Jasim M. A. Al-Rawi. "Novel ioneneomeric polymer liquid crystals." European Polymer Journal 26, no. 8 (1990): 901–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0014-3057(90)90165-z.

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