Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Prefixes and suffixes'

This thesis explains why the prefix maha- in Malagasy (a Western Austronesian language) can have either an abilitive or causative meaning. It is not the case that there is a causative maha- prefix and an abilitive maha- prefix. There is, in fact, only one prefix which is both causative and abilitive. The apparent difference in meaning arises because of a difference in the emphasis placed on what I shall suggest are the two components of this prefix: stativity and causation. Whether maha- receives an abilitive or a causative reading depends on whether it attaches to what I term an "eventive" root or a "non-eventive" root. In the former case, it receives an abilitive reading, in the latter case, a causative reading.

The English suffix -s is usually used to mark third person singular present tense, noun plurals, possessives, and in some adverbs, but it is also used in words like news, linguistics, measles, billiards, belongings, riches, oats, shivers, scissors, etc. In the literature so far, words like these have been studied mainly from the diachronic perspective, according to their morphological features and within the realm of count and mass nouns, and the suffix -s has been called a plural marker, possessive marker, pseudo-morpheme, or nominalizer. But these functions identified for the English suffix -s can't successfully explain usages of the suffix -s in all the non-plural English nouns, especially those that are not abstract nouns.In this dissertation a survey on the use of English non-plural nouns in -s is conducted with middle school students, college freshmen, college seniors, college professors and staff members as subjects using six different grammatical tests. It is found that the High School group and Staff Members always stand out as different from College Students and Professors suggesting that education level or the heterogeneousness of education levels does play a role in affecting the subjects' use of the English non-plural nouns in -s. In the survey, the subjects' performance in different types of tests is statistically different indicating that different kinds of tests affect the subjects' performance and grammaticality judgment differently.The FROWN-based study shows that most of these English non-plural nouns in -s are not used very frequently in contemporary American English, revealing that most of the English reference grammars are using obsolete or historical examples. The corpus-based study also tells us that most of the cases of these English non-plural nouns in -s are in non-subject positions, making it harder for us to test the number status of these words. But this large number of non-subject cases just means that we can't tell whether these words are intrinsically plural or singular and in fact except for only a few clearly marked plural cases there is a strong tendency towards generic interpretations for these non-plural nouns in -s. Actually it is this in-determinateness that makes the appearance of the new morpheme or new functions of old morphemes possible.The data from the Oxford English Dictionary, 2nd Ed, Online (OED), supports Stahlke, Cheng & Sung's (forthcoming) argument that in the late 16th and early 17th century a new morpheme--the nominalizer -s, was developed in the English language to turn adjectives and concrete nouns into abstract nouns. The data on the historical semantic development of English non-plural nouns in -s from the OED also reveals the process of a semantic shift of Adj. -+ Sing. N -+ Pl. N -+ Col. N - Gen. N. This process of semantic shift is strongly evidenced by the disappearance of singular forms of the English non-plural nouns -s in the late 16th and early 17th century and successfully explains why the English nouns in -s have the generic interpretation and require singular verb agreement.
Department of English

On s'intéresse au problème de la représentation géométrique des systèmes dynamiques substitutifs dans le cadre des susbstitutions inversibles. On étudie d'abord les systèmes symboliques engendrés sur un plan combinatoire. Utilisant l'automate des préfixes-suffixes, on met notamment en évidence des paires de mots bi-infinis égaux pour tout indice positif (resp. Strictement négatif). On introduit les substitutions d'arbre. Combinatoirement, elles peuvent être vues comme des généralisations des substitutions sur les mots. D'un point de vue métrique, elles permettent de construire facilement des arbres fracals auto-similaires. On réunit les définitions et résultats sur les substitutions d'arbre avec l'étude des actions de groupes sur les arbres réels servant à décrire la dynamique des automorphismes de groupe libre. On construit (sur deux classes d'exemples) des arbres réels par substitutions d'arbre et on définit sur ceux-ci des échanges de domaines conjugués à des sytèmes substitutifs
We study ways of giving geometric representation to symbolic substitutive systems when the substitution is invertible. First, we analyse the combinatorics of the generated symbolic systems. Using the prefix-suffix automata, we bring out pairs of bi-infinite words which are equal for each positive or equal (resp. Negative) index. Tree substitutions are introduced. On the combinatorial side, they can be seen as generalisations of substitutions on words. From a metric point of view, they are to define self-similar fractal real trees efficiently. Results on tree substitutions are then joined with the study of group actions on real trees that are used to describe the dynamics of automorphisms of the free group. We construct (on two sets of examples) real trees using tree susbstitutions, and we define domains exchanges conjugate to substitutive systems

O objeto empírico desta tese é um subgrupo de verbos complexos do português brasileiro. Os dados estudados são formações sincronicamente transparentes e composicionais com prefixos a-, eN- e eS- e sufixos -ec-, -iz-, -e- e -ej-, incluindo os chamados verbos parassintéticos, e formações originalmente complexas, porém duvidosas quanto à complexidade atualmente. O corpus contém 380 verbos selecionados a partir de dicionário e organizados por critérios de frequência. O objetivo geral descritivo enfoca questões relativas às propriedades e ao comportamento dos afixos, das raízes e das vogais temáticas. A discussão é organizada em torno dos níveis de estrutura morfológica, morfofonológica, argumental e eventual. O objetivo geral teórico do trabalho consiste em discutir as propostas da Semântica Lexical, da Sintaxe Lexical e da Morfologia Distribuída. Como resultados, o estudo oferece uma primeira classificação em verbos parcialmente transparentes e totalmente transparentes. Aqueles são analisados como fruto de um processo de reanálise histórica comparado ao desaparecimento de preverbos. O estudo mostra que existe um continuum entre formações completamente fossilizadas, reanalisadas como simples, em processo de mudança e completamente transparentes e composicionais. Uma segunda classificação se refere a formações com significado composicional e não-composicional. Os dados não-composicionais são estruturalmente analisados através de uma releitura da restrição de localidade na interpretação das raízes e do uso da noção de polissemia das raízes. Os verbos totalmente transparentes e composicionais são descritivamente classificados em verbos de mudança de estado, de lugar (location), de posse concreta (locatum), de posse abstrata, de reconfiguração e verbos de modificação de v. A característica mais robusta dessa subclasse é a obrigatoriedade de um argumento interno interpretado como objeto afetado (tema ou experienciador, em menor escala) da mudança expressa pelo evento. A investigação aponta que esses prefixos podem ser a realização fonológica de um núcleo misto de natureza lexical e funcional que é responsável por introduzir o argumento interno na estrutura e relacioná-lo à semântica da raiz. Tal núcleo possui minimamente o traço [+r] (relacional) e, em poucos casos, apresenta especificação direcional [+dir]. Com isso, a ideia de que esses prefixos são morfemas direcionais é desmistificada, pois essa informação interna ao verbo complexo é residual e decadente. Em geral, os prefixos se comportam como alomorfes e não há fortes evidências de associação exclusiva de um prefixo a uma determinada estrutura argumental ou classe semântica. Os sufixos são analisados como realizações de núcleos funcionais de tipo v[+voice], v[-voice] e v[+voice, -télico] e também se observa que a ocorrência sufixal em tipos de eventos não se dá de modo tão sistemático como afirma a literatura prévia. A teoria de alomorfia prospota em Embick (2010), baseada em localidade e linearidade, se mostra efetiva para analisar a escolha dos alomorfes dos vi núcleos R (relacionador), v e Th (Vogal temática). O tipo semântico da raiz influencia o tipo de verbo formado, mas pode ser manipulado a fim de sofrer coerção por um processo metonímico ou estrutural. A principal conclusão a partir dos resultados obtidos é que a morfologia verbal do português brasileiro pode revelar tendências em relação à estrutura argumental e a estrutura de eventos, mas não reflete correlações suficientemente regulares ou consistentes.
The empirical object of this dissertation is a subgroup of complex verbs of Brazilian Portuguese. The dataset is composed by synchronically and compositional formations containing the prefixes a-, eN- e eS- and the suffixes -ec-, -iz-, -e- e -ej- and originally complex formations which are dubious in relation to its synchronic complexity. The corpus contains 380 verbs selected from a dictionary and organized by frequency criteria. The general descriptive goal encompasses topics on properties and behavior of affixes, roots and theme vowels and the discussion is guided by the levels of morphological, morphophonological, argument and event structure. The general theoretical goal of this dissertation is to discuss Lexical Semantics, Lexical Syntax and Distributed Morphology proposals. As empirical results, the study offers a primary classification in terms of partially and totally transparent verbs. Partially transparent verbs are treated as resulting from a historical reanalysis process compared to the well known process of disappearance of preverbs. It is assumed that there is a continuum from forms which are: 1) completely fossilized; 2) reanalyzed as simple; 3) forms in process of change; 4) completely compositional and transparent. A secondary classification refers to compositional and noncompositional formations. Non-compositional data are structurally analyzed by means of a new reading on the literature on locality restriction on the interpretation of roots and the use of the notion of root polysemy. Completely compositional and transparent verbs are empirically classified into change of state, change of location, change of abstract and concrete possession, reconfiguration and verbs of modification of v. The strongest characteristic of this subclass is the obligatory presence of an internal argument interpreted as an affected object (theme or experiencer, to a less extent) of the change denoted by the event. The investigation points out that the prefix may be considered as the phonological realization of a head with a mixed lexical functional nature, which is responsible for introducing the internal argument in the structure and relating it to the root semantics. This head has at least the feature [+r] and, in a few cases, it may present directional information [+dir]. Considering this, the assumption that these prefixes are directional morphemes is debunked since this kind of information within a complex verb is residual and decayed. In general, prefixes behave as allomorphs and there are not strong evidences of an exclusive association of a prefix and a certain kind of argument structure or semantic class. The suffixes are analyzed as realizations of three functional heads: v[+voice], v[-voice] and v[+voice, -telic] and it is observed that suffix occurrence in event type is not systematic as previous literature claims. The theory of allomorphy proposed in Embick (2010), which is based on locality and linearity, was efficient in accounting for selection of allomorphs of R, v and Th heads. Finally, semantic type shows influence on verb type but this information can be viii manipulated in order to derive structural or metonymical coercion. The main conclusion to be drawn from the results is the fact that Brazilian Portuguese verbal morphology may reveal certain tendencies in argument and event structure, but it does not reflect sufficiently regular or consistent correlations.

Ce travail étudie les déviations de sommes ergodiques pour des systèmes dynamiques substitutifs avec une matrice qui admet des valeurs propres de module supérieur à 1. Précisément, nous nous concentrons sur les substitutions telle que ces valeurs propres ne sont pas conjuguées. Dans un premier temps, on défini les lettres a-minimales et dominantes d'un mot pour étudier sa ligne brisée associé. On défini la ligne brisée normalisée et sa fonction limite. Pour l'étude des sommes ergodiques, on défini le sous-automate des lettres minimales. On donne des conditions sur une substitution de sorte qu'il y ait un nombre infini des sommes ergodiques égales à zéro pour un point x 2 X. Enfin, en utilisant un boucle dans une classe de Rauzy, on prouve l'existence d'un nombre infini d'échanges d'intervalles auto-similaires, dont la matrice de Rauzy a deux valeurs propres non conjuguées de module supérieur à 1. Et tout échange d'intervalles affine semi-conjugué à cet échange d'intervalles est aussi conjugué
This thesis focuses on the deviation of ergodic sums for a substitution dynamical systems with a matrix that admits eigenvalues of modulus larger than 1. Specifically, we concentrate on substitutions with non-conjugated eigenvalues. At first, we define the a-minimals letters and the dominant letters of a word to study its broken associated line. We define the normalize broken line and its limit function. For the study of ergodic sums, we define the sub-automaton of minimum letters. We give conditions on a substitution so that there is infinitely many zero sums ergodic for a point x 2 X. Finally, using a loop in a class of Rauzy, we prove the existence of infinitely many interval exchange transformation self-similar, whose Rauzy matrix has two non-conjugated eigenvalues larger than 1 and every affine interval exchange transformation that is semi-conjugated, is also conjugated

La présente thèse a pour sujet la question du système des prépositions en latin vulgaire, ainsi que des morphèmes liés à ces dernières dans les langues indo-européennes (préverbes et préfixes). Notre objectif a été d’évaluer quelles ont pu être les spécificités relatives à l’emploi des prépositions (et des morphèmes connexes) dans la langue ordinaire, sur le plan sémasiologique comme onomasiologique. Est bâti pour ce faire le corpus le plus large possible de documents « autographes », c’est-à-dire de pièces portant une inscription directement réalisée par un latinophone (graffites, ostraca, tablettes de cire, defixiones, papyri documentaires), rédigés entre 1 et 395 p.C. La construction même de ce corpus et l’établissement d’une référenciation stable ont constitué un objectif secondaire de ce travail. La première partie établit les outils terminologiques nécessaires. Sont donc passées en revue toutes les théories relatives aux prépositions et à leur sémantisme depuis l’Antiquité, dans le but de souligner les manques et les imprécisions de la tradition terminologique. L’attention est ensuite portée sur le problème récurrent du « latin vulgaire », appellation nécessairement tolérée, même si elle demeure insatisfaisante et embarrassante. La question est spécifiquement posée au regard de la particularité du corpus, sur le plan matériel comme théorique. La notion « d’autographie » est en effet très floue, du fait de l’immixtion d’intermédiaires humains (comme les scribes, professionnels ou non), de la question de la « formularité » et des text types, et des problèmes complexes liés aux différentes formes de littératies à travers les provinces romaines. Cette partie se clôt sur les choix terminologiques et méthodologiques opérés, relativement au processus sous-jacent de collecte des données. La seconde partie présente les données. Celles-ci sont d’abord traitées sous l’angle quantitatif, avec prudence ; il s’agit d’abord d’établir quels sont les morphèmes encore en usage, quels sont ceux qui déclinent et quels sont ceux qui ont déjà disparu. Il s’agit également de comprendre quels écarts peuvent se manifester entre les données et nos attentes. On souligne ce faisant les différents processus de développement, en synchronie ou en diachronie, de certains morphèmes ou usages ; la notion de « préfixation pré-nominale », jusqu’ici peu envisagée dans les études latines, et ainsi étudiée. Le second chapitre de cette partie étudie ce matériel, sur un plan phonétique, morphosyntaxique et lexical. Il s’agit alors non seulement de découvrir les signes d’un possible renouvellement dans certaines zones de la langue (il est fait ici usage du concept de sermo castrensis, mais aussi de celui – encore peu envisagé – de sermo mercatorius) ; il s’agit en outre de comprendre pourquoi ce corpus manifeste une véritable résistance à l’égard des vulgarismes, et pourquoi l’on ne constate aucun véritable fossé entre la langue normée et celle du corpus.Le dernier chapitre se concentre sur le problème déjà ancien, mais complexe, de la chute des <-m> (et accessoirement, des <-s>) en latin vulgaire, et sur la conséquence de celle-ci au sein des groupes prépositionnels. Ce problème a une histoire (depuis Diehl), qui est rappelée afin d’expliquer comment se mélangent ici les niveaux graphiques, phonologiques et grammaticaux. Il s’agit de comprendre dans quels cas la disparition de <-m> peut être attribuée à une pure convention graphique, dans quels cas elle est relative à l’analphabétisme ou à la faible littératie des scripteurs, et dans quels cas elle constitue effectivement le premier signe (mesuré) d’un effondrement des systèmes flexionnels, dans une perspective romane. Ce chapitre s’interroge ine fine sur la capacité des locuteurs semi-lettrés, à un moment de la diachronie, à faire usage d’un « système polymorphique » (Banniard), et à choisir ainsi, bien qu’ils fussent relativement conscients des règles morphologiques, de marquer ou non le cas accusatif
In this thesis, we deal with the question of prepositional systems in Vulgar Latin, and the linguistic material wih which it is usually associated, in indo-european languages, i.e. preverbs and prefixes. Our work aims to evaluate how specific usages of prepositions (and related material) in colloquial speech may have been, in both semasiological and onomasiological ways. For this purpose, we draw on the largest corpus of « Autographical » documents, i.e. directly inscribed artifacts, such as graffiti, ostraca, wax tablets, defixiones, documentary papyri, etc., from 1 to 395 a.D. Moreover, as a second objective ot the dissertation, we set up a fully-ordered and well-referenced corpus of our archaeological material.The first part of the thesis tries to lay the methodological tools of such the said design. Theories of prepositions and prepositional meanings from Antiquity to present reviewed are reviewed, in order to understand the lack and fuziness of inherited terminological displays. We then consider the customary problem of utilising and defining the terme « Vulgar latin » (which we tolerate, as embarrassing and unsatisfying as it is) and most specifically the peculiarity of our corpus, in a theorical and practical ways : « autography » is indeed a messy concept, due to the involvement of human go-betweens (like professional or casual scribes), the question of formularity and « text types », and the complex pattern of literacy, throughout the Roman provinces. This chapter ends with terminological and methodological choices, referring to the undergoing process of the data report.In second part of the thesis we lay out the data itself. We first deal with this data quantitativly by cautiously using statistical approaches, we try to establish which morphemes were still in use, recessing, or had already disappeared. Furthermore, we examine what kind of discrepancies could arrise between our expectation and the data. We stress, by doing so, the synchonical and diachronical expansions of certain morphemes or usages, and more specifically the question of « Pre-nominal prefixation », on which little has yet been written in classical tradition. The second part of this chapter studies the dynamics of our material phonetically, morphosyntaxically and lexically. Not only do we try to catch sight of linguistic renewals in some areas of language (dealing with the concept of sermo castrensis, or the yet unexplored sermo mercatorius), but also the evidence of a structural dragging into vulgarisms and linguistical changes in our corpus, questioning the lack of an expected « gap » between litterary standards and the language that our documents are using.The third part of our thesis deals with the very well known but very intricate problem of falling /-m/ (and, casually, falling /-s/) in Vulgar Latin, and their consequences in the prepositionnal phrases. The problem’s history (from Diehl’s work) shows up, explaining the entanglement of graphical, phonological and grammatical levels in such an inquiry. We then try to establish which part of the disappearing <-m>, in prepositional phrases, could be assigned to graphical convention, which part goes to real illiteracy (or « low-level literacy ») and which part shows the evidence for a real (but limited) starting point toward a future collapse of nominal flection, from a romance perspective. We conclude this chapter by questioning the ability of semi-literate latin-speakers, at some point of the diachronic evolution of latin language, to deal with « polymorphic » systems (as proposed by Banniard), who ware quite aware of morphological rules but choosing to mark or not mark or to omit the accusative case

Cette thèse s’inscrit dans le cadre des travaux de révision de la structure de la racine sémitique en général, et arabe en particulier. Dans l’introduction, nous avons entamé une relecture critique des efforts des grammairiens arabes en quête du seuil minimal du sens, et qui ont abouti à poser la racine trilitère comme étant ce seuil ultime et inanalysable. Ce choix a été fait malgré tous les signes d’instabilité que comporte ce concept - tels que son incapacité à expliquer la réversibilité de l’ordre des consonnes et leur variation phonétique indépendamment du sens. C’est un choix synchronique anhistorique qui exclut la notion de temps, et émane d’une conception révélationniste (tawqîf) du langage. Au XIXe siècle, l'évolutionnisme darwiniste, étendu à la philologie, met à mal cette conception figée de la racine. En intégrant la notion de temps, nombre d’Orientalistes, suivis par quelques philologues arabes de l’époque, ont montré à travers une approche comparative que la racine trilitère est une forme évoluée d’une base primitive bilitère (ou monosyllabique). Depuis, plusieurs explications ont été proposées pour la formation de la racine trilitère à partir d’une base bilitère (croisement, incrémentation, affixation). Certains linguistes comme Hurwitz ont essayé d’identifier et de systématiser par déduction les éléments ternaires et leurs valeurs sémantiques. Dans notre travail, qui s'inscrit dans le cadre de la théorie des matrices et des étymons, nous démontrons à travers l’analyse synchronique de près de 1000 items que la racine trilitère est analysable en termes d’étymons bilitères et de créments, ou affixes. Les éléments affixables ou incrémentables à la base sont phonétiquement les mêmes (gutturales, sonantes, labiales, nasales) et corrélés souvent aux mêmes valeurs grammaticales (factitif, statif, moyen) ou sémantiques (l’intensif). La troisième position de la racine est la position privilégiée dans ce processus d’affixation/incrémentation. La racine trilitère n’est donc pas le seuil minimal du sens, et s’avère réductible à une base biconsonantique rendue trilitère grâce à un segment crément ou affixe. Ceci peut avoir un effet sur notre conception du lexique arabe, désormais réorganisable autour des bases bilitères soit abstraites (les traits phonétiques), soit concrètes (les étymons primitifs), qui sont à leur tour transformables en radicaux trilitères grâce à une liste préalable de créments et affixes spécifiant la signification primordiale véhiculée par la base bilitère
This thesis is part of the revisionist work on the structure of the Semitic root in general, and the Arabic root in particular. In the introduction, we present a critical review of the efforts of Arab grammarians in their quest of a minimum linguistic threshold associated with meaning, a quest that resulted in establishing the triliteral root as the ultimate unanalysable unit. This choice was made despite the many obvious shortcomings of this theoretical framework, such as its inability to explain the reversal of the order of consonants, or their phonetic variation (regardless of its meaning). It is an anhistorical, synchronic choice that excludes the notion of time, and finds its roots in a revelationnist (tawqîf) linguistic framework. In the end of the nineteenth century, the extended Darwinist theory has undermined this static conception of the root. By integrating the notion of time, a number of Orientalists - followed by some Arab philologists of that period - showed, through a comparative methodology, that the triliteral root has evolved from a primitive monosyllabic (or biconsonantal) root. Since then, several explanations have been proposed for the formation of the triliteral root from a biliteral base (crossed bilateral roots, affixation of formative increments or determinatives).Some linguists, such as Hurwitz, tried to identify and to systematize by deduction the ternary elements and their semantic values. In this work, which is carried within the framework of the Matrix and Etymons Theory , we demonstrate through the synchronic analysis of nearly 1,000 trilateral items that the triliteral root is analyzable in terms of biliteral etymons and of separable increments or affixes added at the beginning (prefixation), the middle (infixation) or the end (suffixation) of bilateral bases.The characteristic elements that can be affixed or incremented on the base are phonetically similar (gutturals, sonorants, labial, and some dentals) and correlated often with the same grammatical (factitive, stative, reflexive or middle voice) or semantic (intensive) values. The third position of the root is the position favored in this process of affixation / incrementation. Thus, the triliteral root is not the minimal threshold of meaning, and can be broken down to a biconsonantal base, which became triliteral thanks to an incremental or affixal segment. These findings may affect our perception of the Arabic lexicon, which can now be rearranged around biliterals bases, either abstract ( i.e. phonetic features), or concrete (i.e. historical primitive etymons) that are in turn convertible into triliteral radicals through a preliminary list increments and affixes that specify the primary meaning conveyed by the bilateral base

COSTA, Ednardo Luiz da. A formação de palavras no português do Brasil: um estudo dos sufixos -eir e -ud numa abordagem Computacional .2010, 132 p. Dissertação (Mestrado em Linguística) – Universidade Federal do Ceará, Departamento de Letras Vernáculas, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Linguística, Fortaleza-CE, 2010.
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Este estudo investiga a formação de palavras na Língua Portuguesa contemporânea do Brasil. Dentro da perspectiva da morfologia derivacional, esta pesquisa teve por objetivo desenvolver um estudo das regras de formação de palavras através dos sufixos -eir e -ud na Língua Portuguesa. Essas regras foram desenvolvidas para melhor investigar a produtividade do processo morfológico da sufixação sob a perspectiva da Teoria Gerativa, centramos nosso trabalho principalmente nas idéias sobre a formação de palavras desenvolvidas por Anderson (1992) e Rocha (1998). Realizamos uma pesquisa empírica para podermos alcançar os objetivos de nosso trabalho. Compilamos um corpus contendo exemplos dos seguintes corpora brasileiros: NILC- São Carlos, ConDivport e Chave. Além dessas fontes, coletamos também diversos textos de jornais e revistas on-line, de forma assistemática, com o intuito de melhor descrever o fenômeno da derivação sufixal no português brasileiro contemporâneo. O nosso trabalho também possui uma implementação computacional, uma vez que desenvolvemos a construção de um analisador automático de palavras derivadas. Utilizamos para isso o FSA Utilities (que atualmente é um dos mais usados pacotes de ferramentas computacionais para construção e manipulação de autômatos e transdutores de estados finitos) na modelação computacional deste fragmento da morfologia flexional e derivacional do português.

Like other Chinese dialects, Cantonese marks its aspects with verbal suffixes, e.g. zo to indicate the perfective and gan the progressive. Gan signals not only an ongoing atelic action, but also an ongoing movement towards a destination at a particular reference time. For instance, gan can combine with the verb lai ("come") to mean "approaching the speaker", hence marking a prospective reading. In short, in contemporary Cantonese, gan denotes the progressive and prospective functions.
That gan has extended its functions beyond the traditional definition of marking a progressive can be observed in the language among younger speakers in Hong Kong. For example, the combination of gaau syu ("teach") and gan traditionally marks a progressive reading, meaning "I'm teaching." However, it now also allows the habitual reading: "I'm a teacher." Another example is while the notion of "wearing something or having put on something" would have to be marked by zyu, the durative aspect, in old Cantonese: zoek zyu, a preferable alternative now is gan: zoek gan. Still another example is that the combined use of lai and gan to function as a temporal adverb. As these usages appear divergent in nature and serve different functions, it is the purpose of this study to examine gan to offer an analysis that accounts for its many functions as derivatives from the core notion of progressiveness.
The project makes use of a rich corpus of colloquial Cantonese materials that date back to the 19th century. Combing through data of nearly two hundred years, we uncover patterns of development, in both grammatical and semantic behaviors, that help us to reconstruct the history of gan in Cantonese. We believe that the progressive use of gan dates back to gan cyu (lit. near there) in the 19th century, a spatial expression that eventually took on a metaphorical extension to mark temporal nearness. As for the new usages of gan in the 21st century, we assume that the habitual and durative come from the progressive, and the temporal adverb denoting a future time from the prospective, all reflecting different paths of grammaticalization.
片岡新.
Adviser: Samuel Hung-Nin Cheung.
Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 73-03, Section: A, page: .
Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2010.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 265-270).
Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web.
Electronic reproduction. [Ann Arbor, MI] : ProQuest Information and Learning, [201-] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web.
Abstracts in Chinese and English.
Pian'gang Xin.

The main aim of this thesis is to gain a deep understanding of the meanings of Korean conjunctive verbal suffixes from a pragmatic viewpoint, using real, not constructed data. In order to attain the purpose, this thesis conducts an in-depth analysis of the nature of the meanings, and the use, of six Korean conjunctive verbal suffixes: -ko, -nuntey, -nikka, -se, -ciman, and -to. The term the use refers to the truth-functionality of suffixes, i.e., whether they conjoin or disjoin the two propositions, which are recovered from two segments, truth-functionally. The data are obtained from 360 minutes of audio-taped Korean natural conversations. It adopts as its reasoning tool four major pragmatic theories - Gricean theory, neo-Gricean theory, Relevance Theory, and Default Semantics. However, it does not use the data to compare the four theories. The thesis emphasises how to elucidate the meanings of Korean conjunctive verbal suffixes that modern pragmatic theories cannot neatly explain. In Chapter 1 previous approaches on the six suffixes are analysed. It is pointed out that while these studies correctly equate the meanings of a given suffix with propositional relations that obtain between the two segments (linked by the suffix), they fail to see the importance of the use of the suffix. Chapter 2 provides an overview of the four pragmatic theories. The focus is on strengths and weaknesses of the four theories. In Chapter 3, we introduce propositional relations and the notions of encoding and inferred. What is meant by conjoining and disjoining truth-conditionally is also explained. Chapter 4 specifies the data. In Chapter 5, propositional relations between two propositions which are recovered from two conjoined segments are characterised. Chapter 6 applies the scope test to meanings of the six suffixes and distinguishes encoded and inferred meanings. It discusses encoded meanings of the six suffixes, which conjoin the two propositions truth-functionally, and discusses inferred meanings of only four of the six suffixes, which disjoin the two propositions truthfunctionally. In Chapter 7, we discuss the nature of the meanings of the six suffixes from two theoretical angles, Relevance Theory and Default Semantics, and in particular we argue against a unitary procedure hypothesis. Chapter 8 concludes the thesis and also includes suggestions for future studies.

The aim of this dissertation is to investigate the attributive noun classes, as well as their suffixal counterparts, firstly in Bantu, and secondly in Zulu. The investigation will be done with reference to aspects such as the following: the general distribution, meaning and function of the attributive noun class prefixes in Bantu. This study will also investigate the distinction between those prefixes which are exclusively used to categorise size and shape deviations, namely those belonging to classes 12/13, 19, 20, 21 and 22; and those class prefixes which have a secondary function of indicating such deviations, namely the prefixes of classes 5/6, 7/8 and 11. The main concern is the way in which these prefixes are often associated with positive or negative emotive perceptions regarding size and shape, and are therefore often used to express amelioration and derogation. In languages such as Zulu and Northern Sotho the existence of possible frozen remnants of such attributive noun class prefixes will be investigated. Some Bantu languages such as Venda that express variations in size and shape as well as the emotive perception by means of suffixes, or by a combination of prefixes and suffixes will be investigated. The possible semantic overlap between the meanings expressed by attributive class prefixes, and/or between the meanings expressed by attributive class prefixes and so-called ‘attributive suffixes’ will also be scrutinized. Apart from the aspects mentioned above, the relationship between augmentative and diminutive suffixes and the notion [+ feminine] in languages such as Zulu and Northern Sotho will be scrutinized. The occurrence of the Zulu suffix -azana/-azane, which is apparently a combination of the diminutive and augmentative suffixes, will also be investigated. This study will firstly provide a typological overview of the various strategies employed in Bantu in order to express variations in shape and size, as well as of the emotive perceptions that accompany such variations. Secondly, this study will provide an insight into the way in which shape and size variations, amelioration and derogation are expressed in Zulu through the utilisation of diminutive and augmentative suffixes. An indication will also be given of the possible diachronic development of attributive categories in this language. This study will make a significant contribution not only to the field of diachronic and comparative Bantu linguistics, but also to Zulu linguistics. This research will furthermore lead to a deeper understanding of the strategies employed in Zulu to express the semantic nuances of amelioration and derogation.
Dissertation (MA (African Languages))--University of Pretoria, 2005.
African Languages
unrestricted

Tato diplomová práce je v nována tématu v tných a lexikálních zápor v n meckém a norském jazyce. V teoretické části práce je popsán zp sob tvo ení a používání zápor v obou jazycích. V jednotlivých kapitolách o lexikálních záporech (záporných afixech) jsou popsány jejich významy a možnosti použití. V praktické části diplomové práce byla provedena analýza toho, jaké zápory se používají nejčast ji a jak se p ekládají z n mčiny do norštiny a naopak. Za tímto účelem byl vytvo en textový korpus vycházející z n kolika beletristických knih v norském a n meckém jazyce a jejich p eklad , který se nachází v p íloze. Klíčová slova: v tný a lexikální zápor, n mecké a norské negativní prefixy a sufixy, domácí a cizí prefixy Abstract The thesis is devoted to the subject of syntactical and lexical negation in German and Norwegian language. In the theoretical part of the thesis, the way of creation and application of the negations in both languages is described. In the following chapters, meanings of lexical negations (negative affixes) and possibilities of their application are depicted. In the practical part of the thesis an analysis was conducted, covering the ways of negations which are used most frequently and also the ways they are translated from German to Norwegian and vice versa. For this reason, a text...

碩士
國立政治大學
日本語文學系碩士班
97
The affix to express Japanese respect has prefix (such as: "o", "go", "mi") and suffix (such as: "san", "sama", chan"). Furthermore, a form is that both are assigned to at same time. Why are there two different affixes expressing respect in a language? The dissertation aims to using the novel of database in accumulating the word added to express respects of prefix [o] and suffix [san], which are applied in rule of morphology to clarify their functions and relations. Referring to the conventional honorific and morphology studies, only have been discussing for prefix [o] of treatment function or word of constitution. However, concerning about whole prefix [o] of researches and suffix [san] likely are not mentioned still now. Therefore, overcoming past studies will be concerning with our result of demonstration, which can be as concluding below of three points. Firstly, whether the word of basis gets prefix [o] or not cause is except that speaker’s treatment awareness, which has found that other five factors include “word constitution”, “kind of the word”, “phoneme structure”, “background of the history”, and “social culture". In addition, whether back of the word basis puts on the suffix [san] or not cause is except that speaker’s treatment awareness, which concerns with the kind of word (whether that is a word to express an animate thing or not, perhaps “Soto” [external domain] is shown in the psychology structure of Japanese: the concentric structure of “Uchi” [internal domain], “Soto” [external domain], and “Yoso” [elsewhere domain]). Secondly, we have found that prefix [o] and suffix [san] have two different functions with “treatment” and “meaning discrimination”. As well, the treatment function of [o] and [san] are divided in “Sotoka” [externalized] (a title of honor, a modest calling-myself, a eulogistic name) and “Uchika” [internalized] (a term of endearment, humanization). Beside, the meaning discrimination function of prefix [o] includes “Monoka” [reification], “Hitoka” [humanization]” and “Kotoka” [matterization], but the meaning discrimination function of the suffix [san] has only “Hitoka” [humanization]. Therefore, most of them are developed by the metaphor (metaphor, metonymy, and synecdoche) for changing original meaning clearly. Finally, prefix [o] and suffix [san] together use the word-basis of form[o～san], which whether free morpheme and bound morpheme are distinguished in or not. In case of word-basis in the free morpheme, prefix [o] and suffix [san] can be an optical addition. But in case of word-basis in the bound morpheme, the prefix [o] and suffix [san] are essential morpheme to be formed the word.

碩士
國立暨南國際大學
資訊工程學系
95
In this thesis, we consider the exact string matching problem. We first point out a rule, called the suffix to prefix rule, which can be used to avoid the brute-force sliding window approach. The Backward Nondeterministic DAWG Matching algorithm, Backward Oracle algorithm and Reverse Factor algorithm all use this rule. To implement this rule, we have to find the longest suffix of text T which is equal to a prefix of pattern P. In this thesis, we point out that convolution can be used to do this. As can be seen, the convolution technique is easy to understand and easy to program.

碩士
國立臺灣大學
資訊工程學研究所
103
Next-generation sequencing (NGS) data is rapidly growing and represents a source of varieties of new knowledge in science. State-of-the-art sequencers, such as HiSeq 2500, can generate up to 1 trillion base-pairs of sequencing data in 6 days, with good quality at low cost. In genome sequencing projects today, the NGS data size often ranges from tens of billions base-pairs to several hundreds of billions base-pairs. It is time-consuming to process such a big set of NGS data, especially for applications based on sequence alignment, e.g., de novo genome assembly and correction of sequencing errors. In literature, suffix array, longest common prefix (LCP) array and Burrows-Wheeler Transform (BWT) have been proved to be efficient indexes to speed up manifold sequence alignment tasks. For example, the all-pairs suffix-prefix matching problem, i.e., finding overlaps of reads to form the overlap graph for sequence assembly, can be solved in linear time by reading these arrays. However, constructing those arrays for NGS data remains challenging due to the huge amount of storage required to hold the suffix array. MapReduce is a promising alternative to tackle the NGS challenge, but the existing MapReduce method of suffix array construction, i.e., RPGI proposed by Menon et al [1] can only deal with input strings of size no greater than 4G base pairs and does not give LCPs in its output. In the study, we developed a MapReduce algorithm to construct suffix and BWT arrays, as well as LCP array, for NGS data based on the framework of RPGI. In addition, the proposed method supports inputs with more than 4G base-pairs and is developed into new software. To evaluate its performance, we compare the time it takes to process subsets of the giant grouper NGS data set of size 125Gbp.

Presented thesis deals with the word-formation processes involved in creating new verbs in presen-day Italian. These processes are mainly derivational, namely prefixation, suffixation, conversion, including parasynthesis and back-formation, these two create mostly verbs. Compound verbs are rare in Italian and the number of verbal loanwords is low as well. The first part of the thesis describes these processes from theoretical point of view. The second part presents the descriptive analysis of 330 verbs created between 1976-2001. These verbs were extracted from the eletronic version of Dizionario Italiano Sabatini-Coletti and they were categorized by the process involved in their creation. The productivity of each process and then affixes was also studied.

In this study an attempt is made to describe the morphological apects of Tshiguvhu. In chapter 1, it is indicated that historically, there was extensive early contact between Vhaguvhu and Balobedu and Tlokwa. In ,chapters 2 and 3, nouns and pronouns are analysed morphologically. Some similarities and differences between Tshiguvhu and Tshivenda are highlighted. These differences are ascribed to influences from Lobedu and Tlokwa. In chapters 4 and 5, the form of the verb and the use of verb forms in various tenses, where applicable, are described morphologically. Some verb roots and extensions have been influenced by Northern Sotho dialects whereas some have not. In chapter 6, the morphology of adverbs, interrogatives, conjunctions, ideophones and interjections are briefly described. In conclusion, it is indicated that Tshiguvhu is a dialect of Venda because of its cultural and historical bonds with Venda, although linguistically it shares some features with certain Northern Sotho dialects.
African Languages
M.A. (African Languages)

In this study an attempt is made to describe the morphological apects of Tshiguvhu. In chapter 1, it is indicated that historically, there was extensive early contact between Vhaguvhu and Balobedu and Tlokwa. In ,chapters 2 and 3, nouns and pronouns are analysed morphologically. Some similarities and differences between Tshiguvhu and Tshivenda are highlighted. These differences are ascribed to influences from Lobedu and Tlokwa. In chapters 4 and 5, the form of the verb and the use of verb forms in various tenses, where applicable, are described morphologically. Some verb roots and extensions have been influenced by Northern Sotho dialects whereas some have not. In chapter 6, the morphology of adverbs, interrogatives, conjunctions, ideophones and interjections are briefly described. In conclusion, it is indicated that Tshiguvhu is a dialect of Venda because of its cultural and historical bonds with Venda, although linguistically it shares some features with certain Northern Sotho dialects.
African Languages
M.A. (African Languages)

Τα τελευταία χρόνια οι εφαρμογές συνεχούς μετάδοσης ροών πληροφορίας στο διαδίκτυο έχουν γίνει ιδιαίτερα δημοφιλείς. Με τον συνεχώς αυξανόμενο ρυθμό εισόδου νέων αντικειμένων πληροφορίας, γίνεται ολοένα και πιο επιτακτική η ανάγκη για την ανάπτυξη πληροφορικών συστημάτων που να μπορούν να προσφέρουν στους χρήστες τους μόνο εκείνες τις πληροφορίες που τους ενδιαφέρουν, φιλτράροντας τεράστιους όγκους από άσχετες για τον κάθε χρήστη, πληροφορίες. Ένα μοντέλο διάδοσης πληροφορίας ικανό να ενσωματώσει τέτοιου είδους ιδιότητες, είναι το μοντέλο δημοσιεύσεων/συνδρομών βασισμένο στο περιεχόμενο ( content-based publish/subscribe) Βασική συνεισφορά μας στο χώρο είναι η εφαρμογή του μοντέλου δημοσιεύσεων/συνδρομών βασισμένου στο περιεχόμενο (content-based publish/subscribe) πάνω στα δίκτυα ομοτίμων ώστε να μπορέσουμε να προσφέρουμε στους χρήστες υψηλή εκφραστικότητα κατά την δήλωση των ενδιαφερόντων τους, λειτουργώντας σε ένα πλήρως κατανεμημένο και κλιμακώσιμο περιβάλλον. Ο κορμός των προτεινόμενων λύσεων σε αυτή τη διατριβή είναι: (α) η ανάπτυξη αλγορίθμων για την αποθήκευση των κλειδιών των δημοσιεύσεων σε κατάλληλους κόμβους του δικτύου με βάση τις συνθήκες στο περιεχόμενο που έχουν δηλωθεί και (β) αλγορίθμων δρομολόγησης δημοσιεύσεων στο διαδίκτυο έτσι ώστε να ((συναντούν)) αυτούς τους κόμβους οι οποίοι περιέχουν συνδρομές που ικανοποιούνται από την πληροφορία της δημοσίευσης. Οι προτεινόμενοι αλγόριθμοι υλοποιήθηκαν και εξετάσθηκαν ενδελεχώς με προσομοίωση μελετώντας την απόδοσή τους με βάση μετρικές όπως: η δίκαιη κατανομή του φόρτου στους κόμβους του δικτύου από τη διακίνηση μηνυμάτων κατά την επεξεργασία των συνδρομών/δημοσιεύσεων, ο συνολικός αριθμός μηνυμάτων που διακινούνται, ο συνολικός όγκος επιπλέον πληροφορίας που απαιτούν οι αλγόριθμοι να εισέλθει στο δίκτυο (network bandwidth), και ο χρόνος που απαιτείται για την ανεύρεση των συνδρομών που συζευγνύουν με κάθε δημοσίευση.
In the past few years the continuous data streams applications have become particularly popular. With the continuously increasing rate of entry of new information, it becomes imperative the need for developing appropriate infrastructures that will offer only the information that users are interested for, filtering out large volumes of irrelevant for each user, information. The content-based publish/subscribe model, is capable of handling large volumes of data traffic in a distributed, fully decentralized manner. Our basic contribution in this research area is the coupling of the content-based publish/subscribe model with the structured (DHT-based) peer-to-peer networks, offering high expressiveness to users on stating their interests. The proposed infrastructure operated in a distributed and scalable environment. The proposed solutions in this thesis are related to the development and testing: (a) of a number of algorithms for subscription processing in the network and (b) of a number of algorithms for processing the publication events. The proposed algorithms were developed and thoroughly tested with a detailed simulation-based experimentation. The performance metrics are: the fair distribution of load in the nodes of network from the distribution of messages while processing subscriptions and publication events, the total number of messages that are generated, the total volume of additional information that is required from the algorithms to operate, and the time that is required for matching publication events to subscriptions.