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Minagawa, Tadashi, and Shin Kawai. "Equilibrium Price Dispersion in a Model of Discount Competition." 名古屋大学大学院経済学研究科附属国際経済政策研究センター, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/2237/11928.
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Lee, Jung Eun. "The Effect of Tensile Price Claim and Price Discount Disconfirmation on Online Customers’ Perceptions and Purchase Intentions." The Ohio State University, 2013. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1366295283.
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Peterson, Madeleine. "New Technology, Old Ways? The Gender Price Discount in Online Contemporary Art Auctions." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2019. https://scholarship.claremont.edu/scripps_theses/1265.
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There is evidence there is a global gender price gap in traditional global art auctions. Taking into account recent technological advances in the secondary art market, this study examines if there is a gender gap for the sale prices of female artists’ work in the contemporary, online art auction market. The analysis uses a unique data set of art works sold in Christie’s Online-Only Auctions for the year of 2018. We regress measures of price on gender and controls for various characteristics of the art work and artist. We find that while there is discount in prices of 17% for artwork created by female artists, further analysis indicates the difference is not necessarily the result of bidder’s biased prices, but rather rooted in the pre-sale estimates given by the auction houses.
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Pearson, Quincy R. "Application of a uniform price quality adjusted discount auction for assigning voluntary separation pay." Thesis, Monterey, California. Naval Postgraduate School, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10945/5799.
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Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited.This thesis examined the feasibility of using a quality adjusted auction for retaining quality officers while assigning voluntary separation pay to Marine officers. The study used survey data to set parameters for the auction. Data used in the study was collected from a survey administered to approximately 500 officers assigned to I Marine Expeditionary Force, Naval Postgraduate School and Defense Language Institute. Furthermore, survey data was used to estimate the effects of personal, professional and economic factors on a Marine officer's decision to participate in a voluntary separation program. Results find that a quality adjusted auction for separation can provide cost savings and improve the quality of officers retained. Unlike a retention auction where higher quality officers receive higher retention bonuses, higher quality officers receive lower separation bonuses in a quality adjusted auction for separation. Probit model estimates find that expected civilian pay, personal discount rate, marital status, military occupational specialty and pay grade had a significant effect on the probability of an officer participating in a voluntary separation program. Ordinary least squares estimates find that aviation and combat service support military occupational specialties, and quality score had a significant effect on an officer's personal discount rate.
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Nowell, Jason T. "Application of a Uniform Price Quality Adjusted Discount Auction for Assigning Surface Warfare Officer Retention Bonuses." Thesis, Monterey, California. Naval Postgraduate School, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10945/6846.
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Approved for public release, distribution unlimitedThis thesis analyzes the potential benefits of implementing a unique auction model that provides community and compensation managers with the ability to control for the quality and quantity of sailors retained. The study utilizes survey data to estimate officers preference parameters and compare the cost, quantity and quality of Surface Warfare Officers (SWO) retained by the current SWO bonus, a standard uniform-price auction, and a quality adjusted discount (QUAD) auction. The results demonstrate efficiency improvements over the current retention system. The thesis supports the findings from previous research on QUAD auctions, and confirms the hypothesis that increases in quality do not necessarily create cost increases. Findings from this thesis can be used in future retention and compensation policies to more cost effectively shape the force while maintaining or enhancing quality.
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Josefsson, Niklas, and Anders Karlsson. "Stock Price Valuation : A Case study in Dividend Discount models & Free Cash Flow to Equity models." Thesis, Internationella Handelshögskolan, Högskolan i Jönköping, IHH, Företagsekonomi, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-16794.
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White, Christopher S. "The uniform price quality adjusted discount auction for aviation continuation pay potential benefits to the U.S. Marine Corps /." Thesis, Monterey, California : Naval Postgraduate School, 2010. http://edocs.nps.edu/npspubs/scholarly/theses/2010/Mar/10Mar%5FWhite.pdf.
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Thesis (M.S. in Management)--Naval Postgraduate School, March 2010.Thesis Advisor(s): Gates, William ; Hatch, William ; Myung, Noah. "March 2010." Description based on title screen as viewed on April 26, 2010. Author(s) subject terms: Aviation Retention, Aviation Continuation Pay (ACP), Aviation Career Incentive Pay (ACIP), Auction, Bonus. Includes bibliographical references (p. 49-50). Also available in print.
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Österberg, Caroline. "Ekonomin bakom dagliga deals." Thesis, KTH, Industriell marknadsföring, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-98311.
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På senare tid har dagligdeal-företags affärsmodell blivit föremål för en debatt, där det ifrågasätts om partnerföretag går vinnande ur en dagligdeal-kampanj. Detta examensarbete har undersökt hur lokala företag påverkas ekonomiskt av att göra en kampanj med Groupon och hur vinsten av en kampanj kan maximeras. En kombination av kvalitativa fallstudier på partnerföretag till Groupon och kvantitativ analys av Groupon Sveriges försäljningsdata har använts för att undersöka detta. Studien är avgränsad till Groupons lokala erbjudanden i Stockholm, vilka innefattar kategorierna restaurang, skönhet och upplevelse. Fallstudieföretagens ekonomiska påverkan av en kampanj analyserades inom ramen för grundläggande investeringsbedömningsteori. Resultaten visade att samtliga nio fallstudieföretag gick med vinst, men att nivåerna för vinsten varierade kraftigt mellan ca 10 000-150 000 SEK. I restaurangkategorin är merförsäljning den mest vinstdrivande faktorn, i skönhetskategorin är det värdet av återkommande kunder och i upplevelsekategorin är det intäkt på deal efter rörliga kostnader. Grouponkampanjer verkar påverka lokala företags ekonomi positivt, dock måste dessa slutsatser sättas i relation till det begränsade urvalet om endast nio fallstudieföretag. Analys av försäljningsdata gav slutsatserna att företag kan öka vinst genom att ha hög rabatt och högt dealpris i utformningen av priset. I utformningen av produkten är slutsatsen att ett högt originalpris (vilket indikerar ett större erbjudande/sammansatt erbjudande) ger ökad vinst. Ytterligare slutsatser är att företag med känt varumärke i centrala lägen går med mer vinst än företag med okända varumärken i mindre centrala lägen. Slutsatser från försäljningsdata gäller i synnerhet kategorierna restaurang och skönhet då sambanden var svagare i upplevelsekategorin. Vidare gäller inte slutsatser vid extrema nivåer av rabatt, dealpris och originalpris. I de fall där resultat per kund efter rörliga kostnader var negativt var optimeringsmöjligheten begränsad. Generellt bör slutsatserna behandlas med försiktighet då försäljningsdata endast innefattar intäkt på dealen, inte det totala utfallet av en kampanj. Dock är intäkt på dealen en stark indikator för det totala utfallet.The daily deal business model have recently become the subject of a debate in which it is questioned whether merchants benefit from a daily deal promotion. This thesis has studied how local businesses are affected financially by a Groupon promotion and how profits can be maximized. A combination of qualitative case studies on Groupon merchants and a quantitative analysis of Groupon sales data have been used for this purpose. The study is limited to local Groupon deals in Stockholm, which include the categories restaurant, beauty and experience. The financial effects of the case study businesses were analyzed within the scope of basic investment evaluation theory. The results showed that all nine case study businesses were profitable, although the levels of the profits varied widely between about 10 000-150 000 SEK. Upsell is the most important factor to drive profit in the restaurant category and the value of repeat customers is the most important factor in the beauty category. The profit from the deal after variable costs is the most important factor in the experience category. Groupon promotions seem to affect local business economics positively; however, these conclusions have to be related to the limited sample of only nine case study businesses. The conclusions from the analysis of the sales data were that businesses can increase profits by using a high discount and a high purchase price in the design of the price. Concerning the design of the product it is concluded that a high original price (indicating a larger offer/composed offer) increases the profits. Additional conclusions are that businesses with well-known brands in central locations make more profit than businesses with unknown brands in less central locations. Conclusions of sales data are particularly valid in the restaurant- and beauty category, since the correlations are weaker in the experience category. Furthermore, conclusions are not valid at extreme levels of discount, purchase price and original price. In situations where the result per customer after variable costs was negative, the optimization possibilities were limited. Generally, conclusions should be treated with caution, since sales data only includes the profit of the deal, not the overall outcome of the promotion. However, the profit of the deal is a strong indicator of the overall outcome.
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van, der Ploeg Frederick, and Armon Rezai. "The Agnostic's Response to Climate Deniers: Price Carbon!" WU Vienna University of Economics and Business, 2018. http://epub.wu.ac.at/6895/1/WP_21.pdf.
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With the election of President Trump, climate deniers feel emboldened and moved from the fringes to the centre of global policy making. We study how an agnostic approach to policy, based on Pascal's wager and allowing for subjective prior probability beliefs about whether climate deniers are right, prices carbon. Using the DICE integrated assessment model, we find that assigning a 10% chance of climate deniers being correct lowers the global price on carbon in 2020 only marginally: from $21 to $19 per ton of carbon dioxide if policymakers apply "Nordhaus discounting" and from $91 to $84 per ton of carbon dioxide if they apply "Stern discounting". Agnostics' reflection of remaining scientific uncertainty leaves climate policy essentially unchanged. The robustness of an ambitious climate policy also follows from using the max-min or the min-max regret principle. Letting the coefficient of relative ambiguity aversion vary from zero, corresponding to expected utility analysis, to infinity, corresponding to the max-min principle, we show how policy makers deal with fundamental climate model uncertainty if they are prepared to assign prior probabilities to different views of the world being correct. Allowing for an ethical discount rate and a higher market discount rate and for a wide range of sensitivity exercises including damage uncertainty, we show that pricing carbon is the robust response under rising climate scepticism.Series: Ecological Economic Papers
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Söderlund, Nathalie. "Equity Valuation : An examination of which investment valuation method appears to attain the closest value to the market price of a stock." Thesis, Internationella Handelshögskolan, Högskolan i Jönköping, IHH, Företagsekonomi, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-15341.
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PURPOSE- This paper empirically evaluate the ability among various types of parsimonious equity valuation models in order to ascertain which model represents the value of equity the best and thereby manage to withstand factors causing valuation errors. The more complicated models applied, the more underlying assumptions are needed. The trade-off here, which will be investigated, is if the benefit of using more difficult models outweighs the cost of including the extra assumptions. Further on the empirical research´s results will be compared with the results provided by this previous studies examinating American companies. METHOD- Six valuation models using a discounting valuation method are evaluated; the Present Value of Expected Dividends (PVED), Residual Income Valuation (RIV), Residual Income Valuation Terminal Value Constrained [RIV(TVC)], Abnormal Earning Growth approach (AEG), Abnormal Earning Growth Terminal Value Constrained approach [AEG(TVC)] and Free Cash Flow to the Firm model (FCFF). The five latter investment models are all based on the first model. FINDINGS- The aim of finding the smallest absolute valuation error in the empirical study is given to PVED, a model including little underlying assumptions and inputs. Hence, the implication of the application of valuation models can be summarized as that there are no clear benefits of applying complex models for Swedish companies, and the trade-off between using more complex models and thereby including more assumptions is not compelling given that the benefit does not exceed the cost. All the earnings methods are all found to be superior to the FCFF model, while the constrained RIV and AEG methods provide higher valuation errors than the unconstrained versions. The superiority of the PVED model is inconsistent with the previous results examining American firms, in which the RIV model is preferred. One of the reasons for the difference is the use of different accounting standards in the counties, and thereby the companies´ capital structure and the inputs used in the investment valuation may be somewhat unlike.
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Lu, Yang, and Yue Yuan. "To Buy or Not to Buy? : A Study on the Price Discount on Luxury Goods, Chinese Consumers’ Luxury Perception, and Purchasing Behavior." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Företagsekonomiska institutionen, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-357955.
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As the Chinese luxury market has become one of the biggest in the world, this thesis seeks to investigate the relationship between the luxury perception of Chinese consumers and their willingness to buy under the price reduction. Drawing from Wiedmann’s concepts of luxury values, we propose a framework to measure the luxury value perception of Chinese consumers through the functional, individual, and social dimensions. We conduct a quantitative research and collect 315 valid questionnaires from Chinese luxury consumers. In questionnaires, we ask them to rate the perception of luxury goods and their willingness to buy when the price is reduced by 20% and 40% respectively. We perform multiple linear regression with SPSS. The results show the value perception in the individual dimension has positive impact on the willingness to buy, and the more price is reduced, the more impact it will have, whereas, the value perception in the functional dimension is not significantly related to the willingness to buy under both price reductions. The value perception in the social dimension is positively related to the willingness to buy when the price is reduced by 20%, but there is no significant relationship when the price is further reduced by 40%.
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Jankauskaitė, Giedrė. "AB "Pieno žvaigždės" vertės nustatymas." Bachelor's thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2009. http://vddb.library.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2009~D_20090729_135229-03481.
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Darbe analizuojama AB „Pieno žvaigždės“ įmonės vertė. Nagrinėjama problema – ar įmonės akcijų rinkos kaina atitinka tikrąją įmonės vertę. Darbe atlikta pagrindinių vertės nustatymo metodų palyginamoji analizė. AB „Pieno žvaigždės“ vertes nustatymui pasirinkti du metodai: diskontuotų pinigų srautų, tenkančių įmonei ir palyginamųjų rodiklių. Diskontuotų pinigų srautų metodu nustatyta akcijos kaina - 3,50 lito. Akcijos rinkos kaina – 2,10 lito (2009 m. gegužės mėn). Tai parodo, kad įmonės akcijos yra nepakankamai įvertinamos rinkoje. Palyginamieji rodikliai lyginti su panašiomis dydžiu pieno perdirbimo įmonėmis užsienyje. Palyginamųjų rodiklių metodu apskaičiuota apytikslė akcijos vertė – 3,51 lito. Palyginamųjų rodiklių analizė patvirtina, kad įmonės akcijos yra nepakankamai įvertinamos. Atsižvelgiant į tyrimo rezultatus, rekomenduojama pirkti AB „Pieno žvaigždės“ akcijas.This paper studies the value of JSC company „Pieno žvaigždės“. The main question addressed is: does company’s market share price is equal to the true value of the share. This paper analyses main valuation methods. For valuation of JSC “Pieno žvaigždės” share discounted cash flow to the firm and relative valuation approaches are chosen. Price calculated by the method of discounted cash flow to the firm - 3,50 litas. Market value of the share – 2,10 litas (as of May 2009). The findings show that shares of the company are undervalued in the market. Relative valuation ratios are compared to dairy companies abroad which are similar by size. Price calculated by relative valuation method – 3,51 litas. Relative valuation method proves that shares of the company are undervalued in the market. According to the findings of the paper it is recommended to acquire shares of JSC “Pieno žvaigždės”.
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Zheng, Yao. "Two Essays on Investment." ScholarWorks@UNO, 2012. http://scholarworks.uno.edu/td/1544.
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This dissertation consists of two essays: one looks at the time-varying relationship between earnings and price momentum, and the other looks at how liquidity and transparency affect the pricing differential between Chinese A-and Hong Kong H-share.
The first essay presented in Chapter I investigates the time varying relationship between earnings momentum and price momentum. Using a Markov-switching framework, allowing for variation between high volatility and low volatility states, I find that price momentum is significantly more influenced by earnings momentum in the high volatility state. Further for price momentum I find that loser firms display a higher degree of differential response to earnings momentum across the low and high volatility states than winner firms. Limited financing and investor’s sensitivity to future investment opportunities might explain these two results. A further analysis indeed indicates that loser firms tend to be more financially constrained. Additionally, I investigate the relationship between investor sentiment and the two momentums and find that sentiment only has predictive power for price momentum profits in the low volatility state. Finally, the results are robust regardless of instrument variables.
The second essay presented in Chapter 2 examines the impact of liquidity and transparency on the discount attached to H-shares from 2003 to 2011. The higher the relative illiquidity of an H-share, the more the H-share is discounted relative to the underlying A-share price. In addition, more actively traded A-shares and infrequently traded H-shares are associated with a higher H-share discount. Further, increases in the number of analysts following a firm, both in the A-and H- market, are accompanied by a lower H-share discount. Also, a firm with a higher percentage of A-share holdings by mutual funds is associated with a smaller H-share discount. Overall, the results provide support for the notion that liquidity and transparency affect the relative pricing of A- and H-shares.
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Claesson, Gustav. "Firm Valuation : Which model gives me the most accurate share price, the Dividend Discount Model or the Free Cash Flow to Equity model?" Thesis, Internationella Handelshögskolan, Högskolan i Jönköping, IHH, Economics, Finance and Statistics, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-15647.
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Purpose: The purpose of this thesis is to investigate the applicability of the Free Cash Flow to Equity Model and the Dividend Discount Model on ten large cap firms on the Stockholm Stock Exchange. Moreover the author intends to examine whether these valuation methods differs in regards of the companies’ operational segment, business cycle and turnover. The target prices will hereafter be benchmarked with actual closing prices and professional analysts to observe similarities and deviations. Method: The focus lies on Swedish companies listed on Nasdaq OMX Stockholm’s Large Cap list. The companies are valued by collecting financial information from 2006- 2010 in order to find out what the share price in the beginning of 2011 should be. The models that are used to value the share are the Dividend Discount Model, which basically discounts actual dividends in order to find the present value of the share, and the Free Cash Flow to Equity model, which is discounting the firms’ cash flow available to its stockholders, i.e. the potential dividends. Since both of the valuation models require assumptions on future growth to be made, a combination of calculations and goals presented by the companies has been made in order to assume growth rates. Findings: The findings reveal that out of the twenty valuations that were made half of the most accurate ones came from the Dividend Discount Model, and half came from the Free Cash Flow to Equity model. It was however the Dividend Discount Model that provided the most accurate share prices, in comparison to the actual share prices from January 2011. It is also concluded that the turnover of the firm being evaluated does not have an impact on the valuation process, whilst the industry in which the firm operates as well as its payout ratio are factors that need to be taken into consideration when choosing between the Dividend Discount Model and the Free Cash Flow to Equity model.
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Marcos, Francisco de Jesus. "Equity research - Daimler Group." Master's thesis, Instituto Superior de Economia e Gestão, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/20731.
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Mestrado em FinançasDaimler AG é uma empresa alemã centenária, que apresenta um vasto portefólio de produtos e serviços, provenientes das suas três subsidiárias - Mercedes-Benz Cars and Vans, Daimler Trucks AG e Daimler Mobility AG. O Grupo segue uma sólida e bem estruturada estratégia focada nos seus consumidores, que permitiu à empresa manter-se na vanguarda desde a sua existência, com uma presença mundial e uma forte reputação no mercado. Em 2019, a Daimler AG vendeu mais de 3.35 milhões de unidades, apresentando uma quota de mercado de 3.7%. A estrutura deste projeto baseia-se nas recomendações do CFA Institute e tem como objetivo estimar o valor da ação da Daimler AG no final de 2020, concluindo com uma recomendação de compra, venda ou de manter a ação. Para chegar a esta conclusão, os métodos utilizados foram o Discounted Cash-Flow, o Adjusted Present Value, o Relative Valuation e o Dividend Discount Model. Com base no Discounted Cash-Flow, no Adjusted Present Value e no Relative valuation, foram obtidos preços-alvo superiores ao preço de fecho da ação a 19 de Setembro, de 45.5€. Para o Dividend Discount Model, as conclusões não foram consideradas relevantes, visto que o pagamento de dividendos irá ser severamente afetado nos próximos anos, como resultado da crise financeira causada pela proliferação pandémica mundial em 2020. Após estas análises e avaliações feitas da Daimler AG, foi considerada uma recomendação final de compra e um potencial de aumento de 26% para a ação da Daimler no final de 2020.
Daimler AG is a centenary German automotive company with a wide portfolio of products and services, provided from its three subsidiaries - Mercedes-Benz Cars and Vans, Daimler Trucks AG and Daimler Mobility AG. The Group follows a solid and well-structured strategy focused on its customers, which allowed the company to remain at the forefront since its existence, with a worldwide presence and a strong market reputation. In 2019, Daimler AG sold more than 3.35 million units, presenting a 3.7% market share. The structure of this project follows the CFA Institute recommendations and aims to estimate the fair value of a Daimler AG share at 2020 year end, concluding with a buy, hold or sell recommendation. To achieve this conclusion, the valuation methods carried out were the Discounted Cash-Flow, the Adjusted Present Value, the Relative Valuation and the Dividend Discount Model. Based on the Discounted Cash-Flow, the Adjusted Present Value and the Relative valuation, it were obtained target prices above the closed stock price on September, 19th, of 45.5€. For the Dividend Discount Model, the conclusions were not considered relevant, since the payment of dividends will be severely affect in the following years, as result of the financial crisis caused by the global pandemic that proliferated in 2020. After the analysis and valuations made on Daimler AG, it was considered a final buy recommendation, with an upside potential of 26% for the 2020 year end Daimler share.
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Rodenberg, Ballweg Julie. "Testing the afforestation reservation price of small forest landowners in New Zealand." Thesis, University of Canterbury. School of Forestry, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/7536.
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The estimation of afforestation reservation prices for small landowners in New Zealand has not been the subject of much research despite its importance in predicting future land use. Reservation prices for planting represent the minimum payment a landowner must receive before converting land from agriculture to forest. A survey of 728 landowners from every region of New Zealand who own between 20 and 200 hectares of forest as well as other unplanted land used for agriculture were surveyed about forestland, forest land owner demographics, ownership objectives, silviculture and reservation prices.
In this study, reservation price strategies were investigated by offering hypothetical annual and one-time payments for converting land from agriculture to forestry. From this survey, the average one-time payment a landowner would be willing to accept to convert a hectare of land from agriculture to forestry was $3,554 and the average annual payment to convert a hectare of land was $360. The key factors influencing the reservation price were; whether or not the landowner lived on the property, if one of the ownership objectives was income from carbon, the primary agricultural enterprise and total household income. An implied discount rate was calculated for each landowner and excluding those who would not accept any payment the average after-tax discount rate was 9.7%.
Small landowners indicated that their primary reason for owning plantation forest was income from timber with very few landowners using their forest land for recreation. The median farm size was 400 hectares and the median forest plantation was 37 hectares. Planting of radiata pine peaked in 1994 and 1995 with more radiata pine planted in 1994 than in all the years from 2000-2009. Most landowners are performing some type of silviculture in their forests. Ninety percent of landowners are pruning in the current rotation while only 61% plan to prune in the future. Only 26% of landowners have engaged in any commercial harvesting in the past ten years but as their current rotation matures 71% plan to replant on the same site. A majority of respondents thought the situation for forest landowners was getting better.
Understanding the reservation price strategies of landowners is important for predicting future land use patterns and recognizing how close landowners are to converting land. The ownership objectives of landowners and the replanting decisions they make are critical for future timber supply. The results of this study can assist in the development of forest establishment incentive programmes. Better information about landowner characteristics will result in enhanced decision-making for the timber industry and the government in New Zealand.
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Brandt, Oskar, and Rickard Persson. "The relationship between stock price, book value and residual income: A panel error correction approach." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Statistiska institutionen, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-254344.
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In this paper we examine the short and long-term relations between stock price, book value and residual income. We employ a panel error correction model, estimated with Engle & Granger’s (1987) two-step procedure and the single equation methodology. The models are estimated with FE-OLS and the MG-estimator. We find that stock prices adjust previous periods equilibrium error. Further, we find that book value has short and long-term effects on stock prices. Finally, this paper finds mixed results regarding residual incomes impact on stock prices. The MG-estimator finds evidence for a short-term relationship, while the FE-OLS provides insignificant or weak support for short-term effects. FE-OLS and MG-estimator find insignificant or weak support regarding residual incomes long-term effects.
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Havelková, Simona. "Vliv slev na nákupní chování zákazníků." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2013. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-197440.
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The master's thesis deals with promotional discounts of retail chains focusing on a description of factors that affect customers in selection of a shopping place to purchase food and beverages and identifies the level of influence of promotional discounts on purchase decisions. This thesis is divided into two parts. The theoretical part contains fundamental resources, that are enriched by findings of foreign case studies. It focuses on consumers behavior and purchase decisions emphasizing the influence of prices and special offers. The practical part consists of secondary research of current trends in shopping behavior of Czech consumers, primary analysis of the action flyers and research focused on describing the attitudes of consumers towards the retail chains and identifying the impact of promotional discounts on purchasing food products. The recommendations for marketing activities of retail chains are formulated based on the results of the analysis.
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Medan, Lena, and Arturo Montoya. "Reporäntan och dess påverkan på svenska bankers aktiekurser : En eventstudie." Thesis, Södertörns högskola, Institutionen för samhällsvetenskaper, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:sh:diva-27910.
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Syfte: Uppsatsen syfte är att klargöra och analysera reporäntans ränteförändringars påverkan på aktiekurserna för samtliga svenska banker i large cap på Stockholmsbörsen. Metod: Kvantitativa händelsestudier har gjorts med deduktiv forskningsansats på fyra företag, samtliga noterade på Stockholmsbörsen. Den onormala avkastningen för de undersökta aktiekurserna har beräknats en dag före till en dag efter samtliga realiseringar av reporänteförändringar som skett mellan åren 2004 till 2015. Teori: Den teoretiska referensramen för studien består av den effektiva marknadshypotesen och överreaktionshypotesen. Slutsatser: Studien har påvisat att det råder signifikant samband mellan ränteförändringar och de studerade aktiernas avkastning vid realisering av ränteförändringarna.Purpose: The purpose of this thesis is to clarify and analyze the changes in the discount rate and its impact on stock prices of all Swedish listed banks in large cap on the Stockholm stock exchange. Methodology: Quantitative event studies has been done with deductive research approach on four companies, all listed on the Stockholm Stock Exchange. The abnormal returns for the examined stock prices have been calculated one day before to one day after all the realizations of the changes in the discount rate that occurred between year 2004 to 2015. Theory: The theoretical framework in this study consists of The Effective Market Hypothesis and The Overreaction Hypothesis. Conclusions: The study has shown that there is a significant correlation between the changes in the discount rate and the equity returns of the studied stocks.
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Šťastná, Kristýna. "Návrh komunikačního mixu vybraného slevového portálu." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta podnikatelská, 2016. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-241017.
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The master´s thesis deals with making appropriate communication mix for the selected Deal of the Day Websites using marketing methods. The theoretical part deals with the important definitions on the basis of which developed analytical part, which includes the evaluation of the current situation of the selected company, which serves as the basis for the selection of specific instruments of communication mix.
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Trunečka, Tomáš. "Fundamentální analýza." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta podnikatelská, 2010. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-222460.
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The diploma thesis is dealing with a fundamental analysis. The first part of diploma thesis presents the methods and procedures of analysis. It evaluates their advantages and disadvantages. The practical part of diploma thesis is dealing with an application of fundamental analysis in assessment of financial position of concrete joint stock company ČEZ. The top of my survey is estimated a formulation of instrinsinic share value and a recommendation for shares of ČEZ.
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Humavindu, Michael N. "Essays on the Namibian Economy." Doctoral thesis, Umeå : Umeå universitet, 2008. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-1815.
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Musil, Martin. "Sleva z ceny stavebního díla." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta stavební, 2012. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-225432.
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The aim of the thesis is describe how discounts are formulated in construction work. Different types of discounts are discussed from the point of view of the constructor. Mechanisms of providing discounts and calculations of total discounts are studied. Contract and signing over the construction work are analysed, because of their importance to prevent disagreement between customer and constructor.
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Lateva, Milena. "Setting Price and Discount Policy." Master's thesis, 2018. https://repositorio-aberto.up.pt/handle/10216/114247.
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Lateva, Milena. "Setting Price and Discount Policy." Dissertação, 2018. https://repositorio-aberto.up.pt/handle/10216/114247.
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Chen, Yen-Han, and 陳妍函. "Emerging Stock Price With Liquidity Discount." Thesis, 2013. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/pr2f9r.
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碩士國立中興大學
財務金融系所
101
Although Emerging Market is the place which gathers all companies that don’t listed on the stock market, it’s hard to get more information and it has low transaction volume. Market maker quote the stock price first and then investors negotiate with dealers. Because of investor’s abilities of negotiation is weaker than dealers, let the cost of trading increase and effect the liquidity. Becoming an Emerging stocks is easy without any restriction let the risk go up. Low liquidity and high risk probably force the Emerging Market Stocks have the price which deviate from real asset value or have large spreads between bid and ask price. In view of correct asset pricing is important for investors, we present a liquidity discount model combine with credit risk which can let assets be evaluated in any case. Finally, we find that the model can provide a significant power of pricing asset real value and examining company’s liquidity healthiness.
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Ma, Ching-Shan, and 馬青山. "THE EFFECTS OF PRICE DISCOUNT DEPTH AND PRICE DISCOUNT TYPES ON CONSUMERS’ PERCEIVED VALUE AND PURCHASE INTENTIONS." Thesis, 2008. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/94391907590958026776.
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碩士大同大學
事業經營學系(所)
96
The density of convenience stores in Taiwan ranked as number one in the world showed from the survey data of 2007, average of 2,700 persons per convenience store. Therefore, convenience stores occupied an important position in the lifestyle of Taiwan people. After the fad of Kitty magnet collection which started by the President Chain Store Corporation; 7 eleven; at 2005, it created recorded high of 9.38 billions dollars of business in one month. Other convenience stores followed the footstep by campaigning varieties of promotions and additional services and hoped to preserve its position in this competitive market. Up to the present, the majority of the promotions developed by each convenience store were gift with purchased for over certain amount, discount, or draws. Based on previous researches, it indicated that the promotion based on price incentive; the current trend; can stimulate the sales power in short time. This study used 2x2x2 experimental design to investigate the influence on customer perceived value and purchase intention due to discount size (high or low) and type of price discount with interaction factor on the price level (high or low). Results were as follow: (1) there was significant difference in customer perceived value and no significant difference in purchase intention due to different level of discount size (high/low) in convenience stores; (2) there was significant difference in customer perceived value and purchase intention due to different discount type in convenience stores; and (3) the interaction effect of different price level (high/low) under different discount size (high/low) and discount type (percentage off/cash rebate) make no significant difference in customers perceived value and purchase intentions. Besides, through the mean average analysis, the convenience store should implement percentage off price promotion on products which have lower price in order to make customers have higher perceived value and purchase intention.
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Hsu, Yu-Hao, and 許育豪. "The effect of price discount frequency and discount depth on consumer behavior." Thesis, 2013. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/47166360397606976754.
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碩士淡江大學
國際企業學系碩士班
101
Price is always one of the key factors that affect consumers’ willingness to purchase. To increase the short-term sales, firms usually draw on price promotion, which stimulates and motivates consumers to buy more products/services in a shorter time. From the perspective of promotion frequency, the research explores that if there are substantial differences among consumer’s attitude, perceived quality, and purchase intention toward goods. The independent variable is promotion depth; the moderating variable, brand image. The research targeted both college and graduate students of a certain university in Taipei. There were two pretests. The first pretest selected two brands of facial foams and two of mobiles. In each category, one is of higher brand image; the other, of lower brand image. The subsequent pretest measured the promotion frequency and promotion depth with regard to the previously selected brands. The official questionnaire had eight sections. Each section contained promotion depth and promotion frequency. Two varied levels of both promotion depth and promotion frequency were given. Then the questionnaires were dispersed to testers who determined the level of brand image. They also revealed their consumer attitude, perceived quality and purchase intention about those four products. After the hypotheses were examined, the study found out that substantial difference between consumer attitude and perceived quality existed when the consumers faced different price promotion frequencies. Different price promotion depths resulted in striking differences between consumer attitude and perceived quality. Under the circumstances of distinctive price promotion frequencies and varied price promotion depths, the brand image can interrupted consumer attitude, perceived quality, and purchase intention.
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Pan, Pen-ying, and 潘貝盈. "The Research among Price Discount Types、Discount Level and Consume Attitudes in Consume Expectatio Behavior." Thesis, 2003. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/66544149974764711708.
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碩士中國文化大學
國際企業管理研究所
91
We have to focused on the impact of product categories, catch our consumers’ at-tention and think about their different consume attitudes. In different consume attitudes to plan the great types of price discount and hope to raise consumers’ perceived value and purchased intention. The research raises explanations to the studied topic. The research is based on a 3(convenience goods/shopping goods/specialty goods)×2(price-offs/coupons)×2(low price discount level/high price discount level) experimental design to study how these variables can influence the consumers’ expectation behavior. In these twelve experi-mental circum-stances, 480 questionnaires in total are handed out, and only returned 420 questionnaires are effective. The findings are: 1. Convenience goods and shopping goods：the promotion way in coupons that con-sumers’ perceived value and purchased intention will more than in price-offs. Spe-cialty goods：the promotion way in coupons that consumers’ perceived value will more than in price-offs, but purchased intention will less than in price-offs. 2. In specialty goods, in high price discount and use the coupons that make the con-sumers’ perceived value and purchased intention will more than in price-offs. In low price discount and use the coupons that make the consumers’ perceived value and purchased intention will less than in price-offs. 3. Impulsive consumer more like the promotion way in coupons. Intellectual con-sumer more like the promotion way in price-offs.
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"The effects of price discount promotions on consumer responses." Thesis, 2011. http://library.cuhk.edu.hk/record=b6075183.
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Finally, this thesis also identifies the antecedents, moderators and mediators that affect the role of anticipated regret on purchase intention. The results of the experimental study indicate the gender effect that female consumers generate more anticipated regret than males when confronting with price discount promotions. The results of comparison analysis demonstrate the sequence effect that, the effect of anticipated regret on purchase intention is larger if consumers are asked to anticipate regret of not purchasing the promotional item before their final purchase decision rather than if they are asked in the reverse sequence. The analysis results on the relationship between perceived value and anticipated regret indicate that anticipated regret is the mediator in the effect of perceived value on purchase intention.Fourth, this thesis then studies the effect of price discount frequency on consumers' behavioral response with focusing on the affective stage of consumers' response and proposes a model that simultaneously considers consumers' attitude and anticipated regret. The results of an experimental study demonstrate that price promotion frequency negatively affects consumers' anticipated regret and purchase intention, and that the effect of promotion frequency on consumers' purchase intention is fully mediated by consumers' attitude towards the purchasing behavior together with consumers' anticipated regret.
Second, this thesis examines the effect of price discount framing on consumers' response, and proposes a price-value model to account for the effect of price discount framing on consumers' purchase intention. Results of two experiments indicate that price discount framing affects consumers' purchase intention through the full mediation of perceived value. The framing of dollar-based discount leads to higher perceived value and higher purchase intention than the framing of percentage-based discount; however, these effects are moderated by the degree of discount calculation difficulty and the price level of the promotional products.
The findings of this thesis have both potentially important theoretical significance for a better understanding of price discount promotion and practical implications for directing marketers to more effectively design their price discount promotion schemes. The research limitations of this thesis and future research directions are also discussed.
Third, the thesis investigates the effect of price discount depths on consumers' behavioral response. Under the means-end framework, this thesis extends the price-value model by including anticipated regret and proposes an integrated model to account for the mechanism that underlies consumers' behavioral response towards price discount promotion. The results of a survey study indicate that the proposed integrated model fits the data well, and that consumers' purchase intention is better explained and predicted by including consumers' anticipated regret in the model.
This thesis investigates how price discount promotion affects consumers' purchase decision making process with emphasis on the role of consumers' anticipated regret. Specifically, this thesis examines how the three important characteristics of price discount promotion (i.e., discount framing, promotion depth, and promotion frequency) affect consumers' behavioral response. First, this thesis provides a comprehensive review for the research literature regarding how price promotion affects consumers' response, making an in-depth discussion of the concept of anticipated regret, and then empirically identifying the effects of promotion framing, promotion depth, and promotion frequency on consumers' behavioral response.
Hao, Liaogang.
Advisers: Jianmin Jia; Samart Powpaka.
Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 73-06, Section: A, page: .
Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2011.
Includes bibliographical references (leaves 146-159).
Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web.
Electronic reproduction. [Ann Arbor, MI] : ProQuest Information and Learning, [201-] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web.
Electronic reproduction. Ann Arbor, MI : ProQuest dissertations and theses, [201-] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web.
Electronic reproduction. Ann Arbor, MI : ProQuest Information and Learning Company, [200-] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web.
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Tsai, Hung-Wen, and 蔡鴻文. "The Effects of Price Promotion Frequency, Discount Size, and External Reference Price on Consumers’ Behavior." Thesis, 2001. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/18172891645143450177.
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碩士國立臺灣大學
商學研究所
89
ABSTRACT GRADUATE INSTITUTE OF BUSINESS ADMINSTRACTION NATIONAL TAIWAN UNIVERSITY NAME：HUNG-WEN, TSAIDATE：JUNE, 2001 ADVISER：CHUNG-JAW, CHANG The Effects of Price Promotion Frequency, Discount Size, and External Reference Price on Consumers’ Behavior Promotions have increased in popularity during the past several decades. Price promotions provide some cues to consumers when they make buying decisions. The research is aimed at exploring the possible effects of price promotion and external reference price on consumers’ behavior. This research is directed to examine whether the plausibility of external reference price, the amount of discount size and the past price promotion frequency affect the consumers’ perceived quality, perceived value, brand evaluation, and purchase intention. This research proposes a model with three exogenous constructs (discount size, past price promotion frequency and external reference price of competitors) and six endogenous constructs (consumers'' perceived quality, internal reference price, perceived transaction value, perceived acquisition value, brand evaluation and purchase intention), and a 2（plausible and implausible-high discount size）×2（low and high past price promotion frequency）×2（plausible and implausible-high external reference price of competitors）between-subject factorial design is employed in this study. The major findings of this experiment include： ØThe more famous the brand product is, the less information is provided from price promotion and external reference price to consumers. ØConsumers’ internal reference prices are positively affected by external reference price of competitors perceived quality. ØHigher perceived quality or higher perceived transaction value results in higher perceived acquisition value. ØHigher perceived acquisition value results in higher brand evaluation and purchase intention, and there is a positive relation between brand evaluation and purchase intention.
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王光世. "Price discount (premium), performance and market reaction in private placement." Thesis, 2010. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/11966804245693687981.
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碩士國立政治大學
會計研究所
98
This study examines the effects of price discount (premium) on performance and market reaction in private placement. Three main findings are as follows. After classifying the sample into two categories, premium and discount, this study finds that the operating performance of the premium group is better than that of the discount group both before and after the private placement. The difference is especially significant after the private placement. Furthermore, the premium group shows positive market reaction after private placement while the discount group negative. Firm value is highly related to growth opportunity, and the influence of growth opportunity on firm value of premium group is significantly higher than that of discount group. The results also show that the magnitude of price discount (premium) is negatively (positively) related to operating performance and cumulative abnormal return after private placement. This may indicate that the price discount (premium) reflects the signal of future growth and risk of the firm in private placement.
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Tsou, Hung-Chieh, and 鄒宏傑. "Optimal Pricing, Ordering, and Price Discount Policies for Single-periodProduct." Thesis, 2006. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/37105372167264077650.
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碩士國立成功大學
工業與資訊管理學系碩博士班
94
Previous studies don't take price-sensitive demand and price discount into account in a newsboy model at the same time. Therefore, a revised newsboy model is developed to analyze the retailer's price, quantity, discount, and discounting interval decisions. The retailer operates to meet price-sensitive random demand of one product in a single period. The retailer has to determine the regular price, order quantity, discounted price, and the discounting period in order to maximize its profit.
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Tsou, Yi-Chen, and 鄒宜蓁. "Price Discount and Long-run Performance of Multiple Equity Issuers." Thesis, 2018. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/2gwkeq.
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碩士國立中興大學
財務金融學系所
106
The study investigates price discounts and the long-run performance of multiple equity issuers. Specifically, I work on two issues :(1) how multiple equity issuers perform for issues? and (2) price discounts? The results show that if firms perform well after a new equity issue, they are prone to conduct a subsequent financing activity. In addition, I find that price discounts are affected by issuers’ value uncertainty. Price discounts tend to be the largest at the first time issues, and then decline as firm value uncertainty become smaller, thus the relationship between prices discount and issuers’ value uncertainty is positive.
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Kuo, Hsin-chih, and 郭欣芝. "The Effects of Discount Magnitude, External reference Price on Consumer’s Behavior." Thesis, 2007. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/93987631474335403596.
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碩士國立中央大學
企業管理研究所
95
In 2004, the scale of Taiwan cosmetic market was NT $ 60 billion. The budget of advertising and promotion usually cost 20% to 25% of cosmetic company‘s sale amount. When planning a marketing strategy, managers are eager to know the factors that influence customer’s purchasing intension. For well-known brands, will customer take higher price as higher quality? How does the relationship between price and perceived quality influence customer’s perceived value and purchasing intension? How to set the magnitude of discount to improve the sale but not to damage the product’s image? This study is focused on how the discount magnitude and external reference price influence customer’s purchasing intension. A 3 (reasonably low/ medium / reasonably high discount magnitude)*3 (reasonably low/ medium / reasonably high external reference price) factorial design experiment was employed in this study. This research proposes a model with two exogenous constructs (discount magnitude and external reference price ) and six endogenous constructs (internal reference price, consumer’s perceived quality, perceived acquisition value, perceived transaction value, searching intension and purchasing intension). As far as the subject products are concerned, we employ several well-known brands and their products. ANOVA and Regression Analysis were used to test the hypotheses. The major findings of this experiment include: (as far as the well-known cosmetics brands are concerned) 1. The external reference price has a significant effect on consumer’s internal reference price. But consumer’s perceived quality and discount magnitude have no effect on consumer’s internal reference price. 2. The discount magnitude and external reference price of well-known brands have no effect on consumer’s perceived quality. 3. The discount magnitude has a significant effect on consumer’s perceived transaction value. But the internal reference price has no effect on consumer’s perceived transaction value. 4. Both the discount magnitude and consumer’s perceived transaction value have significant effects on consumer’s perceived acquisition value. But consumer’s perceived quality has no effect on consumer’s perceived acquisition value. 5. Consumer’s perceived acquisition value has a positive effect on purchasing intension. 6. The discount magnitude has a significant effect on consumer’s searching intension.
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Chen, Shin-Yi, and 陳欣裕. "Optimal Replenishment Policy Model for Items with Price Discount and Inflation." Thesis, 1999. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/26307941681711564559.
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碩士中原大學
工業工程學系
87
Inventory models considering price discount has been studied widely recently. In this research, we investigate the vendor*s economic order quantity when there is a price discount due to sale promotion. The model is made more realistic by considering the time value of money and the influence of inflation. In the first section of study, we investigate the buyer*s optimal replenishment policy when the time value of money and price discount are considered. A model with deteriorating items are then developed. Finally, an optimal replenishment policy for deteriorating or non-deteriorating products with price discount and inflation derived. The final model is a more realistic case. Mathematical proofs illustrating the necessary conditions for optimality are derived by means of Maple V and the Foxpro computer language. Numerical results and sensitivity analysis are given to demonstrate how the changes in various parameters affect the cost saving for ordering at special price discount.
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Yi, Ju Chien, and 簡憶茹. "How On-line Time-Limited Price Discount Affects the Effect of Advertisement." Thesis, 2009. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/02324221078304641305.
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碩士開南大學
資訊及電子商務學系
97
In this period of economic slow-down, online sellers introduce numerous promotions to attract customers, such as coupons, drawing lots, and free gift. Pchome and Yahoo also provide sharp reduction in price in a limited short period of time and usually at the beginning of each hour. Using online questionnaire survey, this study examines how price discount margin affects advertisement effect that includes advertisement attitude, brand attitude, hit attitude and purchasing intention. The interference variables are genders and monthly discretionary income. The study reveals the followings: the price discount margin has significant impact on advertisement effect and has a positive influence both on the advertisement and brand of the product. Furthermore price discount margin will drive consumers to click the online advertisement and to raise their purchasing intentions. The study also shows that the brand attitude, hit attitude and purchasing intention are considerably influenced by the monthly disposable income. Under the interference of gender, the price discount margin has significant impact on brand attitude. That means facing the different price discount margin, male and female consumers will have different feelings on brand.
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Jeng, Ding-mau, and 鄭頂茂. "The Effects of Price Promotion and Discount Level on Consumers’ Purchase Intention." Thesis, 2012. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/37985932542362091963.
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碩士國立高雄第一科技大學
行銷與流通管理研究所
100
There are three major purposes of this research. The first one is to examine whether consumers will have different purchase intention when they meet different types of price promotions. The second is to examine whether consumers will have different purchase intention when they meet different level of discount. And the last one is to examine whether consumers will have different purchase intention when they meet the combination of different price promotions and level of discount. A 2*2 factorial design experiment involving two kinds of price promotions semantic cues (direct discount and percentage discount) and the level of discount (high and low) was conducted. The results indicate that: 1. No matter meeting direct discount and percentage discount, consumers will have the similar purchase intention. 2. When meeting high level discount, consumers will have better purchase intention than meeting low level discount. 3. Although the difference didn’t reach significant level, consumers still produced the best purchase intention when meeting direct and high level discount, the second was percentage and high level discount, the third was direct and low level discount, and the last was percentage and low level discount.
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Moore, David Jonathan. "Conditional Nonlinear Stochastic Discount Factor Models as Alternative Explanations to Stock Price Momentum." 2008. http://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_graddiss/491.
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Existing linear asset pricing models do not fully explain the abnormal profits associated with prior-return portfolios. In addition, existing nonlinear consumption-based models produce implausible risk aversion coefficient values when applied to priorreturn portfolios. Measures based upon production instead of consumption reduce residual errors and drive risk aversion coefficients towards plausible values. Augmenting the existing models with a new production-based marginal utility growth proxy, supplemented by a production-based consumption proxy not previously applied to price prior-return portfolios, can explain the abnormal profits associated with prior-return portfolios and yield plausible risk aversion coefficient values.
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Hsu, Ming-Chien, and 徐銘鍵. "The Effect of Advertisement Based on Price Discount in Time-Limited Group Buying." Thesis, 2012. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/17825122377143986762.
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Chu, Guan-Yu, and 朱冠宇. "The influence of price discount and restricted promotion on perceivedquality and purchase intention." Thesis, 2012. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/58784710282988330128.
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碩士淡江大學
國際企業學系碩士班
100
With the evolution of marketing strategies, the way of promotion keeps constantly innovative. Although some promotional activities in market are similar, it is not sure whether their effects are the same. In order to discuss this topic, this study specifically chooses two promotional types-- “fifty % off” and “one more dollar, get another piece” from the common promotional activities. In addition, “limited-time promotion” and “limit-quality promotion” are also included into consideration. Moreover, “personality traits – conscientiousness” and “purchase frequency” are the moderators of the study to measure if there are significant difference in “perceived-quality” or “purchase intention”. Subjects of this study are undergraduate and graduate collage students in Taipei. By the pre-test, we select two product as the experimental products—cleaner and hair gel. The formal experiment is designed into eight groups respectively with 2 (promotional type) x 2 (limit-time or limit-quality) x 2 (purchase frequency). The formal questionnaire was designed to measure “personality traits – conscientiousness” , “perceive-quality” and “purchase intention”. After the hypothesis testing, we found promotional type (ie.“one more dollar, get another piece” and “fifty % off”) showed a significant different effect on perceive-quality” and “purchase intention.” But, there was no difference in the effect of “limited-time promotion” and “limit-quality promotion”. Even “personality traits – conscientiousness” and “purchase frequency” both showed moderating effect between promotional type (ie. “one more dollar, get another piece” and “fifty % off”) and purchase intention.
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Jheng, Jyun-Wun, and 鄭竣文. "An Interactive Two -Phase MOPLP Method for Multi-SuppliersSelection Problem With Price Discount." Thesis, 2009. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/ct82w7.
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碩士國立臺北科技大學
工業工程與管理研究所
97
Supplier selection is one of the most critical activities of purchasing management in a supply chain . It is because that the suppliers play an important role in achieving corporate competition. Supplier selection is a multiple criteria decision making problem which includes both qualitative and quantitative factors. Due to economic and market are changed rapidly, most of the information is imprecise for supplier selection problem. Fortunately, fuzzy set theory is one of the effectual tools for handing ambiguous. In this study, an integration of the fuzzy technique for order preference by similarity to ideal solution ( Fuzzy TOPSIS) and the multiple objective possibilistic linear programming ( MOPLP) technique is developed to account for tangible, intangible, quantitative and qualitative factors which are used to evaluate and to define the optimum order quantities to each supplier with price discount. Finally, an integrated of an interactive approach and the two phase approach are employed to solve the order allocation model which is composed of MOPLP methodology. According to our test example and the example of Ozgen et al. (2008), it is shown that an interactive two phase approach has good performance than the conventional two phase approach .
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Shiu, Jyh-Ching, and 許智清. "A Study on the Price Discount of Certificates Recieved on Relative to Common Stock." Thesis, 1994. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/09360006819578608715.
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Yeh, Li-Wen, and 葉麗雯. "Optimal Procurement Policies for Multi-Product Multi-Supplier with Capacity Constraint and Price Discount." Thesis, 2003. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/45570954669575345105.
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碩士元智大學
工業工程與管理學系
91
The purchasing function is taking on increasing importance in today’s supply-chain oriented industrial economy, as purchases from suppliers account for a large percentage of the total costs for many firms. The selection of suppliers and the determination of order quantities to be placed with those suppliers are important decisions in purchasing department. In this research, a mixed integer non-linear programming model is presented to select suppliers and determine the order quantities. The model considers the cost of purchasing which takes into account quantity discount, the cost of transportation, the fixed cost for establishing suppliers, the cost for holding inventory, and the cost of receiving poor quality parts. The capacity constraints for suppliers, quality and lead time requirements for the parts are also considered in the model. Since the purchasing cost, which is a decreasing step function of order quantities, introduces discontinuities to the non-linear objective function, it is not easy to employ traditional optimization methods. Thus, a heuristic algorithm, called particle swarm optimizer (PSO), is used to find the (near) optimal solution. PSO usually generates initial solutions randomly. To improve the PSO solution quality, a heuristic is proposed to find an initial solution based on the average unit cost including transportation, purchasing, inventory, and poor quality part cost. The solution yielded by the heuristic is used as one of PSO initial solutions. Three example problems are tested in this research. The results show that PSO with the initial solution heuristic provides better solutions than those with PSO algorithm only. For each problem, we use LINGO to solve the quantity allocation problem based on the selected suppliers provided by PSO algorithm. Compared with the optimal solutions found by LINGO, the error yielded by PSO with initial solution heuristic are within 0.01%. From the sensitivity analysis of the parameters, capacity constraint, transportation, purchasing, and fixed cost are important in making supplier selection and quantity allocation decision.
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Choi, Woo Jin. "Essays on Consumers' Goal Orientation and Price Sensitivity." Thesis, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/ETD-TAMU-2012-05-10989.
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The objective of my dissertation work was to provide a better understanding of consumer choices related to these two important tradeoffs that consumers are often confronted with in the marketplace. Drawing upon regulatory focus theory, I investigated how consumers choose between price and quality or price and quantity, in each of two essays, thereby shedding light on the role of consumer goals in purchase decisions. In the first essay, I propose that quality is predominantly a promotion feature whereas price is predominantly a prevention feature. Therefore, promotion oriented consumers should be more attentive to differences in product quality whereas prevention oriented consumers should be more attentive to differences in product price. Three studies demonstrate that quality (price) is more strongly associated with a promotion (prevention) orientation, that promotion (prevention) oriented consumers prefer products with higher quality (cheaper prices), and that these preferences are mitigated when consumers do not need to prioritize between price and quality and are mediated by relative attention to quality versus price. In the second essay, I investigate the manner in which consumers' goal orientations affect their preferences for monetary versus nonmonetary promotional offers, such as bonus packs and price discounts. I propose that consumers with a promotion (vs. prevention) orientation are more likely to prefer a bonus pack offer over an economically equivalent price discount offer. Two pretests and one study provide empirical support for this key prediction. I also identify theoretically defensible and managerially actionable boundary conditions for this effect that are related to price levels and product types.
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Lin, Bih-Shya, and 林碧霞. "THE EFFECT OF BRAND IMAGE AND PRODUCT KNOWLEDGE ON PURCHASE INTENTION MODERATED BY PRICE DISCOUNT." Thesis, 2007. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/79592924797296407440.
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碩士大同大學
事業經營學系(所)
95
Brand management has become increasingly important, given the rapid changes in the global market and the elevation of competition. A sound brand image creates clear product differentiation, consumer preference and loyalty. A well-known brand, such as SONY, McDonald’s, BMW, or Nestle, often becomes a reason for consumers to make a purchase. Therefore, a company’s brand serves as not only an image but also a source of competitiveness. How do consumers come to a purchase decision based on product cues and personal preferences when faced with various local and foreign products in today’s dynamic market environment? Previous studies tend to use the origin of a product as the sole product cue. The focus of this type of research may seem specific, yet it does not reflect the fact that consumers are often presented with multiple cues when they are evaluating a product. Some researches reveal that most researchers either take product knowledge as a moderating variable, or involve varying degree product knowledge on the consumers’ perceived evaluation as an influencing factor. It is rare to come across research that discusses how both brand image and product knowledge affect purchase intention. Thus, I have concluded and chosen both an intrinsic and an extrinsic product cue─brand image and product knowledge─as independent variables while using price discount as the moderating variable and conducted research on purchase intention. Price discount is the most direct and common marketing tool used in the cosmetic beauty product industry to increase sales and competition. Previous studies have indicated that price discount could raise short-term sales volume. This research adopts price discount as part of the experiment and examines whether it creates moderate in purchase intention. The experiment is based on 2 (high and low brand image) × 2 (high and low of product knowledge) × 2 (high and low of price discount) factorial design, using cosmetic beauty product as the testing product and female students in Tatung University as the research target. There were two pre-tests conducted, and 399 surveys were issued with a valid return of 395 questionnaires. The following is the crucial conclusions of this research: (1) The higher a brand image is, the more purchase intention there is. (2) The higher product knowledge consumers possess, the more purchase intention there is. (3) With the moderating effect of price discount, there are significant differences between brand image and purchase intention. (4) With the moderating effect of price discount, there are no significant differences between product knowledge and purchase intention.
47
Chien, Yu-pin, and 簡宇彬. "The Effects of Price Discount Size, and Brand Awareness on Perceived Valueof Overseas Packaged Tour." Thesis, 2005. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/93489804558360838795.
Full textAbstract:
碩士國立中山大學
企業管理學系研究所
93
To consumers, price promotion delivers economic incentive. Lower price means lower cost which consumers need to pay for products and services. That explains the reason that price promotion becomes a common short-term sales strategy. In the other hand, price promotion could be one negative signal to the quality. As a result, positive benefits in sales volume brought about by economic incentive of price promotion could be canceled out by the negative signal to quality, so far as to cause the decrease of sales volume. However, the positive relationship between prices and qualities is not necessarily tenable. When some outside factors exist, the negative effects which price promotion causes to the quality will be reduced. This will make price promotion work more effectively. According to Transaction Utility Theory, consumers’ purchase intention depends on perceived acquisition value and perceived transaction value. Perceived acquisition value decides the percentage between perceived benefit and perceived cost. And perceived transaction value determines the difference between the fair price which consumers consider and the real price which they pay. The higher perceived acquisition value and perceived transaction value, the greater consumers’ purchase intention. This research takes outbound package travel as the observation target and applies 2*2*2 experimental design method to analyze. The variables include price promotion range (fewer discount, larger discount); brand awareness (lower brand awareness, higher brand awareness) and information supply (shorter supply, richer supply). After taking questionnaires analysis, this research concludes: 1. When price promotion gets fewer, brand awareness higher and information supply richer, consumers’ perceived quality and internal reference price will be higher. 2. When consumers’ perceived quality gets higher, perceived transaction value higher, and perceived cost lower, their perceived acquisition value will become higher and so as their purchase intention. Based on conclusions of this research, when brand awareness is higher, price promotion will produce more significant effect on raising consumers’ purchase intention. Secondly, marketing sectors can stop price promotion from becoming the negative signal to the quality by providing consumers with more related information. Thirdly, since perceived quality is the most important factor which will influence consumers’ purchase intention, enterprises should concentrate efforts on raising the quality for effectively stimulating consumers’ purchase intention.
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Wang, Ying-Han, and 王盈涵. "The Tendency, Price Discount, and Announcement Effect of Private Equity Offerings: The Case of Taiwan." Thesis, 2009. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/65059190665627220847.
Full textAbstract:
碩士國立中興大學
財務金融系所
97
This study uses Taiwanese public companies conducting private placement and public equity offerings as the matched sample during 2004-2008 to examine three issues. First, I investigate what kind of companies tend to conduct private placement. Second, I analyze the impacts of company characteristics on the price primium/discount(Offering price/Market price -1) for both the private and public equity offering companies. Finally, I examine the announcement effects of equity offerings. The result shows that (1) companies with higher pre-SEO excess returns, return on equity, and R&D intensity tend to conduct private placement, (2) private-placement companies with greater size, proportion of new shares issued, and lower pre-SEO excess return exhibit higher price discount, and (3) the cummulative abnormal returns (CARs) within the 3-day window of equity offering announcement are positive and negative, respectively, for the private-placement and public-offering companies.
49
Caw, Eunice Sy, and 許金吉. "Quantity Discount under Price and Service Competition – A Generic Brand Incentive Policy for Retailer Efforts." Thesis, 2008. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/92992935363136628198.
Full textAbstract:
碩士國立臺灣大學
工業工程學研究所
96
This study develops an incentive policy in the form of quantity discount that takes into consideration retailer service efforts. In observing the behavior and interaction of manufacturer–retailers–customers, a quantity discount under price and service competition is proposed. The discount policy is constructed under a non-exclusive territory distribution channel of Generic Brand products with a single manufacturer and differently-sized heterogeneous retailers. Each retailer faces price and service sensitive demand in carrying both Name Brand and Generic Brand replacement parts. The importance of smaller-sized retailers is acknowledged and manufacturers discretely allow quantity discount incentive in motivating its retailers to provide an appropriate contribution for customer satisfaction or preference shifting. It was shown that when the manufacturer considers retailer effort in establishing a quantity discount policy and it pre-commits its wholesale prices to a set of heterogeneous retailers, an optimum solution can be determined under concave profit function conditions. By modifying its discount policy, the manufacturer is able to target both price and service effects as well as take advantage of an inherent characteristic of small retailers which is flexibility in personal services. In addition to larger earnings of retailers, Generic Brand manufacturers also realize improved overall profits and customer perception on its products.
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shiang, Wu-chia, and 吳嘉祥. "Beta Dynamics and B-share Price Discount Puzzle:Two Essays on Application of Quantile Regression Model." Thesis, 2007. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/54271584929050603119.
Full textAbstract:
碩士國立成功大學
財務金融研究所
95
The two essays in this study employ the quantile regression method to examine the quantile varying beta and to explain the B-share discount. In first essay, we examine the relation between stock returns and a World Index for seven industrial stock markets using the quantile regression method. The quantile regression method allowed the ICAPM betas to change with the return quantile of the domestic market. For the G7 market, all countries’ beta would increase when the domestic market exists extreme positive return. Five of the G7 countries’ beta would increase when the domestic market exists extreme positive return. In second essay, we exam the relationship between B-share discount and five rational variable-risk levels, liquidity, corporate governance, firm size, and differential demand. The estimated coefficients are allowed to change with the discount quantile of the B-share discount. We found that the effect of most variables to B-share discount goes lower when the discount quantile goes higher. But we cannot find any concisely conclusion between the pre-lifting period and post-lifting period.